2013 Vol. 34. No. 4

2013 Vol. 34. No. 4

© Copyright by Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek Toruń 2013

ISSN 1732-6729

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Contents

Stanisław Juszczyk Editor’s Preface �� 13

Social Pedagogy Hikmet Yazici Relationships between Anxiety Sensitivityof Academics and Some Variables such as Gender, Age and Personality �� 19 Stanislav Michek, Milan Pol, Martin Chvál Peer Review in School Self-evaluation: Cultivating Skills in Data Use �� 30 Medera Halmatov The Investigation of Future Family Concept in PicturesDrawn by Students Studying in Preschool Teaching �� 41 Sabina Lešnik, Mihaela Brumen, Milena Ivanuš Grmek Attitudes of Parents Toward Learning Foreign Languages– a Slovene Case Study �� 52 Karmen Pižorn, Mateja Dagarin Fojkar Parents and Educational Change – the Need for Reculturing Parents In Lowering the Starting Age of Foreign Language Learning �� 63 Luz Ortega, Rosa Cordón-Pedregosa, Antonio Sianes University and Non-government Organisations: Indispensable Partners in Global Citizenship Education in Spain �� 74 Mahtab Pouratashi, Chang Zhub, Hamid Movahed Mohammadi, Ahmad Rezvanfara, Seyyed Mahmoud Hosseinia Effects of Agricultural Students’ Self-Efficacy Beliefsand Test Anxiety on their Achievement Motivation and Academic Performance �� 85 Ewa Ogrodzka-Mazur Intercultural Education in Schools of the Polish-Czech Borderland: Experiences – Problems – Prospects �� 99

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Katarína Hollá, Viera Kuricová Manifestations of Aggressive Behaviour in Pupils– Theoretical Views and Research Findings �� 111

Didactics František Tůma, Michaela Píšová Trends in Foreign Language Didactics Research: a Thematic Analysis of PhD Dissertations from the Czech Republic and Abroad (2006 – 2012) �� 125 Dušanka Ž. Obadović, Ivana Rančić, Stanko Cvjetićanin, Mirjana Segedinac The Impact of Implementation of Simple Experimentson the Pupils’ Positive Attitude in Learning Science Contents in Primary School �� 138 Maria Del Pilar Quicios García, Maria Luisa Sevillano García, Isabel Ortega Sánchez Educational Uses of Mobile Phones by University Students in Spain �� 151 Saša Jazbec Subjective Concepts of Reading LiteratureAmong Future Foreign Language Teachers of German: Implications for Theory and Practice �� 164 Zdeňka Krišová, Miroslav Pokorný Diagnostics of the Student’s Learning Style With the Use of Modern Information Technologies �� 174 Jana Marie Havigerová, Kateřina Juklová, Jiří Haviger When Parents and Teachers Assess Intellectual Giftednessof Preschool Children �� 188 Beata Dyrda The Situation of Gifted Students in the Polish Education System �� 198 Kateřina Kostolányová Theoretic Principles of the Adaptive Teaching Process �� 208

Pedeutology Olga Šušoliaková, Jindra Šmejkalová, Markéta Papršteinová, Lenka Hodačová, Eva Čermáková Influence of Profession on Teachers’ Quality of Life �� 223

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Alina Szczurek-Boruta Social Experiences of Future Teachers – a Research Report �� 236 Francisco Raso-Sánchez, María Pilar Cáceres Reche, Inmaculada Aznar Díaz Teachers’ Satisfaction Concerning the Use of ICTin Rural Educational Centers of Andalusia (Spain) �� 246 Rafał Piwowarski Researching the Association between Teachersand School Outcomes (Based on TALIS Data and Lower Secondary School Examination Results) �� 258 Kate Tzu-Ching Chen,Sabina Chia-Li Chen Exploring EFL Teachers’ Perspectives of Professional Knowledgeand Teaching Efficacy in Vocational High Schools �� 270 Vladimíra Petrášková Pre-service Mathematics Teachers’ Financial Literacy �� 280 Lenka Rovňanová Subjective Evaluation of Demands on Performance of Teacher Professional Activities �� 292

