Assessment of Group Formation for Output-Based Routine Road

Journal of Advanced Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Volume 5, Issue 3 - 2018, Pg. No. 1-8 Peer Reviewed Journal

Research Article

Assessment of Group Formation for Output-Based Routine Road Maintenance Approach in Surkhet District, Nepal Anjay Kumar Mishra1, Shambhu Mishra2

Visiting Faculty and Management Consultant. Senior Divisional Engineer, District Technical Office Surkhet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.201801 1

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Abstract Routine road maintenance through Road Maintenance Group (RMG) is a new concept. The core objective of this study is to assess group formation for output- based routine maintenance practices in District Road Core Network (DRCN) of Surkhet district. Six out of nine DRCN roads were selected which were under routine maintenance through District Development Committee (DDC)/ District Technical Office (DTO). Qualitative and quantitative approach was adopted. Journal, articles, research papers, books, internet were referred. Interim guidelines of Road Maintenance Group (RMG) from the DTO, Surkhet and norms for Length worker from Division Road Office (DOR) were collected and analyzed. Sampling was applied for RMG workers within five percent of true value of its proportion. Scheduled survey was done with different set of questionnaire. Personnel interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and observations were done to collect primary data for the research. Descriptive analysis was done to document maintenance practice and formation of maintenance group. Even difficult task can be done through RMG. Less supervision is needed in case of output-based maintenance system. Guidelines were followed. The 60 percent female and 67.75 percent marginalized workers were found working in Surkhet district which is more than guideline requirements. Selection criteria of worker were fulfilled. RMG workers were wearing all the safety equipment provided to them whereas length workers were lacking. In output-based maintenance system, payment was done according to performance and found 16 percent workers were not happy about deduction. This was small margin compared to satisfied 84 percent. It is found to be formed based on guidelines.

Keywords: Road Maintenance Group, Rural Road, Guidelines, Length Worker Background Nepal is agricultural country and still it is dominated by village. (Mishra & Magar, 2017) Even after federalism names have been upgraded from village to rural municipality though infrastructure is not upgraded. Rural roads are backbone of transport sector in Nepal.Large numbers of rural roads has been constructed but most of them are fair

weather and only 5 percent of rural road are paved one. Rural roads lack crossing structure and at the same time also lacked planned maintenance system which makes most of rural roads unplayable (WB, 2011). Construction of new roads in hill and terai region is almost saturated and they have to be upgraded with all weather operable by upgrading and maintaining them. Many donors are attracted to Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD)

Corresponding Author: Anjay Kumar Mishra, Visiting Faculty and Management Consultant. E-mail Id: [email protected] Orcid Id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2803-4918 How to cite this article: Mishra AK, Mishra S. Assessment of Group Formation for Output-Based Routine Road Maintenance Approach in Surkhet District, Nepal. J Adv Res Civil Envi Engr 2018; 5(3): 1-8.

Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Advanced Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering (E ISSN: 2393-8307 I P ISSN: 2394-7020)

Mishra AK et al. J. Adv. Res. Civil Envi. Engr. 2018; 5(3)

and Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Road (DoLIDAR) to launch their project through local institution. In these days, District Development Committee (DDC)/District Coordination Committee (DCC) has raised expectation and they are also entrusted for big works and for handling the big construction projects. Project for Strengthening National Rural Transport Program (SNRTP) is a follow-on project of the Rural Infrastructure Project (RIP) and Rural Access Improvement and Decentralization Project (RAIDP) that was implemented successfully under The World Bank’s Learning and Innovation Loan (LIL). Therefore the lesson learned in the RAIDP is incorporated to the great extent in SNRTP. It is one of the major projects under MoFALD/DoLIDAR. This project is implemented in 36 districts and Surkhet is one of the Districts under this project. Since roads are constructed but no proper maintenance strategy has been implemented in DRCN before start of this project Department of Road is utilizing method of employing length worker in routine maintenance of Strategic Road Net work and feeder road. SNRTP project is utilizing output-based maintenance strategy in routine maintenance of DRCN.

Rational of Study From the past experiences it has been observed that no proper routine maintenance approach has been adopted in DRCN. 442 km of DRCN roads are constructed in Surkhet District but forget to apply the proper maintenance approach which is essential to keep the road ply able (District Transport Master Plan, 2014). Under this project maintenance first approach has been adopted and without starting maintenance work no other types of construction can be taken. For routine maintenance of DRCN outputbased maintenance system has been adopted as an alternate of traditional method of employing length worker system. How Road Maintenance Group (RMG) has been formed and deployed for output-based maintenance work are yet to be assessed. So, the objective of the study is to assess the formation of RMG and their deployment for output-based maintenance work for selected Road projects of Surkhet District, Nepal.

