171 Introduction

19 downloads 0 Views 631KB Size Report
Štofík J., Merganič J., Merganičová K., Saniga, M. 2013b. Seasonal ... populacji niedźwiedzia brunatnego na Słowacji, przy pomocy metod ekologii kra- jobrazu.
ROCZNIKI BIESZCZADZKIE 23 (2015) str. 171±171 187 -R]HIâWR¿N1-R]HI%XþNR2=X]DQD%DUWXãRYi1 3RORQLQ\1DWLRQDO3DUN   XO0LHUX6WDNþtQ VWR¿N#VRSVUVN 2 1DWLRQDO)RUHVW&HQWUH=YROHQ 6RNRORYVNi=YROHQ -R]HI%XFNR#QOFVNRUJ 





5HFHLYHG 5HYLHZHG

THE STATE OF THE BROWN BEAR POPULATION ON THE TERRITORY OF HUNTING GROUNDS IN SLOVAKIA – THE TRANSBOUNDARY AREA CORRESPONDING WITH POLAND AND UKRAINE (EASTERN CARPATHIANS) 6WDQSRSXODFMLQLHGĨZLHG]LDEUXQDWQHJR]JáDV]DQ\SU]H]REZRG\ áRZLHFNLHQD6áRZDFML±QDREV]DU]HSU]\JUDQLF]Q\P]3ROVNą L8NUDLQą .DUSDW\:VFKRGQLH  Abstract:,QWKLVVWXG\ZHDQDO\VHWKHGDWDRIEHDUGLVWULEXWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHGDWD IURPVSULQJJDPHVWRFNUHSRUWV ± :HUHFRUGHG, WKHVWDELOLW\RIGLVWULEXWLRQ DQGGHQVLW\RIEHDUSRSXODWLRQGHFUHDVHGLQUHODWLRQWRGHFUHDVLQJDOWLWXGH,, VWDELOL]DWLRQ RIWKHEHDUSRSXODWLRQLQWKHWUDQVERXQGDU\DUHDFRUUHVSRQGLQJZLWK3RODQGRIWKHVWXG\ DUHDLQ±,,, WKHSUHVHQWVWDWHRIEHDUGLVWULEXWLRQLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKHDUHDRI WKH YLOODJHV ZLWK V\PERO RI EURZQ EHDU LQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH VHDOV  \HDUV DJR:H FDQ SUHGLFWHGWKDWVSDWLDODQDO\VLVRIWKHGDWDIURPWKHVSULQJJDPHVWRFNPD\EHKHOSIXOLQ GHWHUPLQLQJWKHVWDWXVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ Key words8UVXVDUFWRVVSDWLDOGDWDKLVWRULFDOUHFRUGVGHQVLW\VSULQJJDPHVWRFN

,QWURGXFWLRQ

6WXG\DUHD )LJ LVVLWXDWHGDWWKHERXQGDU\EHWZHHQ(DVWHUQDQG:HVWHUQ &DUSDWKLDQV ƒ±ƒ1ƒ±ƒ( 7KHQRUWKHUQERUGHULVIRUPHG E\WKHVWDWHERXQGDU\OLQHZLWK3RODQGDQGLQWKHHDVWQHLJKERXUVZLWK8NUDLQH $FFRUGLQJWRRURJUDSKLFVWUXFWXUHRI6ORYDNLD 0D]~U/XNQLã VWXG\DUHD UHSUHVHQWV IROORZLQJ RURJUDSKLF XQLWV %XNRYVNp +LOOV /DERUHFNi 8SODQGV 9LKRUODW0RXQWDLQV=HPSOtQVNH+LOOV9êFKRGRVORYHQVNi/RZODQGV%HVN\GVNp )RRWKLOOVDQGSDUWRI2QGDYVNi8SODQGV +XPDQ SRSXODWLRQ GHQVLW\ LV HYLGHQWO\ ORZHU LQ WKH VWXG\ DUHD GLVWULFW  LQKDELWDQWVSHUNP26QLQD+XPHQQp0HG]LODERUFH6WURSNRY DQG6YLGQtN±WKHVWDWLVWLFDOGDWDWR  ‹6WDWLVWLFDO2I¿FH

