Appendix-A: Supplementary figures and tables Table

Appendix-A: Supplementary figures and tables Table A-1. Sampling design for the MIE-1. The number of replicates are provided in brackets as well as the depth range of each tow. 07-Oct 0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00 21:30 22:00 22:30 23:00 23:30 0:00

08-Oct IKMT 0-100 m

09-Oct

10-Oct

11-Oct

IKMT (2x) 0-120 m HUFT 0-120 m

Cobb Trawl (2x) 0-120 m

HUFT (2x) 0-120 m

12-Oct

IKMT (2x) 0-120 m

Cobb Trawl (2x) 0-120 m

Cobb Trawl 520-570 m HUFT (2x) 0-120 m

IKMT (2x) 0-120 m

HUFT 520-570 m

HUFT 500-560 m Cobb Trawl (2x) 490-620 m

IKMT (2x) 500600 m HUFT 520-570 m

Cobb Trawl 500-560 m

HUFT 510-560 m

IKMT 510-550 m

Cobb Trawl (2x) 550 m IKMT (2x) 490590 m

HUFT 580-660 m

Cobb Trawl 512-530 m

IKMT 520-540 m

HUFT 500-570 m

HUFT (3x) 0-120 m

IKMT 0-120 m

Cobb Trawl (2x) 0-110 m

HUFT (2x) 0-120 m

IKMT (2x) 0-120 m Cobb Trawl 540-570 m HUFT (2x) 0120 m

IKMT (2x) 0-120 m Cobb Trawl 550-560 m

IKMT 530-570 m

HUFT 530-560 m

Table A-2. Summary of conversion factors used to convert data from length to carbon weight. In some cases, two conversions were conducted: standard length (sl) or total length to dry weight (dw), wet weight (ww), and carbon weight (cw), and from dw or ww to cw where necessary. Measurements were made in g, mg, or lbs for weights, and cm or mm for length as indicated by subscripts. Where available, sample size (N) and R2 values are reported. Species

Group

Conversion 1

N

R2

Conversion 2

References

Cephalopods Amphipods Euphausiids Copepods Crab larvae Decapods Isopod Malacostraca Mysids Nauplii Ostracods Stomatopods Chaetognaths

Cephalopoda Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Crustacean Gelatinous Zooplankton Gelatinous Zooplankton Gelatinous Zooplankton Gelatinous Zooplankton Other Zooplankton Other Zooplankton Other Zooplankton Fish Fish Acanthuridae Acanthuridae Apogonidae Balistidae Blenniidae Bothidae Bothidae

log10wg = 2.611 x log10(tlmm) – 3.5 log10dwmg = 2.717 x log10(tlmm) – 1.911 log10dwmg = 3.23 x log10(tlmm) - 3.261 log10dwmg = 2.486 x log10(tlmm) – 2.021 log10dwmg = 1.24 x log10(tlmm – 0.54) – 2.58 log10dwmg = 3.787 x log10(tlmm) – 3.972 log10dwmg=2.751(log10tlmm)-1.69 log10dwmg = 2.732 x log10(tlmm) – 2.402 log10dwmg = 2.676 x log10(tlmm) – 2.472 log10cwmg = 1.9 x log10(tlmm) – 2.559 log10dwmg = 2.86 x log10(tlmm) – 1.599 log10wwg = 2.788 x log10(tlmm) – 4.468 dwmg=0.0001352*tlmm3.1545

209 125 245 524 21 751

0.854 0.884 0.98 0.924 0.86 0.864 0.86 0.949 0.544 0.978 -

cw=0.05544*ww cw=0.345*dw cw=0.419*dw cw=0.48*dw cw=0.435*dw cw=0.435*dw cw=0.435*dw cw=0.435*dw cw=0.435*dw cw=0.435*dw cw=0.435*dw cw=0.367*dw

2,3 4,5 4,5 4,5,6,7,8,9,10 4,11 4,12 4,13,14 4,5,6,15 4,15,16 17,18,19,20,21,22 4,5,23,24 4,25,26 4,27

log10cwmg = 2.455 x log10(tlmm) – 3.058

56

0.815

28,29,30,31

log10cwmg = 2.767 x log10(tlmm) – 3.643

161

0.974

5,32,33

log10dwmg = 1.867 x log10(tlmm) – 0.948

53

0.715

cw=0.103*dw

4,5,34

log10dwmg = 1.798 x log10(tlmm) – 2.17 log10cwmg = 1.854(log10(tlmm)) – 2.351 log10dwmg = 1.646 x log10(tlmm) – 0.915 log10dwmg = 1.279 x log10(tlmm) – 0.498 log10dwmg = 2.729 x log10(slmm) – 2.144 wwg = 0.000045 x slmm3.05 wwg = 0.00008495 x slmm2.849 ln(wwg) = ln(0.0143) + 3.143(ln(1.312*slcm)) ln(wwg) = ln(0.0057) + 3.901(ln(1.111*slcm)) ln(wwg) = ln(0.0022) + 3.143(ln(1.13*slcm)) ln(wwg) = ln(0.0072) + 3.213(ln(1.143*slcm)) ln(wwg) = ln(0.0168) + 2.894(ln(1.189*slcm))

