AURA
A THENS U NIVERSITY REVIEW OF A RCHAEOLOGY Π Ε Ρ Ι Ο Δ Ι Κ Ό Τ Ο Υ Τ Ο Μ Έ Α Α Ρ Χ Α Ι Ο Λ Ο Γ Ί Α Σ Κ Α Ι Ι Σ ΤΟ Ρ Ί Α Σ Τ Η Σ Τ Έ Χ Ν Η Σ ΤΜΉΜΑ Ι Σ ΤΟ Ρ ΊΑΣ Κ ΑΙ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟ Γ Ί Α Σ ΤΟΥ ΕΘ Ν Ι ΚΟΎ ΚΑ Ι ΚΑ Π ΟΔ Ι Σ ΤΡ Ι Α ΚΟΎ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΊΟΥ ΑΘΗΝΏΝ
R E V I E W O F T H E D E PA R T M E N T O F A R C H A E O L O G Y A N D H I S T O R Y O F A R T FACULTY OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY N AT I O N A L A N D K A P O D I S T R I A N U N I V E R S I T Y O F AT H E N S
ΤΕYΧΟΣ 1 • VOLUME 1
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Μ Α Ϊ Ο Σ 2 0 1 8 • M AY 2 0 1 8
A THENS U NIVERSITY REVIEW OF A RCHAEOLOGY Π Ε Ρ Ι Ο Δ Ι Κ Ό ΤΟ Υ ΤΟ Μ Έ Α Α Ρ Χ Α Ι Ο Λ Ο Γ Ί Α Σ Κ Α Ι Ι Σ ΤΟ Ρ Ί Α Σ Τ Η Σ Τ Έ Χ Ν Η Σ Τ Μ Ή Μ Α Ι Σ ΤΟ Ρ Ί Α Σ Κ Α Ι Α Ρ Χ Α Ι Ο Λ Ο Γ Ί Α Σ ΤΟ Υ Ε Θ Ν Ι Κ Ο Ύ Κ Α Ι Κ Α Π Ο Δ Ι Σ Τ Ρ Ι Α Κ Ο Ύ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΊΟΥ ΑΘΗΝΏΝ
R E V I E W O F T H E D E PA R T M E N T O F A R C H A E O L O G Y A N D H I S T O R Y O F A R T FACULTY OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY N AT I O N A L A N D K A P O D I S T R I A N U N I V E R S I T Y O F AT H E N S
ΤΕΎΧΟΣ 1 · VOLUME 1
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Μ Ά Ι Ο Σ 2 0 1 8 · M AY 2 0 1 8
ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΉ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΉ • EDITORS
Κωνσταντίνος Κοπανιάς • Ιωάννης Παπαδάτος
ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΕΥΤΙΚΉ ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΉ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΉ • EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Γεώργιος Βαβουρανάκης ‖ Γιάννης Γαλανάκης ‖ Γεωργία Κουρτέση-Φιλιππάκη Ελένη Μαντζουράνη ‖ Χρήστος Ντούμας ‖ Διαμαντής Παναγιωτόπουλος Ελευθέριος Πλάτων ‖ Νάγια Πολυχρονάκου-Σγουρίτσα ‖ Arnulf Hausleiter Παναγιώτης Κουσούλης ‖ James Osborne ‖ Πάνος Βαλαβάνης Χρύσανθος Κανελλόπουλος ‖ Παυλίνα Καραναστάση ‖ Στυλιανός Κατάκης Ευρυδίκη Κεφαλίδου ‖ Γεωργία Κοκκορού-Αλευρά ‖ Αντώνης Κοτσώνας Νότα Κούρου ‖ Βασίλειος Λαμπρινουδάκης ‖ Δημήτρης Μποσνάκης ‖ Όλγα Παλαγγιά Λυδία Παλαιοκρασσά ‖ Ελευθερία Παπουτσάκη-Σερμπέτη ‖ Δημήτρης Πλάντζος Εύα Σημαντώνη-Μπουρνιά ‖ Katja Sporn ‖ Θεοδοσία Στεφανίδου-Τιβερίου Μιχαήλ Τιβέριος ‖ Σοφία Καλοπίση-Βέρτη ‖ Μαρία Κωνσταντουδάκη-Κιτρομηλίδου Γεώργιος Πάλλης ‖ Μαρία Παναγιωτίδου ‖ Πλάτων Πετρίδης ‖ Andreas Rhoby Peter Dent ‖ Παναγιώτης Ιωάννου ‖ Θεοδώρα Μαρκάτου ‖ Ευγένιος Ματθιόπουλος Ευθυμία Μαυρομιχάλη ‖ Δημήτρης Παυλόπουλος ‖ Σουλτάνα-Μαρία Βαλαμώτη Λίλιαν Καραλή-Γιαννακοπούλου ‖ Βασίλειος Κυλίκογλου ‖ Αλεξάνδρα Λιβάρδα Ιωάννης Μπασιάκος ‖ Σέβη Τριανταφύλλου ‖ Μάρλεν Μούλιου ‖ Αλεξάνδρα Μπούνια Μαρία Οικονόμου ‖ Ελευθερία Παλιού ‖ Κωνσταντίνος Παπαδόπουλος ‖ Απόστολος Σαρρής
ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΣ • LAYOUT Σχίζα Βασιλική
Π Ι Ν Α Κ Α Σ Π Ε Ρ Ι Ε Χ Ο Μ Ε Ν Ω Ν • TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S ΤΕΎΧΟΣ 1 • VOLUME 1
ΜΆΙΟΣ 2018 • MAY 2018
