Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16
“ST26733”, International Conference "Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture"
Atypically Behavior of the Maize Leaf Weevil (Tanymecus Dilaticollis Gyll) on Maize and Sunflower Crops, in Climatic Conditions of the Year 2014, in South-East of Romania Emil GEORGESCUa*, Lidia CANĂa, Radu GĂRGĂRIğĂb, Leliana VOINEAc, LuxiĠa RÂùNOVEANUd a
Plant Protection Laboratory, NARDI Fundulea, Nicolae Titulescu nr. 1, Fundulea, Calarasi County, 915200, Romania b Meteo Office, NARDI Fundulea, Nicolae Titulescu nr. 1, Fundulea, Calarasi County, 915200, Romania c ARDS Marculeúti, Periúoru, Calarasi County, 917951, Romania d ARDS Brăila, Viziru km. 9 Street, Brăila, Brăila County, 818008, Romania
Abstract Climatic conditions of the year 2014 in south-east of the Romania in April and May were atypically. At NARDI Fundulea, rainfalls level, both in April and May were over multiyear average, while air temperature was slight higher then multiyear average in April and lower then multiyear average in May. At ARDS Marculesti, registered rainfall level was slight lower then multiyear average in April and higher then multiyear average in May, while air temperature was higher than multiyear average in April and slight lower then multiyear average in May. Even if the average values of both, the temperatures and rainfalls from spring period of the 2014 seem unfavourable for maize leaf weevil attack at maize and sunflower crops, however this insect produce damaged at both crops. Attack intensity of the maize leaf weevil at the maize untreated plants on a scale from 1 (not attacked) to 9 (total damage) was of 5.91 at NARDI Fundulea and 5.94 at ARDS Marculesti. At sunflower untreated plants, attack intensity of the maize leaf weevil was of 5.45 at NARDI Fundulea and 8.78 at ARDS Marculesti. Untreated sunflower plants were almost totally damaged in 2014, at ARDS Marculesti. In this paper, authors collective try to explain the possible reasons of atypically attacks of the maize leaf weevil at maize and sunflower crops in south-east of the Romania in year 2014.
© 2015 The The Authors. Authors. Published Publishedby byElsevier ElsevierB.V. B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest. Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest Keywords: atypically climatic conditions, attack, maize, sunflower, weevil.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +40242-642-080; Fax: +40242-642-080. E-mail address:
[email protected]
2210-7843 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.031
10
Emil Georgescu et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16
1. Introduction Maize leaf weevil (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll) remains one of the most dangerous pests for maize and sunflower crops in south and southeast of the Romania (Popov and Barbulescu, 2007). Data from literature suggested that, after 2000, every year around 1 million hectares with maize are attacked in spring by maize leaf weevil (Barbulescu, 2001; Popov et al., 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006). However, recent studies show that insect spread in area considered less favourable, such as Sibiu County from Transylvania (Antonie et al., 2012). According to Popov et al. (2007), in case of plants emerged from untreated seeds, the damages because of the insets attack ranged between 10 and 25 %. Same author mentioned that, in some cases, the damage can arrive at 100 %. Many studies concerning life cycle of the T. dilaticollis demonstrate that is xerophilous and thermophilus insect (ýamprag et al., 1969; Paulian, 1972, ýamprag, 2007). In climatic conditions from the south-east of the Romania, high temperatures and low rainfalls level from the last decade of April and first two decades of May, period that coincide with first vegetation stages of the maize plants, favourite maize leaf weevil attack (Popov et al., 2006). Recent studies made at NARDI Fundulea, make in evidence atypical behaviour of the maize leaf weevil, in spring, as result of the daily rainfall and temperatures distribution in period taken in study (Georgescu et al., 2014). Climate changes such as global warming and increasing of extreme weather may produce changes in dynamics of the main crop pests, exacerbating yield losses (Rosenzweig et al., 2001). Many pests and diseases can be favoured by climate changes such as increasing of the temperature in northern latitudes (ýamprag, 2007; Gregory et al., 2009; Olesen et al., 2011). Same author mentioned that the interactions between crops and pests are complex and poorly understood in the context of new climatic conditions. According Diffenbaugh et al. (2008) the climate changes will increase the prevalence of insect pests in many agro-ecosystems, also in maize and sunflower agro-ecosystems too. Using different mathematic models Diós et al. (2009) make hypothesis that climate changes will grow significantly by the end of the century, the frequency and the potential of the pests damage at maize crop in Central Europe. Researches made in Romania and south-east European countries demonstrate that in different climatic conditions from the spring