30 5*10^5 73 33 8956 202 56 1873 595 246 260 108

0.897 0.555 0.876 0.866 0.945 0.97 0.994 0.86 0.962 0.979

cw=0.37*dw cw=0.387*dw cw=0.289*dw cw=0.5019*dw cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.362*dw cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.411*dw cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww

4,5,6 51 4,5 35,36 1,37,38 37,40 37,40 39,41,45 37,38,45 39,41,45 37,39,45 37,39,45

Ctenophores Cnidarians Tunicates Polychaetes Echinoderm Molluscs Fish eggs Unidentified Fish Acanthuridae Naso sp. Apogonidae Rhinecanthus sp. Blenniidae Bothus sp. Engyprosopon sp.

1103 131 157 52

Species

Group

Conversion 1

N

R2

Conversion 2

References

Bregmaceros sp. Coryphaens sp. Isistius brasiliensis Engraulidae Coccorella atlantica Fistularia corneta Gempylidae Gobiidae Gonostomatidae Howella sp. Labridae Leptocephalus Lutjaniade Malacosteidae Melamphaidae Mulidae Myctophidae Cubiceps sp. Brotulotaenia sp. Opisthoproctus soleatus Rhynchohyalus natalensis Paralepididae Phosichthyidae Pomacanthidae Tuna Scorpaenidae Serrivomer sp. Argyropelecus spp. Danaphos spp. Sternoptyx spp.

Bregmacerotidae Coryphaenidae Dalatiidae

ln(wwg) = ln(0.0143) + 3.143(ln(1.312*slcm)) log10wwlbs=-4.1966+2.711(log10((slcm+1.37)/0.92)) wwg=0.00363*((slmm/10)*1.164)3.12

64

0.945 -

cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww

37,42,45 37,43,44 37,45

Engraulidae Evermannellidae

wwg=(6.3*10-6)*(slmm*1.17786)3.125 Individual measured

2550

0.96 -

cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.091*ww

37,50 37

Fistulariidae Gempylidae Gobiidae Gonostomatidae Howellidae Labridae Leptocephalus Lutjaniade Malacosteidae Melamphaidae Mullidae Myctophidae Nomeidae Ophidiidae Opisthoproctidae

wwg=0.017(slcm/0.884)1.855 wwg=0.00073*(((slmm/10)*1.094)^3) ln(wwg)=ln(0.0264)+2.623(ln(1.229*slcm)) log10(wwmg)=2.945(log10(slmm))-5.282 Individual measured ln(wwg)=ln(0.0107)+3.178(1.17*slcm)) log10(dwmg)=1.857(log10(slmm))-1.877 wwg=0.018(slcm/1.187)2.895 wwg=0.0226*(slcm*1.065)2.58 log10(wwmg)=3.259(log10(slmm))-2.164 ln(wwg)=ln(0.0114)+3.211(ln(1.069*slcm)) log10(wwmg)= 2.902 x log10(slmm) – 1.797 wwg=0.0122*(1.186*(slmm/10))2.949 wwg=0.01*(slmm/10)3.04 log10(wwmg)=2.16(log10(slmm))-0.025

0.693 0.951 0.902 0.693 0.995 0.982 0.981 0.935 0.771

cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.406*dw cw=0.053*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.036*ww cw=0.039*ww cw=0.406*dw cw=0.092*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0525*ww cw=0.0525*ww

37,47 37,45 39,41,45 37,46 37 37,39 1,37 37,47 37,45,48 37,46 39,41 37,46 37,45 38,45 1,37

Opisthoproctidae

Individual measured

-

cw=0.0525*ww

1,37

Paralepididae Phosichthyidae Pomacanthidae Scombridae Scorpaenidae Serrivomeridae Sternoptychidae

ln(wwg)=ln(2.0*10-6) + 2.824(ln(slmm*1.0482)) log10(wwmg) = 4.036 x log10(slmm) – 3.418 ln(wwg)=ln(0.0745) + 2.577*(ln((slcm-0.0824)/0.766)) wwg=0.00179 x slcm3.846 ln (wwg)=ln(0.0246)+2.908 x ln(1.24 x slcm) wwg=0.000001 x (slcm)4.45 log10(wwmg) = 2.95 x log10(slmm) – 1.52

104 29 210 89 140 344 109

0.957 0.928 0.98 0.934 0.984 0.98

cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.4509*dw cw=0.06*ww

37,42,45 37,46 37,39 37,49 37,39 2,48 37,46

Sternoptychidae Sternoptychidae

log10(wwmg) = 3.515 x log10(slmm) – 2.901 log10(wwmg) = 2.877 x log10(slmm) – 1.08

