Biotechnology, Myongji University, South Korea in September 2009 as a Brain ... and Head of Laboratory in the Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional.
About the Editors
Dr. Chinnappan Baskar is an Associate Professor of Chemistry and Academic In-charge, THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India. He has received his M.Sc. Chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras and PhD in Organic and Materials Chemistry from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore under the direction of Prof. Suresh Valiyaveettil. He has joined the faculty in the Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University (LPU) as a Reader then promoted to Head of the Department (2006– 2009). He moved to the Department of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Myongji University, South Korea in September 2009 as a Brain Korean 21 (BK21) Research Professor and co-researcher in Energy and Environmental Fusion Technology Center, Myongji University. He has worked as Director (Academic Affairs), Dev Bhoomi Group of Institutions, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Dr. Baskar research interests include synthetic organic chemistry, conducting polymers, green chemistry, production of biofuels and fine chemicals from biomass, ionic liquids, and membrane science separation. He has published several research papers in reputed international journals and conference proceedings. He was invited to attend and deliver lectures/seminars in international and national conferences & workshops. He serves on the Editorial Advisory Board member and referee for many international chemistry, materials science, biotechnology and energy journals. Dr. Shikha Baskar obtained her PhD in Organic Chemistry from the Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India under the guidance of Prof. Ranjit S. Dhillon and received postdoctoral training at Myongji University. She has joined as Sr. Lecturer/Assistant Professor and Head of Laboratory in the Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab. She is currently Visiting Faculty of Chemistry at THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology, Tehri, Uttarakhand. Her current research interests are in the areas of synthetic organic chemistry, green
C. Baskar et al. (eds.), Biomass Conversion, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28418-2, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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About the Editors
chemistry, ionic liquids, and production of biofuels. She has authored few peer-reviewed journal articles and attended many national and international conferences and workshop. Dr. Ranjit S. Dhillon is a retired Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India. He received his PhD from PAU under the direction of Prof. P. S. Kalsi. He spent three years as a Postdoctoral Fellow with Nobel Laureate Prof. Akira Suzuki at Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Dr. Dhillon has supervised 12 PhD students and 20 M.Sc. students in the areas of chemoselective green methodologies, natural products and their bioactive studies, and synthesis of eco-friendly Agrochemicals. His research work mainly ‘‘versatile boranes and borohydrides’’ carried out at PAU was cited by Nobel Laureate Late Prof. Herbert C. Brown in his research articles and many other eminent scientists. Professor Dhillon has published over 60 peer-reviewed papers and one book chapter. He is the author of Hydroboration and Organic Synthesis (Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, 2007).
Index
A ABE fermentation, 222 Acid hydrolysis, 152, 294, 295 Acidogenesis, 228 Aerobic fermentation, 39 Agricultural residue-based biorefinery, 60 Alaskan birch, 423, 425–427 Alcoholic fermentation, 43 Algal biomass, 53 Algae diesel, 260 Alkali hydrolysis, 296 Alkali metal, 190 Alkaline medium, 393, 394, 399–401, 402, 405, 407 Ambient temperature bacteria, 444 Ammonia pretreatment, 153–154 Anaerobic digestion, 40, 109 Antioxidant, 353 Apple pomace, 256, 257, 287–289 Applications of bioextraction, 451 Aquaculture-based biorefinery, 70
B Banana waste, 258, 290, 291 Barley, 292 Biobutanol, 222 Bio-char, 423, 425–427 Biochemical conversion processes, 38 Biodiesel, 119, 200 Bioenergy, 123 Bioethanol, 200, 237–239, 246–248, 251 Bioethanol production, 237 Bioethanol refinery, 300 Bioextraction, 436 Biohydrogen, 314, 320, 323, 326, 331–333 Biofuels, 4, 5