172

ROCZNIKI BIESZCZADZKIE 23 (2015)

-âWR¿N-%XþNR=%DUWXãRYi²7KHVWDWHRIWKHEURZQEHDU

173

RI65 LQFRPSDULVRQWRZKROH6ORYDNLD±LQKDELWDQWVSHUNP2 'XEFRYi HWDO  +LVWRULFDO GDWD VKRZV WKDW WKH ODUJHVW GHFUHDVH LQ WKH QXPEHU RI EHDU LQGLYLGXDOVWRRNSODFHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKFHQWXU\,Q 0ROQiUHWDO  WKHDPRXQWRILQGLYLGXDOVRIEHDUZHUHNLOOHGRQO\LQâDULãVNiDQG=HPSOtQVND åXSD KLVWRULFDODGPLQLVWUDWLYHXQLWVLQWKHHDVWHUQ6ORYDNLD 7KHKLJKQXPEHU RINLOOHGEHDUVZDVSUREDEO\FDXVHGLQGLUHFWO\ .DYXOMDNFLWLQ-DPQLFNê  E\XVLQJRIVWU\FKQLQHWRSRLVRQZROYHVDWWKDWWLPH %ODWQêFLWLQ -DPQLFNê 6LQFHORZHUDQQXDOQXPEHUVRINLOOHGEHDUVZHUHUHFRUGHG LQâDULãVNiDQG=HPSOtQVNDåXSD -DPQLFNê ,WZDVSUREDEO\WKHLQGLFDWLRQ RIVHSDUDWLRQRISRSXODWLRQWRHDVWHUQDQGZHVWHUQSDUWLQJLYHQSHULRG 6WUDND HWDO DQGUHFRQQHFWLRQZDVQRWSRVVLEOHEHFDXVHRIQRQUHJXODWHKXQWLQJ RIEHDUV )HULDQFRYi-DPQLFNê 'HVSLWHRIWKDW-DQtNHWDO   GURZQ¿JXUHRIUHFRQQHFWLRQRIWKHVHWZRVXESRSXODWLRQRQ6ORYDNVLGH RIWHUULWRU\WKHVDPHDXWKRU -DQtNHWDO RQO\DVVXPHGFRQQHFWLRQLQVKRUW WLPH LQ FORVH IXWXUH$OVR +HOO 6ODPHþND   DVVXPHG FRQQHFWLRQ RI EHDU SRSXODWLRQRQ3ROLVKVLGHRIWHUULWRU\ 7KHUHDUHRQO\DIHZGDWDDERXWPRUWDOLW\RIEHDUVIURPUHFHQWWLPHLQWKH VWXG\DUHD7KHFDUFDVVRIEHDUZDVIRXQGFDGDYHURIQHDUWKHYLOODJH8OLþLQ ,QELJEHDUZLWKRXWDSDUWRIOHIWEDFNSDZZDVVKRWQHDUWKHYLOODJH5XQLQD ,QGRJNLOOHGFXERIEHDUQHDUWKHYLOODJH3UtVORS,QWKHFDUFDVVRIEHDU ZDVIRXQGQHDUWKHYLOODJH9\ãQi-DEORQND,QWKHERQHVIURPULEFDJHRI \RXQJEHDUZHUHIRXQGQHDUWKHYLOODJH5XQLQD âWRItN LWZDVFRQ¿UPHG DVDFDVHRISRDFKLQJ 7KHSUHVHQFHRIEURZQEHDUKDVEHHQUHFRUGHGLQWKHVWXG\DUHDGXULQJWKH ZKROHWKFHQWXU\ âWRItNHWDO EXWZHDVVXPHWKDWLQIDFWLWZDVRQO\ )LJ I)7KHSUHVHQWVWDWHRIGLVWULEXWLRQRIEHDULQWKHQRUWKHDVWRI6ORYDNLDLQ± $±YLOODJHVZLWKWKHV\PERORIEHDULQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVHDO%±WRZQV&±PDLQURDGV '±VWDWHERXQGDU\(±HYDOXDWHGKXQWLQJJURXQGVZLWKSUHVHQFHRIWKHEHDU QXPEHURI \HDUV )±K\SVRPHWULF]RQHV PDVO II)7KHSUHVHQWVWDWHRIGLVWULEXWLRQRIEHDULQ 6ORYDNLDLQ± âWRItNHWDOD D±WRZQVE±VWDWHERXQGDU\F±KXQWLQJ JURXQGVZLWKSUHVHQFHRIEHDUG±SRSXODWLRQGHQVLW\RISDUWLFXODUGLVWULFWVRI6ORYDNLD WR‹6WDWLVWLFDO2I¿FHRI65 LQKDELWDQWVSHUNP2  Ryc. 1. I)6WDQUR]PLHV]F]HQLDSRSXODFMLQLHGĨZLHG]LDEUXQDWQHJRZSyáQRFQRZVFKRGQLHM 6áRZDFMLZODWDFK$±ZVLH]V\PEROHPQLHGĨZLHG]LDZSLHF]ĊFLDGPLQLVWUDF\MQHM %±PLDVWD&±JáyZQHGURJL'±JUDQLFHSDĔVWZRZH(±EDGDQHWHUHQ\áRZLHFNLHZNWyU\FK Z\VWĊSXMHQLHGĨZLHGĨEUXQDWQ\ OLF]EDODW )±VWUHI\KLSVRPHWU\F]QH PQSP II)6WDQ UR]PLHV]F]HQLDSRSXODFMLQLHGĨZLHG]LDEUXQDWQHJRQD6áRZDFMLZODWDFK± âWRItN LLQD D±PLDVWDE±JUDQLFHSDĔVWZRZHF±WHUHQ\áRZLHFNLHZNWyU\FKZ\VWĊSXMH QLHGĨZLHGĨEUXQDWQ\G±JĊVWRĞü]DOXGQLHQLDZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSRZLDWDFK6áRZDFMLGR ‹6WDWLVWLFDO2I¿FHRI65 OLF]EDPLHV]NDĔFyZQDNP2 

