Assessment capability of rangeland plants for

University of Tehran Faculty of Natural Resources Department of Arid and Mountainous Regions Reclamation

Assessment capability of rangeland plants for remediation of contaminated soils to heavy metal of Pb and Zn (Case Study: National Iranian Lead & Zinc Company)

By: Mehdi Moameri Supervisors: Dr. Mohammad Jafari Dr. Ali Tavili Advisers: Dr. Babak Motesharezadeh Dr. Mohammad Ali Zare Chahuki

A thesis submitted to the Graduate Studies Office in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D In Rangeland Science January, 2016

‫ﻣﻬﺪي ﻣﻌﻤﺮي‬

‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ در ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﺮب و روي‬

Abstract So far, few studies about the role of rangeland plants in phytoremediation of contaminated soils in rangelands and the role of natural amendements for improving phytoremediation, have been done. The purpose of this study was investigation of soil contamination to lead, zinc and cadmium in the surrounding rangelands of National Iranian Lead & Zinc FactoryZanjan and identifying suitable native plants for phytoremediation, as well. To perform this part of the research, samples of soil and aerial and underground organs of plants were collected from 22 sites in the surrounding of National Iranian Lead & Zinc Factory-Zanjan. At each site, samples of plants within 1 m2 plots were collected from central, upper and lower and soil samples from root depth were collected from the same plot. Then, extraction of soil and plants samples was done by acid digestion and concentration of Pb, Zn and Cd extracted from plant and soil samples were determined using Inductively Coupled plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy “ICP-OES”. To evaluate the potential of plants for phytoremediation; Translocation Factor (TF) and Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) were calculated. As a second step and after determining the appropriate species for phytoremediation, pot experiment was conducted. Then, the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) (0, 1 and 2%) and nano silica (NS) on absorption, transport and accumulation of Pb, Zn and Cd by Stipa hohenackeriana, Festuca arundinaceae and Medicago sativa were evaluated. To conduct this experiment soil was collected from the study area; it was transferred to the greenhouse and MSWC and NS was added to it. Then, the seed of these plants was planted in treated soil. At the end of the experiment, some of the plants morphological characteristics and soil properties were measured. In addition, the concentration of Pb, Zn and Cd in the soil and plants were determined using ICP-OES. The results of the first part showed, the concentration of Pb, Zn and Cd in aerial organs of S. hohenackeriana were higher underground organs and TF>1. Since it is also dominant in the study area and it constitute most of the plant composition of the rangelands area and have high biomass, so it selected as a proper native species for phytoremediation. The results of the greenhouse expriements showed remediation factor for Pb, Zn and Cd in MSWC 2% amended pots by S. hohenackeriana was 0.06, 0.61 and 0.95%, respectively and for F. arundinaceae was 0.11, 0.56 and 0.57%, respectively. NS 500 mg/kg led to absorption, transport and accumulation of the maximum amount of lead, zinc and cadmium by shoots and roots S. hohenackeriana and F. arundinacea, but due to excessive absorption of Pb, Zn and Cd the amount of biomass decreased and remediation factor reduced. In general, S. hohenackeriana and F. arundinaceae treated MSWC 2% have the highest efficiency for absorption, translocation and accumulation of Pb, Zn and Cd in their aerial organs and because they have good biomass, so they can be suitable candidates for phytoremediation of contaminated soils with lead, zinc and cadmium. Keywords: phytoremediation, heavy metals, rangeland plants, municipal solid waste compost, nano silica.

‫ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﺮوه اﺣﯿﺎء ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬

‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ در ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﺮب و‬ ‫روي )ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي‪ :‬ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از اراﺿﯽ اﻃﺮاف ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺳﺮب و روي اﯾﺮان‪ -‬زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫ﻧﮕﺎرش‪:‬‬


‫اﺳﺘﺎدان راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫دﮐﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻃﻮﯾﻠﯽ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺎدان ﻣﺸﺎور‪:‬‬

‫دﮐﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺑﮏ ﻣﺘﺸﺮعزاده‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﯽ زارع ﭼﺎﻫﻮﮐﯽ‬

‫رﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي درﯾﺎﻓﺖ درﺟﮥ دﮐﺘﺮي )‪ (PhD‬در رﺷﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺮﺗﻊ‬ ‫دي‪1394 ،‬‬



‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن در ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ در ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻬﺴﺎز ﻃﺒﯿﻌـﯽ در ﺑﻬﺒـﻮد‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺪﮐﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺪف از اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ در ﮔـﺎم اول ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻣﯿـﺰان‬ ‫آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺧﺎك ﻫﺎي اﻃﺮاف ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺳﺮب و روي زﻧﺠﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﻓﻠـﺰات ﺳـﺮب‪ ،‬روي‪ ،‬ﮐـﺎدﻣﯿﻢ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ از ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎي ﺧـﺎك‪ ،‬اﻧـﺪام ﻫـﻮاﯾﯽ و‬ ‫زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ از ‪ 22‬ﺳﺎﯾﺖ اﻃﺮاف ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺳﺮب و روي زﻧﺠﺎن )‪ 11‬ﺳﺎﯾﺖ در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ و ‪ 11‬ﺳﺎﯾﺖ در‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ( ﺗﻬﯿﻪ و ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ از ﺳﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‪ ،‬در داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻼتﻫﺎي ﯾﮏ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﯽ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك از داﺧﻞ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﭘﻼتﻫﺎ و از ﻋﻤﻖ رﯾﺸـﻪدواﻧﯽ ﺑﺮداﺷـﺖ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك و ﮔﯿﺎه ﺑﻪ روش اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﺳﯿﻮن ﺗﺮ ﻋﺼﺎرهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﺑﺎ‬

‫دﺳـﺘﮕﺎه ‪ICP-‬‬

‫‪ OES‬آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن از ﻋﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺗﺠﻤﻊ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ‪ .‬در ﮔﺎم دوم‬ ‫و ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺪ و ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳـﯿﻠﯿﺲ ﺑـﺮ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎي ‪ Festuca arundinaceae ،Stipa hohenackeriana‬و‬ ‫‪ Medicago sativa‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎك آﻟﻮده ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ از ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي )در ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ 1 ،0‬و ‪ 2‬درﺻﺪ( و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺲ )در ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ 250 ،0‬و ‪500‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم( ﺑﻪ آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ و ﺑﺬر ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺬﮐﻮر در آن ﮐﺸـﺖ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧـﻪاي در ﻗﺎﻟـﺐ آزﻣـﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮح ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ در ‪ 5‬ﺗﮑﺮار اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ‪ .‬در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن دوره آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ ﺧﺎك و‬ ‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي‪ ،‬ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در ﺧﺎك و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ‪ ICP-OES‬ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ روﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ از ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺳـﺮب و روي‪،‬‬ ‫از ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ روﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ داده ﻫﺎ از ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ و ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿـﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦﻫـﺎ از‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن ﺗﻮﮐﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺻﺤﺮاﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ از ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺳـﺮب‪،‬‬ ‫روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ‪ S. hohenackeriana‬ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي زﯾﺮزﻣﯿﻨﯽ و ﻣﻘﺪار ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺰرگﺗﺮ‬ ‫از ﯾﮏ ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﮑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺗﺮﮐﯿـﺐ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ‬ ‫أ‬



‫ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ اراﺿﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده ﺑﻮد و زﯾﺴﺖﺗﻮده ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒـﻮﻟﯽ داﺷـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪﻋﻨـﻮان ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ )ﻣﻘﺪار اﺳـﺘﺨﺮاج(‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷـﻬﺮي ‪ 2‬درﺻـﺪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ‪ S. hohenackeriana‬ﺑـﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬ ‫‪ 0/61 ،0/06‬و ‪ 0/95‬درﺻﺪ و ‪ F. arundinacea‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ‪ 0/56 ،0/11‬و ‪ 0/57‬ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺲ ‪ 500‬ﻣﯿﻠﯽﮔـﺮم ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮﮔﺮم‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺬب‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐـﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺷﺎﺧﺴـﺎره و رﯾﺸـﻪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫـﺎن ‪S.‬‬

‫‪ hohenackeriana‬و ‪ F. arundinacea‬ﺷ ﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺟﺬب ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺣﺪ ﻓﻠﺰات‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪار زﯾﺴﺖﺗﻮده ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و در‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ‪ S. hohenackeriana‬و ‪ F. arundinacea‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﯿﻤـﺎر‬ ‫ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي ‪ 2‬درﺻﺪ داراي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ در ﺟﺬب‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐـﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در اﻧـﺪامﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و از آﻧﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ داراي زﯾﺴﺖﺗﻮده ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‪ :‬ﮔﯿﺎه ﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺲ‬

