CVEN 365 Intro. to Geotechnical Engineering Instructions for ...

CVEN 365 Intro. to Geotechnical Engineering Instructions for Figures, Tables, and Equations Format for Tables of Data or Results 1. Each table should have a proper descriptive title and a table number if there is more than one. 2. Columns should be properly aligned. 3. Units should be clearly stated. 4. Each table must be referred to and explained in the text. 5. Columns may be numbered if the headings are complex and an explanation given in the test. 6. Explanatory footnotes should be given if required. 7. Tables should be read across the top of the page; if column requirements necessitate having the table read across the side of the page, the top of the table should be the left side of the page. Format for Figures For plotting mathematical curves, recording engineering data and for many other technical purposes, graphs are frequently drawn with the use of rectangular co-ordinates. Such graphical charts have a distinct advantage over tabular charts in representing continuous functions because such functions will be shown either by straight lines or by smoothly curved lines. In such cases, if any one value (experimental or calculated) falls distinctly off the curve, it will be suspected and checked, whereas in a tabular chart it is much more difficult to detect incorrect values. Always remember that the data points are really the only information on which the graph is based. Any curve drawn through the points is strictly conjecture, even if the points do lie on smooth curves. It is wise to avoid drawing curves with eccentric shapes simply so that they pass through all the data points. Before submitting your report, check the following: 1. Each figure should have a proper descriptive title and should be numbered if there is more than one. The title should not merely repeat the co-ordinate labels. 2. The abscissa (x-axis) and ordinate (y-axis) of each figure should be properly labeled with the scale of the graph and the variable names. 3. Units should be clearly shown. 4. Scales for each co-ordinate axis should be carefully chosen for good display of the data. 5. Data points should be marked clearly and lines should be clear and bold. Figures should be kept simple - not more than two or three curves on each. 6. If there is more than one graph on a figure, data points and curves should be carefully identified. For example, �, Δ, may be used for four different lines. 7. Elaborate drafting is not important, but neatness and good appearance are very important. All curves should be drawn in fine, smooth lines, with the use of a straight edge or French curve if done manually. 8. Lettering on each figure should be of a generous size - at least twice that of normal type. Ample margins should be allowed. This may mean that the axes have to be drawn inside the printed margin of the graph paper.

9. Each figure must be referred to and explained in the text of the report. 10. Use quality graph paper with 1 cm squares. 11. Charts and figures should be labeled below the figure, left justified. 12. Tables should be labeled above the table, centered. These standards must be met whether the graph is drawn manually or using a computer and printer. Although, the appearance of computer generated plots can be substantially improved by printing them directly on graph paper, few computer graphics packages are adequate for the task. Above description is from Dr. Wood’s Laboratory Manual, 2010.

Charts

Figure 1: Volume Flow Rate through a Needle and Gate Valve at different positions. Courtesy of Chandni Bhakta NOTE: Label the abcissa and ordinate.

Tables Table 1: Error Analysis of Empirical and Theoretical Data Suction Suction Gate Pipe Valve Loss Loss (ft) (ft)

Discharge Gate Valve Loss (ft)

Discharge Standard 90° Elbow Loss (ft)

Discharge Discharge Check Pipe Loss Valve (ft) Loss (ft)

Exit Losses (ft)

TOTAL HEAD LOSS (ft)

Theoretical Calculations

0.072

0.898

0.649

2.433

12.163

24.688

3.243

44.183

Hydro-Flo and Pump Base

0.08

0.89

0.62

2.33

11.66

24.46

3.11

43.19

Percent Error

10.51%

-0.85%

-4.42%

-4.22%

-4.13%

-0.92%

-4.11%

-2.25%

Courtesy of Chandni Bhakta NOTE: Tables are numbered, titled, and credited.

Equations The head loss through valves and fittings is calculated using the following equation: 1

Where, hL is the energy loss due to friction, fT is the fitting size, the average velocity. OR

is the fitting type, and v is

hL = energy loss due to friction fT = fitting size Le/D = fitting type v = average velocity

NOTE: Separating equations from the text allows them to be easily accessible as graphic shorthand of the text. Include additional details about the equation in the text.

1

Mott, Applied Fluid Mechanics, 6th Ed., Prentice Hall, OH, 2006; page 281.