5th INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE ON ...

5th INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE ON PLACES AND TECHNOLOGIES EDITORS

ALEKSANDRA KRSTIĆ-FURUNDŽIĆ MILENA VUKMIROVIĆ EVA VANIŠTA LAZAREVIĆ AND ALEKSANDRA ĐUKIĆ

PLACES AND TECHNOLOGIES 2018 THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE ON PLACES AND TECHNOLOGIES EDITORS: Aleksandra Krstić-Furundžić, Milena Vukmirović, Eva Vaništa Lazarević, Aleksandra Đukić FOR PUBLISHER: Vladan Đokić PUBLISHER: University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture DESIGN: Stanislav Mirković TECHNICAL SUPPORT: Jana Milovanović PLACE AND YEAR: Belgrade 2018 ISBN: 978-86-7924-199-3 PRINTED BY: University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture

TOWARDS DIMINUISHING DISADVANTAGES IN MIGRATION ISSUES IN SERBIA (FROM 2015) THROUGH PROPOSAL OF SOME MODELS 287 Eva Vaništa Lazarević Jelena Marić Dragan Komatina

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS APPLICATION OF ENERGY SIMULATION OF AN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE BUILDING 303 Norbert Harmathy Zoltán Magyar

APPLICATION OF TRADITIONAL MATERIALS IN DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT INTERIORS 311 Vladana Petrović Nataša Petković Grozdanović Branislava Stoiljković Aleksandar Keković Goran Jovanović

DETERMINATION OF THE LIMIT VALUE OF PERMITTED ENERGY CLASS FOR THE KINDERGARTENS IN THE NORTH REGION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 318 Darija Gajić Biljana Antunović Aleksandar Janković

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY AND ECOLOGICALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN OF STUDENT HOUSE BUILDINGS 326 Malina Čvoro Saša B. Čvoro Aleksandar Janković

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS THROUGH TRANSIENT SIMULATION 332 Ayşe Fidan ALTUN Muhsin KILIC

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PLANNING AND DESIGN OF “ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS” 340 Kosa Golić Vesna Kosorić Suzana Koprivica

ENERGY REFURBISHMENT OF A PUBLIC BUILDING IN BELGRADE Mirjana Miletić Aleksandra Krstić-Furundzić

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TYPOLOGY OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN SERBIA: A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REFURBISHMENT 357 Nataša Ćuković Ignjatović Dušan Ignjatović Ljiljana Đukanović

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATION OF ADVANCED NATURAL VENTILATION POTENTIAL IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL REGION OF CATALONIA 367 Nikola Pesic Jaime Roset Calzada Adrian MurosAlcojor

TRENDS IN INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC FACILITIES INTO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 375 Aleksandra Krstić-Furundžić Alessandra Scognamiglio, Mirjana Devetaković, Francesco Frontini, Budimir Sudimac

5th INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY AND ECOLOGICALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN OF STUDENT HOUSE BUILDINGS Malina Čvoro1 PhD, Assistant Professor,University of Banjaluka, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy,[email protected] Saša B. Čvoro PhD, Assistant Professor,University of Banjaluka, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy,[email protected] Aleksandar Janković MA, Senior Teaching Assistant University of Banja luka, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, [email protected]

ABSTRACT Nowadays, when we are increasingly aware that our traditional sources of energy are final and would be ultimately exhausted, that their accelerated use has serious consequences in terms of CO2 emissions, global warming, climate change as well as local atmospheric pollution, the significance of architecture in defining quality environment is becoming more and more important. Improvement of living conditions, reduction of energy consumption and preservation of the environment implies the design and construction of buildings in accordance with the set objectives of sustainable urban development. The Paper presents an example of a student housing building realized in relation to the spatial needs, market and social specificities of the local environment. The location for construction of the student house building, Nikola Tesla, Pavilion 4,is set within the complex of the University City of Banja Luka - an area of landscape architecture which has a public character as well as rich horticulture which originates from different periods of time. The architecture of the student dorm is determined by the simplicity of the volume of the building and moderate architectural expression, rationality in materialization and organization of space, energy and ecological responsibility. The research has focused on the importance of energy efficiency in civil engineering and the possibility of its application in architectural design. Keywords: architectural design, student housing, energy efficiency, solar power