‫ب‬



‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول ‪2 ............................ ................................ ................................‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و ﮐﻠﯿﺎت‪2 ................................................... ................................‬‬

‫‪ -1 -1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و ﻫﺪف ‪2 ..................... ................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -1‬ﮐﻠﯿﺎت ‪9 ............................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1-2 -1‬آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ‪9 .........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2-2 -1‬اﺷﮑﺎل آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ‪9 ....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3-2 -1‬ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ‪12 .................................................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4-2 -1‬ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ‪14 .............................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4-2 -1‬ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ‪23 ...................................................... ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -4-2 -1‬ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﯿﺶاﻧﺪوز )اﺑﺮﺟﺎذب( ‪24 ...................................... ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -4-2 -1‬ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ‪25 ........................................... ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3 -4-2 -1‬ﻣﻮاد ﮐﻼتﮐﻨﻨﺪه )ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻬﺴﺎز(‪27 ..... ................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -5-2 -1‬ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﯿﻠﯿﺲ و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻬﺴﺎز در ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ‪30 ..............................................‬‬ ‫‪ -6-2 -1‬ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻬﺴﺎز در ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ‪32 .............................................‬‬ ‫‪ -7-2 -1‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ‪34 .................... ................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم ‪38 .......................................................... ................................‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ‪38 .................................................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -2‬آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ‪38 ........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -2‬ﻣﺤﺪودهﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎز ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ در ﺧﺎك و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ‪45 ........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3 -2‬ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاﻫﻤﯽ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ‪48 ......................... ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1-3 -2‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﺳﯿﺪﯾﺘﻪ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاﻫﻤﯽ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ‪49 .....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2-3 -2‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺎده آﻟﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮ زﯾﺴﺖﻓﺮاﻫﻤﯽ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ‪50 ......................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3-3 -2‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﮐﺎﺗﯿﻮﻧﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮ زﯾﺴﺖﻓﺮاﻫﻤﯽ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ‪51 ...........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4-3 -2‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ رﯾﺰﺳﺎزوارهﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮ زﯾﺴﺖﻓﺮاﻫﻤﯽ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ‪51 .................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -5-3 -2‬ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ زﯾﺴﺖﻓﺮاﻫﻤﯽ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ‪52 ...........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4 -2‬ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي در ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ‪53 ..................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -6 -2‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺲ در ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ‪63 ............................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -7 -2‬ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺮور ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪70 ............... ................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم ‪72 .......................................................... ................................‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ‪72 .................................................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -3‬ﺑﺨﺶ اول‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﯾﯽ ‪72 .........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1-1 -3‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪72 ................................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2-1 -3‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و ﺧﺎك ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪74 ...........................................................‬‬ ‫ت‬



‫‪ -3-1 -3‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ در آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎه ‪78 ....................................... ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -3-1 -3‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك ‪78 ...................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -3-1 -3‬اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ‪84 .......................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -3‬ﺑﺨﺶ دوم‪ :‬ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ‪86 .........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1-2 -3‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪89 ........................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2-2 -3‬ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ‪93 ................................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3-2 -3‬آﻣﺎدهﺳﺎزي ﮔﻠﺪانﻫﺎ‪96 ............... ................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -3-2 -3‬اﻓﺰودن ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﻠﺪانﻫﺎ ‪98 .......................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4-2 -3‬ﮐﺎﺷﺖ‪ ،‬داﺷﺖ و آﺑﯿﺎري ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ‪99 .............................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -5-2 -3‬ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن‪100 ................. ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -5-2 -3‬اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت رﯾﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ‪102 ..........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -5-2 -3‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك ﮔﻠﺪانﻫﺎ در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ‪103 ....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3 -5-2 -3‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در ﺧﺎك و ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ‪103 ................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4 -5-2 -3‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ‪104 .............................................‬‬ ‫‪ -6-2 -3‬ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ آﻣﺎري‪104 ............ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم ‪108 ....................... ................................................................‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‪108 ........................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -4‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﯾﯽ ‪108 .............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1-1 -4‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺻﺤﺮاﯾﯽ ‪108 .................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2-1 -4‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ و ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﺧﺎك‪109 ....... ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3-1 -4‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ روﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ‪115 .......................‬‬ ‫‪ -4-1 -4‬ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮐﻞ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺠﺎز آن ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﺰﯾﺴﺖ‪121 .....‬‬ ‫‪ -5-1 -4‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻣﻮردﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ‪121 .............................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -4‬ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي ‪126 ............ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1-2 -4‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك ﻣﻮرداﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮔﻠﺪاﻧﯽ ‪126 .....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2-2 -4‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪127 .....................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن دوره آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ‪134 ...................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و ﺧﺎك ‪141 ..........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -4-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺮب ﮔﯿﺎه و ﺧﺎك ‪141 ................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -4-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ روي ﮔﯿﺎه و ﺧﺎك‪146 .................. ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3 -4-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺎه و ﺧﺎك ‪150 ................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -5-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ‪154 ...............................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -5-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮب‪154 ....................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -5-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي روي ‪159 ....................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3 -5-2 -4‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ‪163 .. ................................‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫‪168 ............................................... ................................‬‬ ‫ث‬



