2013 CO Conference-Enhanced Oil Recovery Inst.

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Jul 11, 2013 - Application and action. • Performance. • Coreflood Testing. • 100% Oil Coreflood Results. • Carbo
2013 CO2 Conference - Enhanced Oil Recovery Inst. A SQUEEZEABLE ASPHALTENE INHIBITOR FOR CO2 FLOODED OIL FIELDS

July 11th 2013 Casper, Wyoming Geoffrey Leonard - Research Engineer Baker Hughes Upstream Chemicals

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Outline • Background of Asphaltenes • History • First generation product performance • New ‘Squeeze’ product’s developmental strategy • Application and action • Performance • Coreflood Testing • 100% Oil Coreflood Results • Carbonate Formation Tests • Future & Current Work

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Background Asphaltenes precipitate and deposit when destabilized – – – –

Natural pressure depletion in system Acid High gravity crude blending CO2 and NGL flooding

Asphaltene Inhibitor Applications – Continuous Injection systems via Capillaries – Current Squeeze Injections use conventional AI chemistries

Current Squeeze Applications – Some success stories (Italy, Coral Field, US Land) – Longer retention times are needed – An AI Squeeze chemistry can be applied inside formation where asphaltene onset pressure (AOP) maybe occurring © 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Pressure, Temperature, Composition Effects AOP curve At reservoir: temperature gas & oil composition PRESSURE

Bubble point curve

ASPHALTENE INSTABILITY PHASE ENVELOPE

TEMPERATURE Solubility is a minimum at the bubble point so deposition is highest at the bubble point © 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

HP Test Method Product Development •

Asphaltenes (g)



Quantify deposits left in cell Quantify precipitates left in oil 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0

Precipitate Deposit

Blank Blank Inhibitor Inhibitor A B 1 2 • 15,000 psi, 390°F • NIR laser solids detection • Mercury free • Variable volume

Piston Gas Oil Laser

• High pressure deposition and filtration © 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Polar Fractions Distribution

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

History • Baker Hughes has been active in the investigation of

asphaltene problems for over 30 years • First to develop an Asphaltene Inhibitor for deepwater

application & suite of Asphaltene Dispersant products • Successful use histories with PAO3042 and PAO3080 in

deepwater, land, and unconventional environments

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Why ‘Squeeze’ to control asphaltene deposition? Capillary Production Tubing AOP

Oil Field Depletion

Reservoir Pressure

7-15ft

Secondary oil recovery

Asphaltene deposition at near wellbore:

Tertiary oil recovery

• Reduces production

Localized Asphaltene Treatment

• Requires frequent solvent wash interventions • Permanent wettability effects

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

PAO 3080 – Improved performance Baker Hughes’ PAO 3080 increased oil production & reduced well interventions

• A field with CO2 injector wells • Asphaltene Inhibitor applied as a squeeze treatment

NPT

Total Total Cost Production

• 60% decrease frequency in well interventions • 48% decrease of chemical cost • Annual chemical cost savings of $2.5MM for 10,000bbl/d

+40° API Gravity 4500-5500ft depth wells Approx. field production 10,000bbl/d

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

PAO 3080 – Improved performance [cont.] Asphaltene treating costs dropped: $2.22/bbl

$1.53/bbl

Annual Chemical Cost Savings: $2.5MM Additional Cost Savings: Deferred Production ~ 10,000bbl/yr

PAO 3080 Deployed Field Wide

38% Fewer interventions per well PAO 3080 treated wells: 100

120

Performance realized within 7 months

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Development Objectives & Strategy Develop a squeezable AI that has: • a squeeze life at least 50% better than existing inhibitors • performance at least 95% of existing inhibitors • passes all deepwater compatibility and stability requirements

Prove it with coreflood testing and field trials

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Squeeze Application of AI 2 STAGE 3 1 • Pre-flush – well clean-up with Xylene and an asphaltene dispersant • Squeeze Asphaltene Inhibitor Solution Over-flush • Over-flush – Oil/produced fluids

Main Treatment

• May shut-in • Return to production • Monitor returns for inhibitor residuals

Pre-flush

Inhibitor placed in formation 12

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Application of AI Squeeze

κdesorb κads AI

Rock Affinity

Oil

AI Squeeze Chemical

Rock Affinity FORMATION

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Performance Testing Core-Flood Oil Test Samples % Transmittance % Dispersion Blank