Places - Campus The location for construction of the student housing building is found in the complex of the former JNA barracks, ‘Vrbas’, now a part of the compound of the University City of Banja Luka. As a landscape architecture area which has a public character besides its rich horticultureoriginating from different periods of time in addition to rich vegetation and plenty of birds of the Vrbas river which runs on its eastern boundary, the initiative was launched to declare the area protected. University City of Banja Luka has been placed under protection of the Republic of Srpska by the relevant Decision of the Ministry of Spatial Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology in 2012. (University of Banja Luka, 2012) Natural area in the University City of Banja Luka has become the most important park in Banja Luka and is officially on the list of protected areas due to its natural and historical importance. There are 1,500 trees in the area, particularly beautiful are lines of plane trees some of which several hundred years old, 48 species of birds some of which are protected by the law. 1 Corresponding author 326 |ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS|

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From the point of view of architecture, this area represents a heterogeneous group of facilities of very different purpose, time of construction, architectural form and material realization. In that sense the main task during the process of construction of the new Nikola Tesla Pavilion 4buildingfor us as authors presented in the Preliminary Design, was establishing of new qualities and way of behaviour in this specific space as well as establishing of order in the morphological structure of the University City in accordance with the spatial context which is dominated by the existing natural setting. Eastern side of the University Campus borders with the urban residential area, the quarter of Borik, typical for the period of socialism and built in the spirit of the international style. This architectural work is characterized by the urban style of clean and bare forms and the new dimension of functionalism. This kind of architecture appears in the whole of Europe after the Second World War as the reflection of a recovery, urban development and industrialization. Residential archictecture of former Yugoslavia in this period is as much determined by the time and circumstances as is determining that same period.

4. Student House Pavillion With regard to urban-architectural concept, the new building of the Students House and its author’s concept follows certain construction principles. The new building of the Students House makes a part of the street facade of the eastern access to the Campus from the direction of the center of the town. Extensive programme of the Students House and unambiguous shape directions have as the result longitudinal volumetry of a residential building which dimensions are comparable to the neighbouring residential quarter of Borik. Shaping of the building was preceded by adjustment of the purpose of the Students House with the proportions of the neighboring buildings and visual scenery from the Campus where it appears. The basis of the suggested concept is functional differentiation of the content of the House on joint (public) areas and private area (rooms) so that the big closed structure of the builidng opens in the central part with transparent front facade which vertically connects common contents. The break which was made in the formation of the sequence of students rooms is filled with the remaining public contents of the building – entering hall, communications, joint dining area and joint living room. These areas are surrounded by glass walls which allows the view toward outside but also denotes internal dynamics of the building use to the views from the outside. Ground floor and basement are part of the public contents of the Building which is in the function of the administrative management, students’ infirmary, study rooms and services. The proposed solution provides capacity of 280 beds. Rooms are oriented east and west , have natural light and ventilation. Long corridors are equally organized on all floors and are rythmically moved by conspicuous entrances into accommodation units. Every room is foreseen for accommodation of two students and is equipped with the kitchen bloc in the lobby and the bathroom. The authors used the paint giving thus vividness to the internal space of the building and different colours of the floor are used for creation of the visual identity of each individual floor. A view toward outside area in rooms is defined by the existence of transitional zone, the loggia. Moveable metal shades on the facade provide the user with a possibility to chose the quantity of light or shade which enters the room. Protection from the sun is realized through the form of sliding shades which are dynamic element of shaping on the facade which is carried out in accordance with the layout of the front facade. In addition to that, freedom in architectural expression of a very rational volumeof the building was created by the authors through the use of the colour on the facade. Playful set of panels of various colours and dimensions is a direct association to young residents of this builiding. Designing and construction of the new building of the Students House building has been intended to improve the living conditions, reduce energy consumption and preserve the environment through definition of main elements of functional organization and architectural ma|ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS| 327


terialization of space. Principles of design and applied methods of realization influence the expected level of energy optimization and all elements of the comfort of residence and work of the people in this specific space. Today, when we came to understanding that our traditional sources of energy are final and on the way to final exhaustion and that their accelerated use has serious consequences for the environment, one of the objectives of the authors of this architecture was to enable satisfactory level of comfort in the space with minimal use of energy in the area in a rational manner. In order to carry out optimal conditions of spatial comfort and energy optimization: • influential factors of comfort are examined / conditions on the spot, microclimate, daylight, air polluters, noise, etc. /, • established limits of desirable or acceptable comfort conditions in space / temperature, illumination, quality of air and acceptable levels of noise /, • changeable parameters controlled / heat, air, light and sound / with the assistance of passive means / characteristics of the building / how much is that possible and feasible, • reduced energy consumption only on control and maintenance of active means of provision of comfort / heating, cooling, ventilation, lights, protection from noise, etc./. This paper analyzes in details the results of introducing 100roof solar panelswhich occupy around 60 percent of the total surface of the flat roof. Their installation enables heating of the sanitary hot water in the facility which has 150 bathrooms and is major consumer of that water.

