Accepted Manuscript Aesthetics of Korean Foods: The Symbol of Korean Culture Hae-Kyung Chung, Hye Jeong Yang, Dayeon Shin, Kyung Rhan Chung PII:
S2352-6181(16)30085-3
DOI:
10.1016/j.jef.2016.09.001
Reference:
JEF 78
To appear in:
Journal of Ethnic Foods
Received Date: 5 September 2016 Accepted Date: 5 September 2016
Please cite this article as: Chung H-K, Yang HJ, Shin D, Chung KR, Aesthetics of Korean Foods: The Symbol of Korean Culture, Journal of Ethnic Foods (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jef.2016.09.001. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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Original깍articles깍 깍 깍 깍 Aesthetics깍of깍Korean깍Foods깍:깍The깍Symbol깍of깍Korean깍Culture깍
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깍 깍 1*
2
Hae-Kyung깍Chung깍 ,깍Hye깍Jeong깍Yang깍 ,깍Dayeon깍Shin깍3,깍Kyung깍Rhan깍Chung깍4,*깍 깍 1 2
깍Department깍of깍Food깍and깍Nutrition,깍Hoseo깍University깍 깍
깍Korea깍Food깍Research깍Institute,깍Korea,깍Songnam,깍Kyongki-do,깍Korea깍
깍Department깍of깍Nutrition깍and깍Dietetics,깍University깍of깍North깍Dakota,깍North깍Dakota,깍USA깍 4
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3
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깍
깍The깍Academy깍of깍Korea깍Studies,깍Korea,깍Songnam,깍Kyongki-do,깍Korea깍 깍 깍 깍 깍
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깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍
*Corresponding깍authors.깍 깍
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KR깍Chung깍:깍The깍Academy깍of깍Korea깍Studies,깍Songnam,깍Kyongki-do,깍463-746,깍South깍Korea깍 e-mail깍address깍:깍
[email protected]깍 깍 깍 깍
HK깍Chung깍:깍Department깍of깍Food깍and깍Nutrition,깍Hoseo깍University,깍20,깍Hoeo-ro,깍79깍beon-gil,깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 Baebang-eup,깍Asan-si,깍Chungcheongnam-do,깍South깍Korea깍31499깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 e-mail깍address깍:깍
[email protected]깍 깍 깍 깍 깍 Running깍title깍:깍Aesthetics깍of깍Korean깍Food깍
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Abstract깍 깍
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Advances in transportation and communication have broken down critical barriers within the global economy, pushing us toward a more unified world. In keeping with this trend, processes of communication, transportation, and production are becoming increasingly standardized, mechanized, and automated. Yet as this global era of uniformity progresses, people and individuals will inevitably encounter identity confusion. Numerous individuals, ethnicities, nationalities, and countries around the
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world are working to counteract such identity confusion. As globalization progresses, groups and nationalities that fail to preserve their identities will dwindle and become absorbed by stronger entities. Therefore, many societies are investing great efforts into rediscovering and revamping their indigenous traditions, cultures, and customs. When
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travelers visit another country, one of the simplest avenues for them to experience the local culture is food. Unlike other cultural elements, many of which have become diluted because of globalization, native cuisines are still perceived as retaining the
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traditions, uniqueness, and diversity of individual cultures. It is more important than ever for people and countries to expand and preserve their respective cultural currencies. In this respect, taking a cultural approach to Korean cuisine is a fascinating and meaningful endeavor. In light of the recent publication of a few articles dealing with the symbolic significance and meaning behind Korean cuisine, an effort to compile a list of the distinctive cultural properties of Korean food seems vital. Furthermore, presenting the aesthetics of Korean food through a method that integrates science and culture is a very significant task. The author of this paper firmly believes in its potential to advance
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the globalization of Korean food.깍
Key깍words:깍aesthetics,깍Korean깍food,깍food깍culture,깍symbolic깍analysis,깍ethnic깍food깍 깍
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Introduction 깍 Modern깍society깍is깍the깍era깍of깍developing깍a깍new깍taste.깍Natural깍and깍refined깍food깍culture깍is깍 the깍 symbol깍 of깍 the깍 privilege깍 of깍 the깍 elite.깍 Typically,깍 it깍 is깍 said깍 that깍 the깍 desire깍 to깍 seek깍 highquality깍 food깍 comes깍 after깍 the깍 craving깍 for깍 luxurious깍 goods.깍 Expensive깍 clothes깍 and깍 luxurious깍
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bags깍 are깍 a깍 means깍 of깍 showing-off깍 of깍 the깍 wealth깍 to깍 buy깍 them.깍 However,깍 eating깍 is깍 a깍 cultural깍 experience깍for깍every깍day깍or깍every깍meal.깍It깍is깍one-of-the-kind깍experience깍that깍is깍shared깍with깍 people깍 eating깍 together.깍 Dainty깍 히epicurean)깍 sense,깍 topic깍 for깍 conversation,깍 and깍 cultural깍 taste깍 must깍 be깍 laid깍 out깍 behind깍 this깍 experience.깍 Economic깍 allowance깍 and깍 cultural깍 taste깍 are깍
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necessary깍to깍spend깍money깍for깍such깍eating.깍However,깍what깍if깍you깍don t깍have깍enough깍money깍 but깍have깍refined깍taste?깍When깍French깍cuisine깍was깍expensive깍in깍the깍past,깍intellectuals깍with깍less깍 money깍 preferred깍 Italian깍 or깍 Chinese깍 cuisine깍 because깍 they깍 were깍 cheaper깍 than깍 French깍 cuisine깍
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and깍still깍offered깍an깍experience깍of깍other깍cultures.깍Recipe깍which깍uniquely깍combined깍peasantry깍 cooking깍 was깍 adopted깍 in깍 the깍 past.깍 This깍 adaptation깍 may깍 be깍 considered깍 a깍 contemporary깍 cuisine.깍 The깍 birth깍 of깍 a깍 contemporary깍 cuisine깍 took깍 the깍 course깍 similar깍 to깍 the깍 birth깍 of깍 contemporary깍art,깍which깍is깍the깍significant깍trend깍in깍world깍art깍market.깍 깍 During깍the깍late깍20th깍century,깍the깍United깍States깍led깍world s깍economy깍and깍politics.깍World s깍 food깍 culture깍 was깍 also깍 led깍 by깍 the깍 United깍 States깍 to깍 direction깍 of깍 efficiency,깍 easy깍 calorie깍 absorption,깍 reducing깍 eating깍 time깍 and깍 cost깍 down깍 of깍 production깍 by깍 mechanization,깍
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automation깍 and깍 mass깍 production.깍 Namely,깍 American깍 fast-food깍 and깍 family깍 restaurant깍 were깍 prevailing.깍However,깍it깍looks깍clear깍that깍American깍fast-food깍is깍declining,깍and깍Asian깍slow-food깍 is깍rising깍in깍the깍21st깍century깍due깍to깍its깍diversity깍and깍cultural깍uniqueness.깍The깍21st깍century깍is깍 the깍 era깍 of깍 information-oriented깍 society.깍 In깍 this깍 postmodern깍 era,깍 the깍 food깍 culture깍 is깍 also깍
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changing.깍Its깍focus깍 is깍 shifting깍 from깍 fast깍 and깍 much 깍 to깍 slow깍and깍healthy .깍 The깍main깍 stream깍 food깍 culture깍 will깍 be깍 returning깍 to깍 nature 깍 which깍 is깍 focused깍 on깍 health깍 and깍 environment.깍 Moreover,깍new깍elite깍classes깍who깍are깍living깍in깍global깍era깍accept깍various깍kinds깍of깍foreign깍foods깍
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easily.깍Organic깍Asian깍food깍is깍welcomed깍by깍the깍elites깍around깍the깍world,깍opening깍the깍door깍to깍 oriental깍 era [1].깍 It깍 is깍 this깍 contemporary깍 cuisine깍 born깍 from깍 globalization.깍 In깍 fact,깍 French깍 cuisine깍 that깍 uses깍 much깍 animal깍 fat깍 and깍 gravy깍 is깍 also깍 changing깍 to깍 give깍 up깍 its깍 self-pride.깍 Recently,깍 the깍 French깍 cuisines깍 cooked깍 by깍 famous깍 French깍 chefs깍 around깍 the깍 world깍 taste깍 light깍 and깍not깍oily.깍 깍
Since깍 economy깍 and깍 culture깍 are깍 mixed깍 up깍 variously깍 nowadays,깍 the깍 trend깍 of깍 world깍 food깍 culture깍is깍 heading깍towards깍the깍Orient깍from깍the깍West깍because깍of깍their깍diversity,깍uniqueness깍 and깍healthiness깍[2].깍Is깍it깍a깍foolish깍dream깍to깍seize깍the깍taste깍of깍people깍around깍the깍world깍with깍 Korean-Asian깍contemporary깍cuisine?깍No,깍it깍is깍not깍at깍all.깍Korean깍food깍is깍already깍making깍a깍hit깍 in깍 the깍 world깍 from깍 the깍 aspects깍 of깍 nutrition,깍 cooking-science,깍 and깍 culture.깍 However,깍 some깍
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critical깍 situations깍 have깍 surface깍 decently,깍 and깍 we깍 are깍 abandoning깍 the깍 drive깍 to깍 promote깍 our깍 own깍food.깍Thoroughly
exploring and defining the identity of Korean food, arguably the
most distinctively Korean cultural asset in this era of globalization, is of the utmost importance. Korean have long said that “our most Korean things will shine on the global stage,” and this sentiment is certainly on everyone’s mind these days.깍
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With깍this깍basis깍of깍Korea깍food깍culture,깍we깍have깍tried깍to깍understand깍Korea깍Food깍culture깍 by깍 analyses깍 of깍 Korea깍 traditional깍 music깍 히pansori)깍 [3]깍 and깍 paintings깍 [4].깍 We깍 understood깍 the깍 power,깍affection,깍healing깍and깍wish깍in깍Korea깍traditional깍food.깍We깍also깍understood깍the깍Korean깍 food깍 as깍 a깍 symbolism깍 of깍 Korean깍 culture깍 in깍 terms깍 of깍 aesthetics깍 namely깍 harmonization,깍