PARASKEVI TRITSAROLI AND SOPHIA KOULIDOU Human remains from the Pigi Artemidos LBA tumulus, region of Macedonian Olympus, Pieria............. 9 ΣΤΑΎΡΟΣ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΊΔΗΣ, ΑΡΙΣΤΕΊΔΗΣ ΠΑΠΑΓΙΆΝΝΗΣ, ΆΚΗΣ ΤΣΏΝΟΣ Το ταφικό έθιμο της ανέγερσης τύμβου κατά μήκος της Ιονίας και Αδριατικής ακτής ως πολιτιστικό και κοινωνικό φαινόμενο ....................................................................................................... 25 GEORGIA PAPADOPOULOU “Now I have sent you 500 (talents) of copper”: the Amarna Letter EA 35 from the King of Alašiya to the King of Egypt............................................................................................................................................ 61 KONSTANTINOS KOPANIAS Cilicia and Pamphylia during the Early Iron Age: Hiyawa, Mopsos and the Foundation of the Greek Poleis.......................................................................................................... 69 MANOLIS PETRAKIS Herakles or Dionysos? Some thoughts on the iconography of the krater of the Athens National Archaeological Museum no. 14902 ................................................................................................................. 97 GEORGIOS PALLIS Middle Byzantine Altars with Sculpted Decoration...................................................................................... 119 ANASTASIA VASSILIOU Sherds from around the Church: Pottery from the Panayia Church at Chonika, Argolis........................ 127 ΔΗΜΉΤΡΗΣ ΠΑΥΛΌΠΟΥΛΟΣ Μια λανθάνουσα χαλκογραφία του Γύζη. Συμβολή στη μελέτη της ελληνικής χαρακτικής του ΙΘ' αι. ........................................................................................................... 157 MARLEN MOULIOU Cities and museums of cities. Hybrid discourses and social ecosystems..................................................165 ΕΛΈΝΗ ΜΑΝΤΖΟΥΡΆΝΗ Στα ίχνη των κλεμμένων ελληνικών αρχαιοτήτων από τις κατοχικές δυνάμεις (1940–1945) H συμβολή του Σπύρου Μαρινάτου ............................................................................................................. 187
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΚΡΙΣΊΕΣ Γ. ΚΟΚΚΟΡΟΎ-ΑΛΕΥΡΆ, Κ. Καρακάση, Οι Αρχαϊκές Κόρες ..................................................................................................................... 223 E. ΣΗΜΑΝΤΏΝΗ-ΜΠΟΥΡΝΙΆ Ντ. Κατσωνοπούλου και Ε. Παρτίδα (επιμ.), ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝ. Μελέτες προς τιμήν του Στέφανου Μίλλερ ....... 231
ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ • CONTACT Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών Φιλοσοφική Σχολή / Τμήμα Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας Πανεπιστημιόπολη Ζωγράφου / Αθήνα 157 84 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of History and Archaeology University Campus, GR-15784 Athens, Greece Ιστοσελίδα • Website http://aura.arch.uoa.gr/ email:
[email protected] Σχεδιασμός • Layout: Βασιλική Σχίζα (
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Εκδοτικό Σημείωμα • Editorial Το Περιοδικό του Τομέα Αρχαιολογίας και Ιστορίας
The Athens University Review of Archaeology
της Τέχνης (AURA) είναι ένα διεθνές περιοδικό με
(AURA) is an international, peer-reviewed ar-
σύστημα διπλής ανώνυμης αξιολόγησης, το οποίο