174

ROCZNIKI BIESZCZADZKIE 23 (2015)

VSRUDGLF:HGHGXFHGLWIURPWKHIDFWRIDEVHQFHRIOHJDOKXQWLQJTXDUULHVRIEHDU EHWZHHQ -DPQLFNê DQG âWRItNHWDO DQGIURPNQRZQGDWD DERXWVL]HGHQVLW\DQGVWUXFWXUHRIEHDUSRSXODWLRQDWWKDWWLPH .RPiUHN )HULDQFRYiâNXOWpW\7HUUD\HWDO6DEDGRãâLPLDN-DQtN HWDO+HOO6ODPHþND :HKDYHUHFRUGHGWKHSURFHVVRIVWUHQJWKHQLQJ RISRSXODWLRQRIEHDUVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKHWKFHQWXU\3þROD  HVWLPDWHG  LQGLYLGXDOV RI EHDU LQ WKH WHUULWRU\ RI (DVWHUQ &DUSDWKLDQV LQ  DQG  LQGLYLGXDOV RI EHDU RQO\ LQ WKH WHUULWRU\ RI 3RORQLQ\ 13 LQ  WKDW LV  EHDUSHUNP2 LQ 7KLVEHDUSRSXODWLRQ 6WUDNDHWDO KDVVLJQL¿FDQWO\ LQFUHDVHG LQ WKH ODVW \HDUV âWRItN HW DO   7KH SRSXODWLRQ FRQVLVWHG RI PLQLPXPLQGLYLGXDOVIURP2FWREHUWR0DUFK 6WUDNDHWDO  2QWKHEDVLVRIWKHQRQLQYDVLYH'1$VDPSOHVFROOHFWHGIURP1RYHPEHU WR-DQXDU\WKHDPRXQWRI ƃƂ XQLTXHJHQRW\SHVRIEHDUZHUH LGHQWL¿HGRYHUWKHZKROHSHULRGDQGDPRXQWRI &, ± RYHUWKH VHOHFWHGVXESHULRGV +ROERYi  7KH EHDU LV VWULFWO\ SURWHFWHG E\ ODZ DQG LW LV IRUELGGHQ WR KXQW LW LQ WKH HDVWHUQ SDUW RI 6ORYDNLD âWRItN HW DO E 7KLV SURKLELWLRQ LV YDOLG DOVR LQ QHLJKERXULQJFRXQWULHVLQ3RODQG 6HOYDHWDO DQG8NUDLQH 'HOHKDQHWDO  7KLVLVWKHIDFWZKLFKFRXOGKHOSWRLQFUHDVHRISRSXODWLRQRIWKHEHDULQ WKHVWXG\DUHD -DNXELHF'HOHKDQHWDOâWRItNHWDO DQGHQDEOH XVWRDQDO\VHFKDQJHVRISRSXODWLRQZLWKRXWQRWLFHDEOH OHJDO LQWHUYHQWLRQWRWKH VWUXFWXUHRISRSXODWLRQE\KXQWLQJLQWKHVWXG\DUHD