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patience,깍care깍and깍beauty깍[5].깍In깍this깍paper,깍in깍addition,깍we깍are깍discussing깍on깍the깍aesthetics깍 of깍Korean깍food깍in깍the깍views깍of깍philosophical깍and깍esthetical깍values깍by깍exploring깍the깍Korean깍 traditional깍 foods깍 and깍 by깍 analyzing깍 the깍 Korean깍 food깍 culture깍 in깍 terms깍 of깍 scientific깍
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understanding.깍It깍will깍be깍helpful깍for깍persons깍who깍want깍to깍understand깍Korean깍food깍and깍food깍 culture.깍 깍
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Korean food, the symbol of Korean culture 깍 What깍is깍the깍cultural깍 identity깍of깍Koreans깍who깍 are깍living깍in깍this깍 complex깍modern깍society?깍 The깍word깍 culture 깍has깍never깍been깍talked깍much깍until깍recently.깍Various깍patterns깍of깍lives깍exist깍 together깍in깍the깍frame깍of깍culture.깍It깍is깍the깍characteristics깍of깍a깍modern깍society깍that깍all깍aspects깍
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of깍life깍become깍complex깍and깍diverse.깍However,깍it깍does깍not깍mean깍that깍a깍whole깍new깍society깍is깍 created깍out깍from깍the깍discontinuance깍of깍the깍past.깍Therefore,깍there깍is깍 cultural깍tradition 깍which깍 is깍breathing깍 in깍the깍complex깍modern깍society.깍 The깍unique깍tradition깍of깍our깍nation깍 remains깍in깍 our깍 basic깍 food,깍 clothing,깍 and깍 shelter깍 히
).깍 Especially,깍 the깍 food깍 shows깍 different깍
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characteristics깍from깍the깍western깍culture.깍We깍live깍in깍an깍apartment깍or깍western깍style깍house깍and깍 wear깍western깍clothes깍but깍preserve깍our깍own깍food깍culture깍by깍eating깍rice깍and깍kimchi깍instead깍of깍 bread깍and깍meat.깍In깍general깍food깍culture깍is깍very깍conservative.깍Of깍course,깍our깍food깍culture깍has깍
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been깍 changed깍 and깍 has깍 become깍 westernized깍 compare깍 to깍 the깍 past.깍 These깍 phenomena깍 will깍 become깍 more깍 serious.깍 Inherent깍 Korean깍 foods깍 are깍 disappearing,깍 and깍 children깍 refuse깍 to깍 eat깍 Korean 깍 food깍 such깍 as깍 kimchi,깍 which깍 is깍 becoming깍 a깍 societal깍 problem.깍 However,깍 the깍 slogan깍 body깍and깍earth깍cannot깍be깍separated깍히
of깍 food .깍Namely,깍the깍remnant깍of깍 tradition히
) 깍is깍still깍appealing깍to깍public깍as깍for깍the깍matter깍 ) 깍is깍easily깍found깍in깍the깍field깍of깍food깍culture,깍
and깍our깍traditional깍food깍is깍praise깍worthy,깍 considering깍its깍 creative깍 adaptation깍to깍the깍rapidly깍 changing깍modern깍society.깍We깍always깍find깍the깍essence깍of깍living깍Korean깍culture깍in깍this깍vitality깍
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and깍tenacity깍for깍preserving깍the깍Korean깍food.깍 깍
Everyone깍 agrees깍 on깍 the깍 importance깍 of깍 local깍 eco-centrism,깍 that깍 our깍 local깍 land깍 must깍 breathe깍 amidst깍 the깍 globalization ,깍 that깍 the깍 world깍 is깍 becoming깍 one.깍 Many깍 people깍 critically깍 think깍about깍where깍to깍look깍for깍our깍cultural깍identity깍from깍our깍old깍past깍in깍order깍to깍dream깍for깍a깍
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beautiful깍future.깍There s깍a깍phrase깍called깍 old깍future .깍What깍shall깍we깍do깍for깍our깍happy깍future깍 of깍enjoying깍good깍food?깍However,깍it깍is깍hard깍to깍examine깍the깍direction깍for깍future깍society깍while깍 we깍 have깍 not깍 assessed깍 accurately깍 the깍 current깍 position깍 of깍 modern깍 Korean깍 culture.깍 It깍 is깍
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impossible깍 to깍 understand깍 now 깍 if깍 we깍 do깍 not깍 consider깍 the깍 flow깍 of깍 time깍 and깍 the깍 past .깍 Therefore,깍we깍need깍to깍establish깍a깍starting깍point깍the깍find깍both깍 now 깍and깍 past .깍Food깍culture깍 is깍considered깍to깍be깍the깍field깍of깍our깍daily깍life,깍in깍which깍 present 깍and깍 tradition 깍are깍coexisting깍 and깍interacting깍together.깍At깍the깍same깍time,깍our깍food깍shows깍the깍cultural깍identity깍of깍our깍food깍 for깍 the깍 past깍 thousands깍 of깍 years.깍 Therefore,깍 we깍 would깍 like깍 to깍 find깍 the깍 essence깍 of깍 a깍 Korean깍 culture깍from깍our깍food깍which깍has깍been깍considered깍an깍outsider깍of깍our깍culture.깍 Traditional깍food깍has깍to깍be깍developed깍and깍enjoyed깍in깍daily깍life.깍If깍not,깍the깍effort깍to깍let깍 know깍 of깍 the깍 excellence깍 of깍 traditional깍 food깍 will깍 fail깍 easily.깍 There깍 are깍 some깍 education깍 and깍 public깍 relations깍 히PR)깍 method깍 to깍 inform깍 the깍 excellence깍 of깍 our깍 traditional깍 food깍 but깍 still깍 insufficient.깍Then깍what깍shall깍we깍do?깍Traditional깍food깍has깍to깍be깍considered깍in깍a깍cultural깍code.깍
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If깍 not,깍 Korean깍 food깍 will깍 not깍 survive.깍 We깍 have깍 excellent깍 food깍 such깍 as깍 kimchi깍 and깍 a깍 dish깍 of깍 mixing깍 cooked깍 and깍 seasoned깍 vegetables깍 for깍 the깍 well-being 깍 generation.깍 We깍 need깍 to깍 package깍 and깍 promote깍 these깍 to깍 the깍 international깍 level깍 and깍 to깍 claim깍 a깍 firm깍 position깍 for깍 our깍 food깍among깍advanced깍countries깍in깍21st깍century.깍For깍this,깍it깍is깍necessary깍to깍read깍about깍and깍 communicate깍 Korean깍 food깍 through깍 a깍 cultural깍 aspect.깍 The깍 answer깍 is깍 simple.깍 We깍 can깍 make깍
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food깍 as깍 a깍 cultural깍 product.깍 Korean깍 food깍 has깍 already깍 become깍 an깍 excellent깍 cultural깍 product,깍 which깍has깍caught깍the깍attention깍of깍the깍world,깍and깍it깍also깍has깍great깍future깍opportunity.깍 The깍drama깍 Daejangkeum히
) 깍히Fig.깍1),깍which깍made깍a깍great깍hit깍in깍not깍only깍China깍but깍
also깍many깍Asian깍countries,깍even깍in깍African깍countries,깍shows깍how깍cooking깍can깍make깍a깍region깍
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as깍the깍grounds깍 for깍 sustaining깍our깍 food깍 life.깍This깍was깍a깍live깍text깍 example깍that깍showed깍how깍 Korean깍food깍can깍become깍globalized.깍Jangkeum깍was깍a깍local깍scientist깍and깍a깍medical깍scholar.깍 Her깍 cooking깍 process깍 involved깍 an깍 integrated깍 action깍 with깍 the깍 knowledge깍 on깍 the깍 ingredient,깍
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local깍ecosystem,깍and깍the깍effect깍of깍food깍on깍body.깍The깍reason깍Daejangkeum깍made깍such깍a깍big깍 hit깍 was깍 not깍 only깍 it깍 directly 깍 show깍 cased깍 Korean깍 food,깍 but깍 it깍 interestingly깍 revealed깍 that깍 cooking깍affects깍other s깍life깍while깍using깍the깍resource깍of깍social깍relationship깍and깍local깍resource.깍 With깍the깍big깍hit깍of깍Daejangkeum,깍many깍foreign깍peoples깍understood깍Korean깍foods깍and깍they깍 want깍to깍learn깍more깍about깍Korean깍food깍culture.깍Cooking깍is깍to깍pursue깍the깍knowledge깍on깍local깍 ecosystem깍 and깍 an깍 action깍 to깍 cure깍 our깍 body.깍 The깍 food깍 itself깍 needs깍 to깍 be깍 developed깍 as깍 an깍 contents.깍
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깍
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excellent깍 cultural깍 product,깍 at깍 same깍 time깍 it깍 is깍 also깍 important깍 to깍 be깍 developed깍 as깍 cultural깍
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II. Aesthetics of Korean Food 깍
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An old Korean proverb says “What loods good tastes good.” In short, ancient Koreans carefully considered both taste and visual appeal when preparing food. In the author’s opinion, not many cultures can match Korea’s devotion to the aesthetics of its cuisine. Analyzing Korean food from an aesthetic standpoint, therefore, is an incredibly meaningful and fascinating endeavor.깍 깍
1. Foods that show the aesthetics of mixing (harmonization)
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One깍 of깍 the깍 Korean깍 dish,깍 that깍 had깍 in깍 many깍 ways,깍 succeeded깍 in깍 being깍 widely깍 acquainted깍 with깍the깍global깍tastes,깍and깍that깍which깍is깍emerging깍as깍one깍of깍the깍representative깍dish깍of깍the깍 ).깍 깍
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Korean깍Food깍is깍 Bibimbap [6]깍and깍 tangpyungchae히 깍
Global dish, Bibimbap
Bibimbap깍히Fig.깍2a)깍is깍truly깍a깍unique깍dish.깍We깍are깍so깍used깍to깍it깍to깍realize깍its깍uniqueness,깍 but깍there깍is깍nothing깍in깍the깍world깍that깍is깍as깍a깍messy깍mixture깍of깍ingredients깍as깍bibimbap.깍At깍 start,깍bibimbap깍is깍a깍very깍colorful깍dish깍with깍various깍colorful깍vegetables깍and깍eggs,깍which깍are깍 mixed깍with깍the깍addition깍 of깍Gochujang깍 히red깍chilli깍paste)[7],깍 making깍 its깍texture깍 very깍different깍
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from깍what깍it깍was깍in깍the깍beginning.깍Furthermore,깍its깍taste깍is깍very깍unique.깍This깍is깍because깍the깍 mixture깍of깍the깍ingredients깍gives깍this깍dish깍a깍taste깍that깍is깍of깍a깍different깍dimension깍all깍together,깍 and깍yet,깍paradoxically,깍you깍could깍actually깍taste깍all깍of깍its깍individual깍ingredients.깍This깍is깍where깍 the깍 mystery깍 of깍 bibimbap깍 lies깍 -there깍 is깍 the깍 unique깍 taste깍 of깍 mixture,깍 and깍 yet,깍 there깍 are깍 also깍
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tastes깍 of깍 individual깍 ingredients.깍 This깍 dish깍 truly깍 reflects깍 the깍 character깍 of깍 Korean깍 people,깍 we깍 love깍 to깍 mix깍 and깍 group깍 together.깍 There깍 are깍 many깍 Korean깍 dishes깍 that깍 involve깍 mixing깍 and깍 harmonization.깍 깍