Bioleaching, 441 Bio-oil, 422–424, 427–431 Biomass, 2, 123, 421, 423 Biomass applications, 173 Biomass and electricity generation, 79 Biomass conversion, 187, 188 Biomass conversion methods, 6, 7 Biomass conversion processes, 95 Biomass dissolution, 147 Biomass energy, 91 Biomass feedstock, 239 Biomass liquefaction, 423 Biomass production techniques, 94 Biomass solubility, 146 Biomass of plants, 237 Biomining, 441 Biorefinery, 56 Biorefinery based on agriculture sector feedstock, 59 Biorefinery feedstock, 58 Biorefinery platform, 78, 80 Biorefinery products, 57 Biostil fermentation, 285 Biotechnological approaches, 245–247 Bleaching, 349, 351, 360, 361, 369 Briquetting, 104
C Candida lusitance, 262 Candida pseudotropicalis, 261 Candida shehatae, 261 Carbonization, 99 Carbohydrates, 263, 264, 342, 346, 347, 351, 358, 369, 370 Cassava roots, 293 Catalytic pyrolysis, 192
C. Baskar et al. (eds.), Biomass Conversion, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28418-2, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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C (cont.) Catalytic liquefaction, 101 Catalyst, 188, 388, 394–399, 405, 406 Cellulase deactivation, 165, 205, 211 Cellulase stabilization, 167–170 Cellulose, 268, 341, 345, 347, 349–352, 356, 358, 360, 361, 365, 367, 369, 370 Cellulose crystallinity, 160–161 Cellulosic ethanol, 237, 238, 246, 247 Cheese whey, 259, 292 Chelating agent, 451 Chelating ligand, 451 Chelating resin, 451 Chemical separation, 447 Chemical structure of lignin, 382, 385 Chemically induced/assisted phytoextraction, 439 Clostridium, 314, 317, 318, 320, 321, 331 Clostridium acetobutylicum, 222 Clostridium cellulolyticum, 262 Clostridium cellulovorans, 262 Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, 262 Co-Firing, 96 Coenzyme-A-dependent fermentative pathways, 272 Coffee waste, 259 Combustion, 187 Combustion forms, 11 Combustion process, 11 Combustion systems, 13 Commercial gasifiers, 37 Compaction characteristics, 107 Comparison, biorefinery and petroleum refinery, 75, 79 Composites, 352, 353, 360, 363 Composite fibers, 174, 176 Continuous fermentation, 284 Continuous lignin oxidation, 407 Conversion, 383, 390–392, 394, 406, 407 Conventional batch fermentation, 283 Coppicing, 94 Crabtree effect, 280 Cracking, 201, 214
D Dark fermentation, 313–315, 317–321, 327, 330–332 Decarbonylation, 209 Delignification, 346, 351, 367, 369 Deoxygenation, 199, 209 Direct bioleaching, 442 Direct combustion, 8
Index Direct Combustion Processes, 96 Distillation process, 449 Dissolving pulp, 360, 361 Dolomite, 189 Downstream processing in gasification, 36 Dump bioleaching, 443
E Effect of anion on dissolution of biomass, 149 Energy Plantation, 93 Enhancement of biomass, 239 Enzymatic hydrolysis, 296, 297, 347, 350, 351 Electrolytic reduction, 448 Electrolytic refining, 449 Ethanol, 251, 343 Ethanol Fermentation, 117 Escherichia coli, 262, 276 Eucalyptus, 386–388, 381 Extremely-thermophilic bacteria, 445
F Facultative anaerobes, 318 Fatty acid, 199 Fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, 275 Fed-batch fermentation, 285 Feedstock for biochemical conversion processes, 38 Fermentation, 279, 347, 360, 361 Fermentation inhibitors, 52 Fine chemicals, 388, 390 First-Generation Technologies, 120 Fischer–Tropsch, 189 Forest biorefinery, 65 Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), 424–427 Fractionation, 341, 342 Froth floatation, 447 Functional genomics, 244 Furfural, 347, 348, 354, 358, 359 Fusarium oxysporum, 260
G Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 424, 427–429 Gas stripping, 230 Gasification, 25, 100, 190 Gasification reactions, 27, 28 Gasifier designs, 30 Gasifiers Types, 102
Index Counter Current, 102 Updraught, 102 Co-Current, 102 Downdraught, 102 Cross-Draught, 103 Fluidized Bed, 103 Gasohol, 252 Genetic modification, 243–247 Genetically modified microorganisms, 275 Glucose, 264, 347, 350, 352, 358, 368, 369 Glycolysis, 317 Guaiacyl lignin, 145–147
H Hardwood, 381–389, 393, 394, 399, 400, 402, 404, 405 Heap bioleaching, 443 Heap minerals biooxidation, 445 Hemicellulose, 270, 271, 347–349, 361 Hydrodeoxygenation, 200, 201 Hydrogen bonding, 161 Hydrogenase, 314, 315, 317, 324, 325 Hydrolysis, 343, 346–348, 350, 351, 353, 355, 358, 361, 364, 368, 369 p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 398, 400, 406 High biomass plants, 438 Hydraulic washing, 447 Hyper-accumulator plants, 438
