Appendix I. Annotated checklist of the sharks, rays ...

Appendix I. Annotated checklist of the sharks, rays and chimaeras formally recorded and expected to occur in Costa Rican waters. The checklist is arranged phylogenetically at the subclass, order and family levels following Eschmeyer & Fong (2017). Genera and species within each family are arranged in alphabetical order. Number of orders (O), families (F), genera (G) and species (S) are indicated in each more inclusive group (Subclass, Order and Family), when appropriate. For each species listed below the following informations are provided: valid scientific name with author(s) and year of description, following Eschmeyer et al. (2017); popular, technical and/or vernacular names in English (En) and Spanish (Sp), when available, following Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassell (2015) and Froese & Pauly (2017); current known geographical distribution, depth range and habitat use [i.e. Marine (M), Brackish (B) or Freshwater (F); Inshore (I) or Offshore (O); vertical distribution: Su (Surface), Wc (Water column) or Bo (Bottom); Pelagic (Pe) or Demersal (De); and substrate use: Re (Reef), Sg (Sand and gravel) or Mu (Mud)], following Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassell (2015), Weigmann (2016) and Froese & Pauly (2017); conservation status, according to IUCN (2017); and relevant literature [i.e. those relatively recent references arbitrarily considered by us to have taxonomic and/or distributional value by providing short diagnosis, identification keys, illustrations and/or distributional (geographical and depth) information, not mere usage of the specific names]. Species formally recorded in the literature and/or with voucher specimens collected in Costa Rican waters are marked with an asterisk (*) before the respective species name. Elasmobranchii 11 O, 36 F, 67 G, 120 S Hexanchiformes 1 F, 2 G, 3 S Hexanchidae 2 G, 3 S Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre 1788). Sharpnose sevengill shark (En); Cañabota bocadulce, Tiburón de siete branquias (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from northern Chile; in the Western Atlantic reported from North Carolina (USA) to central Argentina; 0–1000 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre 1788). Bluntnose sixgill shark (En); Tiburón de seis branquias, Cañabota gris (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from Alaska (USA) to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from North Carolina (USA) to central Argentina; 0–2500 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Hexanchus vitulus Springer & Waller 1969. Bigeye sixgill shark (En); Cazón de seis branquias, Cañabota ojigrande, Marrajo ojigrande (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–600 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Heterodontiformes 1 F, 1 G, 3 S Heterodontidae 1 G, 3 S *Heterodontus francisci (Girard 1855). Horn shark, Pacific horn shark (En); Tiburón cornudo dormilón, Tiburón puerco (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from California (USA) to northern Peru; 1–150 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Heterodontus mexicanus Taylor & Castro-Aguirre 1972. Mexican horn shark (En); Dormilón búfalo, Cornudo mejicano, Tiburón perro (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Baja California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 1–50 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Heterodontus quoyi (Fréminville 1840). Galapagos bullhead shark (En); Dormilón de Galápagos, Tiburón gato (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) to northern Peru; 3–40 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Orectolobiformes 2 F, 2 G, 3 S Rhincodontidae 1 G, 1 S *Rhincodon typus Smith 1828. Whale shark (En); Tiburón ballena (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; throughout the Eastern Pacific and the Western Atlantic Oceans; 0–700 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN); appendix II (CITES). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Ginglymostomatidae 1 G, 2 S *Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre 1778). Atlantic nurse shark (En); Tiburón gata del Atlántico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Rhode Island (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–130 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References:

Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Ginglymostoma unami Del Moral-Flores, Ramírez-Antonio, Angulo & Pérez-Ponce de León 2015. Pacific nurse shark (En); Tiburón gata del Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Mexico to northern Peru; 0–130 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Del Moral-Flores et al. (2015), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Lamniformes 4 F, 5 G, 7 S Odontaspididae 1 G, 1 S *Odontaspis ferox (Risso 1810). Bumpytail ragged-tooth shark, Ragged-tooth shark, Smalltooth sandtiger shark (En); Tiburón dientes de perro, Tiburón solrayo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to the Gulf of California (Mexico), and in the Malpelo (Colombia) and Cocos (Costa Rica) Islands; in the Western Atlantic reported from North Carolina (USA) to Brazil, excluding the Caribbean Sea; 10–530 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De; Re. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Pseudocarchariidae 1 G, 1 S *Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Matsubara 1936). Crocodile shark (En); Tiburón cocodrilo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from El Salvador to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from Virginia (USA) to southern Brazil, excluding the Gulf of Mexico; 0–590 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Alopiidae 1 G, 3 S *Alopias pelagicus Nakamura 1935. Pelagic thresher (En); Tiburón zorro pelágico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Indo-Pacific Ocean, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from central California (USA) to Ecuador; 0–700 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016).

*Alopias superciliosus Lowe 1841. Bigeye thresher (En); Tiburón zorro ojón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to central Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from North Carolina (USA) to Uruguay, excluding the Caribbean Sea; 0–723 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre 1788). Thintail thresher (En); Tiburón zorro común, Tiburón zorro de cola delgada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern Canada to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic reported from Maine (USA) to Sao Paulo (Brazil), excluding the Caribbean Sea; 0–550 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Lamnidae 2 G, 2 S Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus 1758). Great white shark, White shark (En); Tiburón blanco, Jaquetón blanco (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from Alaska (USA) to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic reported from Newfoundland (Canada) to northwestern Cuba; 0– 1280 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe; Re. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN); appendix II (CITES). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque 1810. Shortfin mako (En); Marrajo dientudo, Tiburón mako (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from California (USA) to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic reported from Maine (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–740 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhiniformes 5 F, 14 G, 52 S Pentanchidae 3 G, 10 S Apristurus brunneus (Gilbert 1892). Brown catshark (En); Gato marrón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from British Columbia (Canada) to northern Peru; 33–1306 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu.

Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995) and Weigmann (2016). Apristurus canutus Springer & Heemstra 1979. Hoary catshark (En); Gato cano (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to eastern Venezuela; 500–1000 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Apristurus kampae Taylor 1972. Longnose catshark (En); Gato trompudo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern California (USA) to Ecuador; 50–1888 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995) and Weigmann (2016). Apristurus laurussonii (Saemundsson 1922). Iceland catshark (En); Gato de Islandia (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from Nova Scotia (Canada) to western Venezuela; 560–2060 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). *Apristurus nasutus de Buen 1959. Largenose catshark (En); Tiburón negro narigón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to central Chile; 400–1000 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Angulo (2014) and Weigmann (2016). Apristurus parvipinnis Springer & Heemstra 1979. Smallfin catshark (En); Gato mocho (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to French Guiana; 600–1380 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Apristurus riveri Bigelow & Schroeder 1944. Broadgill catshark (En); Gato agallón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Nova Scotia (Canada) to Suriname; 622–1500 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). *Cephalurus cephalus (Gilbert 1892). Lollipop catshark (En); Tiburón renacuajo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Baja California and the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) to central Chile; 155–927 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995) and Weigmann (2016).

Galeus arae (Nichols 1927). Roughtail catshark (En); Gato manchado, Pintarroja rabolija (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to Saint Kitts and Nevis; 250–750 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Galeus cadenati Springer 1966. Longfin sawtail catshark (En); Gato cola larga (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Panama to eastern Venezuela; 262–549 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Scyliorhinidae 2 G, 4 S Schroederichthys maculatus Springer 1966. Narrowtail catshark (En); Gato cola corta (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Honduras to Colombia; 190–412 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Scyliorhinus boa Goode & Bean 1896. Boa catshark (En); Alitán boa (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Bahamas and Honduras to Barbados; 329–676 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009) and Weigmann (2016). Scyliorhinus hesperius Springer 1966. Whitesaddled catshark (En); Alitán ensillado (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Honduras to Colombia; 274–457 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009) and Weigmann (2016). Scyliorhinus retifer Garman 1881. Chain catshark, Chain dogfish (En); Alitán mallero (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Massachusetts (USA) to Venezuela; 36–754 m depth; M; I, O; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Triakidae 1 G, 6 S Mustelus canis Mitchill 1815. Dusky smooth-hound, Smooth dogfish (En); Musola dentuda, Cazón dientón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from southern Canada to Uruguay; 0–800 m depth; M, B; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016).

*Mustelus dorsalis Gill 1864. Sharptooth smoothhound (En); Musola blanca, Tiburón cazón tripa, Tiburón mamón enano (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 20–200 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Mustelus henlei (Gill 1863). Brown smoothhound (En); Tiburón cazón hilacho, Musola parda (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from California (USA) to northern Peru; 0–281 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Mustelus lunulatus Jordan & Gilbert 1882. Sicklefin smoothhound (En); Tiburón cazón segador, Tiburón mamón común, Musola segadora (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from California (USA) to northern Peru; 10–2000 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Mustelus norrisi Springer 1939. Florida smoothhound, Narrow smooth-hound (En); Cazón viuda, Musola viuda (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) to southern Brazil; 1–100 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Mustelus whitneyi Chirichigno F. 1973. Humpback smoothhound (En); Musola prieta (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Panama to central Chile; 15–210 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinidae 7 G, 26 S Carcharhinus acronotus (Poey 1860). Blacknose shark (En); Tiburón amarillo, Tiburón canguay, Tiburón limón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to Uruguay; 9–64 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Rüppell 1837). Silvertip shark (En); Tiburón punta blanca, Tiburón puntas blancas (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Indo-Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Ecuador; 0–800 m depth; M; I; Su, Wc; Pe; Re. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016).

*Carcharhinus altimus (Springer 1950). Bignose shark (En); Tiburón baboso, Tiburón narizón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Florida (USA) to southern Brazil; 25–810 m depth; M, B; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther 1870). Bronze whaler shark, Copper shark, Narrowtooth shark (En); Tiburón cobrizo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from central Brazil to southern Argentina; 0–360 m depth; M, B; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinus brevipinna (Valenciennes 1839). Spinner shark (En); Tiburón curro, Tiburón negra (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters, except in the Eastern Pacific Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported Delawere (USA) to Uruguay; 0–200 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus cerdale Gilbert 1898. Pacific smalltail shark (En); Tiburón de cuero duro del Pacífico, Tiburón poroso Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 5–40 m depth; M, B; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron 1839). Silky shark (En); Tiburón jaquetón, Tiburón piloto (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from Massachusetts (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–520 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Near threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass & Helle 1905). Galapagos shark (En); Tiburón de Galápagos (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from Bermuda (UK) and Florida (USA) to Puerto

Rico (USA); 0–180 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Near threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinus isodon (Müller & Henle 1839). Finetooth shark (En); Tiburón dentiliso, Galano dientefino (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–20 m depth; M; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus leucas (Muller & Henle 1839). Bull shark (En); Tiburón toro, Tiburón sarda (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from California (USA) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from Massachusetts (USA) to central Argentina; 0–150 m depth; M, B, F; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Near threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing (1998), Bussing & López (2009), Angulo et al. (2013), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes 1839). Blacktip shark (En); Tiburón aleta negra, Tiburón macuira, Tiburón volador (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from California (USA) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from Nova Scotia (Canada) to southern Brazil; 0–64 m depth; M, B; I, O; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Near threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey 1861). Oceanic whitetip shark (En); Tiburón aleta blanca, Tiburón oceánico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from Baja California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from New Jersey (USA) to Uruguay; 0–200 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Blacktip reef shark (En); Tiburón puntinegra arrecifal (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Indo-Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean vagrant at Cocos Island (Costa Rica); 0–75 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg.

Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur 1818). Dusky shark (En); Tiburón arenero, Tiburón gambuso, Tiburón oscuro (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) and the Gulf of California (Mexico); in the Western Atlantic reported from Massachusetts (USA) to Uruguay; 0–400 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinus perezii (Poey 1876). Caribbean reef shark (En); Tiburón coralino, Cabeza dura (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Bahamas and Florida (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–65 m depth; M; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo 1827). Sandbar shark (En); Tiburón aleta de cartón, Tiburón trozo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropicaland subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Revillagigedo (Mexico) and Galapagos (Ecuador) Islands; in the Western Atlantic reported from Massachusetts (USA) to central Argentina; 0–1800 m depth; M, B; I, O; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani 1839). Atlantic smalltail shark (En); Tiburón de cuero duro, Tiburón poroso (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlanti Ocean c, from Florida (USA) to Uruguay; 0–36 m depth; M, B; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Carcharhinus signatus (Poey 1868). Night shark (En); Tiburón nocturno (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from Delawere (USA) to central Argentina; 0–600 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur 1822). Tiger shark (En); Tiburón tigre, Tiburón tintorera (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to central Peru; in the Western Atlantic reported from Massachusetts (USA) to Uruguay; 0–800 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur

in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Nasolamia velox (Gilbert 1898). Whitenose shark (En); Tiburón cazón pico blanco, Tiburón coyotito, Cazón trompa blanca, Tiburón zapato (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California and the Guf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 15–192 m depth; M; I; Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Negaprion brevirostris (Poey 1868). Lemon shark (En); Tiburón galano, Cazón limón, Tiburón limón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic Oceans; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from New Jersey (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–92 m depth; M, B; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Prionace glauca (Linnaeus 1758). Blue shark (En); Tiburón azul (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from southern Canada to Argentina; 0–1000 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Valenciennes 1839). Brazilian sharpnose shark (En); Cazón picudo chino (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Honduras to Uruguay; 3–70 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Rhizoprionodon longurio (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Pacific sharpnose shark (En); Tiburón cazón bironche, Cazón picudo del Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from California (USA) to northern Peru; 0–100 m depth; M, B; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009) and Weigmann (2016). Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey 1861). Caribbean sharpnose shark (En); Cazón antillano, Cazón picudo antillano (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Bahamas, excluding the Gulf of Mexico, to Uruguay; 0–500 m depth; M, B, F; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu.

Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell 1837). Whitetip reef shark (En); Tiburón cazón coralero trompacorta, Puntiblanco de arrecife (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Indo-Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Colombia; 1–330 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009) and Weigmann (2016). Sphyrnidae 1 G, 6 S *Sphyrna corona Springer 1940. Mallethead shark, Scalloped bonnethead shark, Scalloped Bonnethead (En); Tiburón cornuda blanca, Cornuda coronada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 0–100 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Scalloped hammerhead, Scalloped hammerhead shark (En); Cornuda cachona, Tiburón cornuda común (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from southern Canada to southern Brazil; 0–1000 m depth; M, B; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN); appendix II (CITES). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Sphyrna media Springer 1940. Scoophead shark, the Scoophead (En); Tiburón cornuda cuchara (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic Oceans; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Panama to Brazil; 0–100 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837). Great hammerhead, Great hammerhead shark (En); Tiburón cornuda gigante (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from North Carolina (USA) to Uruguay; 1–300 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN); appendix II (CITES). References:

Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus 1758). Common bonnethead shark (En); Tiburón cornuda cabeza de pala, Cabeza de pala, Cornuda tiburo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic Oceans; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from North Carolina (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–80 m depth; M, B; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Smooth hammerhead shark, Smooth hammerhead (En); Tiburón cornuda prieta, Cornuda cruz (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from central California (USA) to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from southern Canada to central Argentina; 0–200 m depth; M; I, O; Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN); appendix II (CITES). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Squaliformes 5 F, 7 G, 15 S Dalatiidae 1 G, 1 S Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Cookiecutter shark (En); Tollo cigarro (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, from mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Galapagos Island (Ecuador); in the Western Atlantic reported from Bahamas to southern Brazil; 0–3700 m depth; M; O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Compagno (2002), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Etmopteridae 2 G, 9 S *Centroscyllium nigrum Garman 1899. Combtooth dogfish (En); Tollo negro (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from California (USA) to central Chile; 269–1170 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009) and Weigmann (2016). *Etmopterus benchleyi Vásquez, Ebert & Long 2015. Ninja lanternshark (En); Tollo ninja (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Nicaragua to Panama; 836–1443 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Vásquez et al. (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Etmopterus bigelowi Shirai & Tachikawa 1993. Blurred smooth lanternshark (En); Tollo lucero liso (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters, except in the Eastern Pacific Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported Texas (USA) to northern Argentina; 163–1000 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Etmopterus bullisi Bigelow & Schroeder 1957. Lined lanternshark (En); Tollo lucero rayado (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Virginia (USA) to Dominica; 250–850 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Etmopterus gracilispinis Krefft 1968. Broadbanded lanternshark (En); Tollo lucero bandeado (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from Nova Scotia (canada) to central Argentina; 70–1000 m depth; M; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Etmopterus granulosus (Günther 1880). Southern lanternshark (En); Tollo negro narigon (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic Oceans; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from Costa Rica to southern Chile; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from central Argentina; 220–1620 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Weigmann (2016). Etmopterus robinsi Schofield & Burgess 1997. West Indian lanternshark (En); Tollo lucero de las Indias Occidentales (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to Antigua and Barbuda; 400–800 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Etmopterus schultzi Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer 1953. Fringefin lanternshark (En); Tollo lucero franjeado (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to French Guiana; 200–1000 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Etmopterus virens Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer 1953. Green lanternshark (En); Tollo lucero verde (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to Guyana; 100–1000 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status:

Least concern (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Centrophoridae 2 G, 2 S Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Gulper shark (En); Galludo manchado, Quelvacho (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters, except in the Eastern Pacific Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from Florida (USA) to eastern Venezuela and Granada; 50–1700 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Deania calcea (Lowe 1839). Birdbeak dogfish (En); Tollo pajarito (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal mainly in tropical and temperate waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from Nicaragua to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Florida (USA) Colombia; 60–1490 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Weigmann (2016). Squalidae 1 G, 2 S Squalus cubensis Rivero 1936. Cuban dogfish (En); Cazón aguijón cubano, Galludo cubano (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to central Argentina; 60–710 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder 1903. Shortspine dogfish (En); Cazón agujón galludo, Galludo espinilla (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Probably circumglobal, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Desventuradas and Juan Fernández Islands (Chile); in the Western Atlantic reported from North Carolina (USA) to central Argentina; 0–954 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Echinorhinidae 1 G, 1 S *Echinorhinus cookei Pietschmann 1928. Prickly shark (En); Tiburón espinoso negro, Tiburón negro espinoso (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from central California (USA) to central Chile; 10–1100 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Angulo (2014), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Squatiniformes 1 F, 1 G, 3 S Squatinidae 1 G, 3 S

*Squatina armata (Philippi 1887). South Pacific angel shark (En); (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Costa Rica to central Chile; 3–200 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Squatina californica Ayres 1859. Pacific angel shark (En); Tiburón angelote del Pacífico, Pez ángel del Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Alaska (USA) to central Chile; 1–205 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: Compagno et al. (1995), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Squatina dumeril Lesueur 1818. Atlantic angel shark (En); Tiburón ángel, Angelote del Atlántico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Main (USA) to eastern Venezuela; 1–1375 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Compagno (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Torpediniformes 2 F, 4 G, 11 S Narcinidae 2 G, 7 S Diplobatis colombiensis Fechhelm & McEachran 1984. Colombian electric ray (En); Raya eléctrica colombiana (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Colombia; 30–100 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Diplobatis guamachensis Martín Salazar 1957. Brownband numbfish (En); Raya eléctrica barrada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Colombia to eastern Venezuela; 30–183 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Diplobatis ommata (Jordan & Gilbert 1890). Bullseye electric ray, Ocellated electric ray, Target electric ray (En); Raya eléctrica diana, Raya eléctrica ocelada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 0–280 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995c), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Diplobatis picta Palmer 1950. Variegated electric ray (En); Raya eléctrica abarrigada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Colombia to northern Brazil; 2–130 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016).

*Narcine bancroftii Griffith & Smith 1834. Bancroft’s numbfish, Lesser electric ray (En); Torpedo brasileño, Raya eléctrica torpedo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to northeastern Brazil; 0–43 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Critically endangered (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Narcine entemedor Jordan & Starks 1895. Cortez electric ray, Giant electric ray, Lesser electric ray (En); Raya eléctrica común, Raya eléctrica gigante (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 1–100 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995c), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Narcine vermiculatus Breder 1928. Vermiculate electric-ray (En); Raya eléctrica rayada, Raya eléctrica vermiculada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Colombia; 0–100 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995c), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Torpedinidae 2 G, 4 S Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Atlantic torpedo (En); Torpedo del Atlántico, Tremolina negra (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from Nova Scotia (Canada) to southern Brazil; 0–800 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Tetronarce peruana (Chirichigno F. 1963). Peruvian torpedo (En); Torpedo peruano (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Costa Rica to northern Peru; 24–513 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959). Chilean torpedo (En); Torpedo chilena (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Costa Rica to central Chile; 0–700 m depth; M; I, O; Wc, Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995h), Angulo (2014) and Weigmann (2016). Torpedo andersoni Bullis 1962. Florida torpedo (En); Torpedo de Florida, Tremolina de Florida (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA), Cuba and Quintana Roo (Mexico) to Anguilla (UK); 11–229 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Weigmann (2016).