Special Pedagogy Skribe Dimec D., Vlahinja K. Assessment of Science in Special Education Schools: Teachers’ Perceptions and Practice �� 305

Sociology Katarzyna Juszczyk-Frelkiewicz Importance of the Institution of Marriage for Polish and Slovak Students �� 319

Erratum: In the article by Seung-Hwan Ham, Sung-Ho G. Ahn, Yun-Kyung Cha, Mi-Kyung Ju, Sunah Kim, Hara Ku, Sun-Kyung Lee, Young Serk Park, entitled “Principal Instructional Leadership and Teaching for Learner Autonomy: A Multilevel Analysis of the Case of South Korea” published in “The New Educational Review” Vol. 33, No. 3, we did not include the following information “This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (NRF-2011-330-B00159)”.

Contributors

Antonio Sianes (PhD.) Fundación ETEA, Universidad Loyola in Andalusia, c/Escritor Castilla Aguayo 4. 14004, Córdoba, Spain

e-mail: antonio.sianes@ fundacionetea.org

Brumen Mihaela (Ass. Department of Elementary Education, Prof. Dr.) Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia, Address: Malečnik 61, 2229 Malečnik, Mobile phone: 00386-40-462-124 Chang Zhu

Department of Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

Chia-Li Chen Sabina

Department of Applied English, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan

Chvál Martin

Department for Research and Development, Faculty of Education, Charles University, Myslíkova 7, 110 00 Praha, Tel.: +420- 221-900-533, Czech Republic

Cordón-Pedregosa Mª Fundación ETEA, Universidad Loyola Rosa (PhD.) Andalusia, c/Escritor Castilla Aguayo 4. 14004, Córdoba, Spain Cvjetićanin Stanko

e- mail: martin.chval@pedf. cuni.cz e-mail: rosa.cordon@ fundacionetea.org

Faculty of Education in Sombor, Podgorička 4, Sombor, 25000, +381 21 485 2809, Serbia

Dagarin Fojkar Mateja Faculty of Education, University of (PhD. lecturer) Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploscad 16, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

e-mail: mateja.dagarin@pef. uni-lj.si

Dyrda Beata (Dr hab. PhD.)

University of Silesia, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Poland

Halmatov Medera

Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Faculty of e-mail: mederahalmatov@ Education, Primary School Department, gmail.com Preschool Teaching, Agri, Turkey

Hamid Movahed Mohammadi

Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Iran

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Contributors

Haviger Jiří

Assistant, Institute of Primary and e-mail: [email protected], Preprimary Education, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

Havigerová Jana M. (Assistant)

Institute of Primary and Preprimary Education, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Králové, 50003 Rokitanského 62, Czech Republic

e-mail: jana.havigerova@uhk. cz

Hodačová Lenka (PhD. Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Lékařská e-mail: [email protected]. MUDr.) fakulta v Hradci Králové,Ústav sociálního cz lékařství, Czech Republic Hollá Katarína (PaedDr. PhD.)

Faculty of Education, University of e-mail: [email protected] Constantine the Philosopher, Department of Education, Drážovská 4, 949 01 Nitra, Slovak Republic

Inmaculada Aznar Díaz

Department of Didactics & School Organization, Granada University, 18850, Campus de Cartuja S/N, Granada, Tel: 0034958249582, Spain

Ivanuš Grmek Milena (Full Prof. PhD.)

Department of Teacher Education, Pedagogical Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia

Jazbec Saša (PhD. Assist. Prof.)

Faculty of Arts, Department of German, e-mail: [email protected] Didactics of German Language and Literature , Koroška c. 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia

Juklová Kateřina

e-mail: katerina.juklova@uhk. Assistant, Head of the Department of cz Education and Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic

Juszczyk-Frelkiewicz Katarzyna (PhD.)