period, seed treatment assign effective protection of the maize and sunflower young plants against maize leaf weevil attack (Voinescu 1985; Vasilescu et al., 2005; Popov et al., 2006; Krusteva et al., 2006; Popov et Barbulescu, 2007; Keszthely, 2008; ýamprag, 2011; Trotus et al, 2011). According Barbulescu et al. (2001) seed treatment with systemic insecticides that have rapid translocation in young plants emerged from the treated seeds is the most effective method for controlling T. dilaticollis when plants are in first vegetations phases (BBCH 10-14). Same author mentioned that in exceptional climatic conditions, such as severe draught, maize untreated plants can be consumed immediately after emergence. According EU directive 485/2013 from 1 December 2013 the use of three active ingredients for seed treatments of the spring crops (imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam) are restricted for two years (Official Journal of the European Union, 2013). After this directive no seeds treatment for sunflower or maize remain available in Romania for controlling the T. dilaticollis pest. However in 2014, Romania obtained derogation for four neonicotinoid insecticides (Nuprid Al 600 FS, Seedoprid 600 FS, Cruiser 350 FS and Poncho 600 FS) used like seed treatment at spring crops (www.agroinfo.ro, 2014). In last two yeas, in journals for farmers there are several reports about maize and sunflower losses in the spring period, as result of the T. dilaticollis attack (Rich Harvests, 2013, 2014). In same journals it has specified that, in some cases, farmers must re-sowing again maize or sunflower crops. Without seed treatment for spring crops it is possible to repeat the situations from the past, when farmers sowed maize or sunflower two or even three times in same spring, in years with high level of the pest attack (Paulian, 1972; Barbulescu et al. 2001; Popov et Barbulescu, 2007). In this context, this paper present study case concerning the behaviour of the maize leaf weevil (T. dilaticollis) on maize and sunflower plants in climatic conditions of the spring, year 2014, at NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti. Also in this paper there are presented preliminary results concerning testing of some active ingredients used like seed treatment for controlling of T. dilaticollis both at maize and sunflower crops. 2. Materials and Methods The observations and assessments were made at the experimental field of the Plant Protection Collective, NARDI Fundulea (lat. N 44.30, long. E 24.10, alt. 68.00 m) and experimental field of Agricultural Research Development Station (ARDS) Marculesti (lat. N 44.25, long. E 27.30, alt. 39.30 m). Both locations are placed in Calarasi County
Emil Georgescu et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16
in south-east of the Romania. Comparative with previous years, as results of the climatic conditions, especially rainfalls from the April, sunflower and maize crop were sowed at 7 respectively 8 of May, at Plant Protection Collective (NARDI Fundulea). At ARDS Marculesti, both crops were sowed at 19 of April. This situation was similar at many farms from South of Romania. Some farmers sowed spring crops in April or even early, while rest of the sowed spring crops in first 10 days of the May (Rich Harvests, 2014). The attack intensity of the T. dilaticollis on maize and sunflower plants were assessed when plants arrive at four leaf stage (BBCH 14), using a scale from 1 to 9, elaborated and improved by Paulian (1972). According this scale attack intensity ranged from 1 (unattacked plant) to 9 (plat complete destroyed): x Note 1: plant not attacked; x Note 2: plant with 2-3 simple bites on the leaf edge; x Note 3: plants with bites or clips on leaf edge; x Note 4: plants with leafs chafed in proportion of 25 %; x Note 5: plants with leafs chafed in proportion of 50 %; x Note 6: plants with leafs chafed in proportion of 75 %; x Note 7: plants with leafs chafed almost at the level of the stem; x Note 8: plants with leafs completely chafed and beginning of the stem destroyed; x Note 9: plants destroyed, with stem chafed close to soil level. After 30 days from the plant emergence it has evaluated saved plant percent by counting all the emerged plants from a plot and comparing them with the sowing seeds number/plot. In the climatic conditions of the year 2014, it has tested in the field conditions new and current active ingredients, used like seed treatments both at sunflower and maize crops (Table 1). The experiments were arranged after randomised blocks designs. Each experimental variant have four repetitions. Experimental plots have 10 m length, 4.2 m width (6 rows), distance between rows was of 0.7 m, as result plot surface was of 42 m2. Climatic data (air, soil temperatures and daily rainfalls) were provided by meteorological stations both from NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti. The data were statistical analyzed through the analysis of variance method by using of the Microsoft Excel 2003 and ARM 8.5 software. Table 1. Active ingredients tested for controlling of the maize leaf weevil at NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti. Nr. crt.