0DWHULDO ,QWKLVVWXG\ZHXVHG D  WKHOD\HURIFRQWRXUOLQHVRI65±&90 &RQWLQXRXVGLJLWDOYHFWRUPDSRI 6ORYDN5HSXEOLF EDFNJURXQGWKH%DVHPDSVRIWKH6ORYDN5HSXEOLFVFDOH  E  WKHOD\HURIKXQWLQJJURXQGVLQ6ORYDNLD ‹1)&65  F  WKHGDWDRQVSULQJJDPHVWRFN 6*6 UHSRUWHGE\JDPHDVVRFLDWLRQVWR1)& 65 1DWLRQDO)RUHVW&HQWUHRI6ORYDN5HSXEOLF LQ\HDUV± ‹1)& 65  7KH 6*6 LV WKH HYHQW ZKLFK KDSSHQV LQ ZKROH 6ORYDNLD RQ RQH FKRVHQ GD\GHWHUPLQHGLQDGYDQFHHYHU\\HDU2QWKLVGD\KXQWHUVFRXQWDOOVSHFLHVRI JDPH LQ WKH DUHD RI WKHLU KXQWLQJ JURXQGV ‹1)& 65   7KH\ KDYH EHHQ SDUWLFLSDWHGSULYDWHJDPHDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKNP2RIPDQDJHGDUHDDQG VWDWHJDPHDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKNP2PDQDJHGDUHDVLQWKHVSULQJFRXQWLQJRI JDPHDFFRUGLQJWRGDWDRI6*6LQWKHVWXG\DUHD

-âWR¿N-%XþNR=%DUWXãRYi²7KHVWDWHRIWKHEURZQEHDU

175

 0HWKRGRORJ\ 7KHPHWKRGVFRQVLVWHGRIIROORZLQJVWHSV &RQQHFWLRQGDWDRIEHDUVIURPVSULQJJDPHVWRFN 6*6 LQ\HDUV± ‹1)&65 ZLWKWKHOD\HURIKXQWLQJJURXQGV ‹1)&65  (YDOXDWLRQ RI VWDELOLW\ SUHVHQFH ± \HDUV  DQG FDOFXODWLRQ RI GHQVLW\ RI EHDUV LQ SDUWLFXODU KXQWLQJ JURXQGV EHDU SHU NP2  ZLWKRXW WKH ]HUR GDWD «DQG±  'LJLWDO WHUUDLQ PRGHO UDVWHU îP  ZDV FUHDWHG LQ *,6 VRIWZDUH *UDVVRQWKHEDFNJURXQGRIFRQWRXUOLQHVIURP690DQGDPDSRI K\SVRPHWULF]RQHV VFDOHGE\PDVO ZDVGHULYHGIURPLW 7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIEXIIHU]RQHV HDFKP IURPERUGHUVZLWK8NUDLQH DQG 3RODQG DQG XVLQJ PHWKRG RI VXSHUSRVLWLRQ IURP ODQGVFDSH HFRORJ\ 2ODKHWDO WRFUHDWHOD\HURISRO\JRQVRI³VHJPHQWV´ZLWKUHJXODU GLVWDQFHVIURPQHLJKERXULQJFRXQWULHV3RODQGDQG8NUDLQH 7KHUH KDYH EHHQ FDOFXODWHG GDWD DERXW PD[LPDO DOWLWXGH VWDELOLW\ DQG DYHUDJHGDWDDERXWGHQVLW\ SRLQW RIWKHEHDU ± IRUSDUWLFXODU VHJPHQWV SRLQW  7KHUHKDYHEHHQFDOFXODWHGVWDELOLW\ SRLQW RIEHDUVGHSHQGLQJRQDOWLWXGH SRLQW LQ± \HDUVLQDOO IRUSDUWLFXODUVHJPHQWV SRLQW  7KHUHKDYHEHHQFDOFXODWHGWKHLQÀXHQFHRIDOWLWXGHRQIUHTXHQF\RISUHVHQFH ) IRUVHJPHQWV SRLQW WR\HDUV WR\HDUV WR \HDUV 