Department of the Sociology of Knowledge, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland

Kostolányová Kateřina Katedra informačních a komunikačních (PhD. Ing.) technologií, Pedagogická fakulta, Ostravská Univerzita v Ostravě, Fráni Šrámka 3, 709 00 Ostrava-Mariánské Hory, Phone: +420 597 092 625, Czech Republic

e-mail: [email protected]


website: http://www.mvso.cz Krišová Zdeňka (Mgr.) Moravian University College Olomouc, Kosmonautů 1, 772 00 Olomouc, e-mail: [email protected], Czech Republic

Contributors

9

Kurincová Viera (Prof. Faculty of Education, University of e-mail: [email protected] PhD. CSc.) Constantine the Philosopher, Department of Education, Drážovská 4, 949 01 Nitra, Slovak Republic Lešnik Sabina (PhD. candidate)

Primary School Malečnik, Slovenia, Malečnik 61, 2229 Malečnik, Maribor, Slovenia

e-mail: sabina.lesnik@guest. arnes.si

Luz Ortega Mª (PhD. Prof.)

Economics and Business Sciences at e-mail: [email protected] Universidad Loyola Andalusia, c/Escritor Castilla Aguayo 4. 14004, Córdoba, Spain

Michek Stanislav

Department of Social Pedagogy, Faculty of email: stanislav.michek@uhk. Education, University of Hradec Králové, cz náměstí Svobody 301, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Tel.: +420- 493-331-349; Czech Republic

Obadović Dušanka Ž.

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 4, Novi Sad, 21000, +381 21 485 2809, Serbia

Ogrodzka-Mazur Ewa University of Silesia, Faculty of Ethnology e-mail: [email protected] ( PhD. Hab. Prof. UŚ) and Education, Institute of Education, 43-400 Cieszyn, ul. Bielska 62, Poland Ortega Sánchez Isabel (PhD. Prof. Ayudante PhD. UNED.)

Facultad de Educación. Departamento de e-mail: [email protected] Teoría de la Educación y Pedagogía Social. Despacho 224. C/Juan del Rosal, 14. 28040, Madrid, Spain

Papršteinová Markéta (Mgr.)

e-mail: marketa. Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Lékařská fakulta v Hradci Králové, Ústav hygieny a [email protected] preventivního lékařství, Czech Republic

Petrášková Vladimíra

University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Education, Czech Republic

Pilar Cáceres Reche Mª Department of Didactics & School Organization, Granada University, 18850, Campus de Cartuja S/N, Granada, Tel: 0034958249582, Spain Pilar Quicios García Mª (PhD. Prof. Contratada PhD. UNED.)

Facultad de Educación. Departamento de e-mail: [email protected],es Teoría de la Educación y Pedagogía Social, Despacho 285. C/Juan del Rosal, 14. 28040, Madrid, Spain

Píšová Michaela

Institute for Research in School Education, Faculty of Education, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

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Contributors

Piwowarski Rafał (Prof. zw. PhD. hab.)

Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology, University of Bialystok, ul. Świerkowa 20 15-328 Białystok, Poland

Pižorn Karmen (PhD. Assist. Prof.)

Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploscad 16, 1000 Ljubljana

e-mail: karmen.pizorn@pef. uni-lj.si, Slovenia

Pokorný Miroslav (Prof. PhD. Ing.)

Moravian University College Olomouc, Kosmonautů 1, 772 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic

e-mail: miroslav.pokorny@ mvso.cz , website: http://www. mvso.cz

Pol Milan

Department of Educational Sciences, e-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Arna Nováka 1, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Tel.: +420-549-496-135

Pouratashi Mahtab

Department of Educational Sciences, Vrije e-mail: mah.pouratashi@ Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium gmail.com

Rančić Ivana

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 4, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia, Tel.: +381 21 485 2809

Raso-Sánchez Francisco

Department of Didactics & School e-mail: [email protected] Organization, Granada University, 18850, Campus de Cartuja S/N, Granada, Tel: 0034958249582, Spain

Rezvanfar Ahmad


Rovňanová Lenka (PaedDr. PhD.)