Rhinopristiformes 3 F, 3 G, 9 S Trygonorrhinidae 1 G, 2 S *Zapteryx exasperata (Jordan & Gilbert 1880). Banded guitarfish (En); Guitarra diablo, Guitarra rayada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern California (USA) to northern Peru; 0–280 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995f), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Zapteryx xyster Jordan & Evermann 1896. Witch guitarfish (En); Guitarra bruja (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 0–25 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Rhinobatidae 1 G, 5 S *Pseudobatos glaucostigma (Jordan & Gilbert 1883). Slaty-spotted guitarfish, Speckled guitarfish (En); Guitarra punteada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Ecuador; 1–112 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995f), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Pseudobatos leucorhynchus (Günther 1867). Whitenose guitarfish, Whitesnout guitarfish (En); Guitarra trompa blanca (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 0–64 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995f), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum 1792). Chola guitarfish (En); Guitarra chola (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from Cuba to northern Argentina; 0–110 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009) and Weigmann (2016). *Pseudobatos planiceps (Garman 1880). Flathead guitarfish, Pacific guitarfish (En); Guitarra del Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Mexico to central Chile; 0–50 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Pseudobatos prahli (Acero P. & Franke 1995). Gorgona guitarfish (En); Guitarra hocico negro (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Mexico to northern Peru; 15–70 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Pristidae 1 G, 2 S *Pristis pectinata Latham 1794. Smalltooth sawfish (En); Pez sierra, Pejepeine (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic and southwest Indian Oceans; in the Western Atlantic reported from North Carolina (USA) to central Argentina; 0–65 m depth; M, B, F; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Critically endangered (IUCN); appendix I (CITES). References: Bussing (1998), McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Angulo et al. (2013), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Pristis pristis (Linnaeus 1758). Largetooth sawfish (En); Pez sierra común, Pez sierra dientes grandes, Pez serrucho dientes grandes (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern Baja California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Florida (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–10 m depth; M, B, F; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Distribution in Costa Rica: Known to occur in both Pacific and Caribbean coasts. Conservation status: Critically endangered (IUCN); appendix I (CITES). References: McEachran (1995d), Bussing (1998), McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Angulo et al. (2013), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Rajiformes 4 F, 15 G, 28 S Rajidae 8 G, 18 S *Amblyraja badia (Garman 1899). Broad skate (En); Raya ancha (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from British Columbia (Canada) to Panama; 1061–2322 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995e), Bussing & López (2009). Beringraja cortezensis (McEachran & Miyake 1988). Cortez skate, Cortez ray (En); Raya de Cortés (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Panama; 15–90 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995e), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Breviraja mouldi McEachran & Matheson 1995. Blacknose skate, Mould’s shortskate (En); Raya de nariz negra (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Honduras to Panama; 353–776 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Breviraja nigriventralis McEachran & Matheson 1995. Blackbelly skate (En); Raya de vientre negro (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Panama to French Guiana; 304–776 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Dactylobatus armatus Bean & Weed 1909. Skilletskate, Armed fingerskate. (En); Raya sartén, Raya dedo armado (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from South Carolina (USA) to southern Brazil; 300–900 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Dactylobatus clarkii Bigelow & Schroeder 1958. Hookskate, Clark’s fingerskate (En); Raya gancho (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to southern Brazil; 298–1000 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Dipturus bullisi Bigelow & Schroeder 1962. Bullis skate (En); Raya de Bullis (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to French Guiana; 183–600 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Dipturus garricki Bigelow & Schroeder 1958. San Blas skate, Garrick’s wingedskate. (En); Raya alada de Garrick (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from New Jersey (USA) to Colombia; 275–476 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Dipturus purpuriventralis (Bigelow & Schroeder 1962). Purplebelly skate, Purplebottomed smallskate (En); Raya de vientre púrpura (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) and Yucatán (Mexico) to French Guiana; 732–2010 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Dipturus teevani (Bigelow & Schroeder 1951). Plain pygmy skate, Ishiyama’s windowskate (En); Raya piel de lija, Raya marrón espinosa (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from New Jersey (USA) to French Guiana; 311–940 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Leucoraja garmani (Whitley 1939). Rosette skate (En); Raya Garman (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Main (USA) to eastern Venezuela; 37–530 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least

concern (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Leucoraja lentiginosa (Bigelow & Schroeder 1951). Freckled skate (En); Raya con pecas (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to Nicaragua; 53–588 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Leucoraja yucatanensis (Bigelow & Schroeder 1950). Yucatan skate (En); Raya de Yucatán (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Quintana Roo (Mexico) to Honduras; 192–457 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Weigmann (2016). Rajella fuliginea (Bigelow & Schroeder 1954). Sooty skate (En); Raya hollín (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) and Yucatán (Mexico) to western Venezuela and Dominica; 731–1280 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Rostroraja ackleyi (Garman 1881). Ocellate skate (En); Raya ocelada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Georgia (USA) to Quintana Roo (Mexico); 32–384 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Rostroraja cervigoni (Bigelow & Schroeder 1964). Finspot skate (En); Raya espinosa (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Colombia to Suriname; 30–180 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Rostroraja equatorialis (Jordan & Bollman 1890). Equatorial skate, Tropical skate (En); Raya bruja, Raya ecuatorial (Sp). References: Bussing & López (2009). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 20–200 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995e), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Rostroraja velezi (Chirichigno F. 1973). Foureyed skate, Rasptail skate, Velez's skate, Witch skate (En); Raya bruja de dos manchas, Raya chillona, Raya de Velez (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 35–300 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995e), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016).