109 21

0.96 0.969

cw=0.084*ww cw=0.056*ww

37,46 37,46

296 111

25 1359 27 55 53 506 28

Species

Group

Conversion 1

N

R2

Conversion 2

References

Valenciennellus sp. Stomiidae Synodontidae Benthodesmus sp. Zanclus cornutus

Sternoptychidae

log10(wwmg) = 2.757 x log10(slmm) – 1.3

109

0.7

cw=0.067*ww

37,46

Stomiidae Synodontidae Trichiuridae Zanclidae

log10(wwmg) = 2.52 x log10(slmm) – 1.593 wwg =0.012 x (slcm/1.131)2.749 log10(wwg) = 3.23 x log10(slcm) – 2.189 log10(wwg) = ln(0.0147) + 3.370 x ln(1.1795 x sl cm)

39 1011 82 11

0.955 0.977 0.952 0.985

cw=0.046*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww cw=0.0847*ww

37,46 37,47 1,37 37,39,45

References: 1 Individual measurements in lab 2 Villanueva and Guerra, (1991) 3 Lindsay (2003) 4 Kiørboe (2013) 5 Mizdalski (1988) 6 Uye (1982) 7 Ara (2001) 8 Cohen and Lough (1981) 9 Newbury and Bartholomew (1976) 10 Breteler and Gonzalez (1982) 11 Purcell (1981) 12 Podeswa (2012) 13 Strong and Dabron (1979) 14 Defeo and Martinez (2003) 15 Cowles and Childress (1988) 16 Lill et al., (2012) 17 Durbin and Durbin (1978)

18

35

19

36

Hygum et al., (2000) Klein Breteler and Gonzalez (1982) 20 Hay et al., (1988) 21 Tanskanen (1994) 22 Uye (1983) 23 Grant et al., (1983) 24 Kaeryama and Ikeda (2002) 25 Blanco et al., (1994) 26 Reddy and Shanbhogue (1994) 27 Feigenbaum (1979) 28 Lavaniegos and Ohman (2007) 29 Reeve (1980) 30 Bailey et al., (1994) 31 Kasuya et al., (2000) 32 Haddad and Nogueira (2006) 33 Uye and Shimauchi (2005) 34 Madin and Purcell (1992)

Robertson and Collin (2015) Yufera et al., (1989) 37 Childress et al., (1990) 38 Crabtree (1995) 39 Kulbicki et al., (2005) 40 Longenecker and Langston (2008) 41 Ikeda et al., (2011) 42 Bernardes and Rossi-Wongtschowski (2000) 43 Tester and Nakamura (1958) 44 Rivera and Appledorn (2000) 45 Froese et al., (2014) 46 Davison (2011) 47 Nieto-Navarro et al., (2010) 48 Alpoim et al., (2002) 49 Kaji et al., (1999) 50 Maack and George (1999) 51 All LWR from this study

a) Daytime mesopelagic

b)

Nighttime epipelagic

c) Nighttime mesopelagic Figure A-1. log10 average abundance (ind. m2) against log10 length (mm) regression diagnostics (Residuals vs. Fitted, Q-Q Plot, Scale-Location, and Residuals vs. Leverage) using R statistical software (R Core Team, 2016) for the a) daytime mesopelagic, b) nighttime epipelagic, and c) nighttime mesopelagic.

Table A-3. Testing the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance for ANOVA and ANCOVA length specific abundance distribution. Statistically significant p-values (α = 0.05) are bold and represent violations of the respective assumptions. No replicates were available for the nighttime mesopelagic. Time/depth Test W-value K-squared F-value ANOVA Daytime mesopelagic 3.69 Levene’s test for Nighttime epipelagic 1.14 homogeneity of Nighttime mesopelagic variance 0.72 Daytime mesopelagic 0.93 Shapiro-Wilks test Nighttime epipelagic 0.94 for normality Nighttime mesopelagic 0.96 Length specific abundance distribution (20 – 100 mm) – comparison across gears Daytime mesopelagic Bartlett’s test for 1.41 Nighttime epipelagic homogeneity of 0.18 Nighttime mesopelagic variance 2.36 Daytime mesopelagic 0.95 Shapiro-Wilks test Nighttime epipelagic 0.97 for normality Nighttime mesopelagic 0.93 Reconstruction of length specific abundance distribution – comparison across gears 1mm size bin Daytime mesopelagic 0.0007 Bartlett’s test for Nighttime epipelagic homogeneity of 0.30 variance Nighttime mesopelagic 0.008 Daytime mesopelagic 0.98 Shapiro-Wilks test Nighttime epipelagic 0.98 for normality Nighttime mesopelagic 0.97 5 mm size bin Daytime mesopelagic 0.02 Bartlett’s test for Nighttime epipelagic homogeneity of 0.37 variance Nighttime mesopelagic 0.63 Daytime mesopelagic 0.98 Shapiro-Wilks test Nighttime epipelagic 0.96 for normality Nighttime mesopelagic 0.99 10 mm size bin Daytime mesopelagic 0.16 Bartlett’s test for Nighttime epipelagic homogeneity of 0.64 variance Nighttime mesopelagic 0.88 Daytime mesopelagic 0.95 Shapiro-Wilks test Nighttime epipelagic 0.93 for normality Nighttime mesopelagic 0.96 -

DF

p-value

2, 15 2, 27 2, 2 -

0.05 0.33 0.58 0.16 0.09 0.78

2 2 2 -

0.49 0.91 0.31