Pedagogical Faculty, Matej Bel University, e-mail: lenka.rovnanova@ Department of Pedagogy, Ružová 13, 974 umb.sk 11 Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic

Segedinac Mirjana

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia, Tel.: +381 21 485 2809

e-mail: [email protected]. ac.rs,

e-mail: mlsevillano@edu. Sevillano García María Catedrática de Universidad. UNED., Luisa (PhD.) Facultad de Educación. Departamento de uned.es Didáctica y Organización Escolar. Despacho 215. C/Juan del Rosal, 14. 28040, Madrid, Spain Seyyed Mahmoud Hosseini


Skribe Dimec D. (PhD. Faculty of Education, University of Assist. Prof) Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

e-mail: darja.skribe-dimec@ pef.uni-lj.si

Contributors

11

Šmejkalová Jindra (PhD. Doc., MUDr. CSc.)

Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Lékařská fakulta v Hradci Králové Ústav hygieny a preventivního lékařství, Czech Republic


Šušoliaková Olga (Mgr.)

Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Lékařská e-mail: [email protected] fakulta v Hradci Králové, Ústav hygieny a preventivního lékařství, Czech Republic

Szczurek-Boruta Alina University of Silesia, Faculty of Education, e-mail: alina.szczurek(PhD. hab. Prof. UŚ) Institute of Education, 43-400 Cieszyn, ul. [email protected] Bielska 62, Poland Tůma František

Institute for Research in School Education, Faculty of Education, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Tzu-Ching Chen Kate

Department of Applied English, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan, 168 Jifong E. Rd., Wufong Township, Taichung County, 41349, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Vlahinja K.

B. Sc. in Special education, 27. julij Primary School, Kamnik, Slovenia

Yazici Hikmet (PhD.)

Karadeniz Technical University, Fatih e-mail: hikmetyazici@yandex. Faculty of Education, Department of com Guidance and Counseling, 61336 Söğütlü/ Akçaabat/Trabzon/Phone: +90 (462) 377 70 84, Fax: +90 (462) 2487344, Turkey


Stanisław Juszczyk

Editor’s Preface The fourth number of The New Educational Review in 2013 is the thirty four issue of our journal since the start of its foundation in 2003. In this issue there are mainly papers from: Belgium, Czech Republic, Iran, Poland, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Taiwan, and Turkey, because our journal is open for presentation of scientific papers from all over the world. In the present issue the Editor’s Board have proposed the following subject sessions: Social Pedagogy, Didactics, Pedeutology, Special Pedagogy, and Sociology. The subject session “Social Pedagogy” consists of nine articles. Hikmet Yazici in his study sought to examine the relationships among academic staffs’ gender, age and anxiety sensitivity with a sample of practicing academic staff. In their paper Stanislav Michek, Milan Pol and Martin Chvál focus on peer review used by schools as a potential means of support for mutual learning and the development of staff professionalism. In the article by Medera Halmatov there are the results of the investigation into future family concept in pictures drawn by students studying in preschool teaching. The article by Sabrina Lešnik, Michaela Brumen and Milena Ivanus Grmek deals with different attitudes of parents toward learning foreign languages and whether there is a difference in their opinions depending on their level of education. In the presented case study by Karmen Pižorn and Mateja Dagarin Fojkar, parents are involved in the planning and implementing of lowering the foreign language learning starting age from 9 to 6. The paper by Luz Ortega, Rosa Cordón-Pedregosa, and Antonio Sianes details a method for determining the collaboration factors in activities of Global Citizenship Education at university through the prioritization of experts’ preferences of collaboration. In their study, Mahtab Pouratashi, Hamid Movahed Mohammadi, Chang Zhu, Ahmad Rezvanfar, and Seyyed Mahmoud Hosseini examined the influences of agricultural students’ self-efficacy beliefs and test anxiety on their achievement motivation and academic performance. Ewa Ogrodzka-Mazur compares the results of studies conducted in 2005/06 and 2012/13 on teachers working in kindergartens, primary, lower- and