Figure 1 – 4. Student House Pavillion, Banja Luka

Еnergy performance The Fourth Pavilion of the Student Dormitory Nikola Tesla has heated gross volume of Ve=23030 m3 with conditioned floor area of Au=7114 m2 and the building shape factor of f0=0.237 m-1. The share of transparent elements in total area of building envelope is z=32.0 %. In order to reduce transmission heat losses and categorize building energy efficient, designers aimed for the low U-values of the envelope elements. Building is designed with external wall’s U-value of 0.225 W∙m-2K-1 with thermal insulation thickness of 15 cm. The transparent elements aredouble glazed windows with multi-chamber aluminium frames. The flat roof elements are designed with thermal insulation thickness of 15 cm and U-value of 0.248W∙m-2K-1. According to its energy performance, Pavilion belongs to C energy class with annual energy needed for heating per conditioned floor area of QH,nd’’=38.3 kWh∙m-2.With such low energy need for heating and incorporation of the latest and renewable energy concepts, the dormitory is conceived as one 328 |ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS|

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of the few in the country. Beside defined geometry, materials and climate parameters, other input data for evaluating energy performance were infiltration rate of n=0.5 h-1 and average internal heat gains q=5.2 W∙m-2arising from occupancy and electrical appliances. Design values of the thermal transmittance and other parameters were confirmed by the measurements. Monthly energy need for heating is calculated according to BAS EN ISO 13790: QH,nd = Q H,ht - ηH,gn QH,gn (1) where QH,htis total heat losses due to transmission and ventilation, ηH,gnis the dimensionless gain utilization factor and QH,gnis sum of internal and solar heat gains. Afterwards, calculated energy need for heating is converted into final energy through parameters of the efficiency of the heating system: control and monitoring of energy consumption in the building (ηH,s=0.855), emission, distribution and generation efficiency (ηH,e=0.9, ηH,d=0.982 and ηH,g=1.0) and : (2) The values of heating system efficiency was taken for actual conditions: district heating, panel radiators on external insulated walls and under windows with thermostatic valves, central and local regulation, insulated pipes located in the heated rooms. Annual final energy and energy need for heating according to the calculations are 360.6 and 272.5 MWh, respectively. The calculated final energy is compared with the delivered heat energy indicated on the heating bills from 2017. The percentage deviation of annual values is around 1%. A good agreement between the calculation and the measurements is also visiblefrom Figure 2.

Figure 2 – Monthly values of delivered heat energy, energy need for heating and final energy for heating The building has solar panel installed on its roof that generate energy for preparation of domestic hot water. The water in recirculation system is heated by solar or if necessary by electric energy with three boilers of 1000 litres to a temperature of θw,del=50 0C. The temperature of the supply water during the year oscillates from θw,0=8 0C in winter to θw,0=14 0C in the summer. Based on the water consumption bills from 2017 and faucet loads, it is estimated that 44% of the total consumed water is hot water and the rest is cold (Figure 3). Water consumption during 2017 is 9908 m3 of which 5548 m3 represents annual consumption of cold water and 4360 m3 of hot water. Energy consumption for domestic water heating is estimated based on the following equation:

(3)

Where ρw is density of water and cw specific thermal capacity of water (ρw∙cw=1.16 kWh∙m-3K-1). |ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS| 329


Annual energy consumption for preparation of domestic hot water is estimated to Qw=197.2 MWh.

Figure 3 – Distribution of consumed water on hot and cold One hundred polycrystalline solar panels with total effective area of 235 m2are mounted on the flat roof, oriented to the south and set at an angle of θ=300. Solar collectors have first and second order heat loss coefficient of a1=3.936 Wm-2K-1 and a2=0.017 Wm-2K-2, respectively and zero loss co-efficiency of η0=0.753. In order to estimate energy generated by solar panels, data on monthly global radiation receivedon a surface titled by angle of 300 degrees during 2017, for coordinates (latitude=44.770, longitude =17.210) were obtained based on satellite observations. Actual efficiency is estimated based on characteristics of solar panels and external influences (estimated difference between collector fluid input temperature and ambient temperature, received global solar radiation and shadings). Average monthly efficiency of solar cell peaks in February (η=19.8 %) and lows in July (η=13.9 %). Energy generated by solar cells is estimatedusing the following equation: Qsol =η∙Ht∙A (4) Where Ht is monthly global radiation received by titled surface at the angle of 300 and A is total effective area of solar panels on the roof. Figure 4 shows monthly global solar radiation received by all solar panels installed on the roof Pt∙A [MWh] and energy converted by them which is used for preparation of domestic hot water Qsol [MWh]. The annual energy generated by solar panels is 78.2 MWh, which is not enough to heat all domestic water. Around 39.6% of domestic water is heated by solar energy, while the rest is heated by electricity (60.4 %).