Literature Review Process of RMG Formation for Routine Maintenance For routine maintenance to start in district first of all ARMP (Annual Road Maintenance Plan) of district is prepared and then selection of road is done. After selection of road for each 2 km of road stretch one labour is selected among road user by set forth criteria mainly priority to dalit, women and marginalized person. After selection according to need ISSN: 2393-8307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.201801

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upto 5 labours are kept in one group whose responsibility is to take care of 10 km of road stretch. One person out of 5 is chosen as group leader. Number of workers per VDC depending on road length and road characteristics (condition and traffic) – average 2-3 km /worker shall be maintained. The selected maintenance worker must be between 18 to 50 years of age, physically and mentally able to work on road maintenance and must live near the road to be maintained. The selected maintenance worker must be unemployed or employed less than 25% of their time , must be from the poorest people of the VDC with a composition of minimum 60% women and at least 40% of the maintenance worker should be Dalit or Gangati or be from the excluded/deprived groups (Provision in RMG Interim Guideline,2014).Registration of RMG with the DDC ,Opening of bank account and Signing of contract by team leader witnessed by Local Road Users Committee (LRUC) are provisions in guidelines.

Concept of Output-Based Routine Maintenance System This is similar to employing length worker in daily wages with the difference that instead of paying individual worker in daily basis, payment is totally linked with performance of RMG on given work plan provided by the client to RMG. If performance is not upto work plan then amount has been deducted from their schedule payment of RMG. What actually has been done is that work plan is prepared considering 26 working days a month and task that requires that many man days. Group work in Output-Based Maintenance in Comparison to Elton Mayos Haw thorne Experiments in 1927 researcher were trying to determine the optimal amount of lighting, temperature and humidity for assembling electronic components at Western Electric’s Hawthorne Plant at Chicago, USA. The result showed that lighting had no consistent effect on production. Researcher were frustrated to discover that increasing light increased output, but reducing light also increased output. The common factor, it seemed was that something in the work environment was changed and that positive effects were then observed. After thoroughly examining the results, Elton Mayo’s and his fellow researchers determined that workers weren’t responding to the change in lighting conditions but instead were reacting to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters. This phenomenon became known as Hawthorne effect. The worker’s awareness that researchers were measuring their productivity was sufficient to increase productivity”.In output-based maintenance system also RMG were given work plan so they are aware that there work will be verified so they try to finish their work. The researcher thinks the method should be adopted if there


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is no empirical difficulty for Nepal as it is a mountainous country where continuous landslide creating problem for routine maintenance which can be overcome by use of RMG

Status of Output-Based Maintenance This output-based maintenance is implemented through SNRTP project in accordance with the decentralization policy of the Government of Nepal. It is one of the important major project under MoFALD/ DoLIDAR. At present this project is implemented in 36 districts. The Project Development Objective (PDO) for this project is to increase access to all weather transport connectivity by bringing percentage of population within two and four hours walking distance from an all-weather road in the participating districts respectively and improved reliability of rural transport infrastructure by bringing DRCN in participating districts rated in “good” or “fair” condition. The PDO will be achieved through the following components: Component A: Institutional Strengthening and Technical Assistance through component A 1 Staff training on specific technical, fiduciary, or safeguards related subjects, Capacity building of DoLIDAR, DDC and DTO officials, Procurement of vehicles (2 and 4 WD Double-Cab Pick-Ups and Jeeps) for CPCU, PMUs and DTOs, Laboratory facilities and equipment, Rental costs for CPCU , two PMU offices; salary costs, TSA and DSA of the project-based temporary employees in CPCU, PMUs and DDCs (lab technicians, lab assistants and social mobilizer) and DTOs (4 WD vehicle drivers); procurement of computers, photocopy machines, fax machines, and other office equipment; logistic support and other expenditures for IDD/ MoFALD, CPCU PMUs and DTOs (stationeries, fuel, furniture, water supply, electricity, security, telephone, internet facility, etc.); electricity back up (generators) and other ICT accessories and their installment, Strengthening technical, environmental and social frameworks, Technical audit and verification through NVC, Implementation support consultancies (both individuals and firms for engineering, social safeguards, NGOs and others), Market infrastructure investment study and preparation activities. Through component A2 Beneficiary monitoring of physical works under component B of the project is done while through component A3 impact study of selected project interventions will be done. Component B will support districts to implement physical works through two funding windows: (B1) output-based maintenance of rural transport infrastructure (window1); and (B2) upgrading or rehabilitating rural transport infrastructure (window2). Window 1 will support routine and periodic maintenance of DCRN roads and crossing structures in the DCRN roads using a simplified output-based disbursement approach