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In깍 the깍 written깍 literature깍 [8],깍 Korean깍 people깍 like깍 Bibimbap,깍 called깍 as깍 Bubiumbap깍 히mixing깍 bap)깍in깍ancient깍time,깍for깍thousands깍years[6],깍thus깍bibimbap깍probably깍can깍be깍categorized깍as깍 one깍 of깍 famous깍 traditional깍 dishes.깍 The깍 bibimbap깍 was깍 written깍 as깍 Hondonban히 Koldongban히
) 깍 and깍
) 깍 in깍 Chinese깍 character깍 by깍 taking깍 the깍 original깍 meaning깍 of깍 Bibimbap깍
히cooked깍 rice깍 with깍 much깍 vegetables)깍 [6],깍 which깍 does깍 not깍 hold깍 much깍 meaning깍 except깍 it깍 suggests깍 the깍 meaning깍 of깍 orderly깍 or깍 disorderly깍 mixture깍 히
) .깍 Bibimbap깍 has깍 now깍 become깍
not깍 just깍 a깍 national깍 cuisine,깍 but깍 a깍 global깍 one.깍 It깍 is깍 so깍 especially깍 in깍 Japan,깍 where깍 it s깍 known깍 that깍bibimbap s깍popularity깍is깍at깍its깍peak.깍The깍Japanese깍took깍one깍step깍further깍and깍started깍to깍 make깍 bibimbap깍 as깍 a깍 fast깍 food깍 item.깍 They깍 developed깍 the깍 take-out깍 bibimbap깍 in깍 disposable깍 containers깍with깍the깍rice깍and깍vegetables깍and깍the깍sauce.깍 깍
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Bibimbap,깍 before깍 mixing,깍 looks깍 like깍 a깍 well-maintained깍 garden.깍 It깍 is깍 a깍 well-blended깍 and깍 familiar깍 harmony깍 of깍 cooked깍 yellow깍 bean깍 sprouts,깍 cooked깍 white깍 roots깍 of깍 balloon깍 flowers,깍 natural깍 wooden깍 colored깍 bracken,깍 well깍 fried깍 marinated깍 meat깍 히or깍 red깍 raw깍 meat),깍 and깍 the깍 chungpomuk깍 히green-mungbean깍 muk,깍 muk깍 is깍 jelly깍 like깍 food).깍 It깍 is깍 truly깍 what깍 is깍 called깍 in깍 an깍 old깍 Chinese깍 saying,깍 a깍 fiery깍 blossom깍 of깍 hundred깍 flowers히
) ,깍 or깍 what깍 is깍 called깍 the깍
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flower깍 dish .깍 So,깍 bibimbap깍 is깍 characterized깍 by깍 the깍 fact깍 that깍 its깍 flowery깍 beauty깍 fades깍 by깍 mixing,깍 giving깍 birth깍 to깍 even깍 greater깍 taste.깍 Not깍 only깍 does깍 mixing깍 enhance깍 its깍 taste,깍 bibimbap s깍 beauty깍 is깍 also깍 typified깍 by깍 each깍 ingredient깍 giving깍 its깍 distinct깍 and깍 exquisite깍 taste깍 upon깍the깍harmonization깍히mixing)깍of깍the깍ingredients.깍 깍
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Bibimbap깍 suggests깍 the깍 character깍 of깍 Korean깍 people.깍 We깍 love깍 to깍 mingle깍 and깍 group깍 with깍 other깍 peoples,깍 and깍 bibimbap깍 seems깍 to깍 represent깍 this깍 aesthetics깍 of깍 mixing깍 very깍 well.깍 Some깍 people깍summarize깍this깍Korean깍character깍of깍combining깍many깍elements깍and깍mixing깍them깍into깍
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one깍 in깍 an깍 expression깍 Korean깍 culture깍 is깍 of깍 a깍 bundle깍 culture .깍 Koreans깍 like깍 to깍 carry깍 any깍 contents깍 in깍 a깍 bundle.깍 Also,깍 gochujang깍 that깍 combines깍 all깍 these깍 ingredients깍 together깍 is깍 an깍 extraordinary깍food깍item깍히see깍the깍articles깍 Sunchang깍Gochujang)깍by깍Kim깍et깍al깍in깍this깍issues).깍It깍 is깍 impossible깍 to깍 imagine깍 a깍 bibimbap깍 without깍 the깍 gochujang.깍 The깍 beauty깍 about깍 the깍 gochujang깍 is깍 that깍 it깍 not깍 only깍 unites깍 different깍 vegetables깍 into깍 one깍 taste,깍 it깍 also깍 actually깍 combines깍 a깍 variety깍 of깍 tastes깍 with깍 one깍 another.깍 Much깍 people깍 say깍 that깍 bibimbap깍 represents깍 깍
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the깍convergence깍of깍various깍vegetables깍and깍sometimes깍meats깍[6].깍 깍
Reconciliation Dish: Tangpyungchae Tangpyungchae깍 히
) 깍 히Fig.깍 2b)깍 is깍 also깍 a깍 well깍 harmonized깍 mixture깍 of깍 chungpo-muk깍
are no available
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히green깍mungbean-muk,깍jelly깍like깍food),깍beef깍meat깍and깍vegetables.깍 There
records that indicate how this particular dish got its name. It is clear, however, that the beauty of the dish’s balanced assortment of acorn jellies and seasoned greens was
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likened to the tangpyungchaek, or “impartiality policy,” of King Yeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty (1694–1776), who recruited a diverse range of political talent to ease factional tensions; hence the application of the characters “tangpyung” in it.[9] This dish must have had an original Korean appellation, but it remains unknown and was converted to a name based on Chinese characters during the reign of Yeongjo. Thus, all records refer to it as tangpyungchae using the Chinese characters that signify impartiality. The argument made by Joo [10] (Joo Yeong-ha, unpublished data, found in his blog post “Song Inmyeong and Tangpyungchae”) that Yeongjo’s reconciliation policy was named after the dish is nonsense that goes against basic sitological principles of food etymology.In깍order깍 to깍 describe깍 tangpyungchae,깍 the깍 tangpyungchaek깍 policy깍 must깍 be깍 understood.깍 The깍 word깍
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tangpyung깍히
) 깍means깍 balance ,깍meaning깍not깍to깍lean깍onto깍one깍side,깍so깍most깍people깍are깍
aware깍that깍this깍policy깍was깍established깍and깍enforced깍in깍order깍to깍resolve깍the깍conflicts깍between깍 different깍 political깍 parties.깍 Anyway깍 dish깍 tangpyungchae 깍 name깍 followed깍 by깍 the깍 policy깍 of깍 balance깍and깍harmony깍called깍 Tangpyungchaek히
) 깍that깍was깍carried깍out깍during깍the깍reign깍
of깍the깍King깍Youngjo.깍And깍it깍is깍also깍widely깍known깍that깍the깍King깍Youngjo,깍uprooted깍the깍party깍
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conflicts깍and깍the깍abuses깍by깍the깍factions깍and깍strengthened깍his깍kingship깍through깍this깍policy.깍 깍 Tanpyungchae 깍is깍a깍harmonious깍mixture깍of깍variety깍of깍vegetables깍and깍the깍chungpo-muk,깍 it깍was깍named깍after깍the깍 tangpyungchaek 깍policy깍that깍represents깍the깍motive깍and깍objective깍of깍 establishing깍a깍harmonious깍mix깍of깍different깍political깍beliefs.깍Today,깍it깍can깍be깍re-interpreted깍as깍
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a깍 dish깍 that깍 is깍 characterized깍 by깍 the깍 tastes깍 of깍 individual깍 taste깍 of깍 different깍 ingredients깍 with깍 inherently깍different깍properties깍and깍yet깍combined깍into깍one깍consistent깍unity.깍 깍
Highly nutritious dish, Japchae Japchae깍히
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깍
)깍is깍also깍another깍dish깍that깍is깍empowered깍by깍the깍philosophy깍of깍mixture깍히Fig.깍
2c)깍like깍as깍tangpyungchae.깍It깍is깍mixed깍with깍meat깍and깍vegetables깍with깍Korean깍noodle깍히
,깍
tangmyun,깍noodle깍from깍starch깍of깍sweet깍potato)깍rather깍than깍chungpo-muk.깍The깍japchae깍well깍 mixed깍with깍meats,깍carbohydrates,깍vitamins,깍dietary깍fibers깍and깍vegetables깍actually깍became깍a깍 complete깍 food깍 like깍 as깍 bibimbap깍 with깍 harmonization.깍 Japchae깍 is깍 one깍 of깍 the깍 most깍 popular깍 dishes깍among깍the깍Koreans,깍and깍is깍also깍widely깍popular깍amongst깍the깍foreigners깍based깍on깍the깍
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preferences깍 of깍 Korean깍 food.깍 So깍 it깍 is깍 popularly깍 believed깍 that깍 Japchae깍 is깍 a깍 very깍 traditional깍 Korean깍food,깍but깍it깍is깍controversial깍whether깍they깍used깍noodle깍in깍original깍japchae.깍However,깍 when깍Japchae깍is깍mentioned,깍people깍tend깍to깍think깍 about깍the깍 noodle깍and깍find깍it깍difficult깍to깍 깍
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imagine깍Japchae깍without깍the깍noodle.깍 깍
Gujeolpan and Shinsunro
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Although not commonly seen in everyday life, gujeolpan ( ) and shinsunro ( ) are two dishes that embody the culinary principles of harmony and variety. Yet, rather than everyday platters that were enjoyed by average citizens, they were used more for ceremonial purposes such as ancestral rites and weddings. Many have claimed that shinsunro, in particular, was a palatial delicacy, but all research thus far shows that it was a ceremonial dish and was not served in palaces. Many people continue to misunderstand this distinction, necessitating further research and public clarification.깍As깍 an깍extraordinary깍dish깍for깍ancestral깍rite깍or깍ceremony,깍its깍recipe깍is깍not깍appear깍in깍any깍book깍of깍 Chosun깍 era.깍 Even깍 a깍 lacquered깍 dish깍 box깍 for깍 gujeolpan깍 excavated깍 from깍 Kyungju깍 Cheonmachong깍히
,깍a깍king타s깍tomb깍of깍the깍Shilla깍dynasty)깍can깍said깍that깍this깍dish깍is깍only깍
for깍death깍person깍in깍ceremony.깍
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It깍 is깍 that깍 there깍 hides깍 a깍 very깍 deep깍 philosophy깍 in깍 this깍 dish.깍 It깍 is깍 known깍 that깍 there깍 is깍 the깍 principle깍of깍cosmic깍dualism깍히yin-and-yang,깍
)깍and깍Five깍Elements깍히
)깍in깍our깍traditional깍
dishes1.깍 Amongst깍 our깍 many깍 traditional깍 dishes,깍 there깍 is깍 none깍 that깍 this깍 principle깍 is깍 realized깍 more깍than깍gujeolpan.깍In깍 gujeolpan,깍the깍duality깍히yin-and-yang)깍between깍 vegetable깍히yin)깍and깍 meat깍히yang)깍are깍well깍in깍unison.깍Furthermore,깍every깍ingredients깍have깍5깍different깍colors깍히blue,깍
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red,깍 yellow,깍 white,깍 black)깍 and깍 5깍 different깍 tastes깍 히tart,깍 bitter,깍 sweet,깍 hot,깍 salty),깍 making깍 it깍 an깍 extraordinary깍 combination.깍 These깍 tastes깍 are깍 combined깍 together깍 in깍 harmony깍 by깍 wrapping깍 these깍 ingredients깍 with깍 the깍 wheat깍 flour깍 pancake-shaped깍 dough깍 placed깍 at깍 the깍 center깍 compartment깍for깍consumption.깍Thus,깍this깍dish깍is깍the깍most깍authentic깍version깍of깍Korean깍 wrap 깍