‫‪ -5‬ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي‪168 ............ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -1 -5‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‪173 .........................................‬‬ ‫‪ -2 -5‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ‪177 .....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ -3 -5‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن و ﺧﺎك ‪181 ...................... ................................‬‬ ‫‪ -4 -5‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ‪188 ...........................................‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﻠﯽ ‪195 ........................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎ ‪198 .............................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪200 ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ‪205 ........................................................................................‬‬

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‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬آذرﻧﯿﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ح و م‪.‬ع‪ .‬زارع ﭼﺎﻫﻮﮐﯽ‪ .1387 .‬اﺻﻼح ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ‪ 354 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ ،.‬م‪ .‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮي‪ ،.‬غ‪.‬ر ‪ .‬ﺛﻮاﻗﺒﯽ‪ ،.‬ح‪ .‬آذرﻧﯿﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،.‬ع‪ .‬ﻃﻮﯾﻠﯽ و ف‪ .‬ﻣﺎدرﯾﺪ‪ .1391 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪Phragmites‬‬ ‫‪ australis‬در ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ )ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻟﯿﺎ ‪ -‬ﻗﺰوﯾﻦ(‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺗﻊ‪.1 -9 :1 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﺑﺮﯾﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ا‪.‬ا‪ ،.‬م‪ .‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮي و ع‪ .‬ﻃﻮﯾﻠﯽ‪ .1394 .‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺎك و وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي روﯾﺸﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪ Halothamnus glaucus‬در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺗﻊ‪.120 -128 :(2) 9 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﺳﻤﻌﯿﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ف‪ ،.‬س‪ .‬ﮐﻼﺗه ﺟﺎري‪ ،.‬ز‪.‬ت‪ .‬ﻋﻠﯿﭙﻮر و و‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺪوﺳﯽ‪ .1392 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﻣﮑﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﮐﺎﺷﺖ ﮔﯿﺎه دراﺳﻨﺎ )‪ .(Dracaena marginata‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺧﺎك و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‪.151-168 :(2)3 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ارزاﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ح ‪ .1392 .‬ﺟﺰوه درﺳﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ دﮐﺘﺮي‪ .‬داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪ 100 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬اﮐﺒﺮﭘﻮر ﺳﺮاﺳﮑﺎﻧﺮود‪ ،‬ف‪ ،.‬ف‪ .‬ﺻﺪري و د‪ .‬ﮔﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﺰاده‪ .1391 .‬ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ ﺑﻪوﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪه ارﺳﺒﺎران‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب و ﺧﺎك‪.53-66 :(4)1 .‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬اﻟﻪ دادي‪ ،‬ا‪ ،.‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎري‪ ،‬ع‪ ،.‬اﮐﺒﺮي‪ ،‬غ‪ ،.‬ﻟﻄﻔﯽ ﻓﺮ‪ ،‬ا‪ .1390 .‬ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك و رﺷﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ذرت ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪاي‪ .‬ﻓﻦآوري ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ‪.83 -97 .(1)11 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬اﻣﯿﺮي‪ ،‬ف‪ ،.‬ح‪ .‬ارزاﻧﯽ و ا‪ .‬ﮔﻮﯾﻠﯽ‪ .1391 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺷﻬﺪزا و ﮔﺮده زا در ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ زﻧﺒﻮرداري از ﻣﺮﺗﻊ )ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮزه آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﻗﺮه آﻗﺎچ(‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و اﺑﺨﯿﺰداري‪.460-449 :(4)65 .‬‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﺑﺸﺮي‪ ،‬ح‪ .1380 .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ آت اﮐﻮﻟﻮژي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ‪ Stipa hohenackeriana ،Artemisia sieberi‬و‪ Ferula gumosa‬در‬ ‫زﯾﺴﺖﺑﻮم ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮح ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و اﻣﻮر دام اﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .10‬ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ‪ ،‬و‪ .1371 .‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﮐﯿﻔﯽ و آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪ 325 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .11‬ﺑﻬﺎري ﺳﺎروي‪ ،‬س‪.‬ح‪ ،.‬ه‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﺮدﺳﺘﯽ و ي‪ .‬ﯾﻌﻘﻮﺑﯿﺎن‪ .1391 .‬اﺛﺮ ﻧﯿﺘﺮوژن و ﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮاه ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﺑﺮ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﺳﻔﯿﺪك‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﯽ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺎت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﻨﺪم‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺧﺎك و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‪.27-44 :(1) 2 .‬‬ ‫‪ .12‬ﭘﺎرﺳﺎدوﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ف‪ ،.‬ب‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺮﯾﻨﯽ ﻧﮋاد‪ ،.‬ع‪.‬ا‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺮي ﺳﻨﺠﺎﻧﯽ و م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺑﻠﯽ‪ .1386 .‬ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺮب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ و ﺑﻮﻣﯽ‬ ‫در ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﯾﺮاﻧﮑﻮه )اﺻﻔﻬﺎن(‪ .‬ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ و ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﯽ‪.54-63 :75 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .13‬ﭘﯿﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﺮد‪ ،‬ﺑ‪ ،.‬ب‪ .‬ﻣﻠﮏ ﭘﻮر و م‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺋﺰي ﭘﻮر‪ .1360 .‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ و راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﮐﺸﺖ آن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ و آﺑﺨﯿﺰداري ﮐﺸﻮر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .14‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ .1382 .‬روشﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺧﺎك‪ -‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺻﻮل ﺗﺌﻮري و‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﺪاي ﺿﺤﯽ‪ 236 .‬ص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .15‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮي‪ ،‬م و ع‪ .‬ﻃﻮﯾﻠﯽ‪ .1389 .‬اﺣﯿﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﯽ‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪ 396 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .16‬ﭼﺮم‪ ،‬م و آ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﯿﺰاده‪ .1388 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮات ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎي ﻧﯿﺸﮑﺮ و ‪) EDTA‬اﺗﯿﻠﻦ دي اﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﺘﺮا اﺳﺘﯿﮏ اﺳﯿﺪ( در ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻠﺰا‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ ﺧﺎﮐﻬﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮب و ﻧﯿﮑﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ آب و ﺧﺎك )ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﮐﺸﺎورزي(‪.20 -29 :(2)33 .‬‬ ‫‪ .17‬ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‪ ،‬م و م‪ .‬ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾﺎن‪ . 1393 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات روﯾﺸﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ و ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰي ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ در اﺛﺮ ﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯿﻢ و ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن ﮐﺸﺘﻬﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‪.37-47 :(19)5 .‬‬