Active ingredient
Dose (mg a.i./grain)
1
Control (Untreated variant)
—
2
Tiacloprid 400 g/l (Sonido)
0.67
3
Cyantraniliprole 625 g/l (Cyazypir)
0.40 0.40
4
Teflutrin 200 g/l (Force 20 CS)
5
Bifentrin 200 g/l (Semafor 20 ST)
0.06
6
Clothianidin 600 g/l (Poncho 600 FS)
0.50
3. Results and Discussions Analysing data from table 2 it has ascertained that evolution of the temperatures in April and May were different at NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti. On both locations, average air temperature registered in April was higher comparative with multiyear average, but at ARDS Marculesti it has registered higher temperature then NARDI Fundulea. On both locations, average air temperature registered in May was below multiyear average. Analysing evolution of the average air temperatures on decades, both in April and May, it has ascertained that, temperature registered in first decade of May were lower than temperature registered in third decade of April, in both locations. However, differences between third decade of April and first decade of May were higher in case of ARDS Marculesti. In both locations, air temperature increasing from starting of the April until the end of the month, then follow a decreasing of temperatures in first decade of May.
11
12
Emil Georgescu et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16 Table 2. Evolution of the air temperatures in spring, at NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti, in 2014. Month
Dec. I
Temperature (ºC) Dec. II Dec. III
Average (ºC)
Multiyear (ºC)
Deviation
11.1 16.9
+0.3 -0.5
11.0 16.8
+0.9 -0.1
NARDI Fundulea April May
10.6 13.5
9.8 15.5
April May
10.5 12.9
10.8 16.7
13.7 20.1
11.4 16.4
ARDS Marculesti 14.4 20.6
11.9 16.7
Regard of rainfalls evolution, data from table 3 show different situations. At NARDI Fundulea, rainfalls amount registered in April and May were higher comparative with multiyear average. At ARDS Marculesti, rainfalls amount registered in April was slight below multiyear average in April and higher then multiyear average in May. It is important to mention that differences between rainfalls registered in April were higher in case of the two locations. At NARDI Fundulea it has registered 82.8 mm in April while at ARDS Marculesti in same month it has registered 29.1 mm. At NARDI Fundulea it has registered higher level of the rainfalls amount in second decade of April and second decade of May, while at ARDS Marculesti it has registered lower level of the rainfall in the last decade of April and high level of the rainfall in last two decades of May. It is important to mention that because of the high level of the rainfall registered in second decade of the April, at Plant Protection Collective experimental field from NARDI Fundulea, the soil couldn’t be prepared for sowing of the maize and sunflower experiments. As result, these crops were sowed with delay, in first decade of May, and emerged after 20 of May. Contrarily, at ARDS Marculesti, sunflower and maize were sowed at 19 of April, and plants emerged after 27 of April. Table 3. Evolution of the rainfalls in spring, at NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti, in 2014. Month
Dec. I
Rainfalls (mm) Dec. II Dec. III
Total (mm)
Multiyear (mm)
Deviation
59.0 72.3
+23.8 +28.3
35.3 56.5
-6.2 +62.9
NARDI Fundulea April May
15.3 21.5
54.8 57.1
12.7 22
82.8 100.6
ARDS Marculesti April May
3.2 22.8
22.3 47.3
3.6 49.3
29.1 119.4
In the climatic conditions from the year 2014, the attack of maize leaf weevil (T. dilaticollis) on maize and sunflower untreated plants was different on both locations from south-east of the Romania. Data from table 4 show that, at Plant Protection Experimental field, from NARDI Fundulea, on a scale from 1 to 9, the attack intensity of T. dilaticollis at maize plants emerged from untreated seeds was of 5.91 while attack intensity on sunflower plants emerged from untreated plants was of 5.45. On both crops, plants emerged from untreated seeds has leafs chaffed in proportion ranged between 50 and 75 %. More than 76 % of untreated maize and sunflower plants survive of attack and continue developed after 30 days from the emergence (Table 4). In the climatic conditions from spring of the year 2014, at ARDS Marculesti, on a scale from 1 to 9, the attack intensity of T. dilaticollis at maize plants emerged from untreated seeds was of 5.94. The values of the attack intensity at maize untreated plants, was basically equal at ARDS Marculesti and NARDI Fundulea, even if the plants were sowed and emerged in different periods from the spring. Attack intensity of T. dilaticollis at sunflower plants emerged from the untreated seeds, on a scale from 1 to 9, was of 8.78 at ARDS Marculesti (Table 5). More than 98.5 % of untreated sunflower plants were destroyed by attack of the maize leaf weevil, in spring of the year 2014.