that ties release of IDA / donor funds to the completion of works. Under Window 1, SNRTP will also support districts to operationalize Road Maintenance Groups (RMGs) for routine maintenance. Window 1 will only support works within existing rights of way along existing DCRN roads or crossing structures within the DCRN roads. Maintenance that requires new or extended rights of way will be considered under Window 2 as rehabilitation works. Window 2 will support road upgrading and rehabilitation as well as new crossing structure construction as needed to provide all weather connectivity in DCRN roads. Road upgrading and new crossing structure construction under window 2 must be complementary such that access along the integrated road linkage becomes possible year-round. Window 2 will not support upgrading or new crossing structure works alone unless uninterrupted year-round access is possible upon their completion. SNRTP will directly manage funding for crossing structures and will liaise with DoLIDAR’s Local Roads Bridge Program (LRBP) (Project Operations Manual, 2014).

Research Methodology The study adopted qualitative as well as quantitative approach. Data were collected from the District Technical Office, Surkhet and analyzed. Qualitative data acquired from the personal interview to Road Maintenance Group (RMG), road user, District Road Maintenance Engineer (DRME), District Road Maintenance Sub Engineer (DRMSE), Senior Rural Road Maintenance Engineer (SRRME) were also analyzed. Research is based on database collected from primary as well as secondary sources. Database collected was of such nature that it can represent the population.

Study Area The study has been carried in District Road Core Network of Surkhet district. Out of nine roads under maintenance six roads were taken for study. Output-Based maintenance is completely implemented in Surkhet and previous piloting of this method was done in Dhanusha and Rammechap only for seven months period. The concept is new and its verification in hill road is of prime importance for its success so Surkhet has been choosen as one of the representative district.

Sampling and Population The targeted population consists of DRME, DRMSE, SRRME, RMG worker, Division Chief of Department of Road (DOR), road users and staff of District Technical Office ( DTO) involved in maintenance works. Sample Selection. The researcher selected six roads by covering two roads from each three constituencies of Surkhet district based on area sampling technique. Sample

ISSN: 2393-8307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.201801


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size for the finite population (Mishra & Malik, 2017) is used. Based on this formula, the sample size for RMG worker were calculated. For this purpose value of z is taken as 1.96. Since the variability in the proportion is not known, maximum variability which is 0.5 has been considered.

discussions with DRME, DRMSE and person involved in routine maintenance from DTO were conducted.

n = z2*p*q*N e2*(N-1)+z2*p*q Where, n = Size of the sample Z = The value of standard variate and its value is 1.96 for 95% confidence level e = Acceptable error, (assumed that the estimate should be within 5% of true value) p = Estimated proportion of the attribute that is present in the population q = 1-p N = Population size Sample selection

Attending Progress Review Meeting of DRME/ DRMSE

Reason for preference of group work, selection criteria and deployment of group worker

The researcher also attended the two day meeting of DRME/ DRMSE of western cluster held at Nepaljung and grasp the overall scenario of output based routine maintenance and consulted with National Program Coordinator about the structured questionnaire survey. Based on his suggestion relevant amendment of questionnaire is done.

Secondary Data Collection RMG guideline was also collected. From Division Road office length worker norms and other relevant documents

Table 1.Study Population and Sample Selection

S.N.

Description

Population Size

Sample Size

1

Payment records

7

7

2

RMG worker

74

64(63.18)

3

DRME

1

1

4

DRMSE

1

1

5

SRRME

1

1

Table 1 shows the population size of data of payment records and questionnaire survey. Statically sample size calculated for RMG worker is 63.18 but 64 respondents were surveyed out of 74 using convenient sampling method for research and for other sample size is that of population size.

were collected. Similarly from SNRTP, Central Project Coordination Unit (CPCU) overall status of road maintenance was collected and for different type of routine maintenance practices online search was done.

Methods of Data Collection

A structured set of questionnaire survey was developed in order to assess the perception of road maintenance group worker and road users. In the presence of researcher they were asked to fill the questionnaire. Altogether sixty four sets were received from RMG worker..