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Stanisław Juszczyk

upper-secondary schools, as the issues of the implementation of intercultural education in the Polish-Czech borderland. The BPAQ and Cyber-Bullying Tolerance questionnaires were used in the research conducted by Katarína Hollá and Viera Kurincová on a sample of 788 elementary school pupils of the 8th and 9th grades. The study shows an increase in verbal aggression, hostility and anger in the pupils. In the subject session “Didactics” we publish eight articles. František Tůma, and Michaela Píšová present the results of analysis of PhD dissertations defended abroad and in the Czech Republic in the years 2006 – 2012 in the field of foreign language didactics. The paper by Dušanka Ž. Obadović, Ivana Rančić, StankoCvjetićanin and Mirjana Segedinac describes research carried out to analyse a relation between implementation of simple experiments in teaching sciences and pupils’ positive attitude towards learning physics. In their article, Del Pilar Quicios García, Luisa Sevillano García and Isabel Ortega Sánchez describe some of the results obtained in the framework of the research project that focuses on the academic use of the mobile phones by Spanish students in 2012. The contribution by Saša Jazbec presents theoretical starting points for viewing reading from the perspective of scientific disciplines and these are supported by empirical data on the subjective concepts of reading literary texts among future teachers of foreign languages. The learning styles and their initial diagnostics in the process of the student’s learning are described in the article by Zdeňka Krišová and Miroslav Pokorný. The paper by Kana Marie Havigerová, Kateřina Juklová, Jiří Haviger deals with the possibility of using a screening method for the assessment of intellectual giftedness at preschool age by two groups of persons – nursery teachers and parents. Beata Dyrda characterizes results of triangulated qualitative and quantitative research concerning institutional and individual support for gifted students’ development in Polish schools. The article by Kateřina Kostoláyová describes a new form of e-learning – adaptive e-learning. In the subject session “Pedeutology” we publish seven articles. The aim of the study presented by Olga Šušoliaková, Jindra Šmejkalová, Markéta Papršteinová, Lenka Hodačová, Eva Čermáková is to analyse the quality of life of primary school teachers and firemen-rescuers. The basic notional category and the leading motif of the study presented by Alina Szczurek-Boruta is social experience of candidates for teachers, grounded on the social psychology development in the context of the reality experienced by the individual, the meaning applied to experiences, and in the perspective of intercultural education. The study by Francisco Raso-Sánchez describes the use of Information and Communication Technologies in education, with a particular emphasis on rural schools, covering topics that range from the insight of teachers on the necessary adaptation of their work methods, to the actual

Editor’s Preface

15

use of ICT in the classroom. The purpose of the article by Rafał Piwowarski is to identify potential links between information about teachers and the academic achievement of schools. Kate Tzu-Ching Chen and Sabina Chia-Li Chen present the results of their study conducted to investigate vocational high school EFL teachers’ professional knowledge and teaching efficacy from teachers’ perspective. The paper by Vladimíra Petrášková describes a quantitative study focusing on testing pre-service mathematics teachers’ financial literacy at the start of their studies. Lenka Rovňanová presents partial results of the research identifying demands on the performance of professional competences in the school practice in teachers with various length of practice. The subject session “Special Pedagogy” consists of the article by Dimec D. Skribe and K. Vlahinja in which the authors try to find out the perceptions of special education teachers about their own practice of science assessments and their actual practices. In the subject session “Sociology” Katarzyna Juszczyk-Frelkiewicz presents selected aspects of broader sociological empirical research into the issues of family and the phenomenon of cohabitation conducted among the students of the University of Constantine the Philosopher in the Republic of Slovakia and of the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. We hope that this edition, like previous ones, will encourage new readers not only from the Central European countries to participate in an open international discussion. On behalf of the Editors’ Board I would like to invite representatives of different pedagogical sub-disciplines and related sciences to publish their texts in The New Educational Review, according to the formal requirements placed on our website: www.educationalrev.us.edu.pl – Guide for Authors.