13
Emil Georgescu et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16 Table 4. Effectiveness of some insecticides used for maize seeds treatment for controlling of the maize leaf weevil (T. dilaticollis) in the climatic conditions of the year 2014. Variant
Dose (mg. a.i./grain)
Attack intensity (1-9) NARDI Fundulea ARDS Marculesti
Saved plants percent (%) NARDI Fundulea ARDS Marculesti
Control (Untreated variant)
—
5.91
5.94
76.99
76.32
Tiacloprid 400 g/l (Sonido)
0.67
5.58
5.64
79.70
78.62
Cyantraniliprole 625 g/l (Cyazypir)
0.40
5.00
5.06 º
87.75 **
88.00 **
Teflutrin 200 g/l (Force 20 CS)
0.40
5.21
5.48
82.75
81.50
Bifentrin 200 g/l (Semafor 20 ST)
0.06
5.21
5.59
83.00
81.63
3.71 ººº 1.11 1.54 2.13
4.11 ºº 0.85 1.17 1.62
97.63 *** 6.57 9.10 12.56
90.52 *** 6.18 8.55 11.80
Clothianidin 600 g/l (Poncho 600 FS)
0.50 LSD 5% LSD 1% LSD 0.1%
Table 5. Effectiveness of some insecticides used for sunflower seeds treatment for controlling of the maize leaf weevil (T. dilaticollis) in the climatic conditions of the year 2014. Variant
Dose (mg. a.i./grain)
Attack intensity (1-9) NARDI ARDS Fundulea Marculesti 5.45 8.78
Saved plants percent (%) NARDI ARDS Fundulea Marculesti 73.42 1.58
Control (Untreated variant)
—
Tiacloprid 400 g/l (Sonido)
0.67
5.28
7.53 º
74.32
12.30 *
Cyantraniliprole 625 g/l (Cyazypir)
0.40
5.38
8.49
74.05
5.00
Teflutrin 200 g/l (Force 20 CS)
0.40
5.25
8.06
74.80
8.30
Bifentrin 200 g/l (Semafor 20 ST)
0.06
5.20
7.71 º
75.02
14.06 *
3.45 ººº 0.41 0.56 0.77
2.79 ººº 1.00 1.38 1.91
93.87 *** 10.11 14.00 19.31
99.53 *** 9.57 13.25 18.28
Clothianidin 600 g/l (Poncho 600 FS)
0.50 LSD 5% LSD 1% LSD 0.1%
The situation from the field was not in accordance with data from literature. According Popov et al. (2006) in case of reduced rainfalls in the spring period, the attack of this pest on maize untreated plants was maximum or almost maximum, while in case of higher rainfalls from the spring period, the attack of the T. dilaticollis at untreated plants was low. At NARDI Fundulea, the attack of maize leaf weevil at maize and sunflower was higher, even if the rainfalls registered in April and May were over multiyear average and average air temperature was below multiyear average. At ARDS Marculesti the attack of the T. dilaticollis on sunflower plans was almost maximum even if the average values of the rainfalls and temperatures for April and especially May was not favourable for this insect. According Rosca et Rada (2009), low rainfalls level, soil temperature higher than +18°C and average air temperature higher than +20°C are favourable conditions for maize leaf weevil activity. Analysing daily distribution of both, air and soil temperatures, at ARDS Marculesti and NARDI Fundulea, in April and May, 2014 it has ascertained higher differences registered from one decade to another or even from one day to another. In April, 2014, at ARDS Marculesti, data from figure 1 show that from the beginning of the month until the data of maize and sunflower sowing it has registered 4 peeks of maximum air temperatures and average soil temperatures values and three periods with low air and soil temperatures. After plants emergence, on 27 of April, even if the values of the daily average air temperature values decreasing, it has registered higher values of the maximum air temperatures and average soil temperatures, that favourite insects activity during day time. Daily air maximum temperatures and average soil temperatures were favourable for insect activity at the beginning of the May, too. After 3 of May, the air and soil temperatures start decreasing, then increasing again after 6 of May. Analysing daily rainfalls distribution in spring period at ARDS Marculesti, in 2014, it has ascertained that the most of the rainfalls amount occurred in April it has registered in second decade of the month (Figure 2).