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‫‪ .18‬ﺧﺪﯾﻮي ﺑﺮوﺟﺮدي‪ ،‬ا‪ ،.‬ﻧﻮرﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ف‪ ،.‬اﻓﯿﻮﻧﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ .‬و ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪاري‪ ،‬ه‪ .1386 .‬اﺳﮑﺎل ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬ﻧﯿﮑﻞ و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در ﺧﺎﮐﻬﺎي آﻫﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﺎوري ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‪.40 -53 :1 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .19‬ﺧﻮﺷﮕﻔﺘﺎرﻣﻨﺶ‪ ،‬ا‪.‬ح‪ .1389 .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﺗﻐﺬﯾﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه‪ .‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .20‬ﺧﯿﺎم ﺑﺎﺷﯽ‪ ،‬ب و اﻓﯿﻮﻧﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ .1382 .‬اﺛﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي آﻟﯽ ﺑﻪﺟﺎي ﮐﻮد ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ در اراﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﮑﺮو و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﮔﯿﺎه‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺳﻮﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﻮاد ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ از ﺳﻢ و ﮐﻮد در‬ ‫ﮐﺸﺎورزي‪ 6 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .21‬دوداﻧﮕﻪ‪ ،‬ه‪ ،.‬رﺣﯿﻤﯽ‪ ،‬ل‪ ،.‬ﻏﻼﻣﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ .‬و ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﯽ‪ ،‬س‪ .1391 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﻮد و ﻣﻮاد آﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺳﺮب‪ .‬ﺷﺸﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻔﺮاﻧﺲ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ‪ .‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪ 668 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .22‬رﺣﯿﻤﯽ‪ ،‬ز و م‪ .‬ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‪ .1389 .‬ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻮري و ﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯿﻢ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺗﻮده‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺪﯾﻢ و ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﺑﺮگ و‬ ‫رﯾﺸﻪ ﺧﺮﻓﻪ)‪ .(Portulaca oleracea L.‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ آب و ﺧﺎك )ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﮐﺸﺎورزي(‪.67 -74 :(2)24 .‬‬ ‫‪ .23‬رﺣﯿﻤﯽ‪ ،‬ق‪ ،.‬ه‪ .‬دوداﻧﮕﻪ‪ ،.‬ص‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﯽ و م‪ .‬ﻏﻼﻣﯽ‪ .1393 .‬اﺛﺮات ﮐﻮدﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و آﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﺳﺮب و ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در ﺧﺎﮐﻬﺎي‬ ‫آﻟﻮده‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ آب و ﺧﺎك‪.71 -92 :(5)21 .‬‬ ‫‪ .24‬رﺿﺎﯾﯽﻧﮋاد‪ ،‬ي و اﻓﯿﻮﻧﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ . 1379 .‬اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاص ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎك‪ ،‬ﺟﺬب ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻮﺳﯿﻠﻪي ذرت و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد آن‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن‬ ‫ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‪ .‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ .4‬ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 19 -28 .4‬ص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .25‬زارﻋﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ ،.‬ن‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﻟﺢ راﺳﺘﯿﻦ و غ‪.‬ر‪ ،‬ﺛﻮاﻗﺒﯽ‪ .1390 .