Vegetation. References. Comments. 0-1. 1-2. 2-5. 5+. Submergent. Emergent american brook lamprey. -. - year year low low. 68, 88 northern brook lamprey.
Nursery Habitat Characteristics of Great Lakes Fishes
J.A. Lane1, C.B. Portt1 and C.K. Minns2
1. C. Portt and Associates, 56 Waterloo Avenue, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 3H5 2. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Bayfield Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, PO Box 5000, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 Canada
January 1996 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2338
Fisheries
Pêches
and Oceans
et Océans
Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribution is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. However, no restriction is placed on subject matter, and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Manuscript reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and indexed in the Department’s annual index to scientific and technical publications. Numbers 1-900 in this series were issued as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Biological Board of Canada, and subsequent to 1937 when the name of the Board was changed by Act of Parliament, as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 901-1425 were issued as Manuscript Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 1426-1550 were issued as Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Manuscript Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 1551. Manuscript reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Out-of-stock reports will be supplied for a fee by commercial agents. Rapport manuscrit canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports manuscrits contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui traitent de problèmes nationaux ou régionaux. La distribution en est limitée aux organismes et aux personnes de régions particulières du Canada. Il n’y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la série reflète la vaste gamme des intérêts et des politiques du ministére des Pêches et des Océans, e’est-à-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports manuscrits peuvent être cités comme des publications complèrwa. Le titre exact paraît au-dessus du résumés de chaque rapport. Les rapports manuscrits sont résumés dans la revue Résumés des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques,et ils sont classés dans l’index annuel des publications scientifiques et techniques du Ministére. Les numéros 1 à 900 de cette série ont été publiés à titre de manuscrits (série biologique) de l’Office de biologie du Canada, et aprés le changement de la désignation de cet organisme par décret du Parlement, en 1937, ont été classés comme manuscrits (série biologique) de l’Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 901 à 1425 ont été publiés à titre de rapports manuscrits de l’Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 1426 à 1550 sont parus à titre de rapports manuscrits du Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère des Pêches et de l’Environnement. Le nom actuel de la série a été établi lors de la parution du numéro 1551. Les rapports manuscrits sont produits à l’échelon régional, mais numérotés à l’échelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l’établissement auteur don’t le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les rapports épuisés seront fournis contre rétribution par des agents commerciaux.
CANADIAN MANUSCRIPT REPORT OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 2338
NURSERY HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT LAKES FISHES
by 1
1
J.A. Lane , C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns
2
1. C. Portt and Associates, 56 Waterloo Avenue, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 3H5 2. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Bayfield Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, PO Box 5000, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 Canada
Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1996 Cat No. FS97-4/2338 ISSN 0707-6473
Correct citation of this publication: Lane, P.A., C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns. 1996. Nursery habitat characteristics of Great Lakes fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2338:v+42p.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND APPENDICES ................................................................................iv ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉ......................................................................................................…...v 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 METHODS ............................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 3 4.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix A Great Lakes Basin Fish Species List ....................................................................... 39 Appendix B Riverine Species. ..................................................................................................... 42
iii
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Depth strata utilized and strength of association with vegetation by young-of-theyear fishes. Presence within a depth stratum is indicated according to season: spring = spring-early summer, fall = late summer-fall and year = no indication of seasonal differences. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular depth stratum, or vegetation type. For species marked with an asterisk (*), inferences have been drawn, the bases for which are provided in the 'Comments' column. A c indicates additional information is given, also in the 'Comments' column. ...................................................... 8 Table 2 Strength of association with substrate types and the importance of lake (versus stream) habitat for young-of-the-year of Great Lakes fishes. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular substrate type. For species marked with an asterisk (*) inferences about relationships have been made, the basis for which are provided in Table 1..................... 18 Table 3 Number of species occurring within each depth stratum, by season. ............................. 27 Table 4 Number of species associated with each substrate and with submergent and emergent aquatic vegetation, by strength of association............................................................... 27
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Great Lakes Basin Fish Species List ....................................................................... 39 Appendix B Riverine Species. ..................................................................................................... 42
iv
ABSTRACT Lane, J.A., C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns. 1995. Nursery habitat requirements of Great Lakes fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2338. An extensive review of the literature was performed to compile knowledge of nursery habitat characteristics of Great Lakes fishes. Water depth, substrate and aquatic vegetation were the three characteristics considered. Seasonal shifts in habitat were also documented. The literature indicates that most species resident in the Great Lakes basin spend at least part of their first year of life in lentic habitats. Young-of-the-year of the majority of these species inhabit habitats less than two metres deep during at least part of the year. Most species were associated with a variety of substrates in their first year of life, but sand and silt were the most commonly used. Vegetation, particulary submergent vegetation, was also an important factor. The combination of these characteristics emphasizes the importance of wetlands, and other relatively low energy near-shore environments, for nursery habitat. This is in contrast to areas of bedrock and hard-pan clay, which are used by few species.