14
Emil Georgescu et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16
Daily rainfall distribution, at ARDS Marculesti, April 2014
Soil and air temperature, at ARDS Marculesti, April 2014 45
30
40 25
35 20
30
15
M ax. air A v. s oil
(mm)
(ºC)
A v. air
10
25 20 15 10
5
5 0 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
0
29
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Day
Day
Fig. 1. Soil and air temperatures, registered at ARDS Marculesti, April 2014.
Fig. 2. Daily rainfalls distribution, registered at ARDS Marculesti, April 2014. Daily rainfall distribution, at ARDS Marculesti, May 2014
Soil and air temperature, at ARDS Marculesti, May 2014 45
35
40
30
35 25
30 (ºC)
M ax. air 15
A v. s oil
(mm)
A v. air
20
25 20 15
10
10 5
5 0 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
Day
Fig. 3. Soil and air temperatures, registered at ARDS Marculesti, May 2014.
0 1
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Day
Fig. 4. Daily rainfalls distribution, registered at ARDS Marculesti, May 2014.
At the beginning of the May, at ARDS Marculesti, it has registered lower amount of rainfalls while higher amounts of the rainfalls registered in last two decades of the May. It is important to mention that in last decade of the May, in one day it has registered more than 85 % of the total rainfalls amount for this decade. Daily temperatures and rainfalls distribution, especially between 27 of April and 9 of May seems to be very favourable for the T. dilaticollis. This is a possible explication for higher values of the attack registered at sunflower untreated plants at ARDS Marculesti, even if monthly average values of this parameters seems to be unfavourable for xerophilous insects activity. Daily air and soil temperatures distribution in April, 2014, at NARDI Fundulea was almost similar with those registered at ARDS Marculesti (Figure 5). The temperatures were characterised through high oscillations during short periods (2-3 days). Rainfalls amount registered at NARDI Fundulea, in April, 2014 was higher in second decade of the month and lower in first decade. The most of the rainfalls amount from last decade of the month was registered in one day, at 30 of April. As result, of cumulating rainfalls from second decade of the April and last day of the month, maize and sunflower crops couldn’t be sowed in last decade of the April. As result maize and sunflower crops were sowed at the first decade of the May and plants emerged after 20 of May. From 21 to 29 of May, average air temperatures were higher than 20°C and average soil temperatures were higher than 25°C (Figure 7). In same period no rainfalls occurred. However in May, average air temperature was below multiyear average and rainfalls amount was over multiyear average. It is important to mention that even if the total rainfalls amount registered in May at NARDI Fundulea was higher than multiyear average, it has registered only 9 days of rainfalls. The climatic conditions registered after maize and sunflower emergence, from 20 of May until 29 of May was favourable for T. dilaticollis. This is a possible explication for the higher values of the attack intensity of maize leaf weevil at untreated maize and sunflower plants, at NARDI Fundulea.
Emil Georgescu et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16
In tables 4 and 5 are presented preliminary results concerning testing of some active ingredients used like seed treatment, both at maize and sunflower at NARDI Fundulea and ARDS Marculesti. In both locations from southeast of the Romania, in 2014, the attack intensity of the T. diladicollis at maize plants has lower values only in case of the seeds treated with clothianidin active ingredient (Poncho 600 FS). At the rest of the variants from the experiment, the differences with control variant was not statistical assigned. At sunflower crops the attack intensity was different in the two locations. At ARDS Marculesti, the plants from control variant were basically destroyed by the insect. Higher attack values it has registered in case of variants treated with cyantraniliprole (I=8.49) and teflutrin (I=8.06) while lower values of the attack intensity was registered in case of the variant treated with clothianidin. It is important to mention that clothianidin active ingredient is restricted for seed treatment according EU directive 485/2013. The rest of the insecticides tested like seed treatment in 2014 have no effectiveness in control of the maize leaf weevil (T. dilaticollis) at maize and sunflower crops. Daily rainfall distribution, at NARDI Fundulea, April 2014
Soil and air temperature, at NARDI Fundulea, April 2014 45.0
30.0
40.0 25.0 35.0 20.0
30.0 M ax. air A v. s oil
(mm)
(ºC)
A v. air 15.0 10.0
25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0
5.0
5.0 0.0 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
0.0
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fig. 5. Soil and air temperatures, registered at NARDI Fundulea, April 2014.