‬ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻗﺎرﭼﻬﺎي ﻣﯿﮑﻮرﯾﺰ آرﺑﻮﺳﮑﻮﻻر در ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺧﺎﮐﻬﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ روي‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﮔﯿﺎه ذرت‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮم آب و ﺧﺎك‪.151 -166 :(55) 15 .‬‬ ‫‪ .26‬ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ‪ .1393 .‬اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﺎك و راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎي آن‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬دﻓﺘﺮ آب و‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‪ 166 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .27‬ﺷﺮﯾﻔﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ ،.‬م‪ .‬اﻓﯿﻮﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ا‪.‬ح‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﮕﻔﺘﺎرﻣﻨﺶ‪ . 1389 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻟﺠﻦ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي و ﮐﻮد ﮔﺎوي ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و‬ ‫ﺟﺬب آﻫﻦ‪ ،‬روي‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ و ﻧﯿﮑﻞ در ﮔﻞ ﺟﻌﻔﺮي ‪.‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن ﮐﺸﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي‪.43 -54 :(2)1 .‬‬ ‫‪ .28‬ﻋﺮبزاده‪ ،‬ز‪ .1391 .‬ارزﺷﮕﺬاري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن رﺿﻮي‪ .‬ﭘﺎﯾﺎنﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ‬ ‫رﺷﺘﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي ‪ -‬ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‪ 125 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .29‬ﻋﻠﯿﺰاده‪ ،‬ا‪ .1357 .‬راﺑﻄﻪ آب‪ ،‬ﺧﺎك و ﮔﯿﺎه‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪ 795 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .30‬ﻋﻠﯿﺰداه‪ ،‬س‪.‬م‪ ،.‬ق‪ .‬زاﻫﺪي اﻣﯿﺮي‪ ،.‬غ‪.‬ر‪ .‬ﺛﻮاﻗﺒﯽ و و‪ .‬اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‪ .1390 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ در‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎلﻫﺎي ﯾﮑﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ ‪ .Populus alba‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻞ اﯾﺮان‪.355-366 :(4) 3 .‬‬ ‫‪ .31‬ﻓﺘﻮت‪ ،‬ا و ا‪ .‬ﺣﻼجﻧﯿﺎ‪ .1392 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي و ﻟﺠﻦ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮب و ﻧﯿﮑﻞ‬ ‫اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ دو ﺧﺎك آﻫﮑﯽ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺧﺎك و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‪.115-131 :(2)3 .‬‬ ‫‪ .32‬ﻓﺮاﻫﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ا‪ ،.‬ﺷﺎﻫﻤﺮادي‪ ،‬ا‪.‬ع‪ ،.‬زارع ﮐﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ص‪ .‬و آژﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ف‪ .1387 .‬آت اﮐﻮﻟﻮژي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ‪ Stipa barbata‬در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان‪ .‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﻊ و ﺑﯿﺎﺑﺎن اﯾﺮان‪.86-94 :(1) 15 .‬‬ ‫‪ .33‬ﻓﻼﺣﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬م و ع‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ‪ .1393 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ آﻫﻦ و ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ در ﺧﺎك و ﮔﯿﺎه ذرت ‪(Zea‬‬ ‫)‪ .Mays L.‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك )ﻋﻠﻮم ﺧﺎك و آب(‪.313 -329 :(2)28 .‬‬ ‫‪ .34‬ﻗﻀﺎوي‪ ،‬ر‪ ،.‬ع‪ .‬وﻟﯽ و م‪.‬م‪ .‬اﺳﻤﻌﯿﻠﯽ‪ .1392 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮات ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اوﻟﯿﻪ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﮐﻨﺎر )‬ ‫‪ (spinosa‬و آﮐﺎﺳﯿﺎ )‪ (Acacia salicina‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ‪ .‬دوﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‪ -‬ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﺧﺸﮑﺒﻮم‪.84-87 :(2)3 .‬‬ ‫‪201‬‬