RÉSUMÉ Lane, J.A., C.B. Portt et C.K. Minns. 1995. Besoins des poisons des Grands Lacs en matière de zones d’alevinage. Rapport manuscript canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. 2338 Une vaste étude des ouvrages publiés a été effectuée dans le but de recueillir des données sur les caractéristiques des zones d’alevinage des poissons des Grands Lacs. L’étude a porté sur trois caractéristiques, soit la profondeur des cours d’eau, le substrat et la végétation aquatique. Des données ont aussi été recueillies sur l’effet des changements saisonniers sur les habitats. L’étude révèle que la majorité des espèces qui habitent le basin des Grands Lacs passent la première année de leur vie dans des habitats lénitiques. Chez la plupart de ces espèces, les jeunes passent au moins une partie de leur première année dans un habitat de moins de deux mètres de profondeur. Bien que la plupart de ces espèces vivent dans des substrats durant leur première année, elles trouvent le plus souvent refuge dans le sable et l’argile des limons. La végétation, surtout partiellement submergée, représente aussi un facteur important. La somme de ces caractéristiques souligne l’importance, pour les zones d’alevinage, des terres humides et autres milieux à faible énergie situés près des rives. En revanche, très peu d’espèces vivent dans les secteurs caractérisés par la roche en place et l’argile dure.
v
1.0 INTRODUCTION The guiding principle of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans 'Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat' (DFO, 1986) is 'NO NET LOSS OF THE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF HABITATS', and development proposals are to be evaluated on the basis of pre and post-development fish production. In the scientific literature, fish production is usually defined as the total elaboration of fish tissue in a unit of time, regardless of whether or not the tissue is alive at the end of the time period (Ricker 1946; Balon, 1974). Production is typically calculated on a species by species basis, and the values for individual species are summed to determine total fish production (e.g. Mahon and Balon, 1977; Portt et al, 1986). The calculation of production requires detailed knowledge of fish populations (abundance, growth and mortality rates) which are rarely available. Measurement of the types and quantities of habitats available, and knowledge of the relationships between these habitats and fish populations and communities, can provide a practical surrogate for fish productivity (Minns et al, 1995). Minns et al (1995) have proposed a methodology for evaluating development proposals at the fish community level. Their method requires knowledge of the habitat requirements at the various life stages. To date, this methodology encompasses spawning and adult habitat only. The nearshore areas of the Great Lakes are recognized as providing critical nursery habitat for most of the fish species present. One of the recommendations of Minns et al. (1995) was to develop a model incorporating young-of-the-year habitat characteristics.
Toward this end, this report
summarizes water depth, substrate and aquatic vegetation characteristics of young-of-the-year habitats for species resident in the Great Lakes. 1
2.0 METHODS The information presented in this report was acquired principally through an extensive review of the literature. Two computer databases, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (1978March 1995) and Waves (1970-June 1995), were searched and the relevant publications were examined. Secondary sources were relied upon for summaries of earlier literature. The Great Lakes basin provides suitable habitat for both lake and river-dwelling fishes. This report is concerned only with those that utilize the lakes at some time during their first year of life. The mouths of streams tributary to the lakes, and river deltas, where water velocities are low, often resemble lentic habitats, and were treated as such. Three habitat characteristics are considered:
water depth (0-1, 1-2, 2-5, 5+ metres),
substrate (bedrock, boulder, boulder + cobble, rubble, gravel, sand, silt, clay, hard-pan clay) and structure (submergent vegetation, emergent vegetation and other). If detritus was mentioned as a substrate type in the literature, it was included with silt in the tables. Seasonal changes in use of depth strata are identified, if well documented in the literature. 'Spring', 'fall' and 'year' indicate presence of a species at a given depth in spring-early summer, late summer-fall, and year-round respectively. The strength of the association with vegetation or other structure was estimated, based on available documentation. For the purposes of this report 'high' indicates a species is nearly always associated with, 'medium' indicates a species is frequently associated with, and 'low' indicates a species is infrequently encountered in emergent and/or submergent vegetation. A dash (-) is used when no information has been found to indicate that a species utilizes vegetation. This information is presented in Table 1. 2
As with vegetation, the strength of association with each substrate category (low, medium, high) was estimated. Similarly, for each species, an index of the utilization of lake, as compared with stream, habitat was prepared.
Table 2 contains the information for both of these
characteristics. Literature which dealt specifically with young-of-the-year fish habitat was unavailable for several species. In some cases, relationships were inferred using associations with other phases of the life cycle. Thus, if spawning, and adult fish habitat were similar, the assumption was made that young-of-the-year fish habitat was comparable. In other cases, hybridization provided information from which inferences could be drawn. Species for which habitat preferences were inferred are marked with an asterisk (*) in the accompanying tables and the basis for the inference is noted in the 'Comments' column.