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Fig. 6. Daily rainfalls distribution, registered at NARDI Fundulea, April 2014. Daily rainfall distribution, at NARDI Fundulea, May 2014
Soil and air temperature, at NARDI Fundulea, May 2014 40.0
45.0
35.0
40.0 35.0
30.0
30.0
25.0
A v. air
20.0
M ax. air A v. s oil
15.0
(mm)
(ºC)
7
Day
Day
25.0 20.0 15.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
0.0 1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
Day
Fig. 7. Soil and air temperatures, registered at NARDI Fundulea, May 2014.
0.0 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Day
Fig. 8. Daily rainfalls distribution, registered at NARDI Fundulea, May 2014.
4. Conclusions The climatic conditions from the spring period, registered in south-east of the Romania, in 2014 was atypically. As result, Tanymecus dilaticollis have an atypical behaviour when maize and sunflower plants were at the beginning of the vegetation period. Even if the overall climatic conditions registered in April and May seems to be unfavourable for the insect activity, daily rainfalls and temperatures distributions correlated with plant emergence data favourite Tanymecus dilaticollis. As result, the attack of the plants emerged from untreated seeds was higher, at both locations. Sunflower plants emerged from untreated seeds were almost destroyed by the pest attack, at ARDS Marculesti. Lower attack intensity, at both crops it has registered in case of the seeds treated with clothianidin. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the influence of the climate changes concerning plants and pest interactions.
15
16
Emil Georgescu et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6 (2015) 9 – 16
References Antonie, I., Stanciu, M., Sand, C., Blaj, R., 2012. The researches regarding the biodiversity of the entomologic of the corn cultures in the Sibiu county. Scientific Papers, Series Management, Ec. Eng. in Agr. and Rural Develop., 12 (1): 5-10. Bărbulescu, A., 2001. Results obtained in year 2000, în frame of the researches concerning cereals, industrial and forages plants pest and diseases. Problems of Plant Protection, XXIX (2): 123-178. Barbulescu, A., Voinescu, I., Sadagorschi, D., Penescu, A., Popov, C., Vasilescu, S., 2001. Cruieser 350 FS - A new product for maize and sunflower seed treatment against Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. Romanian Agricultural Research, nr. 15, p. 77-87. ýamprag, D., Jasnic, S., Sekulik, R., Matic, R., 1969. Harmfulness and control of Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. in corn. Contemporary Agriculture, 17 (5/6): 261-268. ýamprag, D., 2007. Proliferation of field crop pests in Serbia and neighbouring countries in the 20th century (Razmnoz avanje štetoþina ratarskih kultura u Srbiji i susednim zemljama tokom 20. veka.), 348 p. ýamprag, 2011, Impact of climate to appearance of field crop pests in Vojvodina (Serbia) during 2001-2020 (i.e. 2010). Biljni lekar, vol. 39, nr. 4, p. 434-446. Diffenbaugh, N.S., Krupke, C.H., White, M.A., Alexander, C.A., 2008. Global warming presents new challenges for maize pest management. Environmental Research Letters, 3 (4): 1-9. Diós, N., Szenteleki, K., Ferenczy, A., Petrányi, G., Hufnagel, L., 2009. A climate profile indicator based comparative analysis of climate change scenarios with regard to maize cultures. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 7 (3): 199-214. Georgescu, E., Toader, M., Cana, L., Gargarita, R., 2014. Draught influence concerning maize leaf weevil (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll) attack on maize crops at NARDI Fundulea. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LVII-2014, 186-191. Gregory, P.J., Johnson, S.N., Newton, A.C., Ingram, J.S.I., 2009. Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60 (10): 2827-2838. Keszthelyi, S., Kurucsai, P., Szabó, T., Pál-Fám, F., 2008. Food choice studies and control trials carried out with maize leaf and beet leaf weevil. Növényvédelem, 44: 391-396. Krusteva, H., Panajotova, M., Tonev, T., Karadzhova, Y., Milanova, S., Nikolov, P., Dimitrova, A., Stefcheva, M., Ventsislavov, V., Chavdarov, L. and Velichkov, A., 2006. Good plant protection practice in maize crops. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Sofia, 2, 015, 1, 69-77. Olesen, J.E., Tmka, M., Kersebaumc, K.C., Skjelvågd, A.O., Seguine, B., Peltonen-Sainiof, P., Rossig, F., Kozyrah, J., Micalei, F., 2011. Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change. European Journal of Agronomy, vol. 34, nr. 2, pg. 96-112. Paulian, F., 1972. Contribution at knowledge of the development, ecology and control of the Tanymecus dilaticollis specie (ContribuĠii la cunoaúterea dezvoltării, ecologiei úi combaterii speciei Tanymecus dilaticollis). Doctoral thesis, I.A.N.B. Bucharest, p. 300. Popov, C., Bărbulescu, A., Guran, M., Raranciuc, S., Spiridon, C., Vasilescu, S., Vâlsan, D., Mateiaú, M.C., Voinescu, I., 2002. Phytosanitary state of cereals, leguminous for grain, industrial and fodder crops in Romania in 2001. Problems of Plant Protection, XXX (1): 1-21. Popov, C., Guran, M., Raranciuc, S., Rotărescu, M., Spiridon, C., Vasilescu, S., Gogu, F., 2003. Phytosanitary state of cereals, leguminous for grain, industrial and fodder crops in Romania, in 2002. Problems of Plant Protection, XXXI (1): 1-22. Popov, C., Guran, M., Raranciuc, S., Rotărescu, M., Spiridon, C., Vasilescu, S., Gogu, F., 2004. Phytosanitary state of cereals, leguminous for grain, industrial and fodder crops in Romania in 2003. Problems of Plant Protection, XXXII (1): 1-23. Popov, C., Guran, M., Raranciuc, S., Rotărescu, M., Spiridon, C., Vasilescu, S., Gogu, F., 2005. Phytosanitary state of cereals, leguminous for grain, industrial and fodder crops in Romania in 2004. Problems of Plant Protection, XXXII (1-2): 7-29. Popov, C., Guran, M., Raranciuc, S., Rotărescu, M., Spiridon, C., Vasilescu, S., Gogu, F., 2006. Phytosanitary state of cereals, leguminous for grain, industrial and fodder crops in Romania in 2005. Problems of Plant Protection, XXXIV (1-2): 15-37. Popov, C., Trotus, E., Vasilescu, S., Barbulescu, A., Rasnoveanu, L., 2006. Drought effect on pest attack in field crops. Romanian Agricultural Research, 23: 43-52. Popov, C., Barbulescu, A., Raranciuc, S., 2007. Seed treatment a modern, efficient and less pollutant method for field crops protection. Annals of N.A.R.D.I. Fundulea, LXXIV, 133-139. Popov, C., Barbulescu, A., 2007. 50 years of scientific activity in domain of field crop protections, against diseases and pests. Annals of N.A.R.D.I. Fundulea, LXXV, 371-404. Rosca, I., Rada, I., 2009. Entomology (Agriculture, Horticulture, Forest). Alpha Mdn Publishing House, 699 pp. (p. 120-123). Rosenzweig, C., Iglesias, A., Yang, X. B., Epstein, P. R., Chivian, E., 2001. Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events; Implications for Food Production, Plant Diseases, and Pests. Global Change and Human Health, 2 (2): 90-104. Trotus, E., Buburuz, A.A., Zaharia, P., 2011. Researches on the protection of maize crops against soil pests. Agronomical Researches in Moldavia, 4: 45-51. Voinescu, I., 1985. Maize seed treatment with carbamic insecticides, effective method for controlling of the weevil T. dilaticollis Gyll. Problems of Plant Protection, XIII (2): 151-156. Vasilescu, V.S., Popov, C., Stoica, V., Negrila, M., Procopovici, E., 2005. Results regarding control of maize leaf weevil (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll) by chemical seed treatment during 2000-2004. Scientific Papers. USAMV Bucharest. Series A, vol. XLVIII, 343-350. ***Official Journal of the European Union, 2013, http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:139:0012:0026:EN:PDF ***Agroinfo, 2014, http://www.agroinfo.ro/vegetal/ce-a-dat-romaniei-unda-verde-la-neonicotinoide ***Rich Harvests, 2013, Farmer profile, 152: 26-27. ***Rich Harvests, 2014, We buy now, we pay at……harvest, 156: 20-21.
