Aggregation in Green Infrastructure Technosols

Aggregation in Green Infrastructure Technosols influences carbon, microbial, and hydraulic dynamics Maha Deeb, Peter M. Groffman, Matthew Amato, Ali al-Sarraji, George Lozefski, Zhongqi Cheng, Richard K. Shaw, Daniel Giménez

2018-2019 International Soils Meeting | January 6-9, 2019 | San Diego, CA

1

Urban soils: physical, chemical and biological stresses.


2

Urban soils: human effect


3

Soil structure as the main contributor in understanding urban soil functions Soil structure is the shape, size and spatial arrangement of primary soil particles and aggregates. Soil structure “the combination of different types of pores” (Pagliai and Vignozzi, 2002 ).

Solid phase: • Aggregates determine macroporosity and microporosity as well as the number of pores in the soil. •

Macroaggregation provides a physical support for plants growth.

•

Aggregates distribution affects the release of greenhouse gases.

•

Stable microaggregates provide long-term stabilization of carbon storage.

•

The surface of the aggregates has higher microbial activity (hot spots) compared to the overall soil.

•

Soil aggregation is a sensitive indicator of anthropogenic effects.

Pores phase: • Biomass production. • Storage and water filtering and recycling of nutrients. • Habitat for biological activity.


4

What is Green infrastructure or constructed Technosols for stormwater management? Green infrastructure (GI) refers to environmental design features or engineered systems in an interconnected natural and urban space that provide multifunctional ecosystem services.

Infiltration

Evapotranspiration

+

Technosols are engineered soils made from a combination of urban waste materials (e.g., sediments) derived from human activity, to provide a variety of ecosystem services in urban environments.

Water storage

2018-2019 International Soils Meeting |1January 6-9, 2019 | San Diego, CA

Reduce waste water inputs to sewers

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Research questions 1.

How will aggregates form? What about their distribution? Stability? ..

2.

How will the size distribution of aggregates affect the bioavailability of heavy metals?

3.

What effects will these conditions have on carbon storage?

4.

How will microbial activity be affected?

5. Could we predict microbial hotspots based on pore size distribution?


Soil Fertility

Chemical

Biological

Physical

6

Collecting Samples Design effect ID

Latitude

Longitude

Design Area (m2)

Impervious contributing area (m²)

42 Ridgewood

40°40'56.5"N 73°53'14.7"W

SSIS

19

512

595 Ridgewood

40°41'12.6"N 73°52'02.5"W

ETP

9.3

411

Eastern parkway

40°40'22.6"N 73°54'42.8"W

SSIS

19

1847

Blake Ave

40°39'49.9"N 73°55'16.1"W

ETP

9.3

202

Union ETP

40°39'49.9"N 73°55'16.1"W

ETP

9.3

156

Union SSIS

40°39'49.9"N 73°55'16.1"W

SSIS

19

207


7

Collecting Samples

Bioretention swales constructed by DEP: Summer (left) and Fall (right) 2018-2019 International Soils Meeting | January 6-9, 2019 | San Diego, CA

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Collecting Samples

24cm

10 cm

A block of soil (24 cm by 10 cm) was carefully obtained from every site to avoid altering soil structure. 2018-2019 International Soils Meeting | January 6-9, 2019 | San Diego, CA

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Macroaggregation size distribution

Soil was sieved to determine the size distribution of soil macroaggregates


10

Structural stability Aggregates dried in oven at 40 °C

Structural stability of large macroaggregates by Le Biossoner (1996) 2018-2019 International Soils Meeting | January 6-9, 2019 | San Diego, CA

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Determining SOC and heavy metals concentration for each aggregate size


12

Determining water retention curves, hydraulic conductivity and infiltration


13

Macroaggregates size distribution

Weight distribution (%)

100

100 < 2 mm 2-3 mm 3-5 mm > 5 mm

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

0 Inlet

Center

Outlet

ETP


SSIS

14

Structural stability


15

Effect of location on Carbon / Nitrogen concentration 30

1.2

N distribution (%)

SOC distribution (%)

25

1.4

< 2 mm 2-3 mm 3-5 mm > 5 mm Total soil

20

15

10

5

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0

0.0 Inlet

Center

Outlet

Inlet


Center

Outlet

16

Effect of GI design on Carbon / Nitrogen concentration 30 < 2 mm 2-3 mm 3-5 mm > 5 mm Total soil

1.2

N distribution (%)


25

1.4

20

15

10

5

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0

0.0 ETP

SSIS

ETP


SSIS

17

Effect of location on Carbon / Nitrogen concentration 4

3

N distribution (%)


30

< 0.05 mm 0.05 - 0.15 mm 0.15 - 0.25 mm 0.25 - 0.5 mm 0.5 - 1 mm 1 - 2 mm > 2 mm

20

10

2

1

0

0 Inlet

Center

Outlet

Inlet


Center

Outlet

18

Effect of GI design on Carbon / Nitrogen concentration 4

3

N distribution (%)


30

< 0.05 mm 0.05 - 0.15 mm 0.15 - 0.25 mm 0.25 - 0.5 mm 0.5 - 1 mm 1 - 2 mm > 2 mm

20

10

2

1

0

0 ETP

SSIS

ETP


SSIS

19

Effect of GI design, location, and aggregates size on N/C cycle


Effect of GI design, location, and aggregates size on N/C cycle


Effect of location on infiltration and hydraulic conductivity

22

Effect of location and Type on water retention curves Variables (axes F1 and F2: 50.58 %)