chaeological journal published by the Faculty
εκδίδεται από το Τμήμα Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών. Στόχος του είναι η δημοσίευση πρωτότυπων εργασιών που εστιάζουν στην αρχαιολογία, την τέχνη και τον υλικό πολιτισμό του ευρύτερου Ελληνικού κόσμου, από την απώτερη προϊστορία έως και τη σύγχρονη εποχή. Δημοσιεύονται μελέτες, γραμμένες στα Ελληνικά ή Αγγλικά, που αφορούν στην (1) Εποχή του Λίθου και του Χαλκού στην Ελλάδα και όμορες περιοχές, (2) τη Γεωμετρική, Αρχαϊκή και Κλασική περίοδο στην Ελλάδα και τις Ελληνικές αποικίες στη Μεσόγειο, (3) τον ευρύτερο Ελληνιστικό κόσμο, (4) τη Ρωμαϊκή Ελλάδα, (5) τη Βυζαντινή αυτοκρατορία, (6) τη Λατινική και Οθω-
of History and Archaeology of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. It is dedicated to the publication of original research articles and reports focusing on, or related to the archaeology, art and material culture in the broader Greek world, from the earliest Prehistory to the Modern Era. We welcome contributions in Greek or English about (1) the Stone and Bronze Age in Greece and related adjacent areas, (2) the Geometric to Classical periods in Greece and the Greek colonies in the Mediterranean, (3) the broader Hellenistic world, (4) Roman Greece, (5) the Byzantine Empire, (6) the
μανική περίοδο στην Ελλάδα, (7) την τέχνη της
period of Latin and Ottoman rule in Greece, (7)
σύγχρονης Ελλάδας, (8) την Ανατολική Μεσόγειο
Modern Greek art, (8) the Eastern Mediterra-
και την Εγγύς Ανατολή, (9) Περιβαλλοντική Αρχαι-
nean and the Near East, (9) Environmental Ar-
ολογία και Αρχαιομετρία, (10) Μουσειολογία και
chaeology and Archaeometry, (10) Museology
(11) Ψηφιακές Εφαρμογές στην Αρχαιολογία. Το είδος των μελετών ποικίλλει, και ενδεικτικά αναφέρονται συνθετικές μελέτες, εκθέσεις ανασκαφών και ερευνών πεδίου, μελέτες αρχαιολογικού υλικού και έργων τέχνης, μελέτες περιπτώσεων, καθώς και προκαταρκτικές δημοσιεύσεις υπό εξέλιξη ερευνητικών προγραμμάτων στα θέματα που αναφέρονται παραπάνω. Το περιοδικό είναι ελεύθερης και ανοικτής πρόσβασης. Τα τεύχη του δημοσιεύονται ηλεκτρονικά ως αρχεία PDF. Όλα τα άρθρα είναι δωρεάν διαθέσιμα για όλους στο διαδίκτυο αμέσως μετά τη δημοσίευσή τους και σύμφωνα με την άδεια Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND 4.0). Τα τεύχη του περιοδικού μπορούν επίσης να εκτυπωθούν κατόπιν παραγγε-
and (11) Computer Applications in Archaeology. The range of studies varies, including synthetic works, reports on excavations and field surveys, studies of archaeological material or works of art, various case studies, as well as preliminary publications of on-going research projects dealing with the scientific areas described above. AURA is a fully open access journal. Each issue is published electronically as a PDF file. All papers are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication and free of charge, according to the Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND 4.0). AURA issues can also be distrib-
λίας και να αποσταλούν ταχυδρομικά ή να παραλη-
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φθούν από το βιβλιοπωλείο του Εκδοτικού Οίκου
collected from the bookstore of the Kardamitsa
Καρδαμίτσα, Ιπποκράτους 8, Αθήνα.