Figure 4 – Global solar radiation received by solar panels and energy generated by solar panels The building gross final consumption of energy during 2017 can be divided into the delivered heat energy, energy consumed for the preparation of domestic hot water and electric energy consumed on all other than preparation of DHW. Annual electric energy consumption during 2017 is taken from the electricity bills and equals to 1028.2 MWh. Out of gross final consumption of energy during 2017 around 24.4 % represents energy consumed for space heating, 13.5 % for preparation of domestic hot water and 62.1 % electric energy consumed on everything else than preparation od domestic heat water. Share of energy from renewable sources in building gross final consumption of energy is 4.9 %. 330 |ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS|

PLACES AND TECHNOLOGIES 2018 References Biljana, Antunović, Aleksandar, Janković and Ljubiša, Preradović. 2015. Merenje koeficijenta prolaza toplote neprozirnog fasadnog zida i povezanost sa meteorološkim uslovima. Tehnika 69, No. 4: 593-598. BAS EN ISO 13790 Energy performance of buildings -- Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling. 2008. Brussels: European committee for standardization BAS EN 15316-3-1 Heating systems in buildings. Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies. Domestic hot water systems, characterisation of needs (tapping requirements). 2010. Brussels: European committee for standardization. Darija, Gajić and Aleksandra Krstić-Furundžić.2014. Applying of the Serbian, Croatian and Bosnia and Herzegovina regulations on the energy optimization of envelopes of the existing residential buildings in the city of Banja Luka. Proceedings from 45th International Congress and Exhibition on Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 1-10. Beograd. DA, Krawsczyk. 2015.Analysis of Energy Consumption for Heating in a Residential House in Poland. Energy Procedia, Vol 95: 216-222. EN ISO 15603 Energy performance of buildings. Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings. 2008. Brussels: European committee for standardization. F, Cuadros,F, Lopez-Rodrıguez, C, Segador,and A, Marcos. 2007.A simple procedure to size active solar heating schemes for low-energy building design. Energy and Buildings, Vol 39: 96-104. JK, Kaldellis, M, Kapsali, and KA, Kavadias. 2014.Temperature and wind speed impact on the efficiency of PV installations. Experience obtained from outdoor measurements in Greece. Renewable Energy, Vol 66, 612-624. Janković, Aleksandar and Branislava Lalić. 2014. “Analysis of Statistical Methods for Estimating Solar Radiation”. GeographicaPannonica18, Iss. 1: 1-5. Janković, Aleksandar, Gajić, Darija and Biljana Antunović. 2016. “Značaj Blower Door Test-a pri određivanju broja izmjena vazduha na čas”. Međunarodna naučno-stručnakonferencijaSavremenateorijaipraksaugraditeljstvu, Arhitektonsko-građevinski fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci: 229-236. Janković, Aleksandar, Antunović, Biljana and Ljubiša Preradović. 2017. Alternative method for on site evaluation of thermal transmittance. FactaUniversitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering15, Iss. 2, 341–351. Genetic Resourses Institute,University of Banja Luka. Accessed February 24, 2018. http://gri.unibl.org/ index.php?idsek=158 Oto,Bihalji-Merin. 1969. Umetnicko blago Jugoslavije. Beograd: Jugoslovenski izdavacki zavod. Rulebook on minimum requirements of building energy characteristics, Official Gazette of the Republic of Srpska 40/13. 2015. Banja Luka:Ministry of Spatial Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology. Saša, Čvoro. 2014. Doctoral dissertation:Istraživanje obrazaca za unapređenje vazdušnogkomfora prostora u cilju energetske efikasnosti zgrad. Banja Luka: University of Banjaluka, Facu lty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy. Saša, Čvoro and Malina,Čvoro. 2011.Architectural structures restoration in order to define the identity space. International scientific expert conference Architecture and Urban Planning, Civil Engineering, Geodesy - Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Proceedings. Banjaluka p. 93 – 102 Accessed February 01, 2017. http://www.soda-pro.com/web-services/radiation/helioclim-3-real-time-andforecast

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