Arhynchobatidae 3 G, 3 S *Bathyraja spinosissima (Beebe & Tee-Van 1941). Spiny skate (En); Raya blanca (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern Oregon (USA) to Ecuador; 550–2938 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995e), Angulo (2014) and Weigmann (2016). *Notoraja martinezi Concha, Ebert & Long 2016. Barbedwire-tailed skate (En); Raya cola de alambre de púas (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Costa Rica to Ecuador; 1256–1472 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Weigmann (2016). Pseudoraja fischeri Bigelow & Schroeder 1954. Fanfin skate, Fischer’s falseskate (En); Raya aleta abanico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) and Yucatán (Mexico) to Dominica; 412–576 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Anacanthobatidae 1 G, 1 S Schroederobatis americana (Bigelow & Schroeder 1962). American legskate (En); Raya americana (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Texas (USA) to French Guiana; 183–915 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Gurgesiellidae 3 G, 6 S Cruriraja poeyi Bigelow & Schroeder 1948. Cuban leg skate, Poey’s limbedskate. (En); Raya cubana (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to Colombia and Dominica; 366–870 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Cruriraja rugosa Bigelow & Schroeder 1948. Rough leg skate, Wrinkled limbedskate. (En); Raya de pierna áspera (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Massachusetts (USA) to Bahia (Brazil); 251–1007 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016). Fenestraja ishiyamai (Bigelow & Schroeder 1962). Plain pygmy skate, Ishiyama’s windowskate (En); Raya enana llana (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to Nicaragua; 400–1000 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016) *Fenestraja plutonia (Garman 1881). Pluto skate, Underworld windowskate (En); Raya Pluto (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to Suriname; 293–1024 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016) Fenestraja sinusmexicanus (Bigelow & Schroeder 1950). Gulf skate, Gulf windowskate (En); Raya ventana del golfo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to western Venezuela; 56–1096 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Gurgesiella atlantica (Bigelow & Schroeder 1962). Atlantic pygmy skate, Atlantic abyssal skate (En); Raya enana del Golfo de Mexico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to Pará (Brazil); 247–960 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002) and Weigmann (2016) Myliobatiformes 8 F, 12 G, 36 S Dasyatidae 3 G, 6 S Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder 1928). Southern stingray (En); Rayalátigo americana, Raya látigo blanca (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from New Jersey (USA) to southern Brazil; 0–100 m depth; M, B, F; I; Bo; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Hypanus dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert 1880). Diamond stingray, Shortail stingray, Whiptail stingray (En); Raya látigo batana, Raya látigo común, Raya látigo diamante (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern California (USA) to northern Peru; 0–355 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Longnose stingray (En); Raya látigo del golfo, Raya-látigo hocicona, Raya máxima (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Tabasco (Mexico) and Cuba to Sao Paulo (Brazil); 0–36 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation

status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Hypanus longus (Garman 1880). Longtail stingray (En); Raya látigo coluda, Raya látigo largo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Baja California and the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) to northern Peru; 0–100 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995a), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte 1832). Blue stingray, Pelagic stingray (En); Raya látigo obispo, Raya látigo violeta (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Texas (USA) to Barbados; 0–381 m depth; M; O; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995a), McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Taeniurops meyeni (Müller & Henle 1841). Black-spotted fantail ray, Blotched fantail ray, Round ribbontail ray (En); Raya látigo manchada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Indo-Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported at Cocos (Costa Rica) and Galapagos (Ecuador) Islands; 1–500 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Potamotrygonidae 1 G, 2 S *Styracura pacifica (Beebe & Tee-Van 1941). Pacific stingray, Pacific whipray, Pacific chupare, Pacific whiptail stingray (En); Raya áspera del Pacífico, Raya coluda del Pacífico, Chupare del Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Mexico to Colombia; 0–30 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995a), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Styracura schmardae (Werner 1904). Caribbean whiptail stingray (En); Raya coluda caribeña, Chupare, Lebisa (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Tabasco (Mexico) and Bahamas to northern Brazil; 1–25 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Urotrygonidae 2 G, 11 S Urobatis jamaicensis (Cuvier 1816). Yellow stingray (En); Rayita amarilla, Rayita redonda de estero, Tembladera (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to northeastern Brazil; 1–160 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Urobatis pardalis Del Moral-Flores, Angulo, López & Bussing 2015. Leopard roudstringray (En); Raya redonda leopardo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Costa Rica to Colombia; 0–53 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Urotrygon aspidura (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Panamic stingray, Roughtail roundray, Spinytail roundray (En); Raya redonda narigona, Raya redonda panámica, Raya redonda picuda, Raya redonda rabo espinudo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Baja California and the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) to northern Peru; 5–100 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Urotrygon chilensis (Günther 1872). Blotched roundray, Chilean roundray, Thorny roundray (En); Raya redonda chilena, Raya redonda moteada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to central Chile; 1–60 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Urotrygon cimar López S. & Bussing 1998. Denticled roundray (En); Raya redonda denticulada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from central Mexico to Costa Rica; 0–85 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Urotrygon munda Gill 1863. Munda roundray, Shortfin roundray, Spiny roundray (En); Raya redonda áspera, Raya redondeada munda (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Baja California and the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) to northern Peru; 4–51 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Urotrygon nana Miyake & McEachran 1988. Dwarf roundray, Pygmy roundray (En); Raya redonda enana (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Panama; 2–15 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Urotrygon reticulata Miyake & McEachran 1988. Reticulated roundray (En); Raya redonda reticulada (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Panama to Colombia; 2– 15 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Urotrygon rogersi (Jordan & Starks 1895). Lined roundray, Roger's roundray, Thorny roundray (En); Raya redonda de púas, Raya redonda de Rogers, Raya redonda espinosa (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Baja California and the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) to Ecuador; 2–30 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Urotrygon simulatrix Miyake & McEachran 1988. Fake roundray, Stellate roundray (En); Raya redonda buhonera, Raya redonda estrellada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Panama; 2–15 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995i), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Urotrygon venezuelae Schultz 1949. Venezuelan round ray (En); Raya de Venezuela (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Colombia to eastern Venezuela; 1–30 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Gymnuridae 1 G, 3 S Gymnura crebripunctata (Peters 1869). Peruvian butterfly-ray (En); Raya mariposa Peruviana, Tuyo Peruviano (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Costa Rica to northern Peru; 1–30 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995b), Bussing & López (2009) and Weigmann (2016) *Gymnura marmorata (Cooper 1864). California butterfly-ray (En); Raya mariposa californiana, Raya mariposa de California, Tuyo de California (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern California (USA) to northern Peru; 1–94 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995b), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Smooth butterfly ray (En); Raya cola de rata, Raya mariposa menor (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from Maine (USA) to southern Brazil; 1–55 m depth; M, B; I; Bo; De; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016).