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 142 species, and three hybrids, were initially considered, based on the distribution information in Mandrak and Crossman (1992), and information on recently discovered exotics (Appendix A). Three of these species are considered extirpated from the Great Lakes (deepwater cisco, Coregonus johannae [Parker, 1989a]; blackfin cisco, Coregonus nigripinnis [Parker, 1989b]; gravel chub, Erimystax x-punctata [Holm, pers. comm.]). The American eel (Anguilla rostrata), is marine during its first year (Heffman et al., 1987). These four species were eliminated from the list. The three hybrids were also eliminated because they are either stocked (splake, Salvelinus fontinalis x S. namaycush) or, if naturally reproducing, young-of-the-year occur in the same habitat 3
as the parent species (tiger muskellunge, Esox lucius x E. masquinongy; carp x goldfish, Cyprinus carpio x Carassius auratus). Information on nursery habitat was obtained, or inferred, for 137 of the remaining 138 species. No information was located for the rudd (Scardinius erythrothalmus), a recent introduction to the Great Lakes. The majority of fish species residing in the Great Lakes basin have populations which spend at least part of their first year in the lake environment. Even primarily riverine species (e.g. lampreys, Family: Petromyzontidae) have populations that are found in the lakes (Morman, 1979; Lee, 1989). In all, 59 species occur primarily, if not exclusively, in lake habitats during their first year of life. Young-of-the-year of 30 species are commonly found in both lakes and streams, while those of another 38 species are most often found in streams, but have been reported from lake habitats. The ten species listed in Appendix B, based on the available information, spend their first year of life exclusively in riverine habitats. One of these species, the northern madtom (Noturus stigmosus) occurs in both the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, and probably occurs in lake habitats, but its presence has not been confirmed (Jude, pers. comm.). Specific information regarding nursery habitat was available for 102 of the 127 species which are known to spend at least a portion of their first year of life in the Great Lakes. For 25 species, habitat characteristics were inferred from other associations as mentioned above. This information is presented in Tables 1 and 2. Young-of-the-year of most species occur in water depths of 2 metres or less (Table 3), with some exceptions.
For example, the spoonhead and deepwater sculpins (Cottus ricei,
Myoxocephalus thompsoni), and the deepwater ciscoes (Coregonus johannae, C. nigripinnis, C. 4
reighardi, C. zenithicus) migrate to shallower waters to spawn, their young-of-the-year are seldom found at depths of less than 5 metres (Becker, 1983; Scott and Crossman, 1973). The lampreys normally spend their larval phase in shallow streams. When the larvae are found in lakes, however, they are at depths greater than 3 metres, where water movement does not agitate the substrate and interfere with their burrowing habit (Morman, 1979; Lee, 1989). Young-of-the-year bass (Micropterus spp.), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) are found in shallow water in spring and summer where an abundant food supply exists and the water is warm. With the onset of cooler temperatures these young fish move to deeper waters to overwinter (Goodyear et al., 1982; Reckahn, 1970). Similar movements are probably undertaken by other species, but are undocumented. Most species occur in association with a variety of substrates (Table 2), but more species utilize areas of sand and silt than any other type (Table 4). This relationship may reflect, in part, the strong affinity which young-of-the-year of many species have for aquatic vegetation (Table 4). Plant material provides protection from predators as well as harbouring prey (Herdendorf et al., 1986; Becker, 1983). The shallow coastal marshes and wetlands of the lakes are thus prime habitat for young-of-the-year fish, and the substrates within these habitats are mainly sand and silt (Leslie and Timmins, 1993). Areas of gravel substrate also provide nursery habitat for many species. In some cases, occurrence in these areas reflects young-of-the-year fish remaining near the spawning bed for a time after hatching. Also, some species that are not typically lake inhabitants are found in area of gravel substrate at the mouths of tributary streams, as a result of downstream drift or early migration (Carl, 1984; Becker, 1983). Examples include some of the redhorse species (Moxostoma 5
spp.; Becker, 1983), and salmonid fry (Oncorhynchus spp.; Carl, 1984). Other substrate types in which young-of-the-year fish are commonly found are boulder, cobble and rubble, the crevices of which provide suitable cover. Few fishes use bedrock or hard-pan clay as nursery habitat. The information assembled in this report illustrates the importance of the Great Lakes littoral zone as habitat for young-of-the-year fishes.
In particular, vegetated areas and their
corresponding substrate provide abundant food and protection for this life phase. All of the substrate types considered, however, were used by some species. While certain conclusions regarding the utilization of various habitats can be drawn from the information compiled, its limitations must be noted. Our assessment of the relative significance of particular habitats to individual species was necessarily subjective. Much of the information was derived from studies in which specific habitats, rather than a range, were sampled. Undoubtedly, some habitats which are difficult to sample with traditional gear (e.g. boulders) have received less attention than others for which this equipment is better suited. As indicated, documentation dealing specifically with nursery habitats was not available for several species. Clearly, there is a need to acquire this information. These limitations notwithstanding, the data contained in this report are useful in assessing the relative significance of various habitats to young-of-the-year fishes, particularly when applied at the guild or community level.