   

  

5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ :HREVHUYHGSUHVHQFHRIEHDULQKXQWLQJJURXQGV )LJ LQWKHDUHDRI NP  PHDQ6'NP2 GXULQJ± 7KHUHKDYHEHHQUHJLVWHUHGKLJKHUOHYHORIEHDUGHQVLW\ 7DEOH DQGSUHVHQFH LQKLJKHUDOWLWXGH 7DEOH LQHYDOXDWHGVHJPHQWV Q PHDQ6'NP2  ,Q 6ORYDNLD EHDUV SUHIHUUHG ZHOO IRUHVWHG ORFDOLWLHV ZLWK FROGHU FOLPDWH DW KLJKHU DOWLWXGHV âWRItNHWDOD :HDVVXPHWKDWLWLVUHODWHGWRFROGHUFOLPDWH(/DSLQHW DO DQGORQJHUVQRZFRYHU âĢDVWQê LQWKLVDOWLWXGH,W¶VEHHQUHJLVWHUHG WKHPRVWVWDELOHSUHVHQFHRIWKHEHDULQWKLVSDUWRIVWXG\DUHD 7DEOH)LJ  2

176

ROCZNIKI BIESZCZADZKIE 23 (2015)

)LJ7KHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHDOWLWXGHRQWKHVWDELOLW\RIEHDURFFXUUHQFH ±    LQWKHVWXG\DUHDLQHYDOXDWHGVHJPHQWV Q   Ryc. 2.:Sá\ZZ\VRNRĞFLQSPQDVWDELOQRĞüZ\VWĊSRZDQLD ± QLHGĨZLHG]LD EUXQDWQHJR  QDREV]DU]HEDGDĔZRV]DFRZDQ\FKSU]HG]LDáDFK Q  

7KHUHZHUHUHFRUGHGWKHKLJKHVWVWDELOLW\ Q PHDQ&, ± LQ WKHDUHDZLWKPD[LPDODOWLWXGHPDVODQGWKHORZHVWVWDELOLW\ Q PHDQ &, ± LQWKHDUHDZLWKPD[LPDODOWLWXGHPDVO )LJ :H DVVXPHWKDWKLJKHUYDOXHRIVWDELOLW\ Q PHDQ&, ± LQWKH DUHDZLWKDOWLWXGHWRPDVO )LJ LVFDXVHGE\HYDOXDWLRQRIVLJQL¿FDQWO\ KLJKHUDUHD NP2 RIKXQWLQJJURXQG )LJDERYH0LFKDORYFH LQFRPSDULVRQWR RWKHUKXQWLQJJURXQGV PHDQ6'NP2 DQGDOVRWRZKROH6ORYDNLD PHDQ 6'NP2âWRItNHWDOD  ,QWKH&HQWUDODQG6RXWKHUQ(XURSHEHDUVSUHIHUPDLQO\PRXQWDLQDUHDVZKLFK DUH&DUSDWKLDQV$OSV3\UHQHHV&DQWDEULDQ0WV'LQDULF3LQGXV0WVHWF7KH VDPHGLVWULEXWLRQLVUHFRUGHGLQRXUVWXG\ )LJ ,QWKH1RUWKHUQ(XURSHEHDULV PRUHZLGHO\GLVWULEXWHG &KDSURQHWDO  ,Q WKH DUHDV ZLWK KLJKHU YDOXHV RI VWDELOLW\ RI EHDUV ZH QRWLFHG LQFUHDVLQJ RI EHDU GHQVLW\ IURP  WR  7DEOH   'DWD IURP WKH QRQLQYDVLYH '1$ VDPSOHVRIEHDUV 6WUDNDHWDO+ROERYi RIWKHLUVWXG\DUHD FFD NP2  ZLWK PLQLPDO GHQVLW\ LGHQWL¿HG RYHU WKH VHOHFWHG VXESHULRGV ± EHDUSHUNP2 DUHQRWGLIIHUHQWDVPLQLPDOGDWDDFFRUGLQJWR6*6 7DEOH 7KH PHDQGDWDRIGHQVLW\IURP6*6LQDUHDZKHUH'1$DQDO\VHVZHUHPDGH 7DEOH