20 - 50

-

PAO 3042

11.9

53.0

PAO 3080

11.1

55.9

AI Squeeze

11.0

56.5

AI Squeeze PP

10.9

56.7

0.5% Sediments

14

Turbiscan Results 500 ppm Untreated AI Squeeze

Blank 500ppm 1000ppm AI Squeeze

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

~0.1% Sediments

AI for ‘Squeeze’

MEC

Conventional AI

(Minimum Effective

Transmittance

C. (ppm)

Chemical Monitoring in a Coreflood

Concentration)

‘Squeeze Life’ ‘Longer Squeeze Life’

Pore Volumes

ADT %T for PV Δ Pressure

after ### PV passed Q3 Q1

15

750

Insufficient chemical 40 Asphaltene present for inhibition Deposits/Blockages

Initial Chemical Depletion Equilibration

30

Reliable continuous Squeeze-life ofand chemical in reservoir chemical desorption 500

20

%Transmittance

Kiow = 100 mD

Δ Pressure (PSI)

1000

10

250

Q2 0

0

Pore Volumes

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Kfow = 25 mD after total ### PV passed AI chemistry desorbed

Q1

Q2

Q3

Coreflood Unit Overview • Hassler type core holder − Pressure Rating = 5000 PSI − Core Diameters for study = 1” & 2” • Pulse-less pumping system − Constant flow syringe pumps

− Piston Cylinders for Reservoir Fluids, Chemicals, & Brines • System of pressure and differential pressure transducers • Computer data acquisition & control system

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© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Coreflood Results: I 140

CHEMICAL COREFLOOD No NO Chemical Core-Flood

120

ΔPressure

100 80

Kio= 66.4 mD after 88 PV passed

Kfo = 12.6 mD

60

after total 170PV passed

40 20

+80% reduction in permeability

Conditions Overburden Pressure Oven Temperature

17

1500 PSI 150 F

Flow rate Chemical Shut-in

0.25 mL/min 15hrs

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

132

126

120

114

108

96

102

Pore Volumes

90

84

78

72

66

60

54

48

42

36

30

24

18

12

6

0

Coreflood Results: II 300

ΔPressure

250 200

PAO Core-Flood PAO 3080 3080 COREFLOOD

ΔPressure

50 45

%T

40 35

Kio=26.6 mD after 108PV passed

30 25

150

Kfo = 12.9 mD

100

185 after total PV passed

20 15 10

50

5

Pore Volumes

Conditions Overburden Pressure Oven Temperature

18

1500 PSI 150 F

Flow rate Chemical Shut-in

0.25 mL/min 15hrs

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

169

159

149

139

129

119

109

99

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

0

10

0

% Transmittance

350

Coreflood Results: III AI Squeeze Core-Flood One AI SQUEEZE COREFLOOD

ΔPressure

1600

40 35

%T

1400

30

ΔPressure

1200

25

1000

20

800

15

600

Pore Volumes

Conditions Overburden Pressure Oven Temperature

19

1500 PSI 150 F

Flow rate Chemical Shut-in

0.25 mL/min 15hrs

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

206

170

152

134

116

98

80

62

188

after total 220 PV passed

After 97 PV passed

8

0

Kfo = 2.1 mD

Kio =7.14 mD

44

200

10

26

400

5 0

% Transmittance

1800

Coreflood Results: IV 700

AI Squeeze Core-Flood Two REPEAT AI SQUEEZE COREFLOOD

ΔPressure

40

%T

600

35

ΔPressure (PSI)

25

400

20

300 15

200

Kfo = 3.36 mD

Kio =5.33 mD

Pore Volumes

Conditions Overburden Pressure Oven Temperature

20

1500 PSI 150 F

Flow rate Chemical Shut-in

0.25 mL/min 15hrs

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

181

175

169

163

151

145

137

131

125

119

113

107

101

95

89

83

77

71

65

59

53

47

41

35

29

23

17

0 5

0

157

285 after total PV passed

after 125PV passed 11

100

10 5 0

% Transmittance

30

500

Comparison of Corefloods PAO 3080

AI SQUEEZE-1

AI SQUEEZE-2

50 45

% Transmittance

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

20

40

60

80

100 120 Pore Volumes

140

160

180

+130% Squeeze Life Extension

21

New AI Squeeze:

54%(avg) Reduction after 200+ PV

PAO 3080 Tests:

52% Reduction after 180 PV

© 2012 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

200

220

Changing formations does not change performance

All test data shown so far featured: Sandstone Formations

Now, we will look at performance within: Carbonate Formations

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Gravel Pack Testing GRAVEL PACK

Carbonate-Dolomite Gravel