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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC LOGGING INSTRUMENT TO HELP SCIENTIFIC DIVER IN CORAL REEF OBSERVATION Hollanda Arief Kusuma1*, Indra Jaya2, Henry Munandar Manik3 1
Graduate Student, Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Gedung Marine Center Lantai 3, FPIK-IPB, Bogor 16680 Indonesia 2 Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Gedung Marine Center Lantai 3, FPIK-IPB, Bogor 16680 Indonesia 3 Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Gedung Marine Center Lantai 3, FPIK-IPB, Bogor 16680 Indonesia *E-mail:
[email protected]
Received: April 2016
Accepted: July 2016
ABSTRACT Coral Reefs observations need to be conducted to determine general condition of coral reef ecosystems. This observation can be used to plan further management. There are many kind of coral reef observation method such as Line Intercept Transect (LIT), Point Intercept Transect (PIT), Photo Transect, Belt Transect, Benthic towed-Diver, etc. Indonesia as an archipelago country have many kinds of coral. Indonesia is also located in the area of Coral Triangle Initiative. In Indonesia, LIT and PIT are usually used in Coral Monitoring. There are some disadvantages when collecting data using these methods. Divers usually take hours to input the data. Therefore, authors have an idea to facilitate the diver to decrease input data time by way of employing look-up table system. The look up table basically will simplify the writing process namely by replacing text with numerical coding. In addition, water quality data such as temperature, depth, and visibility are embedded in this electronic logging instrument. This instrument used Arduino Mega2560, keypad 4x3, LCD Module 16x2 character, Real Time Clock, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, visibility sensor and micro SD Card module. Arduino IDE 1.6.5 is used to program the microcontroller. In this paper, we will describe the implementation and field observation result of this instrument. Keywords: Instrument, Coral Reef Observation, Water Quality, Arduino
INTRODUCTION Coral reef condition is associated with the natural factors and human activities. Changes caused by nature or by human activity are very different. The linkage between human activities and ecosystems of coral reefs is important. Therefore, observations of coral reefs need to be conducted to determine the general condition of coral reef ecosystems. This observation can be used to plan further management.
Coral observation methods is developing as technology develops. Some commonly used method are Line Intercept Transect (LIT), Point Intercept Transect (PIT), Photo Transect, Belt Transect, Benthic towed-Diver, etc. (NOAA, 2015). The method that often used in Indonesia is LIT and PIT. Line Intercept Transect method typically use coral Lifeform guidelines and codes of English et.al (1994). Point Intercept Transect method can use the code created by COREMAP-LIPI (Manuputty and Djuwariah 2009).
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Technologies to collect data from the coastal ocean in real time are important to a broad societal cross section including academic researchers, the military, resource managers, and marine safety and commercial operators. Along with advances in basic scientific understanding, examples of applications for real-time measurements include improved management of accidents involving hazardous materials and more effective environmental monitoring. For ocean surface properties, measurement techniques have matured (Codiga et.al, 2004). Coastal ocean data are well suited for real-time distribution since they are collected via platforms having reliable and frequent communication with shore, or residing on land. In the coral reefs observation, divers usually carry slates/ waterproof paper to record the type of coral found. This record entered into a computer for further processing. Based on discussions with several divers, they felt difficulty when inputting the data to the computer. Inputting of data can take hours from many observations station have been made. Sometimes the diver cannot read the data being written by the divers themselves. This is because the time of inputting the data carried by the divers have a long lag time to time dive. These disadvantages give us as authors a new idea to facilitate the scientific divers. Efficient Coral data input system need to be created. This instrument will be associated with a computer so that data obtained from the instrument can processed automatically when inputted into the computer. In this paper we proposed to employ look up table system.
