A Novel Approach for Prefix Minimization using Ternary ... - CSIE -NCKU

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algorithm is tested for some publicly available Border. Gateway Protocol (BGP) [2] routing tables from the public networks as MAE-EAST, MAE-WEST, AADS and ...
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