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cuisine깍culture.깍 깍 Shinsunro깍 히
)깍 is깍 one깍 of깍 the깍 representative깍 ceremonial깍 dishes깍 of깍 Korea깍 not깍 as깍 a깍
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royal깍food.깍This깍is깍the깍reason깍why깍most깍people깍may깍not깍be깍aware깍of깍this깍dish.깍However,깍it깍 has깍 been깍 introduced깍 frequently깍 in깍 books깍 as깍 a깍 royal깍 food,깍 especially,깍 on깍 such깍 books깍 as깍 traveller s깍dining깍guide깍of깍Korea깍etc깍[11].깍However,깍there깍is깍no깍evidence깍Shinsunro깍히
)깍is깍
the깍royal깍food깍in깍Chosun깍Dynasty.깍 Shinsun 깍means깍a깍mountain깍wizard깍or깍a깍wise깍man,깍and깍 ro히
) 깍means깍a깍vessel깍or깍container.깍Shinsunro,깍in깍one깍word,깍is깍a깍kuk깍히soup)깍of깍the깍very깍best깍
of깍 taste깍 that깍 contains깍 rare깍 ingredients깍 of깍 both깍 vegetables깍 and깍 meat깍 히Fig.깍 3e).깍 Anyone깍 can깍 remember깍the깍shapes깍of깍shinsunro깍dish깍as깍displayed깍in깍the깍ceremonial깍tables.깍As깍ceremonial깍
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foods깍to깍the깍ancestral깍rite,깍they깍can깍pay깍money깍willing깍for깍expensive깍ingredients깍items,깍there깍 are깍more깍than깍25깍ingredients깍that깍include;깍beef깍rib,깍shreds깍of깍lightly깍boiled깍omasum,깍shreds깍 of깍oil-fried깍chicken깍or깍pheasant,깍egg깍battered깍slices깍of깍crucian깍carp깍or깍mullet,깍dried깍abalone,깍 sea깍 cucumber,깍 spring깍 onion,깍 Korean깍 leek,깍 dropwort,깍 turnip깍 root,깍 radish깍 root,깍 ginger,깍 green깍
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chili깍 leaf히green깍red깍pepper깍leaf),깍pine깍nuts,깍date,깍ginkgo깍nuts,깍the깍white깍of깍an깍egg,깍and깍so깍 on깍[12].깍The깍aesthetics깍of깍the깍shinsunro깍also깍focused깍on깍respecting깍the깍ancestors깍and깍going깍
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together깍among깍descendant깍with깍harmonization.깍 깍
1
히
)깍The깍teaching깍of깍the깍Yin-Yang깍and깍Five-Elements깍Theory깍consists깍of깍
two깍 parts:깍 light깍 히sunny)/dark깍 히night)깍 and깍 five깍 movements.깍 Together깍 they깍 were깍 believed깍 to깍 govern깍 the깍 universe.깍 Light깍 and깍 dark깍 consist깍 of깍 the깍 moon깍 and깍 sun깍 and깍 the깍 five깍 movements깍 consist깍of깍fire깍히
히
,깍red),깍wood깍히
,깍white).깍Each깍day깍of깍the깍week깍was깍named깍after깍these깍seven깍elements:깍sun깍for깍Sunday깍히
moon깍 for깍 Monday깍 히 히
,깍green깍or깍blue),깍water깍히 ,깍black),깍soil깍히 ,깍yellow),깍and깍metal깍 ),깍
),깍 fire깍 for깍 Tuesday깍 히 ),깍 water깍 for깍 Wednesday깍 히 ),깍 wood깍 for깍 Thursday깍
),깍metal깍for깍Friday깍히 )깍and깍soil깍for깍Saturday깍히 ).깍
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깍 2. Foods that exhibit the aesthetics of waiting slowly (fermented food); Kimchi, kanjang, doenjang and gochujang 깍깍깍 One깍 of깍 special깍 characteristics깍 of깍 Korean깍 food깍 is깍 that깍 many깍 of깍 them깍 are깍 fermented.깍
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Needless깍to깍say,깍kimchi깍is깍the깍most깍favored깍fermented깍food깍[7,깍13],깍and깍soy깍sauce깍and깍soy깍 bean깍 paste깍 are깍 also깍 very깍 important깍 [14].깍 Bibimbap깍 and깍 others깍 mentioned깍 above깍 mixed깍 together깍 in깍 physical,깍 however,깍 kimchi깍 and깍 others깍 took깍 place깍 fermentation깍 chemically깍 for깍 a깍 long깍time깍within깍ingredients깍by깍the깍consilience깍action깍of깍microorganisms깍
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깍
The Korean people s food : Kimchi
Some깍Korean깍food깍scientists깍cautiously깍 assert깍that깍 kimchi깍is깍the깍best깍 vegetable깍dish깍
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invented깍 by깍 Koreans.깍 Fermented깍 vegetable깍 is깍 called깍 as깍 Dimchae 깍 and깍 written깍 as깍 Jeo[ [15,16]깍히Fig.깍3a).깍This깍Chinese깍character깍jeo히
]깍
)깍is깍also깍found깍in깍China깍and깍Japan.깍Some깍food깍
scientists,깍especially깍Joo깍[17]깍claim깍that깍the깍Chinese깍salted깍vegetable,깍paochai깍히
),깍is깍the깍
originator깍 of깍 Korean깍 kimchi.깍 However,깍 once깍 you깍 get깍 to깍 know깍 the깍 characteristics깍 of깍 kimchi,깍 you깍will깍see깍that깍the깍claim깍of깍Chinese깍salted깍vegetable깍as깍the깍originator깍of깍Korean깍kimchi깍is깍 totally깍wrong깍[18].깍
To깍make깍kimchi,깍cabbages깍need깍to깍be깍mixed깍well깍with깍all깍kinds깍of깍vegetables,깍Korean깍red깍
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pepper깍 and깍 jeotgal깍 히fish깍 seasonings)[19].깍 When깍 it깍 produces깍 beneficial깍 elements깍 such깍 as깍 Lactobacilli깍 through깍 the깍 process깍 of깍 fermentation,깍 it깍 can깍 now깍 be깍 called깍 kimchi.깍 Therefore,깍 kimchi깍 and깍 paochai깍 are깍 totally깍 different.깍 Kimchi깍 is깍 a깍 food깍 that깍 embodies깍 the깍 aesthetics깍 of깍 mixing,깍 a깍 leading깍 principle깍 of깍 Korean깍 food.깍 Vegetables깍 are깍 mixed깍 with깍 various깍 seasonings깍
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and깍fermented깍anchovy깍or깍shrimp깍to깍make깍kimchi깍in깍a깍totally깍different깍form깍of깍food.깍That깍is깍 why깍 kimchi깍 is깍 called깍 the깍 best깍 vegetable깍 dish깍 ever깍 invented.깍 Especially,깍 only깍 Korean깍 red깍 pepper,깍among깍hundreds깍kinds깍of깍red깍peppers,깍can깍be깍used깍for깍making깍kimchi깍remarkably깍
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[18,20].깍 깍
Capsaicin,깍 the깍 element깍 that깍 makes깍 red깍 pepper깍 spicy깍 has깍 a깍 lot깍 of깍 Vitamin깍 C깍 and깍 antioxidant깍function깍which깍slows깍down깍 aging.깍 Furthermore,깍red깍pepper깍inhibits깍the깍 growth깍 harmful깍microorganism깍but깍helps깍to깍grow깍the깍beneficial깍microorganisms깍히Lactobacillus)깍and깍 prevents깍 food깍 from깍 getting깍 spoiled.깍 The깍 difference깍 between깍 Japanese깍 and깍 Chinese깍 salted깍 vegetable깍 and깍 Korean깍 kimchi깍 lies깍 here.깍 The깍 Japanese깍 salted깍 vegetable,깍 Tsukemono,깍 and깍 paochai깍require깍a깍lot깍of깍salt깍to깍keep깍the깍vegetable깍from깍getting깍spoiled깍by깍microorganisms깍 [18].깍 However,깍 Korean깍 kimchi깍 does깍 not깍 require깍 a깍 lot깍 of깍 salt깍 because깍 it깍 uses깍 red깍 pepper깍 powder깍 to깍 control깍 the깍 harmful깍 and깍 beneficial깍 microbial깍 growth.깍 In깍 this깍 sense,깍 it깍 is깍 very깍 scientific깍to깍use깍red깍pepper깍powder깍in깍kimchi.깍Thus,깍kimchi깍cannot깍be깍stored깍for깍such깍a깍long깍
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time깍in깍ancient깍times,깍even깍though깍it깍can깍be깍stored깍couple깍of깍days.깍Nowadays,깍however,깍it깍 can깍be깍stored깍long깍in깍kimchi깍fridge.깍 깍 깍
History of Kimchi The깍 history깍 of깍 kimchi깍 was깍 well깍 described깍 in깍 previous깍 paper깍 [13,16,18].깍 From깍 tribal깍 )깍 히AD깍 0-7),깍 cabbage깍 kimchi깍 was깍 a깍 favorite깍 food깍 and깍 Korea깍 red깍
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Kingdom깍 Period깍 히
pepper깍was깍cultivated깍[21].깍Diverse깍vegetable깍kimchi깍such깍as깍cucumber,깍leek,깍dropwort,깍and깍 bamboo깍shoot,깍radish,깍eggplant,깍leek깍and깍other깍kimchi깍were깍served깍in깍Korean깍bapsang깍[13]깍 since깍Koryo깍Dynasty.깍Origin깍name깍of깍kimchi깍is깍dimchae깍히 )깍and깍dihi깍히
)깍in깍Korean깍히Fig.깍
)깍or깍Jeochae깍히
),깍respectively깍[16].깍 깍
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3b),깍but깍some깍people깍especially깍men깍want깍to깍write깍it깍as깍Chinese깍character깍as깍chimchae깍히 At깍present깍time,깍over깍200깍types깍of깍Kimchi깍are깍known깍until깍now.깍Probably,깍there깍is깍no깍nation깍
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in깍 the깍 world깍 except깍 for깍 the깍 Koreans깍 to깍 have깍 the깍 tenacity깍 to깍 develop깍 200깍 varieties깍 from깍 a깍 food.깍 They깍 found깍 that깍 more깍 than깍 200깍 kimchi깍 can깍 be깍 prepared깍 with깍 various깍 kinds깍 of깍 vegetables깍and깍with깍different깍kinds깍of깍Yangnyum깍and깍jeotgals깍[13,19].깍In깍 Imwonsipyukji히 ) ,깍 a깍 book깍 written깍 by깍 Suh깍 [23]히1827)깍 in깍 Chinese깍 Character,깍 more깍 than깍 90깍 types깍 of깍 kimchi깍are깍listed.깍He,깍a깍man,깍included깍Chinese깍types깍of깍salted깍vegetables깍in깍kimchi깍category깍 such깍as깍umjangchae,깍jachae,깍and깍jeochae.깍And깍he깍also깍wrote깍kimchi깍as깍Chinese깍character깍as깍 chimchae깍히
)깍instead깍of깍Jeo히
)깍by깍imitating깍the깍meaning깍and깍pronunciation깍of깍Dimchae깍
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히 )깍 in깍 Korean.깍 But깍 contrastively,깍 in깍 Duchangkyounghumbang깍 히 )깍[25],깍kimchi깍is깍written깍as깍Jimchi깍히
)깍and깍Kimchi깍히
)깍 [24]깍 and깍 )깍in깍Korean깍히Fig.깍
3c깍and깍3d).깍She깍mentioned깍The깍types깍of깍kimchi깍in깍this깍book깍include깍winter깍kimchi,깍vegetable깍 preserved깍in깍soy깍sauce깍[26],깍and깍abalone깍kimchi깍made깍with깍abalone,깍citron,깍and깍pear.깍Maybe깍
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Suh깍 wrote깍 a깍 book깍 by깍 copying깍 the깍 given깍 published깍 book깍 in깍 Korea깍 and깍 China깍 because깍 he깍 never깍prepared깍kimchi,깍while깍Lee깍wrote깍a깍book깍based깍on깍the깍experiences깍on깍making깍kimchi깍 and깍 other깍 Korean깍 foods.깍 This깍 is깍 the깍 reason깍 why깍 Suh s깍 book깍 mentioned깍 different깍 kinds깍 of깍
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kimchi깍like깍as깍Chinese깍vegetables깍which깍were깍not깍favored깍by깍Korean깍women.깍 깍 깍 Kimchi깍 contains깍 scientific깍 ancestor s깍 wisdom.깍 Over깍 the깍 years,깍 geographically깍 the깍 type깍 of깍 kimchi깍has깍verified깍in깍number깍about깍200,깍and깍each깍region깍of깍Korea깍has깍come깍up깍with깍new깍 types깍 of깍 kimchi.깍 For깍 example,깍 Korean깍 lettuce깍 kimchi깍 developed깍 in깍 Jeolla-do,깍 Kat-kimchi깍 in깍 Chollanam-do깍 [27],깍 Bossam깍 kimchi깍 in깍 Kaesung깍 in깍 North깍 Korea깍 and깍 Kaktuki깍 in깍 Kongju깍 in깍 Chunchung-do,깍and깍so깍on.깍It깍is깍proper깍to깍say깍that깍kimchi깍is깍one깍of깍the깍greatest깍inventions깍of깍 Korean깍people.깍 깍