Input Data System used Arduino Mega2560, real time clock DS1370, temperature sensor DS18B20, pressure sensor MPX5700, light sensor TEMT6000, ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) 16 bit ADS1115, green laser (532 nm), Keypad 4x3, LCD 16x2 character, and micro SD card module. All components listed above were combined and simulated in Labcenter Electronics Proteus 8. Arduino firmware written using Arduino IDE 1.6.5. Simulated data were stored in virtual SD Card file that opened using WinImage. This instrument designed to record coral data which insert manually from user and water quality parameter (temperature, depth, and visibility range) which recorded automatically. Temperature data obtained from DS18B20 using 1 Wire communication. Depth data obtained from MPX5700. This pressure converted to depth using formula (Fofonoff & Millard, 1983) : h=[(((-1.82x10-15*p+2.279x10-10)*p2.2512x10-5)*p+9.72659)*p]/g where : h = depth (m) p = pressure (decibar) g = gravity (9,8 m.s-2) Note : 1 Pascal = 0.0001 decibar or 10-5 bar. Visibility range obtained using green laser and light sensor TEMT6000. This visibility measurement used method from Zanezeld & Pegau (2003) modified from Duntley (1963) and Preisendorfer (1976). The value received by the light sensor is light transmission coefficient and converted to attenuation coefficient. Transmission coefficient obtained from:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Coral Input Data Instrument was designed to be waterproof. The waterproof case designed using Solidwork program. Inside the case, component placement already arranged. This design built by RepRap 3D Printer. This instrument have a similar use as elogbook. This instrument help diver to measure water quality data, record the coral data and stored it into micro SD Card. Coral
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where DN (l) = Digital Number on 10 cm DN (0) = Digital Number on 1 cm Tr
= Transmission Coefficient
Transmission coefficient used to get green laser attenuation coefficient :
Design and Implementation …(Hollanda Arief Kusuma et al.)
where l = distance between laser and light sensor (10 cm) Tr = Transmission coefficient cg = Green laser attenuation coefficient (m-1) Green laser attenuation coefficient used to obtain attenuation coefficient (α).
From attenuation coefficient, visibility range (y) will be computed as:
Methods used in this instrument are Line Intercept Transect and Point Intercept Transect. When user choose LIT, they must insert Form and Genus Type Code based on Coral Category from English et.,al (1994) and Veron (2000) as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. If user choose PIT, user just have to entry the number code of Form as shown in Table 3. This form code defined from COREMAP-LIPI (Manuputty and Djuwariah 2009). User just need to enter number that representing the lifeform and genus. For example, user just need enter number 2 (ACD) from Form Code if they meet Acropora Digitate and user enter number 2 from Genus Code because this lifeform belonging to Genus Acropora.
Table 1. Type of Lifeform Categories and Codes based on English et al. (1994) Category Hard Coral Live
Dead Coral Algae
Biotic
Abiotic
Lifeform ACB ACD ACE ACS ACT CB CE CF CM CS CHL CME CMR DC DCA AA CA HA MA TA OT SC SP ZO R ROCK S Si
Code 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Note Acropora Branching Acropora Digitate Acropora Encrusting Acropora Submassive Acropora Tabluar Non-Acropora Branching Non-Acropora Encrusting Non-Acropora Foliose Non-Acropora Massive Non-Acropora Submassive Heliopora Millepora Mushroom Dead Coral Dead Coral Algae Alga Asembly Coraline Algae Halimeda Macro Algae Turf Algae Other Soft Coral Sponge Zoanthid Rubble Rock Sand Silt
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Table 2. Type of Genus Based on Veron (2000) Genus Acanthastrea Acropora Agaricia Alveopora Anacropora Anomastraea Astrangia Astreopora Australogyra Australomussa Balanophyllia Barabattoia Blastomussa Boninastrea Cantharellus Catalaphyllia Caulastrea Cladocora Coeloseris Colpophyllia Coscinaraea Ctenactis Ctenella Cycloseris Cynarina Cyphastrea Dendrogyra Diaseris Dichocoenia Diploastrea Diploria Duncanopsammia Echinomorpha Echinophyllia Echinopora Erythrastrea Euphyllia Eusmilia Favia Favites Fungia Galaxea Gardineroseris Goniastrea Goniopora Gyrosmilia Halomitra Heliofungia Herpolitha Heterocyatus Heteropsammia Horastrea Hydnophora Indophyllia Isophyllia Leptastrea