Publications, 8 Ippokratous str, Athens.
Konstantinos Kopanias • Yiannis Papadatos
Άρθρα Articles
Human remains from the Pigi Artemidos LBA tumulus, region of Macedonian Olympus, Pieria Paraskevi Tritsaroli The Malcolm H. Wiener Laboratory for Archaeological Science American School of Classical Studies at Athens
[email protected]
Sophia Koulidou Ephorate of Antiquities of Pieria (Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports)
[email protected]
ABSTRACT The paper addresses the contextual analysis of human remains from the Late Bronze Age tumulus cemetery of Pigi Artemidos, sited at the southeast border of the region of Macedonian Olympus. It presents the available body of evidence from this funerary assemblage and compares it to other LBA cemeteries from the same region. Bearing in mind the limitations imposed by the small sample size and the absence of a demographic profile for adults, infectious diseases (e.g. posttraumatic osteomyelitis), skeletal trauma and markers of occupational activity show that the few individuals buried in the tumulus of Pigi Artemidos were physically active; furthermore, stress and deprivation during growth and development suggest poor environmental conditions. A differential burial treatment is inferred between adults and subadults. At this early stage of the contextual analysis of prehistoric populations from the region of Macedonian Olympus in Pieria, the inter-cemetery variations reveal locally diverse lifestyles and funerary expressions at the dawn of the LBA.
INTRODUCTION During the last decades, intense archaeological investigation in the region of Macedonian Olympus has revealed an important network of sites spanning from the Neolithic period to the Byzantine era.1 This evidence changed considerably the archaeological map of mainland Greece and coastal Macedonia2 and has revealed the diachronic occupation of the region from prehistoric to Early Modern times. The Bronze Age funerary assemblages that have been unearthed in southern Pieria3 are of key interest for the following reasons: first, they were situated on or along important communication routes that link Macedonia with areas further to the north and south, such as the mountain pass of Petra on Mount Olympus (Ayios Dimitrios-Spathes) or the coastal areas of southern Pieria (Platamon) (Fig. 1); and second, they reveal a chronological sequence from the Middle Bronze Age/Late Bronze Age (MBA/LBA) transition throughout the whole LBA. Through the integrated analysis4 of human skeletal remains from
1 2 3 4
Koulidou et al. (forthcoming); Koulidou et al. 2017; Koulidou 2014, 2015; Poulaki-Pantermali 2013. Andreou 2014. In particular the sites of Valtos Leptokaryas, Pigi Athinas, Pigi Artemidos, Rema Xydias and Trimbina 2&4. The biogeochemical analysis of human and animal samples from the the sites mentioned in n. 3 is in progress.
ΑURA 1 (2018): 9–24
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Α T H E N S U N I V E R S I T Y R E V I E W O F A R C H A E O LO G Y • A U R A
Fig. 1. Map of the region of Macedonian Olympus (southern Pieria) showing the location of the cemeteries discussed in the paper (map modified by P. Tritsaroli).
these sites, our aim is to examine the interplay between humans and their natural and cultural environments, as well as to discern regional and temporal variations of mortuary practices and cemetery landscapes throughout the 2nd millennium BC. This paper combines skeletal and archaeological data in order to gain insight into the biological and mortuary profile of the Pigi Artemidos LBA assemblage. Bearing in mind the constraints imposed by the small sample size, the aim of this contextual approach is first to present the available body of evidence from Pigi Artemidos and then compare it to that of the tumuli cemeteries of Pigi Athinas,5 Valtos Leptokaryas6 (hereinafter Valtos) and the cemetery of Spathes from the same region. This analysis sheds more light on the biological identity of prehistoric societies of northern Greece and adds further to the contextual investigation of burial practices in the prehistoric Aegean.