Documentation about output-based maintenance system was done with the help of reply from the key respondents like DRME/DRMSE/SRRME. To assess road maintenance group formation and deployment for effective maintenance work, all the process were deeply understood by personnel responses and documented and presented in the form of table and graph. Sufficiency about tools and Operational Safety and Health (OSH) tools were also analyzed by comparing with the norms and presented in tabular.

Personnel Interview

Result and Discussion

Personnel interview were taken to DRME, DRMSE, Division Chief of DOR and SRRME to know in detail about the output based maintenance system with structured questions.

For Output-Based Maintenance work RMG (Road Maintenance Group) were formed and deployed.

Questionnaire Schedule

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Observations Five focus group discussions were concluded during data collection from RMG. At DTO office two focus group


Data Analysis

Selection of Group members RMG members were selected from the communities situated along the road section to be maintained or from those communities nearest to the road section. The criteria


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to be followed for selection were mentioned in RMG interim guideline and were discussed in first section of literature review. Road was selected for maintenance in Surkhet . Length of road was fixed. Stretch of road that falls of particular Village Development Committee (VDC)/ Rural Muncipality was measured. Then for 2 km one labour requirement was fixed. Then from total length of road, total number of worker requirement was determined. Vacancy announcement was done through particular VDC. Filling of form provided by DDC/DTO from eligible worker. Selection of worker according to weightage marking system (As mentioned in APPENDIX E) giving priority to Women, Dalit and Janjati, Poor and Marginalized. Other criteria were age between 18 to 50 years, physically and mentally able to work and must be unemployed or employed less than 25% of their time. Out of 93 workers employed in Surkhet district 38 (40%) were male and 55 (60%) were female. Out of which Dalit 39 (41.94%), Janjati 24 (25.81%) and Others 30 (32.25%) From above data criteria put forth by RMG Guideline, March 2016, DoLIDAR was fulfilled which requires at least 60% women and 40% dalit or janjatii. In Surkhet percent of Dalit and Gangati was 67.75 and women 60. Other marking criteria were found sufficient. All the worker found between age of 18 to 50. Also from questionnaire survey workers were found satisfied with the selection process and criteria set forth. This was also verified during questionnaire survey through general information of group workers.

Tools and Operational Safety and Health (OSH) Equipment From the personnel interview with DRME, Surkhet and taking reference of RMG Guideline, tools and safety equipment provided to maintenance group were as mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2. and verified from RMG worker. Table 2.Assessments of Available Tools in Comparison to Guideline

S.N 1

Tools Wheelbarrow

2

Hoe

3 4

Pick axe Shovel

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Long handed shovel Rake Curved Knife Machete Hand rammer Hammer and chisel Large crowbar

12

Pulling Rope

13 14

Foot pump Watering can

Purpose Transporting material to and from the worksite Excavating loose or soft soil or gravel Loosening hard soil Loading or throwing loose soil or gravel Cleaning culverts Spreading materials Cutting vegetation Cutting thick vegetation Compacting soils and gravel Breaking large rocks Loosening, breaking or moving large rocks Assisting the worker with shovel For pumping wheelbarrow Carrying and spreading water

RMG Guideline 3-4

Surkhet District One per RMG (4-6)

1

1 per LW

2-3 1

1 per 2LW 1 per LW

1 per RMG 2-3 1 2 3-4 1 per RMG 1 per RMG

1 per RMG 1 per 2LW 1 per LW 1 per 2LW 1 per RMG(4-6) 1 per RMG 1 per RMG

2-3

3m for 2LW

3-4

1 per RMG One per RMG(4-6)

By analyzing Table 2, it was found that tools provided were sufficient to worker and according to guideline but since in Surkhet RMG consists of 4 to 6 members so some tools like Wheelbarrow, Hand rammer, Watering Can were not sufficient for RMG of members more than four. But RMG worker replied 100% sufficiency about tools. As they were in groups so tools could not be a problem but from FGD it was revealed that some time when they worked individually they lacked some more tools like small hammer and small axe.