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Family Mussidae Acroporidae Agariciidae Poritidae Acroporidae Siderastreidae Rhizangiidae Acroporidae Faviidae Mussidae Dendrophylliidae Faviidae Mussidae Merulinidae Fungiidae Euphyllidae Faviidae Faviidae Agariciidae Faviidae Siderastreidae Fungiidae Meandrinidae Fungiidae Mussidae Faviidae Meandrinidae Fungiidae Meandrinidae Faviidae Faviidae Dendrophylliidae Pectiniidae Pectiniidae Faviidae Faviidae Euphyllidae Meandrinidae Faviidae Faviidae Fungiidae Oculinidae Agariciidae Faviidae Poritidae Meandrinidae Fungiidae Fungiidae Fungiidae Caryophylliidae Dendrophylliidae Siderastreidae Merulinidae Mussidae Mussidae Faviidae
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Genus Leptoria Leptoseris Lithophyllon Lobophyllia Madracis Manicina Meandrina Merulina Micromussa Montastrea Montigyra Montipora Moseleya Mussa Mussismilia Mycedium Mycetophyllia Nemenzophyllia Oculina Oulastrea Oulophyllia Oxypora Pachyseris Palauastrea Paraclavarina Parasimplastrea Pavona Pectinia Physogyra Platygyra Plerogyra Plesiastrea Pocillopora Podabacia Polyphyllia Porites Poritipora Psammocora Pseudosiderastrea Sandalolitha Scapophyllia Schizoculina Scolymia Seriatopora Siderastrea Simplastrea Solenastrea Stephanocoenia Stylaraea Stylocoeniella Stylophora Symphyllia Trachyphyllia Turbinaria Zoopilus
Family Faviidae Agariciidae Fungiidae Mussidae Astrocoeniidae Faviidae Meandrinidae Merulinidae Mussidae Faviidae Meandrinidae Acroporidae Faviidae Mussidae Mussidae Pectiniidae Mussidae Euphyllidae Oculinidae Faviidae Faviidae Pectiniidae Agariciidae Astrocoeniidae Merulinidae Faviidae Agariciidae Pectiniidae Euphyllidae Faviidae Euphyllidae Faviidae Pocilloporidae Fungiidae Fungiidae Poritidae Poritidae Siderastreidae Siderastreidae Fungiidae Merulinidae Oculinidae Mussidae Pocilloporidae Siderastreidae Oculinidae Faviidae Astrocoeniidae Poritidae Astrocoeniidae Pocilloporidae Mussidae Tracyphylliidae Dendrophylliidae Fungiidae
Code 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
Design and Implementation …(Hollanda Arief Kusuma et al.)
Table 3. Point Intercept Transect Codes CODE 1 2 3 4 5
CATEGORY HCL HCD SC AL OT
NOTE Hard Coral Live Hard Coral Dead Softcoral Algae Other
Figure 1. Coral input data instrument case design and dimension
Figure 2. Coral input data instrument electronic schematic used in Proteus 8
RESULTS SYSTEM DESCRIPTION This electronic logging istrument named Coral Input Data Instrument. This instrument designed to be carried by diver when conducting coral reefs survey. This instrument designed in dimension 200 mm x 150 mm x 75 mm (Figure 1). The case consist two part. The top part will use to covering the case, attach keypad and
visibility sensor. The bottom part used to attach Arduino Mega2560, battery, pressure sensor, temperature sensor, ADC 16 bit, Real Time Clock, micro SD Card module, and LCD module. This case build with 3d Printer using PLA (polylactic acid). Coral Input Data Instrument using 8-bit ATMEL microcontroller ATMega2560. This microcontroller has 86 programmable IO pins (ATMEL, 2014). This microcontroller embedded into the Arduino board known as
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the Arduino Mega2560. The important feature used in this study are the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Inter-Integrated Circuit I2C, One Wire Communications, and some digital gates. Circuit schematic shown in Figure 2. Based on the flow chart shown in Figure 3, microcontroller will give the command to display the text "Coral ID System" on the LCD. Then microcontroller initialize micro SD Card. If the pin Select detects the absence of micro SD Card then the next command will not proceed and the LCD will display the text "Init failed!". If the initialization is successful then the command will proceed to initialize DS18B20. The microcontroller will send an electronic signal contains the address register DS18B20. If DS18B20 not found then the LCD will display the text "DS18B20 ERROR". If initialization is successful, the LCD will display the text "DS18B20 OK" and proceed to the next command. DS1307 RTC initialization used to retrieve the data time and date. If the DS1307 is not found or has not been programmed then it will say "Error.Please run the setTime" which means users must be running firmware setTime or "check the circuitry" in case of errors in RTC installation. Furthermore, the user must choose method that used in coral survey : 1. PIT (Point Intercept Transect) and 2. LIT (Line Intercept Transect). This option will be used for naming files that stored in the micro SD Card. Station number entered manually by the user. If the station number is already in the micro SD Card, text on the LCD "ALREADY AVAILABLE" will appear and the user must enter a new station number. The method used and the number of the