‫‪Ziziphose‬‬



‫‪ .35‬ﮐﺎوﺳﯽ‪ ،‬م و رﺣﯿﻤﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ . 1382 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد زﺋﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺑﺮﻧﺞ در دو ﺧﺎك ﺳﺒﮏ و ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﮐﺸﻮر‪ ،‬ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‪25 ،‬ص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .36‬ﮐﺮﻣﻼﭼﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ع‪ ،.‬م‪.‬ح‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﯾﻨﻪ‪ ،.‬ع‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﯾﻨﻪ‪ ،.‬م‪.‬ر‪ ،‬ﻣﺮادي و ق‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﯽ‪ .1393 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻨﺪم‬ ‫)‪ (Triticum aestivum L.‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ آﺧﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﻮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‪.433 -442 :(4) 5 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .37‬ﮐﺮﯾﻤﯽ‪ ،‬م‪ ،.‬غ‪.‬ر‪ .‬ﺛﻮاﻗﺒﯽ و ب‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺸﺮعزاده‪ . 1391 .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ )ﺳﺮب‪ ،‬روي‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ و اﻫﻦ( در ﺧﺎك و‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻫﯽ )‪ (Lepidium sativum‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﯿﻤﺎرﻫﺎي اﻟﯽ و ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯽ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‪.14-28 :(4)9 .‬‬ ‫‪ .38‬ﮔﻠﭽﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ا و س‪ .‬ﺷﻔﯿﻌﯽ‪ ،1385 ،‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺮب و روي زﻧﺠﺎن ﺑﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺧﺎك ﺗﺎ ﺷﻌﺎع ‪ 10‬ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺧﺎك‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﯿﻂزﯾﺴﺖ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‪ ،‬ﮐﺮج‪ ،‬ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .39‬ﮔﻠﭽﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ا‪ .1382 .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ و آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻫﺸﺘﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﮕﺮه ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﺧﺎك اﯾﺮان‪ .‬رﺷﺖ‪ 776-779 :2 .‬ص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .40‬ﻃﯿﻔﻮر‪ ،‬ش‪ ،.‬ص‪ .‬ﺧﻠﯿﻠﯿﺎن‪ ،.‬س‪.‬ا‪ .‬ﺟﻮادي و س‪.‬ح‪.‬ﻣﺘﯿﻦ ﺧﻮاه‪ .1388 .‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ي ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮره از ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﺪوﻧﺸﻬﺮ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖ آن‪ .‬ﺷﺸﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻔﺮاﻧﺲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .41‬ﻣﺘﺸﺮعزاده‪ ،‬ب و غ‪.‬ر‪ .‬ﺛﻮاﻗﺒﯽ‪ .1394 .‬ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺎﻻﯾﺶ ﺳﺒﺰ‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪ 283 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .42‬ﻣﺘﺸﺮعزاده‪ ،‬ب‪ ،.‬غ‪.‬ر‪ .‬ﺛﻮاﻗﺒﯽ‪ ،.‬ح‪.‬ع‪ .‬ﻋﻠﯿﺨﺎﻧﯽ و ح‪.‬ﻣﯿﺮﺳﯿﺪﺣﺴﯿﻨﯽ‪ .1387 .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻮﻣﯽ و ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ در اراﺿﯽ اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻌﺪن ﺳﺮب و روي ﻋﻤﺎرت ﺷﺎزﻧﺪ اراك ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت آب و ﺧﺎك اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬ ‫‪.163-174 :(1) 39‬‬ ‫‪ .43‬ﻣﺤﻘﻖ‪ ،‬پ‪ ،.‬م‪ ،‬ﺷﯿﺮواﻧﯽ و س‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﯽ‪ .1389 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ رﺷﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد دو رﻗﻢ ﺧﯿﺎر در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﯿﺪروﭘﻮﻧﯿﮏ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻮم و‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮن ﮐﺸﺖﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‪.35-39 :(1)1 .