MATERIAL Pigi Artemidos was excavated in 2009 by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Pieria (Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports). The site was located close to the contemporary village of Platamon, occupied a surface of 1000m2 and included two main phases of occupation: the Late Bronze Age and the Classical period. During LBA, the site was first used as a cemetery and then as a habitation area.7
5 6 7
Tritsaroli 2017. Tritsaroli 2010. Koulidou 2014, 143, 146.
Α T H E N S U N I V E R S I T Y R E V I E W O F A R C H A E O LO G Y • A U R A
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Fig. 2. Plan of the Pigi Artemidos tumulus (after Koulidou 2014, 145, fig. 2).
The excavation revealed eleven funerary contexts comprising of ten graves and one deposit of bones. Nine of these graves and the deposit of bones were included in a tumulus delimited by a stone ring of 10m of diameter (Fig. 2) (Table 1). One grave (Gr 3) was not part of the tumulus and it has not been possible to date it; this grave is not discussed in the study. Six graves were simple pits and three were stone-lined pits (Grs 2, 4 and 10). Two graves were marked with a stone marker on top of their pits (Grs 9 and 10). The burial ground seems to have had an organized layout: a stone-lined pit grave with a stone marker was at the center of the tumulus, while the other graves were placed around the central one. The deposit of bones has conventionally been called Gr 8, but no particular construction has been identified during the excavation. Five of the nine graves were furnished; the few offerings deposited with the dead consisted mainly of clay vessels and bronze personal items (one bracelet, one spiral earring, two pins, and three knives). The pottery includes a vase of Mycenaean type, which dates the cemetery to the dawn of the LBA (1600–1400 BCE) (the ceramic phases between Late Helladic I to Late Helladic IIB).8 The tumulus of Pigi Artemidos slightly postdates those of Valtos (1930–1505 BCE) and Pigi Athinas (1620–1500 BCE) and it predates the cemeteries of Spathes (1400–1200 BCE), Trimbina 2&4 (1400–1150 BCE) and Rema Xydias (1390–1200 BCE) in the same region. The graves were variously oriented and all of them contained individual primary burials. The bodies were in a flexed position, lying on either their left or right sides; only in one case was the deceased placed on his back (Gr 6). The deposit of bones (Gr 8) included a few remains, belonging to an adult (see below the section on funerary treatment).
8
Koulidou 2014, n. 14.
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Α T H E N S U N I V E R S I T Y R E V I E W O F A R C H A E O LO G Y • A U R A
TABLE 1. LIST OF GRAVES AND HUMAN REMAINS Grave
Grave architecture
Orientation
Burial offerings *
Age classes
Sex
Skeletal position
1
pit
N-S
wheel made pottery (squat jug), a bronze bracelet, a bronze pin and a bronze knife
infant
–
only the upper part of the skeleton preserved, left flexed ?
2
stone-lined pit
N/NW-S/SE
none
young
male
right flexed
4
stone-lined pit
N/NE-S/SW
handmade pottery
adult
unknown
right flexed
adult
unknown
right flexed
adult
unknown
supine
5
pit
NE-SW
handmade pottery and one bronze knife
6
pit
SE-NW
none
7
pit
N/NW-S/SE
one bronze knife
adult
unknown
only the upper part of the skeleton preserved, right flexed ?
8 (deposit of bones)
–
–
bronze spiral earring
adult
unknown
unknown
9
pit with stone marker
W-E
none
middle-aged
male
left flexed
10
stone-lined pit with stone marker
SW-NE
none
adult
unknown
left flexed
11
pit
N-S
handmade vessel and a bronze pin
child
–
left flexed
* The archaeological information on burial offerings is drawn from Koulidou (2014).
Bone completeness for the sample of Pigi Artemidos was moderate to poor (