6
Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the constructive comments provided by E. Holm, Royal Ontario Museum; D.J. Jude, University of Michigan; J.K. Leslie and R.G. Randall, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans; S. Nepszy and A. Mathers, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
7
Table 1 Depth strata utilized and strength of association with vegetation by young-of-the-year fishes. Presence within a depth stratum is indicated according to season: spring = spring-early summer, fall = late summer-fall and year = no indication of seasonal differences. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular depth stratum, or vegetation type. For species marked with an asterisk (*), inferences have been drawn, the bases for which are c provided in the 'Comments' column. A indicates additional information is given, also in the 'Comments' column.
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References
Comments
0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
american brook lamprey
-
-
year
year
low
low
68, 88
northern brook lamprey
-
-
year
year
low
low
68, 88
silver lamprey
-
-
year
year
low
low
68, 88
sea lamprey
-
-
year
year
low
low
68, 88
lake sturgeon
-
-
year
year
low
low
39, 44, 51, 50, 117, 118
longnose gar
spring
fall
-
-
high
-
39, 118
spotted gar
spring
fall
-
-
high
high
39, 100
bowfin
spring
fall
-
-
high
-
39, 53, 118
open water when accompanied by male
alewife
spring
spring
year
year
low
-
39, 45, 112, 118, 123
-function of upwelling
year
year
fall
-
high
-
12, 39, 108, 123, 125
gizzard shad
c
8
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References
Comments
0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
pink salmon
-
-
year
year
-
-
64, 66, 118
coho salmon
spring
spring
fall
fall
-
-
39, 41, 64, 118
chinook salmon
spring
spring
fall
-
-
-
7, 15, 37, 39, 64
rainbow trout
spring
spring
fall
-
low
-
3, 10, 23, 39, 123
use log jams for cover
brown trout*
spring
spring
-
fall
-
-
3, 39, 118
*brook trout habitat
arctic charr*
year
year
-
-
-
-
4, 56
brook trout
year
year
year
-
-
-
39, 110
-
spring
year
year
-
-
27, 39, 76, 89
lake whitefish
spring
spring
year
year
-
low
cisco
spring
spring
fall
fall
low
-
17, 29, 39, 119
bloater
-
-
-
year
-
-
39, 129
kiyi*
-
-
-
year
-
-
39, 46
*adult habitat
shortnose cisco*
-
-
-
year
-
-
39, 95
*adult habitat
shortjaw cisco*
-
-
-
year
-
-
39, 52
*adult habitat
pygmy whitefish
-
-
spring
fall
-
-
28, 39
lake trout
9
use log jams for cover
*riverine habitat
8, 29, 39, 72, 112
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References 0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
round whitefish
-
spring
spring
year
-
-
29, 39, 93
rainbow smelt
-
spring
spring
fall
-
-
29, 39, 70, 94, 118
northern pike
spring
spring
fall
-
high
-
39, 74, 123
muskellunge
year
year
-
-
high
-
19, 24, 25, 26,39
grass pickerel
year
year
-
-
high
high
26, 37, 39
central mudminnow
year
year
-
-
-
high
39, 123
mooneye*
-
-
year
year
-
-
7, 32, 118, 128
quillback
year
year
-
-
medium
-
38. 39
longnose sucker
year
year
-
-
high
-
36, 39
white sucker
year
year
year
-
high
-
2, 39, 79, 123
lake chubsucker
year
year
-
-
high
high
39, 69
northern hogsucker
year
year
-
-
high
-
1, 7, 39
c
c
10
Comments
caught at surface over deep water
taken at surface *adult habitat, stomach contents
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References
Comments
0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
bigmouth buffalo
year
year
-
-
medium
-
14, 33, 39
spotted sucker*
year
year
-
-
high
-
7, 101
*feeding habits, adult habitat
silver redhorse*
year
year
-
-
-
high
7, 39
*adult habitat, other redhorse species
black redhorse
year
year
-
-
-
high
13, 39
golden redhorse
year
year
-
-
high
-
1, 118
shorthead redhorse*
year
year
-
-
-
-
7, 39
*adult habitat, other redhorse species
greater redhorse*
year
year
-
-
-
-
7, 39
*adult habitat, other redhorse species
goldfish
year
year
-
-
-
high
39, 69
northern redbelly dace*
year
year
-
-
-
-
55, 122
finescale dace
year
year
-
-
-
-
122
lake chub
year
year
-
-
-
-
7, 39, 69
common carp
year
year
-
-
high
high
11
16, 39, 123
*hybridization with finescale dace
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References
Comments
0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
cutlips minnow*
year
year
-
-
-
-
118
*adult habitat
brassy minnow*
year
year
-
-
medium
-
7
*adult habitat
eastern silvery minnow *
year
year
-
-
-
medium
7
*adult habitat
-
-
-
year
low
-
7
golden shiner
year
year
-
-
high
high
18, 39, 123
pugnose shiner
year
year
-
-
high
high
39, 71, 103
emerald shiner
spring
spring
fall
-
medium
medium
bridle shiner
year
year
-
-
low
-
common shiner
year
year
-
-
medium
medium
blackchin shiner
year
year
-
-
high
-
39, 60
blacknose shiner
year
year
-
-
high
high
39, 69
spottail shiner
year
year
year
year
high
high
16, 39, 112, 123
rosyface shiner*
