Alternative Algorithms

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Without using paper or pencil find: • “Think, Pair, Share” ... Learned the use of Arabic numerals from a Moorish teacher in North Africa. ... distributive property.”.
Alternative Algorithms Not just for elementary grades J. Matt Switzer Kelley Buchheister University of Missouri

Introductions •  Matt Switzer, University of Missouri •  Kelley Buchheister, University of Missouri

Agenda •  •  •  •  •  • 

Mental Math Share Strategies Partial Products Lattice Method Partial Quotients Conclusion

Purpose •  Understand some common alternative algorithms •  Make connections to JH/MS mathematics •  Building efficiency

Multiplication •  Without using paper or pencil find:

27 ×18 •  “Think, Pair, Share” how you solved it.

Partial Products



€ € € €

27 ×18

27 ×18

56 160 70 200 € 486 € € €

216 270 486

What’s the connection? 27 ×18



€ € €

56 160 € 70 200 € 486

(20 + 7) (10 + 8) 200 + 160 + 70 + 56



Your Turn •  Use partial products to solve:

235 ×16

235 ×16 30 180 1200 50 300 2000 3760

Lattice Method: A History Ø  Lattice multiplication appeared in the first printed arithmetic book, printed in Treviso (Italy) in 1478. Ø  Lattice multiplication was introduced into Europe by Fibonacci (whose correct name is Leonardo of Pisa). Ø  Learned the use of Arabic numerals from a Moorish teacher in North Africa. Ø Before the Hindu-Arabic system was used in Europe, multiplication was often done with counters. Ø The Hindu-Arabic system made calculation fairly simple.

http://online.edfac.unimelb.edu.au/485129/wnproj/multiply/lattice.htm

Lattice Method

948 × 827

Lattice Method

Lattice Method

Lattice Method

Here is how to multiply 469 x 37. First write the numbers on a grid:

•  Then multiply each pair of digits:

Finally, total the diagonals: The final product is 17,353.

Dear Dr. Math, •  “We learned the traditional way of multiplying, and it works, but I don't see how it works when you put the numbers on a square. Why and how does it work? I asked my teacher and she said, ‘Magic.”

Dear Student, •  “Math is never magic - it's just that the reasons are sometimes pretty well hidden. basis of any method of multiplying is the distributive property.”

The

http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/59087.html

469

x

37

•  469 x 37 = •  (400 + 60 + 9) x (30 + 7)= •  (400 + 60 + 9) x 30 + (400 + 60 + 9) x 7= •  400 x 30 + 60 x 30 + 9 x 30 + •  400 x 7 + 60 x 7 + 9 x 7 =

400 60 9 +-------+------+-----+ | | | | | 12000 | 1800 | 270 | 30 | | | | +-------+------+-----+ | | | | | 2800 | 420 | 63 | 7 | | | | +-------+------+-----+

400 60 9 +-------+------+-----+ | | | | | 12000 | 1800 | 270 | 30 | | | | +-------+------+-----+ / | | | | / | 2800 | 420 | 63 | 7 / | | | | / +-------+------+-----+ / / / / 12000 + 4600 + 690 + 63 = 17353 Add the numbers along each diagonal line, then sum the results.

Drop the zeroes and just write the product of the nonzero digits, and put the zeroes back in when we add:

4 6 9 +------+------+------+ | | | | | 12 | 18 | 27 | 3 | | | | +------+------+------+ / | | | | / | 28 | 42 | 63 | 7 / | | | | / +------+------+------+ / / / / 12 46 69 63

12 46 69 + 63 = 17353

4 6 9 +------+------+------+ | 1 /| 1 /| 2 /| | / | / | / | 3 | / 2 | / 8 | / 7 | +------+------+------+ / | 2 /| 4 /| 6 / | / | / | / | / | 7 / | / 8 | / 2 | / 3 | / +------+------+------+ / / / / / 1 5 22 15 3 1 5 22 15 3 ----17353

Notice that the first digit of each product will add into the second digit of the diagonal to its left. Splitting each product into two digits and draw diagonals demonstrates this:

1

4 6 9 +------+------+------+ | 1 /| 1 /| 2 /| | / | / | / | 3 | / 2 | / 8 | / 7 | +------+------+------+ / | 2 /| 4 /| 6 / | / | / | / | / | 7 / | / 8 | / 2 | / 3 | / +------+------+------+ / / / / / 7 3 5 3 Regroup as you write the sum of each diagonal, gives you the lattice method, with as little writing as possible.

Lattice Method

32 × 684

Partial Quotients • Inefficient • Efficient • Traditional

Questions?

References: •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LatticeMethod.html http://ualr.edu/lasmoller/medievalmult.html http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/59087.html http://online.edfac.unimelb.edu.au/485129/wnproj/multiply/lattice.htm http://everydaymath.uchicago.edu/parents/faqs.shtml#3 http://everydaymath.uchicago.edu/educators/Algorithms_final.pdf http://www.nychold.com/em-arith.html

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