‬‬ ‫‪ .44‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪي‪ ،‬آ‪ .‬و م‪.‬ع‪ .‬ﺑﻬﻤﻨﯿﺎر‪ .1393 .‬اﺛﺮ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﯽ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي و ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮد ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ در اﻧﺪامﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ‪.‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم آب و ﺧﺎك ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‪.173 -182 :(68)18 .‬‬ ‫‪ .45‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪي ﺗﺮﮐﺎﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ع و ﺑﺮﯾﻤﻮﻧﺪي‪ ،‬ا‪ .‬ر‪ .1387 .‬اﺛﺮات ﻣﻼس ﻧﯿﺸﮑﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎكﻫﺎي آﻫﮑﯽ‪ .‬ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ و ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﯽ‪.‬‬ ‫زراﻋﺖ و ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﯽ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎره ‪.81‬‬ ‫‪ .46‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي ش‪ ،.‬ن‪ .‬ﻧﺠﻔﯽ و ع‪ .‬رﯾﺤﺎﻧﯽﺗﺒﺎر‪ .1393 .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺧﺎك و ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ ﻟﺠﻦ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮐﻠﺮوﻓﯿﻞ ﺑﺮگ و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬ ‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﯾﻮﻧﺠﻪ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﻓﻨﻮن ﮐﺸﺖﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‪.218 -205: (20) 5 .‬‬ ‫‪ .47‬ﻣﺼﻠﺤﯽ‪ ،‬ا‪ ،.‬م‪ .‬ﻓﮑﺮي و ا‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻮت‪ .1393 .‬اﺛﺮات ﮐﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ زﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي و ‪ EDTA‬را ﺑﺮ ﮔﯿﺎهﭘﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺮب و‬ ‫ﮐﺎدﻣﯿﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﺮدان‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻬﺎي ﺧﺎك)ﻋﻠﻮم ﺧﺎك و آب(‪.421 -431 :(2)28 .‬‬ ‫‪ .48‬ﻣﻈﻔﺮﯾﺎن‪ ،‬م‪ ،.‬ز‪ .‬ﻋﻔﯿﻔﯽﭘﻮر و م‪ .‬ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‪ . 1390 .‬اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﺴﯿﻢ و ﺳﯿﻠﮑﺎت ﭘﺘﺎﺳﯿﻢ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮاﯾﻤﯿﻨﮓ ﺑﺬرﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﯽ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺎوريﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ در ﮐﺸﺎورزي‪ .‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن‪.496 -498 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .49‬ﻣﻘﯿﻤﯽ‪ .‬ج‪ .1384 .‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و اﺻﻼح ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ اﯾﺮان‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات آرون‪ 670 .‬ص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .50‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮي‪ ،‬س‪.‬ع‪.‬ر‪ .1390 .‬ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اراﺿﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ارزش اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎي اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﯽ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي‪ .‬رﺳﺎﻟﻪ دﮐﺘﺮي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪ 318 .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬

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.(‫ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ و ارزﺷﮕﺬاري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎي اﺣﯿﺎﯾﯽ در اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر )ﺣﻮزه آﺑﺨﯿﺰ ﺗﻬﻢ زﻧﺠﺎن‬.1392 .‫ ح‬،‫ ﯾﮕﺎﻧﻪ‬.51 .‫ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬316 .‫ داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‬،‫رﺳﺎﻟﻪ دﮐﺘﺮي ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري‬ 52. Ahmad, R., S.H.A. Zaheer and I.S. Ismail. 1992. Role of silicon in salt tolerance of wheat (Triticom aestivum L.). Plant Science, 85:43-50.

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