Social Pedagogy

Hikmet Yazici Turkey

Relationships between Anxiety Sensitivity of Academics and Some Variables such as Gender, Age and Personality Abstract Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has been defined as the fear of symptoms of anxiety. AS is connected with psychological and demographic variables. The author of this study sought to examine the relationships among academic staffs’ gender, age and AS with a sample of 355 practicing academic staff (female=133, male=222). Results showed that female academic staff have greater AS than their male colleagues. Results also revealed statistically significant relationships between age, moving away from social activities and AS. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Keywords: anxiety sensitivity, gender, age, personality.

Introduction Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is about physical and emotional symptoms of anxiety considered to have harmful consequences (Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986). There are two basic approaches to AS occurrence. One of them is the trait model of AS (Reiss & Havercamp, 1996), the other is the model which emphasizes learning processes (Schmidt, Lerew, & Joiner, 2000). The trait model emphasizes that AS may grow in time and may be observed in individuals at high or low levels. This approach shows that some condition-oriented learning processes are also effective in the development of AS. Learning based approach shows that AS is caused by stressful life events which cannot be controlled or predicted by the individual.

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AS is attributed to Reiss’ (1991) expectancy model of fear. Reiss’ expectancy model shows that there are three fundamental fears defined as sensitivity. These are the fear of injury, the fear of anxiety, and the fear of negative evaluation. This model is defined as anxiety fear-sensitivity (Reiss, 1991). AS reinforces the fear and anxiety reactions and functions significantly in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Taylor & Cox, 1998). There is an interesting theoretical differentiation between fear and AS. AS is defined as an excessive fear that arises from beliefs and symptoms which will be experienced by the individual (Mantar, Yemez, & Alkın, 2010). Accordingly, AS is considered as an inhibitory factor against fear and other anxiety disorders (Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986). There is a relation between personality traits and psychopathology. The question of what kind of personality traits has vulnerability to psychopathology has been the focus of systematic research. In this context personality traits have an important function for comorbidity in psychopathology. Personality traits may be the reason for vulnerability or the results arising from a disorder. Examination of personality traits matters in terms of revealing etiology (Watson, Gamez, & Simms, 2005). Personality traits are related to AS. It has been examined what kind of personality traits has an effect on AS. These types of studies are vital for preventing the potential risk factors regarding personalities that may cause AS. In the previous research, the relation between AS and Eysenck’s personality model (Zvolensky et al., 2003) and five-factor personality traits (Naragon-Gainey, 2010) was examined and significant relations were determined in some dimensions. The study aims to examine the relationship between AS and type A personality trait. Type A is one of the personality typologies researched in the psychology field. Individuals having this type of personality are success-oriented, aggressive, impatient with time-delay, competitive and hasty (Strickland, 2001, p.652). No reason is needed for the observation of these traits (Friedman & Rosenman, 1974). Type A involves the behaviors of emotion and activity. This type of personality is defined as continual efforts in a short time and developing reactions to other individuals or events (Jamal, 2005). When compared with other personality types, Type A people show their aggression and hostile behaviors more often (O’Connor, 2002). These individuals may show aggression in different ways in their workplace (Baron, Neuman, & Geddes, 1999). Because the workplace also involves competition, the rate of maladaptive behaviors is higher (Masters, Lacaille, & Shearer, 2003). Type A individuals consider type B, which comprises calmer people, as frustration source because type B individuals are calmer and not hasty. Unlike Type A individuals do not perceive themselves under pressure even if they work really