year
year
-
-
-
low
7, 69, 113
spotfin shiner
year
year
-
-
low
-
sand shiner
year
year
-
-
medium
medium
silver chub
12
39, 57, 71, 123
also captured in open water
7, 39 16, 39, 123
1, 7 39, 69
*adult habitat
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References
Comments
0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
redfin shiner
year
year
-
-
high
high
81, 91, 118
mimic shiner
year
year
year
-
high
high
1, 16, 39, 71,
pugnose minnow
year
year
-
-
high
high
39, 104
bluntnose minnow
year
year
-
-
medium
medium
16, 39, 123
fathead minnow
year
year
-
-
medium
medium
39, 111, 123
blacknose dace
year
year
-
-
-
-
longnose dace
year
year
-
-
low
low
creek chub
year
year
-
-
medium
-
fallfish
year
year
-
-
low
low
39, 118
pearl dace*
year
year
-
-
low
low
7, 118
*adult habitat
stoneroller*
year
year
-
-
medium
medium
7, 69, 82
*adult habitat
striped shiner
spring
spring
fall
fall
-
medium
7, 34, 69
black bullhead
year
year
-
-
-
medium
7, 39
yellow bullhead
year
year
-
-
high
high
7, 39
brown bullhead
year
year
-
-
high
high
16, 39, 123
13
7, 39 1, 39, 118
pelagic, then benthic
1, 2, 39, 123
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References 0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
-
-
spring
fall
low
low
39, 118
stonecat
year
year
-
-
low
low
1, 39
tadpole madtom
year
year
-
-
high
high
1, 39
brindled madtom*
year
year
-
-
-
high
39, 102
banded killifish
year
year
year
-
high
high
16, 39, 60
burbot
spring
spring
spring
fall
-
-
17, 29, 39, 80
brook stickleback
spring
spring
fall
fall
medium
-
39, 131
threespine stickleback
spring
spring
fall
fall
low
-
39, 131
ninespine stickleback
spring
spring
fall
fall
medium
-
39, 131
fourspine stickleback*
spring
spring
fall
fall
medium
-
48
trout-perch
spring
spring
fall
-
-
-
16, 39
white perch
spring
spring
spring
fall
medium
-
39, 71, 72, 121, 123
white bass
year
year
year
-
medium
-
39, 69
channel catfish
14
Comments
* spawning and hybridization with tadpole madtom
*adult habitat, other stickleback species
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References
Comments
0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
rock bass
year
year
year
-
high
-
green sunfish
year
year
-
-
high
high
39, 67
pumpkinseed
year
year
-
-
high
high
18, ,39, 123
bluegill
year
year
-
spring
high
high
18, 39
pelagic 6-7 weeks, then littoral
longear sunfish*
year
year
-
-
medium
medium
7, 118
*hybridizes with other Lepomis spp.
smallmouth bass
spring
spring
fall
fall
-
-
largemouth bass
year
year
fall
-
high
high
7, 16, 39
white crappie
spring
spring
fall
-
high
high
7, 14, 39, 118
black crappie
year
year
year
-
high
high
7, 16, 18, 39, 108 123
warmouth*
year
year
-
-
high
high
7,118
*hybridizes with other Lepomis spp.
orangespotted sunfish*
year
year
-
-
high
-
7, 92, 108
*hybridizes with other Lepomis spp.
spring
spring
spring
fall
medium
medium
16, 39, 123, 130
overwinter here, also
yellow perch
c
c
15
31, 39, 123
31, 39, 90, 116, 118
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References 0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Comments
Emergent pelagic 4-5 weeks
sauger
-
spring
spring
fall
-
-
7, 39, 118
walleye
spring
spring
spring
fall
low
low
39, 75, 114
eastern sand darter
year
year
year
year
low
low
50, 118
greenside darter
year
year
-
-
medium
-
7, 39, 118
rainbow darter
year
year
-
-
-
-
7, 39, 69
Iowa darter
year
year
year
-
medium
-
39, 73
fantail darter
year
year
-
-
medium
-
7, 39
least darter
year
year
-
-
high
-
7, 65
johnny darter
year
year
year
-
medium
-
16, 39, 73, 123
spring
spring
-
fall
medium
medium
39, 69
channel darter
year
year
year
year
low
-
7, 39
blackside darter
year
year
-
-
medium
medium
1, 7
river darter*
year
year
-
-
-
-
7
tesselated darter*
year
year
year
-
medium
-
16, 39, 73, 123
logperch
16
*adult habitat *hybridizes with johnny darter
Water Depth (m)
Vegetation
Common Name
References 0-1
1-2
2-5
5+
Submergent
Emergent
brook silverside
year
year
-
spring
low
-
freshwater drum
-
-
year
year
medium
medium
mottled sculpin
year
year
-
year
low
low
slimy sculpin
year
year
-
year
-
spoonhead sculpin*
-
-
-
year
deepwater sculpin
-
-
-
ruffe
-
spring
round goby
spring
tubenose goby
spring
c
39, 70, 118
Comments
yoy at surface over deep water
7, 14, 39 7, 39, 57, 73
uses rocks, logs for cover
-
7, 39, 118
uses rocks, logs for cover
-
-
7, 39
year
-
-
29, 63, 80
spring
fall
-
-
30, 40, 84, 120
spring
fall
fall
medium
-
57
associated with available cover
spring
fall
fall
medium
-
57
associated with available cover
17
*adult habitat
Table 2 Strength of association with substrate types and the importance of lake (versus stream) habitat for young-of-the-year of Great Lakes fishes. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular substrate type. For species marked with an asterisk (*) inferences about relationships have been made, the basis for which are provided in Table 1.