177

-âWR¿N-%XþNR=%DUWXãRYi²7KHVWDWHRIWKHEURZQEHDU

+ROERYi DUHQRWGLIIHUHQWDVYDOXHRISRSXODWLRQVL]HHVWLPDWHREWDLQHGE\ UDUHIDFWLRQPHWKRGRI&KHVVHO(JJHUWDQGCAPWIRE 6WUDNDHWDO +RZHYHU WKHUHDUHORZHUWKDQGDWDRIWKHQRQLQYDVLYH'1$VDPSOHV +ROERYi RYHU WKH ZKROH SHULRG  EHDU SHU NP2  ,Q 6ORYDNLD WKH EHDU SRSXODWLRQ GHQVLW\ IURP6*6ZDVKLJKHU PHDQ6'EHDUSHUNP2 LQWKHDUHDZLWKPRUH VWDEOH SUHVHQFH DQG DW KLJKHU DOWLWXGHV âWRItN HW DO E  %HDU GHQVLWLHV LQ 6ORYHQLDUHJLRQVZHUHUDQJLQJIURPWREHDUSHUNP2ORFDOO\RYHU EHDUSHUNP2ZHUHRQHRIWKHKLJKHVWUHSRUWHGLQWKHZRUOG -HULQDHWDO  7KDWLV EHDUSHUNP2-HULQDHWDO QRWLFHDEO\KLJKHUWKDQPD[RIEHDUV IURP6*6 7DEOH  Table 1.7KHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHRIPHDQGHQVLW\RIEHDUSHUNP2 ± DQGDOWLWXGH DQGIUHTXHQF\RISUHVHQFH ) LQHYDOXDWHGVHJPHQWV Tabela 1.=DOHĪQRĞüSRPLĊG]\ĞUHGQLP]DJĊV]F]HQLHPQLHGĨZLHG]LQDNP2 ±  DZ\VRNRĞFLąQSPRUD]IUHNZHQFMąZ\VWĊSRZDQLDZEDGDQ\FKSU]HG]LDáDFK )  )DOO $UHD ) ) ) $OWLWXGH )UD]HP 3RZLHU]FKQLD PDVO EHDUSHU EHDUSHU EHDUSHU EHDUSHU :\VRNRĞü 2 2 2 NP NP NP NP2 NP2 QSP P     ORVNP ORVNP ORVNP ORVNP 

0.06









0.05

























0.05



322



0.05

0.05

0.06

0.05







0.06

0.07

0.06

238





0.06

0.11

0.06









0.09

0.06

83





0.05

0.10

0.06







0.10

0.08





0.14

0.05

0.06



0.05

0.07

0.05



$OO5D]HP



178

ROCZNIKI BIESZCZADZKIE 23 (2015)

Table 2.5HSUHVHQWDWLYHDWWULEXWHVRIFKDQJHVLQHYDOXDWHGVHJPHQWV Q  RIEURZQ EHDU 6ORYDNLD  GLVWULEXWLRQ LQ WKH FURVVERUGHU DUHD ZLWK 3RODQG DQG 8NUDLQH ± NP2  Tabela 2. ,VWRWQH DWU\EXW\ UR]PLHV]F]HQLD QLHGĨZLHG]LD EUXQDWQHJR QD 6áRZDFML RFH QLRQ\FK]RVWDáRSU]HG]LDáyZFRP ZREV]DU]HSU]\JUDQLF]Q\P]3ROVNąL 8NUDLQą ±NP2