Relationships between Anxiety Sensitivity

21

hard. Type B differs from Type A in three dimensions; they have a lower level of competitiveness, they do not beat the clock as Type A do and they do not show overreaction when facing obstacles (Burger, 1993). Gender is another variable that AS is related to (Keogh & Birkby, 1999). Some studies have shown that there are differences between the AS points of males and females and these are caused by gender perception regarding social processes. Other studies have indicated that the AS points of males and females differ only in certain dimensions (e.g., physical concerns) not in all dimensions (Zvolensky, McNeil, Porter, & Stewart, 2001). Longitudinal studies prove that AS is considerably related to genetic factors (Zavos, Gregory, & Eley, 2012). There is a higher risk of developing AS among women due to their innate tendencies. (Jang, Stein, Taylor, & Livesley, 1998). The responses which have genetic bases and rely on physical, cognitive and social concerns among women are evaluated as an interaction of genetics and environment (Taylor, Jang, Stewart, & Stein, 2008). There are some studies which focus on the relationship between AS and age. However, there are no comprehensive findings regarding observation levels of AS between adults and children. Like in adults, some scales have been developed in order to examine AS in children and adolescents. (e.g., Childhood AS Index CASI; Silverman, Fleisig, Rabian, & Peterson, 1991). Childhood is a risky period in terms of the development of AS and other problems related to that (Mattis & Ollendick, 1997). Individual differences based on innate tendencies, learning experiences and parent reinforcements have an influence on developing AS in childhood (Watt & Stewart, 2000). The study aims to examine the relationships between type A personality traits and anxiety sensitivity of academic staff who have success orientation and work in a competitive atmosphere. Other purposes of the study are to examine whether or not AS differs depending on gender and age variables.

Method Participants The sample consisted of 355 academic staff (female=133, male=222) from seven universities in Turkey. The academic staff were of the mean age of 33.11 years (SD=7.83) and an average of 9.33 years of teaching experience (SD=7.51). Most of the respondents (i.e., 40.8%) were married. The level of income was assessed with a self-report screen, in which 71.5% of the sample reported low, 19.1% medium, 6.8% high and 2.0% very high.

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Hikmet Yazici

Instruments Personal Information Form: this form, developed by researchers, includes variables such as age, gender, marital status, degree, income level, academic title and conflict in the workplace. AS Index-Revised (ASI-R): the presence of AS symptoms was assessed by the ASI-R (Şafak Çakmak, 2006), a self-report questionnaire. For each of the 36 items, numerical values from 1 to 5 were assigned to indicate the severity of AS. The four-factor solution accounted for 47.63% of the total variance. The ASI-R demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = 0.93). Each subscale of the ASI-R also showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha for Factors I-IV = 0.88, 0.82, 0.79, and 0.80, respectively). Type-A Personality Inventory: the Likert-type scale developed by Batıgün and Şahin (2006), taking into account the relevant literature, consists of 25 items. For each of the 25 items, numerical values from 1 to 5 were assigned to indicate the intensity of an individual’s Type-A behaviors. In the validity analysis of the scale, four factors were found (Importance attributed to work, Moving away from social activities, Importance attributed to speed and Importance attributed to timing) explaining 44.3% of the total variance. The reliability coefficient based on half of the test technique was calculated as 0.83. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for the sub-factors of the scale ranged from 0.79 to 0.48. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for the whole scale was .86. Procedure Academic staff were given the opportunity to complete the questionnaire either in the office or at home. Supervisors were informed of the nature of the study and instruments in order to help the staff with any problems. The supervisor did not give information about the specific nature of the research, but informed the staff that the study was exploring issues of individuals’ perceptions about themselves. The researchers applied the assessment tools in certain programs in order to exceed time limitation by determining the availability of the academic staff. Due to being in group format, getting enough contact with each individual was an issue in the face to face assessment. Data was collected by means of applying it to the academic staff working in the same program simultaneously. Statistical Analysis The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 15.0) program was used for statistical analysis. Student’s t test was used for the analysis of groups, correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used to associate the personality type, and age with AS.

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Relationships between Anxiety Sensitivity

Results As shown in Table 1, the women showed a tendency to score higher than the men on global anxiety (t353=2.43, p=.016, d=0.13) and fear of respiratory symptoms scores (t353=2.86, p=.004, d=0.15) . Table 1. AS differences depending on gender Variable

Male

Female

Cohen’d

M

SD

M

SD

t

df

p

FRS

2.14

.86

2.41

.84

2.86

353

.004

0.15

FCS

1.86

.71

1.99

.71

1.68

353

ns

0.09

FCD

1.75

.65

1.88

.68

1.78

353

ns

0.10

FPOAS

2.39

.74

2.53

.77

1.74

353

ns

0.09

Total

2.04

.66

2.21

.64

2.43

353

.016

0.13

FRS=Fear of respiratory symptoms, FCS=Fear of cardiovascular symptoms, FCD=Fear of lack of cognitive control, FPOAS=Fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms

The relationships between type A behavior, age and, AS are presented in Table 2. The importance attributed to work, moving away from social activities, and the importance attributed to speed were positively associated with AS, whereas age was negatively related to AS. Table 2. The relationship between AS, type A personality and age Variable 1. AS 2. IAW 3. MASA 4. IAS 5. IAT 6. Age

1

2

3

4

5

6

Mean

SD

–

.25**

.85**

.14*

.07

-.11*

2.10

.65

–

.24**

.54**

.39**

-.03

2.81

.58

.08

.04

-.07

1.92

.78

–

–

.43** –

.14*

3.32

.65

.02

3.60

.79

33.10

7.83

–

AS= AS, IAW= Importance Attributed to Work, MASA= Moving Away from Social Activities, IAS= Importance Attributed to Speed, IAT=Importance Attributed to Timing

Linear multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine how type A personality and age explain AS selected as dependent variables (Brace, Kemp, & Snelgar, 2003, p.212). The Durbin-Watson test and auto-correlation was evaluated in the analysis and the resulting value (1.86) was found within the margin of the

Hikmet Yazici

24

expected values (1.5 – 2.5). Multiple regression analysis was conducted using the Enter method showed that the established model was meaningful (F5,349=183.08, p< .001). Table 3. Regression model summary in which independent variables predict dependent variables Model 1

R .85

ΔR2

R2

.72

.72

SEE .35

Variation Statistic ΔR2

ΔF

df1

df1

p

.72

183.08

5

349

.001

SEE=Std.Error of the Estimate.

As seen in Table 4, one personality factor (moving away from social activities, β= .83, p< .05 ) and age (β= -2.27, p.7 as an acceptable level. Reliability for the scale of motivation to approach success was.96 and for motivation to avoid failure was.94, which met this criterion. The coefficient for the scales of self-efficacy beliefs and test anxiety were 0.90 and.84, respectively. As the scales of self-efficacy beliefs, test anxiety, and achievement motivation had previously not been tested for the agricultural students, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to validate the scales (Hernandez, 2010), using a maximum likelihood method of estimation (Table 1). In general, the findings revealed that the scales were reliable and valid measures for applying in data collection of agricultural students.

90

Hamid Movahed Mohammadi, Ahmad Rezvanfara, Seyyed Mahmoud Hosseinia Table 1. Results of confirmatory factor analysis for the scales used in the study Scale

Self-efficacy beliefs

Test anxiety

Motivation to approach success

Achievement motivation

Motivation to avoid failure

Item

SE

X1

.834

X2

.592

C.R. 3.188**

X3

.784

6.021***

X4

.473

2.085*

X5

.512

2.151*

X6

.535

2.954**

X7

.775

5.604***

X8

.721

4.994***

X1

.841

X2

.464

2.985**

X3

.544

3.246**

X4

.463

2.812**

X5

.562

3.355**

X1

.549

X3

.330

2.171*

X5

.328

2.073*

X7

.484

3.177**

X9

.470

2.862**

X11

.561

4.012***

X13

.476

2.901**

X15

.585

4.609***

X17

.511

3.402**

X19

.339

2.185*

X21

.532

3.550***

X23

.442

2.650**

X25

.498

3.267**

X27

.604

5.626***

X29

.514

3.406**

X2

.654

X4

.889

6.869***

X6

.521

3.448***

X8

.722

4.719***

X10

.683

4.272***

X12

.409

2.887**

X14

.362

2.635**

91

Effects of Agricultural Students’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale

Achievement motivation

Motivation to avoid failure

Item

SE

X16

.354

C.R. 2.089*

X18

.654

3.975***

X20

.452

2.945**

X22

.549

3.561***

X24

.731

4.746***

X26

.571

3.877***

X28

.541

3.451***

X30

.382

2.805**

Note: SE.= Standardized Estimate, C.R. = Critical Ratio; *: p