The Calvin cycle consists of three stages. They are: â« carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation,. â« reduction of 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) and. â« regeneration of Ribulose ...
DR. MIRANDA P. YEOH SELANGOR MATRICULATION COLLEGE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MALAYSIA KOLEJ MATRIKULASI SELANGOR KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA
The Calvin cycle consists of three stages. They are:
carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation, reduction of 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) and regeneration of Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
To enable students remember the Calvin Cycle, I use a simple tune.
It is a variation of ‘Here we go around the mulberry bush’.
The lyrics are on the top left corner, and in red.
Step 1: Carbon fixation Three RuBP and CO2 forms PGA, RuBP adds CO2; so CO2 is fixed!
3 molecules of RuBP [5C]
3 molecules CO2
6 molecules of PGA [3C]
PGA is phosphorylated; forms 1,3-BPG.
3 molecules of RuBP [5C]
3 molecules CO2
6 molecules of PGA [3C] 6 ATP 6 ADP 6 molecules of 1,3-BPG [3C]
Step2: Reduction of 1,3-BPG BPG now gets reduced to aldehyde G-3-P.
3 molecules of RuBP [5C]
3 molecules CO2
6 molecules of PGA [3C] 6 ATP 6 ADP 6 molecules of 1,3-BPG [3C] 6 NADPH 6 NADP+ 6molecules of G-3-P [3C]
One G-3-P is removed; it changes to triose.
3 molecules CO2
3 molecules of RuBP [5C]
6 molecules of PGA [3C] 6 ATP 6 ADP 6 molecules of 1,3-BPG [3C] 6 NADPH 6 NADP+ 6molecules of G-3-P [3C]
5 molecules of G-3-P [3C]
Triose; other
Five G-3-P still cycle around; Isomerize as Ribulose-Phosphate
3 molecules CO2
3 molecules of RuBP [5C]
6 molecules of PGA [3C] 12 ATP 12 ADP 6 molecules of 1,3-BPG [3C] 12 NADPH
3 molecules of Ribulose 5-Phosphate [5C] ISOMERIZATION 5 molecules of G-3-P [3C]
12 NADP+ 6 molecules of G-3-P [3C]
Triose; other
Step 3: Regeneration of RuBP 3Ribulose 5-Phosphate is phosphorylated; regenerates 3RuBP.
3 molecules CO2
3 molecules of RuBP [5C]
6 molecules of PGA [3C] 6 ATP
3 ADP
6 ADP
3 ATP 3 molecules of Ribulose 5-Phosphate [5C]
6 molecules of 1,3-BPG [3C] 6 NADPH
ISOMERIZATION 5 molecules of G3-P [3C]
6 NADP+ 6 molecules of G3-P [3C]
Triose; other
If our cycle goes round twice; you will have Glucose
6 molecules CO2
6 molecules of RuBP [5C]
12 molecules of PGA [3C] 12 ATP
6 ADP
12 ADP
6 ATP 6 molecules of Ribulose 5-Phosphate [5C]
12 molecules of 1,3-BPG [3C] 12 NADPH
ISOMERIZATION
12 NADP+ 12molecules of G-3-P [3C]
10 molecules of G-3-P [3C]
GLUCOSE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Director of Kolej Matrikulasi Selangor, Vice Director, the Head of Science Department and all lecturers and staff. You have all been most helpful and encouraging; and this has facilitated my research efforts in Cooperative Learning, Multiple Intelligences of Students, Independent Learning, and Innovations in Teaching Biology. The college has provided the necessary equipment for my research.
thank you…..
Special thanks to….. All lecturers of Biology Unit, KMS. All KMS staff: admin office, library and labs. Most of all, I thank my family, friends and students who have been my respondents, my photographers, advisors in video editing, my friends and my best critics. You have contributed great insights that have enabled me to continue in lifelong learning and to improve in my teaching and research.
MY AIM IS TO PROMOTE LIFELONG LEARNING AMONG MY STUDENTS THROUGH ALL MY RESEARCH THAT MAKES LEARNING MORE FUN.