The older, the better; Kanjang and doenjang 깍 깍 깍 When깍we깍talk깍about깍fermented깍food,깍we깍can t깍omit깍soy깍sauce깍and깍soy깍bean깍paste깍[14].깍It깍
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is깍 never깍 enough깍 to깍 emphasize깍 the깍 importance깍 of깍 these.깍 Almost깍 all깍 Korean깍 foods깍 require깍 kanjang깍히soy깍sauce)깍as깍a깍seasoning,깍and깍gochujang깍히red깍pepper깍paste)깍[7]깍and깍doenjang깍히soy깍 bean깍paste)깍are깍important깍ingredients깍that깍determine깍the깍flavor깍of깍Kuk깍and깍Chigae깍[28,29].깍 Thus,깍 sauce깍 is깍 the깍 most깍 important깍 ingredient깍 that깍 determines깍 the깍 taste깍 of깍 a깍 food.깍 Accordingly,깍kanjang깍and깍doenjang깍are깍used깍like깍a깍synonym깍or깍pronoun깍for깍Korean깍food.깍 깍
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Koreans깍 love깍 Kuk깍 and깍 Chigae깍 [28,29],깍 and깍 the깍 kanjang깍 and깍 doenjang깍 are깍 the깍 basic깍 ingredients깍for깍these.깍This깍point깍is깍the깍essence깍of깍Korean깍food.깍A깍food깍tastes깍very깍different깍 when깍it깍is깍eaten깍in깍different깍conditions.깍Especially,깍the깍temperature깍of깍food깍is깍very깍important.깍 Usually,깍a깍food깍tastes깍best깍when깍it깍is깍eaten깍right깍after깍it깍is깍cooked.깍However,깍there깍are깍foods깍
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that깍 taste깍 better깍 with깍 time.깍 There깍 are깍 many깍 traditional깍 Korean깍 foods깍 that깍 embody깍 the깍 aesthetics깍 of깍 waiting.깍 Recently,깍 slow깍 food깍 히in깍 comparison깍 with깍 fast깍 food)깍 is깍 receiving깍 attention깍 worldwide깍 as깍 health깍 food.깍 There깍 was깍 a깍 practical깍 reason깍 for깍 the깍 development깍 of깍
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sauces깍 in깍 Korea.깍 In깍 the깍 past,깍 there깍 was깍 no깍 refrigerator,깍 and깍 preserved깍 foods깍 were깍 very깍 important깍for깍eating깍at깍a깍much깍later깍time깍[30].깍They깍became깍basic깍Korean깍foods.깍Kimchi깍is깍 one깍 example,깍 and깍 jang깍 히soy깍 sauce)깍 is깍 the깍 basic깍 seasoning깍 [7,13].깍 Especially,깍 soy깍 sauce깍 was깍 made깍with깍soy깍bean깍and깍it깍was깍an깍excellent깍source깍of깍protein.깍Therefore,깍the깍skill깍to깍make깍 excellent깍soy깍sauce깍was깍the깍shortcut깍to깍keep깍the깍health깍of깍family깍members.깍How깍long깍does깍 it깍take깍to깍make,깍Korean깍representative깍slow깍foods,깍kanjang깍and깍doenjang?깍It깍takes깍about깍5-6깍 wines?깍 깍
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months깍to깍make깍these깍[14].깍How깍many깍foods깍in깍the깍world깍take깍this깍long깍to깍make깍except깍the깍 The깍term,깍slow깍food깍was깍coined깍in깍Italy깍against깍fast깍food깍but깍no깍other깍country깍has깍more깍 slow깍foods깍than깍Korea.깍Korea깍has깍a깍lot깍of깍 fermented깍foods.깍 There깍 are깍countless깍 fermented깍 foods깍 including깍 kimchi,깍 a깍 variety깍 of깍 jeotgal깍 히seafood)깍 [19],깍 and깍 jang-jeolim깍 히salted깍
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vegetables)[7].깍 What깍 is깍 the깍 basic깍 principle깍 behind깍 these깍 fermented깍 foods?깍 It깍 can깍 be깍 summarized깍in깍one깍word,깍and깍that깍is깍 waiting .깍In깍other깍words,깍these깍foods깍taste깍differently깍 according깍to깍the깍fermentation깍process.깍As깍for깍the깍case깍of깍soy깍sauce,깍the깍older깍is깍the깍better.깍
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It깍 is깍 well깍 expressed깍 in깍 the깍 saying,깍 Use깍 the깍 kanjang깍 made깍 when깍 the깍 mother깍 was깍 pregnant깍 with깍 a깍 child깍 for깍 the깍 child s깍 wedding .깍 The깍 best깍 kanjang깍 is깍 almost깍 black,깍 solid깍 and깍 aged깍 for깍 over깍60깍years.깍Some깍is깍aged깍for깍over깍60깍years.깍However,깍doenjang깍and깍gochujang깍are깍made깍 every깍 year깍 in깍 principle.깍 The깍 Korean깍 food깍 culture깍 is깍 beyond깍 any깍 imagination.깍 When깍 I깍 study깍 the깍traditional깍Korean깍food깍culture,깍I깍feel깍the깍depth깍of깍Korean깍culture.깍But깍not깍all깍sauces깍are깍 aged깍 this깍 long깍 like깍 kanjang.깍 Various깍 seasonal깍 sauces깍 also깍 demonstrate깍 the깍 skills깍 of깍 Korean깍 people깍in깍fermented깍food.깍As깍these깍sauces깍are깍made깍of깍soy깍bean,깍they깍are깍very깍nutritious.깍 Furthermore,깍recent깍studies깍discovered깍the깍anti-cancer깍effects깍of깍soy깍bean깍paste깍[14].깍 깍 3. Foods that show the aesthetics of care of; Seok-ggakdugi, Seop-sanjeok, and
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Tarak-juk 깍 The깍reason깍for깍the깍existence깍of깍these깍foods깍is깍because깍Chosun깍was깍a깍Confucian깍society.깍 Confucianism깍teaches깍to깍respect깍or깍care깍one s깍seniors.깍Therefore,깍there깍were깍foods깍that깍took깍 into깍 account깍 of깍the깍 elderly.깍 These깍 are깍 very깍thoughtful깍foods깍that깍cared깍 about깍the깍minority깍 Ggakdugi깍 히
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and깍the깍elderly.깍 깍
)깍 is깍 tasty깍 but깍 a깍 little깍 hard깍 to깍 chew.깍 As깍 the깍 elderly깍 do깍 not깍 have깍 good깍
teeth,깍it깍is깍difficult깍for깍them깍to깍chew.깍That깍is깍why깍Seok-ggakdugi깍히
,깍Fig.깍4a)깍is깍made깍
and깍it깍is깍simple깍to깍make.깍Before깍making깍ggakdugi깍with깍radish,깍radish깍is깍steamed깍first.깍When깍 히
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the깍radish깍is깍steamed,깍it깍becomes깍soft깍and깍easy깍to깍chew.깍Another깍example깍is깍Seop-sanjeok깍 ,깍Fig깍4b).깍Most깍elder깍people깍know깍Sanjeok.깍Beef깍fillet깍is깍minced,깍marinated깍with깍soy깍
sauce깍and깍broiled.깍It깍was깍an깍excellent깍source깍of깍protein깍when깍beef깍was깍rare.깍However,깍there깍
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was깍a깍slight깍problem깍with깍this깍food.깍Unless깍the깍beef깍is깍very깍soft,깍the깍food깍is깍too깍tough깍to깍 chew깍not깍good깍for깍the깍elderly.깍However,깍the깍elderly깍likes깍beef깍just깍like깍most깍people.깍Seopsanjeok깍 is깍 a깍 food깍 made깍 for깍 the깍 elderly깍 who깍 like깍 beef.깍 It깍 is깍 a깍 Sanjeok깍 but깍 easy깍 to깍 chew.깍 Tarakjuk깍히
,깍Fig.깍4c).깍is깍one깍of깍the깍representative깍foods깍that깍demonstrate깍the깍reverence깍
for깍 the깍 elderly깍 in깍 the깍 Chosun깍 Period.깍 The깍 elderly깍 can깍 digest깍 Juk깍 히porridge)깍 easily깍 than깍 rice깍 bap깍 [13]깍 due깍 to깍 teeth깍 problem.깍 In깍 addition,깍 milk깍 is깍 added깍 for깍 nutrition,깍 especially깍 for깍 malnutrition깍 senior.깍 Now,깍 milk깍 is깍 everywhere,깍 but깍 it깍 was깍 a깍 precious깍 food깍 in깍 the깍 Chosun깍
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Period.깍Such깍a깍precious깍ingredient깍was깍used깍to깍show깍the깍reverence깍for깍the깍elderly.깍
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깍
4. Foods that show the aesthetics of beauty: 깍 Our깍ancients깍always깍pursued깍beauty깍in깍their깍life,깍such깍as깍in깍constructing깍house,깍clothing,깍 dancing깍 and깍 even깍 in깍 preparing깍 foods.깍 They깍 put깍 the깍 beauty깍 especially깍 in깍 preparing깍 the깍
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colorful깍 foods깍 by깍 some깍 yangnyum깍 [13]깍 and깍 additives.깍 Considering깍 Korean깍 food,깍 there깍 are깍 many깍 great깍 visual깍 factors깍 such깍 as깍 the깍 natural깍 colors깍 of깍 ingredients깍 of깍 Korean깍 food깍 contain깍 the깍beauty깍that깍is깍hard깍to깍find깍anywhere깍else.깍
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Pyun ( jelly like cookie): vegetable starch
There깍are깍many깍Korean깍foods깍that깍embody깍the깍aesthetics깍of깍beauty.깍Firstly깍cherry깍pyun깍 히pyun깍is깍jelly깍like깍cookie)깍히Fig.깍5a)깍is깍a깍beautiful깍food깍that깍shows깍the깍fantastic깍sense깍of깍color깍
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and깍 scientific깍 mind깍 of깍 our깍 ancestors.깍 Western깍 fruit깍 jelly깍 is깍 made깍 of깍 fruit깍 juice깍 and깍 animal깍 gelatin,깍and깍it깍feels깍soft.깍On깍the깍other깍hand,깍Korean깍pyun깍is깍made깍of깍starch.깍Starch깍can깍be깍 obtained깍 from깍 a깍 variety깍 of깍 pulse-crops,깍 especially깍 the깍 starch깍 from깍 mung깍 beans깍 has깍 best깍 texture.깍Our깍ancestors깍used깍mung깍beans깍to깍make깍mung깍bean깍starch깍and깍made깍pyun깍using깍 the깍coagulating깍characteristic깍of깍starch.깍
For깍making깍colorful깍and깍beautiful깍pyun,깍firstly깍fruit깍juice깍is깍made깍with깍the깍fruit깍of깍omija깍 히Maximowiczia깍typical),깍apricots,깍or깍strawberries.깍Then,깍it깍is깍boiled깍over깍low깍heat깍and깍cooled깍
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after깍adding깍mung깍bean깍starch깍into깍the깍fruit깍juice.깍Various깍colors깍of깍pyun깍such깍as깍yellow깍and깍 green깍depending깍on깍mung깍bean깍and깍fruits깍were깍created깍히Fig.깍5b).깍As깍it깍is깍made깍with깍plant깍 starch깍 rather깍 than깍 animal깍 gelatin,깍 it깍 is깍 softer깍 than깍 Western깍 jelly.깍 The깍 softness깍 created깍 by깍 mung깍bean깍starch깍can t깍be깍compared깍with깍gelatin.깍It깍is깍not깍just깍the깍softness깍that깍charms깍us.깍
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Cherry깍pyun깍히pyun깍from깍cherry)깍has깍a깍clear,깍transparent,깍red깍color,깍which깍is깍beautiful깍enough깍 to깍 amaze깍 us.깍 It깍 is깍 easy깍 to깍 say깍 how깍 to깍 cook깍 this깍 food,깍 but깍 it깍 is깍 really깍 difficult깍 to깍 make깍 it깍 delicious깍 and깍 look깍 beautiful.깍 Unlike깍 the깍 gelatin깍 that깍 coagulates깍 easily,깍 mung깍 bean깍 starch깍
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requires깍an깍excellent깍control깍of깍heat깍to깍make깍it깍coagulate.깍And깍it깍needs깍to깍be깍cooked깍over깍 low깍heat깍with깍extreme깍care깍to깍bring깍out깍the깍clear깍and깍transparent깍color.깍In깍other깍words,깍our깍 ancestors깍had깍the깍scientific깍wisdom깍to깍apply깍the깍coagulating깍characteristic깍of깍mung깍bean깍to깍 a깍food.깍 깍 깍