Aetobatidae 1 G, 2 S *Aetobatus laticeps (Gill 1865). Pacific bonnet ray, Pacific spotted eagle ray (En); Gavilán pintad del Pacífico, Chucho pintado del Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Ecuador; 1–80 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: McEachran & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995b), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen 1790). Bonnet ray, Spotted eagle ray (En); Gavilán pintado, Chucho pintado (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from North Carolina (USA) to southern Brazil; 1–80 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Myliobatidae 2 G, 3 S *Aetomylaeus asperrimus (Gilbert 1898). Barred eagle ray, Rough eagle ray, Roughskin bull ray (En); Raya águila áspera, Águila cueruda, Raya toro áspera (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern Baja California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 1–50 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995b), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Myliobatis freminvillei Lesueur 1824. Bullnose eagle ray (En); Chucho blanco, Águila nariz de vaca (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Massachusetts (USA) to central Argentina; 0–100 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Myliobatis goodei Garman 1885. Southern eagle ray (En); Chucho amarillo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from South Carolina (USA) to central Argentina; 1–130 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Rhinopteridae 1 G, 3 S *Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill 1815). Cownose ray (En); Gavilán cubanito, Cara de vaca, Raya gavilán mancha (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Main (USA) to central Argentina; 0–60 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status:

Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Rhinoptera brasiliensis Müller 1836. Ticon cownose ray (En); Raya gavilán ticón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina (USA) to northeastern Brazil; 0–25 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Rhinoptera steindachneri Evermann & Jenkins 1891. Golden cownose-ray, Pacific cownose-ray, the Hawkray (En); Gavilán dorado, Chucho dorado (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California and the Guf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 0–30 m depth; M, B; I; Su, Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran (1995g), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Mobulidae 1 G, 6 S *Mobula birostris (Walbaum 1792). Giant Manta (En); Manta gigante, Mantarraya, Manta voladora (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Rhode Island (USA) to Uruguay; 0–217 m depth; M, B; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN). References: McEachran & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995a), McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft 1831). Lesser devil ray (En); Manta chica (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported from New Jersey (USA) to northern Argentina; 0–100 m depth; M; I; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Mobula japanica (Müller & Henle 1841). Spinetail devil ray, Spinetail mobula (En); Manta arpón, Manta de aguijón (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Indo-Pacific Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to central Peru; 0–200 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995a), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Mobula munkiana Notarbartolo-di-Sciara 1987. Munk's mobula, Munk's devil ray, Pigmy devil ray (En); Manta chica, Manta de Munk, Manta diabla, Manta enana (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to northern Peru; 0–31 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status:

Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995a), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Mobula tarapacana (Philippi 1892). Chilean devil ray, Sicklefin devil ray (En); Manta cornuda (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern Baja California (Mexico) to central Chile; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Texas (USA) to eastern Venezuela; 0–1600 m depth; M; I; Su, Wc; Pe; Re. Distribution in Costa Rica: Confirmed records only in the Pacific coast; expected in the Caribbean coast. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: McEachran & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995a), McEachran & de Carvalho (2002), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015), Robertson & Van Tassel (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Mobula thurstoni (Lloyd 1908). Smoothtail devil ray, Smoothtail mobula (En); Diablo chupasangre, Manta doblada (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical waters, except the Western Atlantic Ocean; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to central Chile; 0–200 m depth; M; I, O; Su, Wc; Pe. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN). References: McEachran & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995a), Bussing & López (2009), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Holocephali 1 O, 2 F, 5 G, 12 S Chimaeriformes 2 F, 5 G, 12 S Chimaeridae 2 G, 7 S Chimaera cubana Howell Rivero 1936. Cuban chimaera (En); Quimera cubana (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Cuba to Dominica; 180–900 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Didier (2002) and Weigmann (2016) *Chimaera orientalis Angulo, López, Bussing & Murase 2014. Eastern Pacific black chimaera (En); Quimera negra del Pacífico oriental (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Costa Rica to Peru; 560– 1138 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Not listed (IUCN). References: Krupp & Bussing (1995), Angulo et al. (2014) and Weigmann (2016) Hydrolagus alberti Bigelow & Schroeder 1951. Gulf chimaera (En); Quimera del golfo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida (USA) to French Guiana; 328–1470 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Didier (2002) and Weigmann (2016) *Hydrolagus colliei (Lay & Bennett 1839). Spotted ghost-shark (En); Quimera manchada (Sp).

Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Alaska (USA) to Costa Rica; 0–970 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Krupp & Bussing (1995), Angulo et al. (2014), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). *Hydrolagus macrophthalmus de Buen 1959. Chilean ghost-shark, Big eye chimaera (En); Quimera chilena, Quimera ojona (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from central Mexico to central Chile; 560–1160 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Angulo et al. (2014), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Hydrolagus melanophasma James, Ebert, Long & Didier 2009. Eastern Pacific black ghost-shark (En); Quimera negra del Pacífico oriental (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Eastern Pacific Ocean, from southern California (USA) to northern Chile; 2–1720 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Angulo et al. (2014), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Rhinochimaeridae 3 G, 5 S *Harriotta raleighana Goode & Bean 1895. Longnose chimaera (En); Quimera picuda (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from southern California (USA) to central Peru; in the Western Atlantic Ocean reported from Nova Scotia (Canada) to southern Brazil; 200–2600 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Krupp & Bussing (1995), Angulo et al. (2014), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). Neoharriotta carri Bullis & Carpenter 1966. Pale sicklefin chimaera, Dwarf sicklefin chimaera (En); Quimera pálida con hocico largo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Western Atlantic Ocean, from Honduras to western Venezuela; 240–600 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Didier (2002) and Weigmann (2016) *Rhinochimaera africana Compagno, Stehmann & Ebert 1990. Paddlenose chimaera (En); Quimera pato africana (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Probably circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters in the Southeastern Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific Oceans; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from Costa Rica to central Peru; 549–1450 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Krupp & Bussing (1995), Angulo et al. (2014) and Weigmann (2016) Rhinochimaera atlantica Holt & Byrne 1909. Straightnose rabbitfish, Atlantic Spearnose chimaera; (En); Quimera con hocico largo (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Atlantic Ocean; in the Western Atlantic reported northern Canada to French Guiana; 400–1849 m depth; M; I; Wc, Bo; De, Pe; Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN). References: Didier (2002) and Weigmann (2016)

*Rhinochimaera pacifica (Mitsukuri 1895). Pacific spookfish (En); Quimera pato del Pacífico (Sp). Distribution and habitat use: Probably circumglobal, mainly in tropical and temperate waters in the Southeastern Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific Oceans; in the Eastern Pacific Ocean reported from Costa Rica to central Chile; 190–1490 m depth; M; I; Bo; De; Re, Sg, Mu. Conservation status: Data deficient (IUCN). References: Angulo et al. (2014), Robertson & Allen (2015) and Weigmann (2016). References Angulo, A., Garita-Alvarado, C.A., Bussing, W.A. & López, M.I. (2013). Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of continental and insular Costa Rica: additions and nomenclatural revisions. Check List, 9, 987–1019. Angulo, A., López, M.I., Bussing, W.A. & Murase, A. (2014). Records of chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, with the description of a new species of Chimaera (Chimaeridae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 3861, 554–574. Angulo, A. (2014). Deep-water fishes of the Pacific of Costa Rica: diversity, distribution and biogeographic relationships. MS Dissertation. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 387 pp. Bussing, W.A. (1998). Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica [Freshwater Fishes of Costa Rica. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 468 pp. Bussing W.A., López M.I. (2009). Marine Fish. In: Wehrtmann I.S., Cortés J. (eds) Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 86. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 453–458. Compagno, L.J.V. (2002). Sharks. In: Carpenter, K.E. (Ed). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Roma: FAO, pp. 357–506. Compagno, L.V.J., Krupp, F. & Schneider, W. (1995). Tiburones. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 647–744. Concha, F.J., Ebert, D.A. & Long, D.J. (2016). Notoraja martinezi sp. nov., a new species of deepwater skate and the first record from the genus Notoraja Ishiyama, 1958 (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 4098, 179–190. Del Moral-Flores, L.F., Ramírez-Antonio, E., Angulo, A. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. (2015). Ginglymostoma unami sp. nov. (Chondrichthes: Orectolobidae: Ginglomostomidae): una especie nueva de tiburón gata del Pacífico Oriental Tropical. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 86, 48–58. Didier, D.A. (2002). Chimaeras. In: Carpenter, K.E. (Ed). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of

Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Roma: FAO, pp. 591–599. Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (2017). Catalog of fishes: Genera, Species, References. Accessible at: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmai n.asp. Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fong, J.D. (2017). Species by Family/Subfamily. Accessible at: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesBy Family.asp. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2017) FishBase. Accessible at: http://fishbase.org. Krupp, F. & Bussing, W.A. (1995). Quimeras. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 793-798. McEachran, J.D. & de Carvalho, M.R. (2002). Batoid fishes. In: Carpenter, K.E. (Ed). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Roma: FAO, pp. 507–590. McEachran, J.D. (1995a). Dasyatidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 752–755 McEachran, J.D. (1995b). Gymnuridae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 756–758 McEachran, J.D. & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995a). Mobulidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 759–764 McEachran, J.D. & Notarbartolo di Sciara (1995b). Myliobatidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 765–768 McEachran, J.D. (1995c). Narcinidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 769–771 McEachran, J.D. (1995d). Pristidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 772 McEachran, J.D. (1995e). Rajidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 773–777.

McEachran, J.D. (1995f). Rhinobatidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 778–781. McEachran, J.D. (1995g). Rhinopteridae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 782–783. McEachran, J.D. (1995h). Torpedinidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 784–785. McEachran, J.D. (1995i). Urolophidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp F., Schneider W., Sommer C., Carpenter K.E. & Niem V.H. (Eds). Guía FAO para la Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados - Parte 1. Roma: FAO, pp. 786-792. Robertson, D.R. & Van Tassell, J. (2015). Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 1.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá. Accessible at: http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/pages. Robertson, D.R. & Allen, G.R. (2015). Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá. Accessible at: http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/sftep/en/pages. Vásquez, V.E., Ebert, D.A. & Long, D.J. (2015). Etmopterus benchleyi n. sp., a new lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from the central eastern Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 17, 43–55. Weigmann, S. (2016). Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology, 88, 837–1037.