0.5

Ksat 0.25

qr

s1

0

hm2 BD

-0.25

w s2

-0.5

-0.75

-10cm qs - 1000cm - 10000cm - 3000cm - 30000cm

F2 (19.02 %)

0.75

F2 (19.02 %)

Categories (axes F1 and F2: 50.58 %)

-300cm -100cm Infiltration at - 3cm -30cm Infiltration at -1cm

1

SSIS

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1

ETP

Center

Outlet -1

hm1

-1 -1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

Inlet

-0.5

0 F1 (31.56 %)

1

F1 (31.56 %) 2018-2019 International Soils Meeting | January 6-9, 2019 | San Diego, CA

Categories

0.5

1

19.47%

Eigenvalues

Minagr> 3-5 mm Nagr 0.25-0.5 mm NX.2mmN fra5 mm Res X1mmN X0.5mmN NH4 fra5 mm NH42 Nagr 0.5-1 mmX0.15mmN sigma X2mmN s Resagr> 3-5 mm Nagr 1-2 mmsigma2 s1 Min5 N agr 3-5NIT3 mm NitX0.25mmN NH4NH43 agr> Min3 3-5Res3 mm agr 2-5 mm Nagr 0.15-0.25 mm hm2 hm2 BD BD MBCagr 2-5 mm MBC3 X3.5mm Agrsize 3-5DEA2 mm DEA3 Res2 DEA5 NIT5 DEAagr>5 mm DEA agr>2 mm salt Salt X3.5mmC MBN3 MBN MBN2 NO fra5 NO32 mm θ X1mmC thrr NO3 agrX0.25mmC MBN5 3-5 mmX.5mmC MBC agr>5 mm X.5mmNθths NO35 X2.3mmN s CagrX2.3mmC N 3-5 mm agr 2-3 mm Agrsize>5 mm

(a) ACP, GI parameters

28.26% Ksat Infiltration - 300 cmInfiltration3cm X300cm X10cm - 10 cm Ksat X100cm - 100 cm X30cm - 30 cm

d=5

-3 cm

ETP

X10000cm -X30000cm 30000 X3000cm

cm - 3000 cm X1000cm - 1000 cm

SSIS

(c) GI type. R²=0.349, p=0.005 2018-2019 International Soils Meeting | January 6-9, 2019 | San Diego, CA

24

19.47%

Eigenvalues




d=5

-3 cm

ETP

X10000cm -X30000cm 30000 X3000cm

cm - 3000 cm X1000cm - 1000 cm

SSIS


25

19.47%

Eigenvalues




d=5

-3 cm

ETP

X10000cm -X30000cm 30000 X3000cm

cm - 3000 cm X1000cm - 1000 cm

SSIS


26

19.47%

Eigenvalues

Summary ACP results 1.

Infiltration and hydraulic conductivity are

positively

correlated

to

macroporosity. 2.

Nitrogen - carbon microbial biomass

Minagr> 3-5 mm Nagr 0.25-0.5 mm NX.2mmN fra5 mm Res X1mmN X0.5mmN NH4 fra5 Nagr 0.5-1 mmX0.15mmN mm NH42 sigma X2mmN s N agr 1-2 mm Resagr> 3-5 mm sigma2 s N 1 agr 3-5NIT3 mm NitX0.25mmN Res3 NH43 NH4 agr 2-5 mm agr> Min3 3-5 mm Nagr 0.15-0.25 mm hm2 hm2 BD BD

d=5

28.26% MBCagr 2-5 mm MBC3 X3.5mm Agrsize 3-5DEA2 mm DEA3 Res2 DEA5 NIT5 DEAagr>5 mm DEA agr>2 mm salt Salt X3.5mmC MBN3 MBN MBN2 NO fra5 NO32 mm θ X1mmC thrr NO3 agrX0.25mmC MBN5 3-5 mmX.5mmC MBC agr>5 mm X.5mmNθths NO35 X2.3mmN X2.3mmC s Cagr 3-5 mm Nagr 2-3 mm Agrsize>5 mm

Ksat Infiltration -3 cm - 300 cmInfiltration3cm X300cm X10cm - 10 cm Ksat X100cm

- 100 cm

X30cm - 30 cm

ETP

X10000cm -X30000cm 30000 X3000cm

cm -X1000cm 3000 cm - 1000 cm

SSIS

and DEA are positively correlated to

SOC in micro & macro-aggregation R2 >

(c) GI type. R²=0.349, p=0.005


d=5

d=5

0.7. 3.

Mineralisation and NH4 are positively correlated to nitrogen in macro and micro aggregates R2 > 0.9.

42Ridgewood 42 Ridgewood Inlet

4.

Saturated water content is positively

Outlet Center

microporosity.

UnionETP Union ETP Union SSIS UnionSSIS

EasternPkwy Eastern parkway

correlated to SOC in the aggregates and (b) GI Stormwater input. p=0.975

Blake BlakeETP 597 Ridgewood 597Ridgewood

(d) GI ID. p=0.085

Thank you for your attention Acknowledgements Landry Collet: Photography Lisa Martel

Denise Schmidt Beien Lin

Kathy Mania