Vegetable Hoe ( ) : vegetable sashimi Among깍Japanese깍foods,깍Sashimi깍is깍known깍throughout깍the깍world.깍The깍sliced깍fresh/raw깍fish깍 or깍aged깍fish깍 without깍 cooking깍 can깍be깍eaten깍with깍 wasabi-soy깍sauce.깍 In깍Korea,깍 some깍 colorful깍 vegetables깍 such깍 as깍 dropwort,깍 green깍 onion깍 히scallion)깍 or깍 bamboo깍 shoot깍 are깍 eaten깍 with깍 gochujang-vinegar깍 sauce깍 as깍 sashimi,깍 and깍 called깍 as깍 vegetable깍 hoe깍 히
).깍 In깍 a깍 book깍 called깍
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Korean깍foods깍transferred깍to깍Japan 깍written깍by깍Jeong깍[31],깍Sashimi깍preparing깍method깍might깍 be깍a깍food깍transferred깍from깍Korea깍to깍Japan,깍and깍from깍vegetables깍to깍fish.깍However,깍his깍idea깍is깍 not깍fully깍supported깍by깍scientifically.깍 깍 Dropwort깍and깍green깍onion깍히scallion)깍are깍the깍vegetables깍used깍for깍this깍type깍of깍dish,깍and깍it깍 is깍 not깍 difficult깍 to깍 make깍 it.깍 This깍 dish깍 can깍 be깍 made깍 simply깍 or깍 more깍 complicatedly깍 as깍 you깍
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choose.깍You깍can깍parboil깍green깍onion깍or깍dropwort깍and깍bamboo깍shoot,깍rinse깍it깍in깍cold깍water,깍 roll깍it깍and깍eat깍it깍with깍gochujang-vinegar깍sauce깍히Fig.깍5c).깍Then,깍you깍can깍enjoy깍the깍true깍taste깍 and깍 flavor깍 of깍 the깍 simple깍 vegetable깍 dish.깍 This깍 kind깍 of깍 dish깍 is깍 very깍 good깍 for깍 health.깍 Green깍 onion깍and깍dropwort깍contain깍a깍lot깍of깍vitamins깍and깍bioactive깍compounds.깍Especially,깍in깍spring,깍
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people깍need깍a깍lot깍of깍vitamins.깍We깍can t깍help깍but깍be깍impressed깍by깍the깍fresh깍green깍color깍and깍 excellent깍 nutrition깍 of깍 the깍 fresh깍 parboiled깍 green깍 onion깍 and깍 dropwort.깍 Korean깍 people깍 had깍 delicate깍palate깍and깍enjoyed깍sashimi깍made깍not깍only깍of깍fish깍but깍of깍vegetables.깍
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Dropwort깍 tastes깍 the깍 best깍 in깍 late깍 winter깍 when깍 it깍 starts깍 to깍 sprout.깍 There깍 is깍 a깍 saying깍 [32]깍 The깍 best깍 time깍 to깍 go깍 to깍 the깍 in-laws깍 for깍 the깍 New깍 Year s깍 greetings깍 is깍 the깍 time깍 to깍 eat깍 dropwort .깍This깍means깍that깍around깍the깍15th깍of깍January,깍first깍full-moon깍히dae-boreum),깍in깍the깍 lunar깍calendar,깍dropwort깍tastes깍best깍and깍you깍may깍want깍to깍delay깍your깍New깍Year s깍greetings깍 until깍 then.깍 This깍 saying깍 conveys깍 men s깍 reluctance깍 to깍 go깍 to깍 the깍 in-laws깍 through깍 the깍 food깍 humorously.깍It깍is깍also깍interesting깍to깍see깍that깍people깍enjoyed깍the깍taste깍of깍fresh깍vegetable깍in깍 season깍and깍tried깍to깍seek깍the깍delicacy깍at깍the깍right깍time.깍As깍seen깍from깍these깍accounts,깍Korea깍 깍
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food깍is깍filled깍with깍taste깍and깍charm.깍
The beauty of seon ( ) : Oiseon (cucumber), Hobakseon (zucchini) One깍of깍the깍dishes깍that깍please깍our깍eyes깍is깍decorated깍vegetables깍and깍foods깍called깍as깍Seon깍 ).깍 Seon깍 is깍 one깍 of깍 kimchi,깍 however,깍 it깍 is깍 not깍 fermented깍 vegetables깍 and깍 also깍 not깍
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히 ,깍
steamed깍 cooking깍 vegetables.깍 Oi-seon깍 was깍 prepared깍 with깍 fresh깍 cucumber깍 and깍 hobak-seon깍 was깍 prepared깍 with깍 slight깍 blenched깍 Korean깍 zucchini깍 not깍 pumpkin깍 히Fig.깍 5d).깍 Another깍 similar깍
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foods깍 using깍 cucumber깍 is깍 oi-sobaki깍 히
)깍 kimchi,깍 which깍 was깍 prepared깍 using깍 fresh깍
cucumber깍 with깍 stuffed깍 some깍 yangnyum깍 [13]깍 but깍 fermented.깍 We깍 called깍 these깍 yangnyum깍 as깍 so히 ) .깍 깍
The깍preparing깍method깍of깍oi-seon깍is깍very깍similar깍to깍making깍oi-sobaki깍kimchi.깍Just깍stuffing깍 some깍yangnyum깍within깍the깍sliced깍fresh깍cucumber깍or깍slight깍blenched깍zucchini깍is깍enough깍to깍 make깍this깍dish.깍Using깍steamed깍fish,깍oiseon깍can깍be깍prepared깍by깍making깍a깍fish깍fillet,깍stuffing깍 and깍 rolling깍 it깍 and깍 steaming깍 it.깍 The깍 so 깍 히one깍 of깍 yangnyum)깍 is깍 important깍 for깍 these깍 seon,깍 generally깍 cooked깍 beef,깍 mushroom깍 and깍 pan깍 fried깍 egg깍 are깍 preferred깍 because깍 of깍 the깍 taste,깍 flavor,깍 and깍 color.깍 The깍 color깍 and깍 smell깍 of깍 cucumber깍 or깍 squash깍 is깍 maintained깍 and깍 the깍 color깍 harmony깍of깍beef,깍mushroom,깍and깍yellow깍and깍white깍pan깍fried깍egg깍makes깍this깍dish깍look깍very깍
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beautiful.깍 When깍 pine깍 nuts깍 are깍 sprinkled깍 over깍 it,깍 the깍 dish깍 looks깍 scrumptious깍 and깍 enhances깍 the깍taste깍as깍well.깍The깍crunch깍taste깍of깍cucumber깍or깍zucchini깍is깍mixed깍with깍a깍small깍amount깍of깍 beef,깍mushroom깍and깍egg깍to깍create깍a깍refreshingly깍delicious깍taste.깍 깍 깍 깍 The깍 color깍 harmony깍 and깍 the깍 refreshing깍 taste깍 of깍 steamed깍 cucumber깍 or깍 squash깍 hold깍 us깍 in깍 awe.깍Personally,깍I깍think깍we깍can깍boast깍of깍his깍dish깍to깍the깍world.깍It깍is깍because깍it깍uses깍vegetables깍
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as깍 basic깍 ingredients깍 but깍 a깍 small깍 amount깍 of깍 animal깍 ingredients깍 add깍 the깍 savory깍 flavor.깍 Furthermore,깍the깍ideal깍ratio깍between깍vegetables깍and깍beef깍makes깍it깍an깍excellent깍health깍food.깍 Compared깍 to깍 the깍 Western깍 countries깍 salad,깍 Koreans깍 cooked깍 and깍 enjoyed깍 vegetables깍 in깍 a깍 variety깍 of깍 ways.깍 This깍 variety깍 puts깍 Korean깍 foods깍 into깍 a깍 class깍 distinguished깍 from깍 other깍 kind깍of깍dish깍couldn t깍have깍been깍made깍to깍exist.깍 깍 깍
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Colorful transformation of cow feet: Cow feet jelly
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countries 깍cuisine.깍This깍proves깍that깍Koreans깍truly깍love깍and깍care깍about깍foods.깍Otherwise,깍this깍
In깍 addition깍 to깍 plant깍 muk깍 히 jelly),깍 Korean깍 also깍 likes깍 animal깍 originated깍 muk깍 히 jelly).깍 Most깍 well-known깍food깍made깍of깍animal깍foot깍is깍a깍pork깍hock,깍but깍for깍making깍jelly깍cow깍feet깍are깍used.깍 This깍soft깍and깍chewy깍texture깍comes깍from깍gelatin,깍which깍is깍also깍used깍to깍make깍a깍fruit깍jelly깍in깍 Western깍countries.깍This깍means깍that깍our깍ancestors깍knew깍that깍cow깍feet깍have깍collagen깍and깍that깍 it깍turns깍into깍a깍gelatin깍when깍collagen깍is깍boiled깍for깍long.깍Pan깍fried깍egg,깍thin깍red깍pepper깍slices,깍 green깍onion깍and깍other깍spices깍are깍added깍to깍this깍boiled깍gelatinous깍cow깍feet깍to깍enhance깍the깍
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color,깍taste,깍and깍nutrition.깍That깍is깍why깍this깍surpasses깍the깍fruit깍jelly깍of깍Western깍countries깍 It깍is깍written깍that깍preparing깍method깍of깍cow깍feet깍jelly깍was깍originally깍written깍in깍old깍literature,깍 Onghuijapji깍 히 Imwonsipyukji히
,
饎
) [33]깍 by깍 Suh깍 히
)깍 who깍 is깍 also깍 the깍 author깍 of깍
) 깍 [23],깍 a깍 book깍 written깍 by깍 Suh.깍 However,깍 unfortunately,깍 this깍 book깍
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does깍not깍exist깍anymore.깍Thus깍we깍can깍conjecture깍method깍by깍the깍quotes깍from깍 Imwonsipyuji .깍 To깍make깍this깍dish,깍cow깍feet깍are깍boiled깍for깍a깍long깍time,깍and깍seasonings깍are깍added깍to깍it.깍It깍is깍 amazing깍 to깍 see깍 the깍 transformation깍 of깍 ugly깍 cow깍 feet깍 into깍 this깍 beautiful깍 dish깍 and깍 soft깍 and깍
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chewy.깍
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깍 5. Foods that show the aesthetics of refinement (elegance) 깍
Seasonal foods In깍 our깍 previous깍 paper깍 [5],깍 we깍 analyzed깍 the깍 aesthetics깍 of깍 Korean깍 in깍 terms깍 of깍 seasonal깍
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foods,깍 here깍 we깍 are깍 reviewing깍 the깍 aesthetics깍 of깍 refinement깍 for깍 Korean깍 foods깍 based깍 on깍 this깍 paper.깍 Each깍 countries깍 has깍 long깍 history깍 of깍 agricultural깍 society,깍 Korea깍 has깍 more깍 than깍 five깍 thousand깍 years깍 of깍 agricultural깍 history.깍 In깍 the깍 agricultural깍 society,깍 seasonal깍 foods깍 were깍 very깍 important.깍 It깍 was깍 because깍 agricultural깍 society깍 revolved깍 around깍 the깍 season.깍 Each깍 season깍 of깍
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the깍 agricultural깍 schedule깍 marked깍 a깍 point깍 in깍 time,깍 and깍 special깍 food깍 was깍 prepared깍 for깍 the깍 occasion.깍 Therefore,깍 our깍 ancestors깍 followed깍 the깍 principle깍 of깍 eating깍 the깍 food깍 by깍 its깍 season.깍 Korea깍has깍four깍distinct깍seasons,깍and깍the깍best깍food깍is깍made깍of깍seasonal깍ingredients.깍This깍kind깍 ).깍 Foods깍 related깍 to깍 folk깍 medicine깍 or깍 folk깍 religion깍
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of깍 food깍 is깍 called깍 healthy깍 food깍 히
were깍also깍healthy깍foods,깍and깍eating깍this깍kind깍of깍healthy깍food깍formed깍its깍own깍food깍culture.깍 Therefore,깍 eating깍 seasonal깍 food깍 was깍 considered깍 very깍 important,깍 and깍 people깍 never깍 skipped깍 making깍 and깍 eating깍 special깍 seasonal깍 food.깍 It깍 went깍 well깍 with깍 the깍 characteristics깍 of깍 Korean깍 people깍who깍enjoyed깍the깍refinement깍of깍their깍unique깍food깍culture깍[5].깍 Firstly,깍 when깍 we깍 look깍 at깍 seasonal깍 customs,깍 we깍 can깍 see깍 that깍 these깍 are깍 celebrated깍 with깍 food.깍 For깍 example,깍 among깍 many깍 seasonal깍 customs,깍 Seolnal깍 히lunar깍 new-year)깍 and깍 Chuseok깍 ,깍 full-moon깍 of깍 lunar깍 August깍 like깍 as깍 Thanksgiving깍 day)깍 are깍 representative깍 holidays깍 that깍