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
american brook lamprey
-
-
-
-
northern brook lamprey
-
-
-
silver lamprey
-
-
sea lamprey
-
lake sturgeon
Gravel
References
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
medium
high
high
-
-
low
68, 88
-
medium
high
high
-
-
low
68, 88
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
low
68, 88
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
low
68, 88
-
-
-
medium
medium
high
high
-
-
medium
39, 44, 51, 61, 117, 118
longnose gar
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
39, 118
spotted gar
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
high
39, 100
bowfin
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
39, 53, 118
alewife
-
-
-
high
high
high
high
high
-
high
39, 112, 118, 123
gizzard shad
-
-
-
low
low
low
high
-
-
high
12, 39, 123, 125
pink salmon
-
high
medium
medium
-
-
-
-
-
low
64, 66, 118
18
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
coho salmon
-
high
-
-
-
medium
-
-
-
low
39, 41, 57, 64, 118
chinook salmon
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
-
low
7, 15, 37, 39, 64
rainbow trout
-
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
-
low
3, 10, 23, 39, 123
brown trout*
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
-
-
low
3, 39, 118
arctic charr*
-
high
high
medium
-
-
-
-
-
medium
4, 56
brook trout*
-
-
-
high
high
high
medium
-
-
low
39, 110
lake trout
-
medium
high
high
high
medium
low
-
-
high
27, 39, 58, 76, 89, 107
lake whitefish
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
-
high
8, 29, 39, 112
cisco
-
medium
high
high
medium
low
-
-
-
high
17, 29, 39, 119
bloater
-
-
high
-
-
high
-
high
-
high
39, 129
kiyi*
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
high
39, 46
shortnose cisco*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
high
39, 95
shortjaw cisco*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
high
39, 52
pygmy whitefish
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
high
28, 39
19
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
round whitefish
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
-
high
29, 39, 93
rainbow smelt
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
-
high
29, 39, 94, 118
northern pike
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
high
39, 74, 123
muskellunge
-
-
-
-
-
medium
high
-
-
high
19, 24, 25, 26,39
grass pickerel
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
high
26, 37, 39
central mudminnow
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
medium
39, 123
mooneye*
-
-
-
-
medium
high
low
-
-
medium
7, 32, 118, 128
quillback
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
medium
38, 39
longnose sucker
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
medium
36, 39
white sucker
-
-
low
low
-
high
medium
-
-
low
2, 39, 79, 123
lake chubsucker
-
-
-
-
-
medium
high
medium
-
high
39, 69
northern hogsucker
-
-
low
low
medium
high
high
-
-
low
1, 7, 39
bigmouth buffalo
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
medium
14, 33, 39
spotted sucker
-
-
-
-
-
medium
-
-
-
low
7, 101
20
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
silver redhorse
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
low
7, 39
black redhorse
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
low
13, 39
golden redhorse
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
low
shorthead redhorse*
-
-
-
-
medium
high
-
-
-
low
7, 39
medium
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
-
low
7, 39
goldfish
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
high
39, 69
northern redbelly dace*
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
medium
55, 122
finescale dace
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
medium
122
lake chub
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
-
high
7, 39, 69
common carp
-
-
-
high
high
high
high
high
-
high
16, 39, 123
cutlips minnow*
-
-
-
-
high
medium
-
-
-
low
118
brassy minnow*
-
-
-
low
medium
high
high
-
-
low
7
eastern silvery minnow
-
-
-
-
medium
medium
medium
-
-
low
7
silver chub
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
medium
7, 39
greater redhorse*
21
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
golden shiner
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
18, 39, 123
pugnose shiner
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
high
39, 71, 103
emerald shiner
-
-
-
high
-
high
high
high
-
high
39, 71, 123
bridle shiner
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
medium
7, 39
common shiner
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
-
low
16, 39, 123
blackchin shiner
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
medium
39, 60
blacknose shiner
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
high
39, 69
spottail shiner
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
-
high
16, 39, 112, 123
rosyface shiner*
-
-
-
low
low
medium
medium
medium
-
low
7, 69, 113
spotfin shiner
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
medium
1, 7
sand shiner
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
-
medium
39, 69
redfin shiner
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
medium
-
low
81, 91, 118
mimic shiner
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
high
1, 16, 39, 71