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Table 3.Assessments of Available OSH Tools in Comparison to Guideline

S.N

Safety Equipment

Purpose

RMG Guideline

Surkhet District

1

Safety vest or self illumination jacket

Identifying workers as RMG worker

1

1 per LW

2

Warning flags(Set of 2)

Indicating the presence of workers ahead

1 per RMG

1 per RMG

3

Safety helmet

Protecting against the sun/head injuries

1

1 per LW

4

Mask

Protecting against dust

1

1 per LW

5

Rain coat

Protecting against rain

1

1 per LW

6

Hard Gloves

Protecting hand

1

1 per LW

7

Goggles

Protecting eyes from sun

1

1 per LW

8

Boots

Protecting against sharp object

1

1 per LW

9

First-aid kit

Treating injuries

1

1 per LW

10

Plastic Cone

Blocking the part of maintenance area

-

2 per RMG

11

Hat/Cap

Protecting fromSun

1

1 per LW

By analyzing Table 3, it was found that safety equipment provided to RMG in Surkhet district were sufficient. During interaction with worker they asked for one cloth shoe which should be provided to RMG worker to wear instead of boot in summer because boot is not practical in that particular season. Researcher also felt the need of that. During the field visit DOR individual length worker was not found wearing all the safety equipment whereas during field visit of six roads RMG employed by DDC/DTO found wearing all the safety equipment. When they were asked about wearing all the safety equipment provided by DDC/DTO, their response were 100% regular. So it can be concluded that they were wearing it which is essential for their personnel safety of worker. In some instances they also complain about the size of gloves which is found bigger than real size so the focus should be concentrated in providing real size gloves as well as other safety accessories.

Picture of RMG Workers along with Researcher during Data collection Based on table 2 table 3 and FGD with RMG workers it was surprising to know that most of them were informed about the purpose of tools and safety equipment. From further digging it was found that they got only two days training but they were revising about the process through ISSN: 2393-8307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.201801


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quality circle since they performed in group. Due to these recurring practices they were found to be expertise.

Road Maintenance Group Insurance, Regular Task, Sufficiency of Training and Travel Time Regarding insurance though DDC/DTO had done individual insurance of worker some of them were not aware about that. Out of 64 respondent 17 (27%) were not aware. So DDC/DTO should make arrangements to disseminate the information among workers so that they will become aware about their insurance. The regular task performed by group worker was clear existing drain and crossing structure, constructing new earthen drain, clear bush/vegetation, minimize pot holes/ rut, clear small landslides and other works as specified in work plan.

Conclusions This formations of RMG for Output-Based Routine Maintenance system is properly implemented in Surkhet district based on DoLIDAR guideline.The selection criteria of RMG in Surkhet district was using weightage marking criteria following RMG guideline and has also been found sufficient. In Surkhet district requirement criteria of women, dalit and janjati were fulfilled.RMG are provided sufficient tools and safety equipments to perform their duties. All the worker are happy working in group. RMG workers found aware about their routine task. All the RMG are found wearing safety equipments during field visit which is good sign and is necessary for their personnel safety whereas individual worker employed by Department of Road (DOR) was not found wearing all the safety equipment so there was some concern.

Table 4.Awareness of RMG about their Regular Task

S.N

Question (Regular Task)

Regular

Sometime

Never

1

Clear existing drain and crossing structure

54

10

0

2

Construct new earthen drain

48

16

0

3

Clear bush/vegetation

62

2

0

4

Minimize pot holes/rut

62

2

0

5

Clear small landslide

4

59

1

6

Construct new masonry drain

0

0

64

7

Clear big landslide>5 m

0

32

32

3

Response from Table 4 shows that workers were aware about their daily tasks which are essential to make road ply able. Out of above regular task some tasks like construction of new earthen drain and landslide clearance were not possible by individual length worker. They were provided only two days training to perform their duty. From the result 5% needed to improve and 17% were versed only so some sort of refresher on job training is needed. When asked the question about their enhancement of economic condition after getting this job, all of them said that their economic condition had been improved. Providing this type of job at the place of worker certainly creating good atmosphere for earning livelihood but concern was that when particular road go for upgrading their job would be discontinued so appropriate planning was necessary to think about the alternative way to provide them livelihood. It may be done through consuming the worker on ongoing contract. Also from questionnaire it was found that worker were spending on average 1 hr 15 minutes to reach their work place by walking but if bicycle is provided to workers their travel time reduced to average of 37 minutes (Based on RMG response).

Recommendation From the study it was revealed about deficiency in the size of gloves so care should be taken to provide actual sized safety gears. One cloth shoe should be provided to RMG to wear instead of boot during summer season. .Refresher training to RMG should be conducted each year.The RMG Guideline of DoLIDAR should be amended to include miscellaneous expenses, requirement of extra manpower during monsoon, provision for supervisor and tools requirement for RMG with more than 4 members.

Recommendation for further study • Study of employing small contractor in routine maintenance work. • Fund management by DDC for routine maintenance after phase out of this project. • Appropriateness of Output based approach should be assessed in terms time, cost, quality and safety.