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히
are깍related깍to깍food.깍Probably,깍it깍needs깍no깍detailed깍 explanation.깍Tteok-kuk깍 히rice깍 cake깍 깍kuk)깍 히Fig.깍6a)깍and깍Songpyun깍 히Crescent깍moon깍shaped깍rice깍cake)깍히Fig.깍6b)깍were깍made깍and깍shared깍 with깍family깍and깍neighbors.깍 깍
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Second,깍seasonal깍food깍brings깍out깍the깍best깍of깍the깍food깍ingredients깍in깍season깍for깍health.깍 This깍 kind깍 of깍 food깍 is깍 called깍 Sijeolsik 깍 meaning깍 seasonal깍 food.깍 For깍 example,깍 Bosintang깍 히dog깍 meat깍 hot-pot)깍 eaten깍 by깍 some깍 people깍 히evidently,깍 not깍 a깍 pet깍 owner)깍 in깍 the깍 hottest깍 days깍 of깍
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summer,깍 Yongbongtang깍 made깍 of깍 chicken깍 and깍 crucian깍 carp,깍 and깍 Samkyetang깍 with깍 chicken깍 and깍 jinseng.깍 It깍 was깍 a깍 way깍 to깍 maintain깍 health깍 by깍 adapting깍 to깍 the깍 physiological깍 changes깍 caused깍by깍seasonal깍changes.깍In깍addition,깍타Seasonal깍herbs타깍that깍used깍such깍seasonal깍material깍 as깍 tree깍 sap깍 and깍 motherwort깍 were깍 also깍 very깍 beneficial.깍 These깍 plants깍 keep깍 people깍 healthy깍 throughout깍the깍hot깍summer.깍 깍 At깍the깍same깍time,깍seasonal깍food깍supplemented깍nutrition.깍For깍example,깍Ipchun깍히
,깍Start깍
of깍 spring)깍 falls깍 in깍 late깍 December깍 or깍 early깍 January깍 in깍 the깍 lunar깍 calendar.깍 Osinban깍 히Fig.깍 6c)깍 made깍 of깍 fresh깍 vegetables깍 sprouted깍 under깍the깍snow깍 was깍eaten깍to깍supplement깍 the깍Vitamins깍 that깍 were깍 lacked깍 in깍 the깍 diet깍 during깍 the깍 long깍 winter.깍 Osinban깍 is깍 made깍 of깍 5깍 different깍 vegetables깍 including깍 the깍 first깍 sprout깍 of깍 green깍 onion,깍 leaf깍 mustard,깍 angelica,깍 radish,깍 and깍
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ginger.깍It깍is깍a깍spicy깍dish깍that깍stimulates깍the깍appetite.깍 Third,깍 it깍 seems깍 that깍 seasonal깍 customs깍 played깍 an깍 important깍 role깍 in깍 comforting깍 the깍 common깍 people.깍 In깍 the깍 past,깍 people깍 did깍 not깍 have깍 enough깍 to깍 eat,깍 but깍 on깍 holidays,깍 they깍 enjoyed깍special깍foods깍such깍as깍rice깍cake깍and깍cookies,깍as깍seasonal깍food깍is깍the깍product깍of깍an깍 agricultural깍 culture.깍 Seasonal깍 foods깍 are깍 significant깍 also깍 in깍 that깍 they깍 were깍 used깍 for깍 the깍
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ceremonial깍rites깍for깍the깍Gods.깍 깍
Beef eaten on a snowing night: Seolyamyeok
When깍we깍think깍of깍Korean깍food,깍Bulgogi깍히Fig.깍6d)깍comes깍to깍our깍mind깍first.깍Bulgogi깍means깍 )깍in깍Chinese깍character.깍 Maek히
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meat깍broiled깍over깍heat깍which깍is깍written깍as깍Maekjeok히
means깍 the깍 area,깍 northeast깍 of깍 China깍 of깍 present깍 time깍 or깍 Kokuryeo히 meat깍brochette깍broiled깍over깍heat깍according깍to깍 Yegi히
)깍 and깍 Jeok히
)깍
)깍 is깍
)[34] .깍Thus깍Maekjeok깍means깍grilled깍
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meat깍 of깍 Kokuryeo.깍 Even깍 Bulgogi깍 is깍 Korean깍 ethnic깍 foods,깍 but깍 written깍 character깍 is깍 Chinese깍 Character.깍This깍is깍simple깍the깍food깍written깍in깍Chinese깍character깍never깍means깍Chinese깍foods.깍 Only깍 for깍 the깍 reason,깍 they깍 cannot깍 say깍 the깍 origin깍 of깍 bulgogi깍 is깍 Maekjeok히
)깍 and깍 Chinese깍
people깍liked깍this깍and깍it깍was깍served깍first깍during깍important깍feasts.깍 깍
In깍 the깍 world,깍 not깍 many깍 people깍 cook깍 meat깍 as깍 deliciously깍 as깍 Korean.깍 Steak깍 is깍 the깍 representative깍 meat깍 dish깍 of깍 Western깍 countries.깍 It깍 is깍 classified깍 into깍 only깍 3깍 types깍 of깍 rare,깍 medium,깍and깍well깍done.깍But깍the깍Korean깍meat깍cooking깍methods깍are깍truly깍diverse.깍In깍a깍book깍 )[35] ,깍 it깍 says,깍 Seolyamyeok히
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called깍 Haedongjukji히
)깍 is깍 a깍 specialty깍 of깍
Kaeseongbu.깍Beef깍rib깍or깍heart깍is깍seasoned깍with깍spices깍and깍oil,깍broiled깍until깍it깍is깍half깍cooked,깍 then깍dipped깍in깍cold깍water깍for깍a깍while,깍and깍broiled깍over깍high깍heat깍again.깍Then,깍the깍meat깍is깍 soft깍and깍tasty깍and깍it깍is깍a깍wonderful깍side깍dish깍for깍rice깍wine깍in깍the깍winter깍night.깍Seolyamyeok깍
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means깍 meat깍 eaten깍 on깍 a깍 snowy깍 night.깍 Its깍 name깍 is깍 romantic깍 and깍 beautiful.깍 It깍 is깍 no깍 wonder깍 that깍Bulgogi깍is깍considered깍one깍of깍representative깍Korean깍foods.깍Especially,깍Bulgogi깍tastes깍best깍 when깍 it깍 is깍 broiled깍 over깍 charcoal.깍 Recently,깍 a깍 lot깍 of깍 research깍 is깍 being깍 carried깍 out깍 about깍
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charcoal깍as깍it깍emits깍the깍mystic깍far깍infrared깍rays.깍 깍 Heat깍is깍very깍important깍to깍cooking깍bulgogi깍to깍create깍excellent깍taste.깍Korean깍people깍knew깍 when깍meat깍tastes깍the깍best.깍Furthermore,깍they깍knew깍meat깍tastes깍the깍best깍on깍a깍snowy깍night깍 and깍 gave깍 the깍 dish깍 a깍 romantic깍 name깍 like깍 Seolyamyeok.깍 They깍 certainly깍 knew깍 that깍 different깍 moods깍create깍different깍tastes.깍 깍
Azalea rice cake : Rice cake of refinement One깍 of깍 important깍 characteristics깍 of깍 Korean깍 people깍 is깍 that깍 they깍 enjoy깍 drinking깍 and깍 dancing.깍 In깍 the깍 spring,깍 women깍 went깍 to깍 the깍 hills깍 and깍 mountains깍 to깍 pick깍 azalea깍 flowers깍 to깍 make깍 azalea깍 rice깍 cake깍 and깍 enjoyed깍 the깍 season.깍 In깍 the깍 spring,깍 they깍 picked깍 mugwort깍 and깍
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made깍mugwort깍rice깍cake깍and깍steamed깍mugwort.깍 Flower깍 rice깍 cake깍 is깍 made깍 with깍 glutinous깍 rice깍 powder.깍 The깍 dough깍 made깍 of깍 glutinous깍 rice깍is깍pan깍fried깍with깍oil,깍and깍sprinkled깍with깍honey깍or깍syrup.깍Sometimes,깍stuffing깍is깍put깍in깍the깍 middle깍and깍the깍dough깍is깍 folded깍to깍 make깍 what깍 is깍 called깍 Juak히
) 히Fig.깍6e).깍 For깍the깍 azalea깍
rice깍cake,깍stuffing깍is깍not깍needed.깍Round깍dough깍is깍pan깍fried,깍and깍flower깍petals깍are깍placed깍on깍
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the깍dough깍to깍bring깍out깍the깍vivid깍color깍of깍the깍petals.깍People깍knew깍azalea깍flowers깍are깍edible.깍 This깍dish깍came깍to깍exist깍as깍Koreans깍celebrated깍the깍change깍of깍season깍with깍special깍foods.깍Rice깍 cake깍 frames깍 have깍 been깍 noticed깍 for깍 their깍 beautiful깍 patterns:깍 uniqueness,깍 naturalism깍 of깍 the깍 embroidered깍patterns깍on깍a깍rice깍cake깍히Fig.깍6f).깍For깍example,깍flower-shaped깍cake깍is깍decorated깍
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with깍 red깍 jujube,깍 black깍 mana깍 lichen깍 mushroom,깍 green깍 mugwort,깍 yellow깍 pine깍 nuts,깍 and깍 red깍
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azalea.깍 깍
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Conclusions 깍 The깍food깍itself깍needs깍to깍be깍developed깍as깍an깍excellent깍cultural깍product.깍However,깍it깍is깍 also깍important깍to깍be깍developed깍as깍cultural깍contents.깍Considering깍our깍food,깍there깍are깍many깍
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great깍 visual깍 factors.깍 For깍 example,깍 the깍 natural깍 colors깍 of깍 ingredients깍 of깍 Korean깍 food깍 contain깍 the깍beauty깍that깍is깍hard깍to깍find깍anywhere깍else.깍Moreover,깍the깍garnishes깍on깍top깍of깍the깍Korean깍 food깍can깍be깍an깍item깍of깍great깍cultural깍contents.깍Based깍on깍the깍previous깍papers,깍our깍food깍will깍 be깍used깍very깍practically깍as깍contents깍if깍humanities깍scholars깍and깍contents깍experts깍cooperative깍
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together깍with깍food깍specialists.깍As깍a깍result,깍we깍classified깍and깍examined깍Korean깍food깍into깍five깍 categories깍 -깍 foods깍 that깍 show깍 the깍 aesthetics깍 of깍 harmonization깍 and깍 convergence,깍 foods깍 that깍 show깍the깍aesthetics깍of깍waiting깍and깍patient,깍foods깍that깍show깍the깍aesthetics깍of깍caring,깍foods깍
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that깍show깍the깍aesthetics깍of깍beauty깍with깍various깍colors,깍and깍foods깍that깍show깍the깍aesthetics깍of깍 refinement.깍 In깍 addition,깍 the깍 characteristics깍 of깍 Korean깍 food깍 revealed깍 in깍 genre깍 paintings깍 and깍 pansori깍of깍the깍Chosun깍Dynasty깍are깍discussed깍in깍four깍categories:깍food깍as깍a깍symbol깍of깍power,깍 food깍 as깍 disease깍 prevention깍 and깍 treatment,깍 food깍 as깍 the깍 medium깍 to깍 share깍 affection히 food깍 as깍 the깍 medium깍 to깍 communicate깍 with깍 god.깍 Going
),깍 and깍
beyond material abundance, the
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core values of Korean food strive toward spiritual maturity, consideration for others, and balanced living. Countries need to continue efforts to rediscover and reevaluate their native traditions, cultures, and customs. Native cuisines—unlike other cultural elements, which have become diluted as a result of globalization—are perceived as retaining the traditions, uniqueness, and diversity of individual cultures. It is more important than ever for people and countries to expand and preserve their respective cultural currencies.깍
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This깍paper깍is깍a깍simple깍example,깍but깍it깍indicates깍that깍our깍food깍will깍be깍used깍very깍practically깍as깍 contents깍 if깍 humanities깍 scholars깍 and깍 contents깍 experts깍 cooperative깍 together깍 with깍 food깍 specialists.깍 깍
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깍
깍
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References깍 깍 깍 1.