pugnose minnow
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
39, 104
22
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
bluntnose minnow
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
16, 39, 123
fathead minnow
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
39, 123, 111
blacknose dace
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
low
7, 39
longnose dace
-
-
-
medium
medium
high
high
-
-
medium
1, 39
creek chub
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
medium
1, 2, 39, 123
fallfish
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
low
39, 118
pearl dace*
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
low
7, 118
stoneroller
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
high
-
low
7, 69, 82
striped shiner
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
medium
7, 34, 69
black bullhead
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
7, 39
yellow bullhead
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
high
7, 39
brown bullhead
-
-
-
high
high
high
medium
-
-
high
16, 39, 123
channel catfish
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
-
-
medium
39
stonecat
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
-
medium
1, 39
23
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
tadpole madtom
-
low
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
low
1, 39
brindled madtom*
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
low
39, 102
banded killifish
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
-
high
16, 36, 60
burbot
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
-
-
high
17, 29, 36, 80
brook stickleback
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
-
medium
39, 131
threespine stickleback
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
-
high
39, 131
ninespine stickleback
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
-
-
high
39, 131
fourspine stickleback*
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
low
48
trout-perch
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
-
medium
16, 39
white perch
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
medium
-
high
39, 71, 121, 123
white bass
-
-
-
high
high
high
medium
medium
medium
high
39, 69
rock bass
-
-
-
medium
high
-
high
-
-
high
31, 39, 123
green sunfish
-
-
-
-
-
medium
high
-
-
high
39, 67
pumpkinseed
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
19, 39, 123
24
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
bluegill
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
18, 39
longear sunfish*
-
-
low
high
high
medium
-
-
-
low
7, 118
smallmouth bass
medium
high
high
high
medium
medium
low
-
-
high
31, 39, 90, 116, 118
largemouth bass
-
-
-
-
-
medium
high
-
-
high
7, 16, 39
white crappie
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
medium
7, 14, 39, 118
black crappie
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
7, 16, 18, 39, 123
warmouth*
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
-
-
medium
7, 118
orangespotted sunfish*
-
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
medium
7, 92
yellow perch
-
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
-
high
16, 39, 123, 130
sauger
-
-
-
-
high
high
low
-
-
high
7, 39, 118
walleye
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
-
high
high
39, 75, 114
eastern sand darter
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
low
50
greenside darter
-
high
high
high
-
-
-
-
-
low
7, 39, 118
rainbow darter
-
-
-
high
high
low
-
-
-
low
7, 39, 69
25
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
Iowa darter
-
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
-
medium
39, 73
fantail darter
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
-
low
7, 39
least darter
-
-
-
-
medium
high
high
low
-
medium
7, 65
johnny darter
-
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
-
high
16, 39, 73, 123
logperch
-
-
-
medium
high
high
medium
low
-
medium
39, 69
channel darter
-
-
-
-
high
high
medium
-
-
medium
7, 39,118
blackside darter
-
-
-
-
high
high
low
-
-
low
1, 7
river darter*
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
-
medium
7
tesselated darter*
-
-
-
-
high
high
high
-
-
high
16, 39, 73, 118, 123
brook silverside
-
-
-
-
high
high
-
medium
-
high
39, 118
freshwater drum
low
-
-
-
medium
high
medium
medium
-
high
7, 14, 39
mottled sculpin
-
high
high
high
medium
medium
-
-
-
medium
7, 39, 73
slimy sculpin
-
high
high
medium
medium
medium
-
-
high
medium
7, 39, 118
spoonhead sculpin
-
high
high
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
7, 39
26
Common Name
Lake Presence
Substrate
References
Bedrock
Boulder
Boulder -Cobble
Rubble
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Hard-pan Clay
deepwater sculpin
-
high
high
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
29, 63, 80
ruffe
-
-
-
-
-
-
high
-
-
high
30, 40, 84, 120
round goby
-
high
high
high
high
medium
-
medium
-
high
57
tubenose goby
-
high
high
high
high
medium
-
medium
-
high
57
27
Table 3 Number of species occurring within each depth stratum, by season.
Water depth (m)
Spring
Fall
Year
Not present
0-1
27
0
78
22
1-2
29
3
78
17
2-5
10
18
24
75
5+
2
21
24
80
Table 4 Number of species associated with each substrate and with submergent and emergent aquatic vegetation, by strength of association.