Acknowledgements I am also thankful to DG of DoLIDAR, Mr. Ram Krishna Sapkota, National Program Coordinaor Shailendra Kumar Jha (ILO), SRRME Raju shrestha, SRRME Arun Yadav, Er. ISSN: 2393-8307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.201801


Dipesh Rajak (DOR), DRME Suresh Bistha, DRMSE Rakesh Krishna Shrestha and other DRME and DRMSE of western cluster of SNRTP who provided valuable information. I would also like to thank all the respondents. It is my great pleasure to remember help of my family and friends.

References 1. Mishra AK, Magar BR. Implementability Of Municipal Transport Master Plan Of Bandipur Inner Ring Road, Tanahun, Nepal, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research 2017; 6(8): 306-313. 2. Mishra AK, Mallik K. Factors and Impact of Risk Management Practice on success of Construction Projects of Housing Developers, Kathmandu, Nepal International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) 2017; 36(7): 206-232. 3. About Routine Maintenance Activities in Nepal. [Online] Available at www.ilo.org.np [Accessed 30 December 2015]. 4. Dissel, S.C.V , 2009. Team-Based Maintenance of Rural Roads, Conceptual Guideline [Online] Available at www. ilo.org [Accessed 29 December 2015]. 5. District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) Surkhet, 2014 [Online] Available at www.ddcsurkhet.gov.np [Accessed 20 December 2015]. 6. Donnagar, ch., Eolmonds, G. and Johannessen, B (ILO), 2007, Rural Road Maintenance, Sustaining the Benifits of Improved Access. [Online] Available at www.ilo.org [ Accessed 30 December 2015]. 7. ILO and NRRDA, 2014. Managing Maintenance of Rural Roads in India. [Online] Available at www.pmgsy.nic. in [ Accessed 30 December 2015]. 8. Interim Plan, 2013-2015. [Online] Available at www. npc.gov.np [Accessed 28 December 2015]. 9. Johannessen B. et al., 2008 (ILO), Building Rural Roads Available at Country Office of ILO Nepal. 10. Labour Rate for Individual Length Worker, [Online] Available at www.roadsboardnepal.org. 11. Miquad S, Condron J, 1991. Assessment of Road maintenance by contractor, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department Report INU91, WashingtonDC: The World Bank [Online] Available at www.worldbank.org [Accessed 31 December 2015]. 12. Mulmi, A. Das et al., 2016. Assessment of Performance Based Road Maintenance Practices in Nepal [Online] Available at www.scrip.org [Accessed 30 December 2015]. 13. Norms for Routine Maintenance of Road, Poush 2062. [Online] Available at www.dor.gov.np [Accessed 20 December 2015]. 14. PIIARC, Road Maintenance Hand Book [Online] Available at www.piarc.org [Accessed 31 December 2015]. 15. Project Appraisal Document ( Report No : 82226-NP.), SNRTP, 2013. [Online] Available at www.snrtp.gov.np ISSN: 2393-8307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2393.8307.201801

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[Accessed 18 December 2015]. 16. Project Financial Agreement, SNRTP, 2013. [Online] Available at www.snrtp.gov.np [Accessed 19 December 2015]. 17. Project Operational Manual. (Version-1), SNRTP, 2014 [Online] Available at www.snrtp.gov.np [Accessed 24 December 2015]. 18. Road Maintenance Groups (RMG) Guideline, March 2016. [Online] Available at www.dolidar.gov.np or www.snrtp.gov.np [Accessed 4 April 2016]. 19. Rural Road Inventory, DoLIDAR, January 2015. Available at www.dolidar.gov.np [Accessed 27 December 2015] 20. Shrestha, H. et al., 2006. Economic Policy Network (Policy Paper 24), Sustainable Approch to Road Transport Maintenance practices For Effective Service Delivery. [Online] Available at www.roadsboardnepal. org [Accessed 29 December 2015]. 21. Sultan M, Rahman A, Chowdhary S. 2012. Performance Based Maintenance of Road Infrastructure by Contracting- A challenge for Developing Countries [Online] Available at www.dx.doi.org [Accessed 31 December 2015]. 22. WB, 2011, Nepal Road Sector Assessment Study. [Online] Available at www.rapnepal.com [Accessed 30 December 2015].

Date of Submission: 2018-08-16 Date of Acceptance: 2018-09-18

Assessment of Group Formation for Output-Based Routine Road

Assessment of Group Formation for Output-Based Routine Road

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