Schuttelaar깍and깍Partners깍Report,깍Future깍of깍Food:깍an깍exploration깍of깍the깍global깍food깍 system,깍Report깍of깍the깍Future깍of깍Food깍Seminar,깍28깍November,깍2008,깍Brussels깍 깍 깍 Raymond깍J.깍World s깍five깍healthiest깍foods,깍Health,깍March깍11.깍2006깍 깍
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Seoul,깍Korea깍
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Food깍2016;깍3:깍26-31깍
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15. Choi깍SJ깍히
),깍Hunmongjahoe깍히
),깍1527,깍Korea깍
16. Yang깍HJ,깍Jang깍DJ,깍Chung깍KR,깍Kim깍KS깍and깍Kwon깍DY.깍Origin깍names깍of깍gochu,깍kimchi,깍 and깍bibimbap.깍J깍Ethn깍Foods깍2015;2:162-72깍
17. Joo깍 YH.깍 Kimchi:깍 Descendant깍 of깍 Jangaji깍 and깍 Chanji.깍 Pulmuwon깍 Newsletter깍 of깍 Big깍 Bowl깍Carrying깍the깍Nature 깍1999;69.깍18p.깍 18. Jang깍 DJ,깍 Yang깍 HJ,깍 Chung깍 KR,깍 Kim깍 KS깍 and깍 Kwon깍 DY.깍 Discussion깍 on깍 the깍 origin깍 of깍 kimchi,깍 representative깍 of깍 Korean깍 unique깍 fermented깍 vegetables.깍 J깍 Ethnic깍 Food깍
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2015;2:126-36.깍 19. Koo깍OK,깍Lee깍SJ,깍Chung깍KR,깍Jang깍DJ깍and깍Kwon깍DY.깍Korean깍traditional깍fermented깍fish깍 products:깍jeotgal.깍J.깍Ethn깍Foods깍2016;깍3:깍107 16깍 20. Kwon깍DY,깍Jang깍DJ,깍Yang깍HJ깍and깍Chung깍KR.깍History깍of깍Korean깍gochu,깍gochujang,깍and깍 21. Kim깍BS깍히 22. Ui깍C깍히
).깍Samkuksaki깍히 ),깍Yu깍YG히
).깍Korea.깍1145깍
),깍Yu깍HB히
),깍Cho깍W히
).깍Dusiunhye깍히
1481깍 ).깍Limwonsipyukji깍히
).깍Korea.깍1827깍
24. Park깍JH.깍히
).깍 깍 Duchangkyounghumbang깍히
25. Jung깍YY깍히
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26. Lee깍 KM.깍 Dimchae깍 히
),깍Korea,깍1663히?)깍
). Korea.깍1800히?)깍
)깍 and깍 dihi깍 히
),깍 Saekukuhsaenghwal깍 히
).깍
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1999;9:127-33깍
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28. Kang깍 SA,깍 Oh깍 HJ,깍 Jang깍 DJ,깍 Kim깍 MJ깍 and깍 Kwon깍 DY.깍 Siwonhan-mat:깍 the깍 third깍 taste깍 of깍 Korean깍foods.깍J깍Ethn깍Foods깍2016;3:61-8깍
29. Jang깍 DJ,깍 Lee깍 AJ,깍 Kang깍 SA,깍 Lee깍 SM깍 and깍 Kwon깍 DY,깍 Does깍 siwonhan-mat깍 represent깍 delicious깍in깍Korean깍foods?깍J깍Ethn깍Foods깍2016;깍3:깍159-62깍
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30. Kwon깍DY.깍Why깍ethnic깍foods?깍J깍Ethnic깍Foods깍2015;2:91깍 31. Jeong,깍DS.깍Korean깍Foods깍Transferred깍to깍Japan.깍Kim깍MK,깍Translator.깍Seoul깍히Korea):깍Sol;깍 2000.깍p.깍63-4깍
32. Old깍saying깍in깍Korea깍on깍the깍food깍culture깍at깍first깍full-moon깍히dae-boreum)깍 ),깍Onghuijapji깍히
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33. Suh깍YK깍히
34. Anonymous,깍Yeki히
饎
) ,깍Korea.깍18th깍century,깍1790?깍
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).깍Haedongjukji깍히
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35. Choi깍YN히
,
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Legends깍to깍Figures깍 깍 깍 Fig.깍1.깍Dae
Jang Geum, a television series produced and broadcasted by MBC based on
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the life of the first woman to become a royal physician in the Joseon era. It depicts the use of various traditional foods to treat certain ailments, as well as the story of how the heroine became the king’s personal physician.깍 깍
Fig.깍2.깍히a)깍Bibimbap깍:깍These깍various깍kinds깍of깍healthy깍vegetables깍and깍a깍small깍amount깍of깍meat깍
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are깍put깍into깍a깍bowl깍of깍nicely깍boiled깍rice.깍Then깍the깍gochujang깍is깍put깍generously깍to깍mix깍these깍 ingredients깍 together.깍 히b)깍 Tangpyungchae깍 :깍 The깍 word깍 tangpyung깍 히
) 깍 means깍 balance ,깍
meaning깍 not깍 to깍 lean깍 onto깍 one깍 side,깍 so깍 most깍 people깍 are깍 aware깍 that깍 this깍 policy깍 was깍
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established깍and깍enforced깍in깍order깍to깍resolve깍the깍conflicts깍between깍different깍political깍parties.깍 The깍dish깍of깍 tangpyungchae 깍well깍represents깍the깍intention깍or깍motive깍of깍the깍 tangpyungchaek 깍 policy.깍 히c)깍 Japchae깍 :깍 Japchae깍 well깍 mixed깍 with깍 meats,깍 carbohydrates,깍 vitamins,깍 dietary깍 fibers깍 and깍vegetables깍actually깍became깍a깍complete깍food깍like깍as깍bibimbap깍with깍harmonization.깍 깍 깍
Fig.깍3.깍히a)깍Kimchi깍written깍by깍Hangul깍and깍Chinese깍character깍in깍Hunmongjahoe[15],깍히b)깍Origin깍 name깍 of깍 kimchi깍 is깍 dimchae깍 히 )깍 and깍 dihi깍 히 )깍[25]깍 깍 깍
)깍are깍 written깍 in깍Duchangkyounghumbang깍히
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Kimchi깍 히
)깍 in깍 Korean깍 [22].깍 히c)깍 Jimchi깍 히
)깍 and깍 히d)깍
)깍[24]깍and깍Ahakpyeon깍 히
Fig.깍4.깍히a)깍Seok-ggakdugi깍is깍made깍with깍white깍radishes깍that깍are깍boiled깍for깍ease깍of깍
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consumption깍for깍the깍elderly.깍 깍
히b)깍Seop-sanjeok깍is깍made깍with깍minced,깍seasoned깍beef깍mixed깍with깍mashed깍tofu,깍which깍is깍 shaped깍and깍then깍grilled깍on깍a깍gridiron.깍 깍 깍
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히c)깍Tarak-juk깍is깍a깍type깍of깍porridge깍made깍from깍rice깍powder깍and깍milk.깍 Fig.깍5.깍히a)깍Cherry pyun깍is깍a깍traditional깍Korean깍snack깍히Hangwha)깍made깍from깍a깍mix깍of깍sifted깍 cherries,깍honey,깍and깍starch깍that깍is깍boiled깍down깍and깍hardened.깍 깍 히b)깍Omija-pyun깍is깍a깍type깍of깍hangwa깍made깍with깍honey,깍sugar,깍and깍starch깍that깍are깍cooled깍 down깍and깍hardened깍in깍an깍omija깍infusion.깍It깍is깍cut깍into깍slices깍for깍serving.깍 깍 히c)깍Dropwort Hoe깍is깍raw깍or깍blanched깍dropwort깍that깍is깍served깍with깍chogochujang.깍 깍 Green Onion Hoe깍is깍a깍dish깍made깍from깍washed깍rolled깍green깍onions깍that깍are깍either깍 consumed깍blanched깍or깍raw깍with깍chogochujang깍히a깍type깍of깍red깍pepper깍sauce).깍 깍 Bamboo Shoot Hoe깍is깍soft깍bamboo깍shoots깍that깍are깍blanched깍and깍cut깍into깍thick깍slices깍then깍
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served깍with깍chogochujang.깍 히d)깍Oi-seon깍is깍a깍dish깍made깍from깍cucumber깍stuffed깍with깍beef,깍mushrooms깍and깍eggs.깍 깍 Hobak-seon깍is깍a깍steamed깍pumpkin깍dish깍with깍stuffing.깍 깍 Fig.깍6.깍히a)깍Tteok-kuk깍is깍a깍type깍of깍kuk깍히soup)깍made깍with깍thinly깍sliced깍rice깍cake깍boiled깍in깍a깍
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clear깍broth.깍 깍
히b)깍Song pyun깍is깍a깍type깍of깍rice깍cake깍made깍from깍non-glutinous깍rice깍flour깍dough깍that깍is깍 molded,깍stuffed,깍and깍steamed.깍 깍
히c)깍Osinban깍refers깍to깍namul깍히herbs깍or깍roots)깍made깍from깍five깍pungent깍vegetables.깍 깍
히d)깍Bulgogi깍is깍a깍dish깍made깍from깍thinly깍sliced깍beef깍that깍is깍marinated깍then깍grilled깍on깍a깍
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히e)깍Juak깍is깍a깍type깍of깍pan-fried깍rice깍cake깍made깍from깍glutinous깍rice깍flour깍dough깍that깍is깍stuffed깍
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히f)깍Tteok깍히rice깍cake)깍is깍made깍from깍steamed깍or깍boiled깍grain깍flour깍that깍is깍molded깍into깍various깍 shapes.깍 깍
Azalea Tteok깍히rice깍cakes깍made깍with깍azalea깍petals)깍 깍
Rainbow Tteok깍히rice깍cakes깍colored깍with깍gardenia,깍mugwort,깍or깍omija깍infusion)깍
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(a)Cherry-pyun
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Figure 5. (b)~(d) (c)Dropwort Hoe
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Figure 6. (b)Song-pyun
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(f)Azalea Tteok
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(f)Rainbow Tteok