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station will be the file name in the form of a text (* .txt) format METHOD_NO STATION.TXT. Microcontroller will take the laser transmission data from the light sensor TEMT6000 which converted into digital values from analog values using the ADS1115 ADC. This ADC works to increase resolution to 16 bits. Transmission value converted into a value of visibility and displayed on the LCD. Transmission data stored in a file created earlier. Microcontroller take temperature data from DS18B20, displayed on the LCD, and stored in a file that has been created. Microcontroller retrieve data from MPX5700 depth sensor . This depth value obtained from conversion of pressure. The depth value displayed on the LCD and also stored on a micro SD Card. If the method chosen is the PIT so users only need to enter the code form shown in Table 3. When the user presses the '#' then the microcontroller will take depth data and store it along with the code earlier in the form of micro SD Card. If the chosen method is LIT then the user must enter the distance, shape, and genus in according to Table 1 and Table 2. When the user presses the '#' then the microcontroller will take the data and store it along with the depth of the transition distance, shape code, and the code genus earlier in the micro SD Card. PROTEUS SIMULATION Simulation in Proteus used to see Coral Input Data Instrument performance from firmware compiled by Arduino IDE. Inserting Coral Data using LIT and PIT simulated in this software. This simulation use schematic that shown in Figure 2.
Design and Implementation …(Hollanda Arief Kusuma et al.)
Start
A
Output LCD : --- Coral ID ----- Instrument---
Output LCD : STATION = Input from Keypad
Micro SD Card Inizialitation Output LCD : Init SD card...
Output LCD : Init failed!
Output LCD : REPETITION = Input from Keypad
Micro Sd Card Inserted?
Output LCD : ALREADY AVAILABLE
No Is Number Station & Repetition Exist?
Yes Output LCD : Init finish.
Yes
No DS18B20 Inizialitation Output LCD : DS18B20 ERROR No
DS18B20 Connected? Yes
Output LCD : NEW STATION Output LCD : VISIBILITY=
Output LCD : DS18B20 OK
Retrive data from TEMT6000
DS1307 Inizialitation
DS1307 Connected?
Make File (*.txt) Based on Method, Number Station, and Repetition
Output LCD : Error.Please run the SetTime
Save transmission data on micro SD Card
No
Yes Output LCD : DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM:SS Output LCD : CHOOSE METHOD: 1.LIT 2.PIT Input from Keypad Save Method Number in variable TYPE
File *.txt Micro SD Card
Display visibility value on LCD D Output LCD : TEMPERATURE= Retrieve temperature data from DS18B20 Save temperature data on micro SD Card Display temperature value on LCD B
A
Figure 3. Coral input data instrument flow chart
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Figure 3 (Continued). Coral input data instrument flow chart
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Design and Implementation …(Hollanda Arief Kusuma et al.)
In LIT simulation, Coral Input Data Instrument success in retrieving temperature, depth, and visibility data (Figure 4). User input manually Coral Lifeform and Genus Type from the keypad based on Table 1 and Table 2. How to input the coral data shown on Figure 5. Data stored on virtual SD Card opened using WinImage Software (Figure 6) and save as text file (*.txt). This text file contain of temperature data, depth, visibility, transition distance, form code, and genus code (Figure 7). This code will be convert in another software that will be develop in the future.
In PIT simulation, temperature data, depth, and visibility have the same result as shown in Figure 4. In this simulation, user just have to input the Category Code number between 1 until 5 according to Table 3 (Figure 8). Another number that user push will not affect to Coral Input Data Instrument. PIT coral input data stored in virtual SD Card. This file opened using WinImage and save as text file. This file contain of temperature data, depth, visibility, transition, and form code (Figure 9).
a
b
c
Figure 4. Data display on LCD in simulation (a. Visibility, b. Temperature, c. Depth)
a
b
c
d
Figure 5. Step by Step Inserting Coral Data. (a. User insert the transition distance, b. user input FORM code, c. user input GENUS code, d. user push # button to store the data in micro SD Card and user insert the next transition)
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Figure 6. WinImage software and coral survey data stored in virtual SD Card
Figure 7. Text file from sensors data and coral input using LIT method that stored in virtual SD Card
Figure 8. Coral input data using PIT method
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Design and Implementation …(Hollanda Arief Kusuma et al.)