I Indirect bioleaching, 442 Infrared spectroscopy, 157 Integrated biorefinery, 74 Integrated process, 387, 411, 412 Ion exchange process, 408–410 Ionic liquids, 124, 130, 132, 145–177 Ionic liquid biodegradability, 173 Ionic liquid impurities, 156 Ionic liquid recycling, 171 Ionic liquid toxicity, 165 Ionic liquid viscosity, 151 Imadazolium based ionic liquids, 147, 148 Isoprenoid pathway, 275
K Keto acid pathways, 274 Kinetic, 394, 398, 402–404 Kloeckera oxytoca, 277 Kraft liquor, 384, 395
463 L Lactose, 265 Leaching, 451 Levulinic acid, 347, 354, 355 Lignin, 343, 352, 355, 362, 381–412, 424–427 Lignin models, 159 Lithium catalysts, 153 Lignocellulose, 123, 130 Lignocellulosic biomass, 66–68 Lignocellulosic materials, 223 Lignosulfonate, 385–389, 391, 392, 398, 400, 403, 405, 409 Liquation process, 449 Lopping, 95
M Magnetic separation, 447 Market, 390, 392 Mass spectrometry, 158 Methanol, 364 Melting point of ionic liquid, 149 Metabolic engineering, 272 Metal recovery, 450 Microbes, 444 Microwave heating, 154 Minerals biooxidation, 443 Mixed cultures, 318–322 Methane Production in Landfills, 116 Mesophilic, 113 Moderately-thermophilic bacteria, 447 Monosaccharides, 347 Monosugars, 130, 132 Mutants, 240, 242–244 Mycorrhizal association, 454
N Nanocatalyst, 194 Natural phytoextraction, 438 Nickel, 190 Nitrogenase, 324–327 Non-grain biomass, 238 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 158
O Oilseed biorefinery, 62 Olivine, 189 Optical absorption spectroscopy, 157, 158 Orange peel waste, 258, 291 Organosolv, 386, 388, 389, 391, 398, 399
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O (cont.) Oxygen, 394, 395, 399, 401–403, 405–408, 410 Oxidation, 392–395, 399–411 Oxidation process, 449
P Pachysolen tannophilus, 260–262 Palladium catalyst, 207 Petroleum refinery platform, 78, 81 Photofermentation, 313, 314, 324–328, 330–333 Phytoextraction, 437 Pichia stiptis, 277 Pinch technology, 359 Pineapple waste, 258 Piston Press, 104 Plant architecture, 239, 241–243 Pollarding, 95 Populus trichocarpa, 146 Pore size, 193 Potato peel waste, 258, 291 Precipitation, 348, 353, 358 Pretreatment, 123, 126, 130, 145, 347, 360, 361, 364, 369 Profiles of phenolic products, 399 Pruning, 95 Pulping, 342 Pulp and paper industry, 392 Purified cellulose, 159 Pyrolysis, 17, 97, 191 Pyrolysis processes, 20 Phytohormonesignaling intermediates, 240
R Raman spectroscopy, 157, 158, 176 Reactor configuration, 321, 323, 329, 330, 332 Reduction, 450 Reducing sugars, 150 Reinforcement, 352, 360, 364 Resins, 352, 362, 367 Resistant cellulases, 166 Rice husk, 292 Rice straw, 256, 291
S Saccharomyces cerevisae, 260, 261, 278, 288 Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, 261 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 260 Screw Press, 105 Second-Generation Technologies, 120
Index Selectivity, 398, 399, 409 Simulation, 348, 359, 367 Sitka spruce, 423, 425 Stirred-tank bioleaching, 443 Softwood, 381, 382, 384–386, 388, 389, 393, 394, 398, 399 Solid support, 451 Solvent polarity, 163–164 Solventogenesis, 227 Spent sulfite liquor, 259 Starch, 267 Stearic acid, 209 Straw, 238, 245, 247 Strict anaerobes, 317 Structure, 343, 355 Structured packed bubble column reactor, 397, 406–408 Sucrose, 265 Sugar molasses, 286 Sugarcane Bagasse, 255, 256 Sulfided catalyst, 202 Sulfite Liquor, 392, 398, 410 Supercritical extraction, 408, 411 Supercritical methanol, 422, 423, 430, 431 Switchgrass and Miscanthus, 238, 239, 244, 245 Syringyl lignin, 145–147 Syngas, 263 Synthesis gas, 188 Synthetic chelates, 439 Syringaldehyde, 381, 393, 394, 398, 399, 400, 402, 406, 408, 409
T Tall oil fatty acid, 212 Technology of bioethanol production, 286 Temperature effects in dissolution, 150 Thermal pretreatment, 299 Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, 262 Thermoeconomic modelling, 85 Thermochemical processes, 7, 97, 390, 391 Thermophilic, 113 Thinning, 95 Torrefaction, 98 Torula cremoris, 261 Trichoderma reesei, 150 Two-stage conversion, 313
U Ultra-filtration, 348, 350, 353, 387, 410–412 Ultrasound pretreatment, 154 Unit Operations, 109
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V Vanadium catalysts, 153 Vanillin, 381, 387, 388, 390–394, 398–410
X Xylan, 358, 360 Xylose, 347, 358, 361
W Water adsorption in ionic liquid pretreatment, 155 Waste biorefinery, 70 Wheat straw, 254, 291 Wet oxidation, 300 Whole crop biorefinery, 61 Wood Chemistry, 128 Wood density, 151 Wood swelling, 160
Y Yield, 389, 393–395, 399–408, 410
Z Zymomonas mobilis, 260–262, 276, 286