Figure 9. Text File from Sensors Data and Coral Input using PIT Method that stored in Virtual SD Card
Figure 10. Diver using coral input data instrument to record coral lifeform and genus type using LIT and PIT methods
Figure 11. Powerbank USB hole exposed by short-circuit
FIELD OBSERVATION Field observation and test was done in Pramuka Island. The aim of this experiment is to obtain performance of instrument in the field. Coral Input Data Instrument have been succeed in field test (Figure 10). This instrument can be used in LIT and PIT. This instrument can decrease input time about 50 percent in PIT method and almost same in LIT method (Table 4). The problem was
waterproofing issue and buoyancy. This instrument cannot stay longer in 6 metre depth. At the last moment, this instrument case leak and electrical short-circuit occurs. The supply burnt and cannot used anymore (Figure 11). This happened because sea water is a good element to conduct electricity. This instrument also have positive buoyancy because there are space inside the instrument.
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Table 4. Comparison of coral lifeform and genus data retrieval time between manually input and instruments METHOD Point Intercept Transect Line Intercept Transect
REPETITION 1 2 1 2 3
DISCUSSION Simulation is important phase in design and implementation an instrument. Changing components in a reality is not an easy task after building the whole system. It is because need more cost and time to fix it. Therefore simulation is used to decrease the cost and time before manufacture an instrument (Su and Wang, 2010; Xinhuan et al., 2010). There is often no standard hardware platform for which the software (firmware) is to be developed. Usually both hardware, and firmware need to be designed, and there are many options to be considered when selecting hardware components. Having simulation before making the instrument will save many hours of prototype development because changing components in a hardware circuit is not an easy task after building the whole circuit.(Cika and Grundler, 2010; Mohammed and Devaraj, 2013). Simulation performed to increase success in the manufacture of instrument. Simulation also bring convenience to design instrument (Yanchuang and Jinying, 2010). Based on the simulation results, the circuit can be modified at any stage until the expected performance and results are obtained. The results of simulation and hardware can be compared for analysis. Labcenter Electronics Proteus often used by engineer to simulate electronic schematic and instrument based on microcontroller (Su and Wang, 2010; Xinhuan et al., 2010; Xiumei and Jinfeng, 2011; Mohammed and Devaraj, 2013). This software popular because there are many component that can be used from the library, circuit simulation’s interactive, and real time simulation.
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MANUAL 6 minute 15 second 6 minute 25 second 14 minute 53 second 15 minute 17 second 14 minute 10 second
INSTRUMENT 3 minute 41 second 3 minute 21 second 18 minute 43 second 18 minute 21 second 14 minute 57 second
Simulation conducted in the development of Coral Data Input Instrument is very helpful for evaluating firmware code to be used in this instrument. We can check and fix errors that appear in firmware code. Electronics simulation using Proteus helps us to see the connections of each electronic component to be used. Connections of each electronic component must be ensured in the right place. If we put in the wrong connection, it will be possible damage to electronic components. Coral Input Data Instrument is an innovation that could help divers in recording coral reef data based on LIT and PIT methods. In the world, researcher usually use ROV (Lam et.al., 2006) or Catlin Seaview Survey (González-Rivero et al., 2014). These two kind instruments are good but expensive. Coral Input Data Instrument cheaper than two kind instrument mentioned previously. Coral Input Data Instrument have several advantages of which were able to reduce the time of data recording, able to record water quality parameters automatically, and able to decrease time inputting data into a computer. This instrument also have several disadvantages such as not familiar with divers so it will need time to input the data, the case still positive buoyancy, and still have problem with waterproofing.
CONCLUSION Coral Input Data Instrument using Labcenter Electronic Proteus improves efficiency, quality, and flexibility through design process of Coral Input Data Instrument. With simulation, any problem in firmware can be checked and fix it before manufacturing the instrument. Field test observation give results which this
Design and Implementation …(Hollanda Arief Kusuma et al.)
instrument able to work underwater for several hours, able to record water quality parameters automatically, and able to decrease time inputting data into a computer. We still have problems such as waterproofing and buoyancy. In the future, we will develop this instrument so instrument really works. Converter program will be built to provide coral data from numeric to the lifeform and genus type.
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