Occurrence Substrate Low
Medium
High
Not Found (-)
Bedrock
1
2
0
124
Boulder
1
2
11
113
Boulder-Cobble
3
2
12
110
Rubble
5
9
19
94
Gravel
2
25
43
57
Sand
3
17
84
23
Silt
5
15
65
42
Clay
2
14
10
101
Hard-pan Clay
0
1
2
124
Submergent Vegetation
22
27
36
42
Emergent Vegetation
15
14
27
71
28
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29
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Appendix A Great Lakes Basin Fish Species List CODE
Common name
Scientific Name
S011 S012 S013 S014 S031 S041 S042 S051 S061 S062 S063 S071 S072 S073 S075 S076 S077 S078 S079 S080 S081 S082 S091 S093 S094 S095 S096 S097 S099 S100 S101 S102 S121 S131 S132 S133 S136 S141 S152 S161 S162 S163 S164 S165 S166 S167
American brook lamprey Northern brook lamprey Silver lamprey Sea lamprey Lake sturgeon Longnose gar Spotted gar Bowfin Alewife American shad Gizzard shad Pink salmon Chum salmon Coho salmon Chinook salmon Rainbow trout Atlantic salmon(l) Brown trout Arctic charr Brook trout Lake trout Splake Lake whitefish Cisco(lake herring) Bloater Deepwater cisco(chub) Kiyi Blackfin cisco Shortnose cisco Shortjaw cisco Pygmy whitefish Round whitefish Rainbow smelt Northern pike Muskellunge Grass pickerel Tiger muskellunge Central mudminnow Mooneye Quillback Longnose sucker White sucker Lake chubsucker Northern hog sucker Bigmouth buffalo Spotted sucker
Lampetra appendix Ichthyomyzon fossor Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Petromyzon marinus Acipenser fulvescens Lepisosteus osseus Lepisosteus oculatus Amia calva Alosa pseudoharengus Alosa sapidissima Dorosoma cepedianum Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Onchorhynchus mykiss Salmo salar Salmo trutta Salvelinus alpinus Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus namaycush Salvelinus hybrid 080x081 Coregonus clupeaformis Coregonus artedii Coregonus hoyi Coregonus johannae Coregonus kiyi Coregonus nigripinnis Coregonus reighardi Coregonus zenithicus Prosopium coulteri Prosopium cylindraceum Osmerus mordax Esox lucius Esox masquinongy Esox americanus vermiculatus Esox hybrid 131x132 Umbra limi Hiodon tergisus Carpoides cyprinus Catostomus catostomus Catostomus commersoni Erimyzon sucetta ypentelium nigricans Ictiobus cyprinellus Minytrema melanops
41
S168 S169 S170 S171 S172 S173 S181 S182 S183 S184 S185 S186 S187 S188 S189 S190 S191 S192 S193 S194 S195 S196 S197 S198 S199 S200 S201 S202 S203 S204 S205 S206 S207 S208 S209 S210 S211 S212 S213 S214 S215 S216 S217 S218 S231 S232 S233 S234 S235 S236 S237 S244 S251 S261
Silver redhorse Black redhorse Golden redhorse Shorthead redhorse Greater redhorse River redhorse Goldfish Northern redbelly dace Finescale dace Redside dace Lake chub Common carp Gravel chub Cutlips minnow Brassy minnow Eastern silvery minnow Silver chub Hornyhead chub River chub Golden shiner Pugnose shiner Emerald shiner Bridle shiner Common shiner Blackchin shiner Blacknose shiner Spottail shiner Rosyface shiner Spotfin shiner Sand shiner Redfin shiner Mimic shiner Pugnose minnow Bluntnose minnow Fathead minnow Blacknose dace Longnose dace Creek chub Fallfish Pearl dace Silver shiner Stoneroller Striped shiner Ghost shiner Black bullhead Yellow bullhead Brown bullhead Channel catfish Stonecat Tadpole madtom Brindled madtom Northern madtom American eel Banded killifish
42
Moxostoma anisurum Moxostoma duquesnei Moxostoma erythrurum Moxostoma macrolepidotum Moxostoma valenciennesi Moxostoma carinatum Carassius auratus Phoxinus eos Phoxinus neogaeus Clinostomus elongatus Couesius plumbeus Cyprinus carpio Erimystax x-punctata Exoglossum maxillingua Hybognathus hankinsoni Hybognathus regius Macrohybopsis storeriana Nocomis biguttatus Nocomis micropogon Notemigonus crysoleucas Notropis anogenus Notropis atherinoides Notropis bifrenatus Luxilus cornutus Notropis heterodon Notropis heterolepis Notropis hudsonius Notropis rubellus Cyprinella spiloptera Notropis stramineus Lythrurus umbratilis Notropis volucellus Opsopoeodus emiliae Pimephales notatus Pimephales promelas Rhinichthys atratulus Rhinichthys cataractae Semotilus atromaculatus Semotilus corporalis Margariscus margarita Notropis photogenis Campostoma anomalum Luxilus chrysocephalus Notropis buchanani Ameiurus melas Ameiurus natalis Ameiurus nebulosus Ictalurus punctatus Noturus flavus Noturus gyrinus Noturus miurus Noturus stigmosus Anguilla rostrata Fundulus diaphanus
S262 S271 S281 S282 S283 S284 S291 S301 S302 S311 S312 S313 S314 S315 S316 S317 S318 S319 S323 S324 S331 S332 S334 S335 S336 S337 S338 S339 S340 S341 S342 S343 S344 S345 S346 S361 S371 S381 S382 S383 S384 S601 S220 S355 S366 S367
Blackstripe topminnow Burbot Brook stickleback Threespine stickleback Ninespine stickleback Fourspine stickleback Trout-perch White perch White bass Rock bass Green sunfish Pumpkinseed Bluegill Longear sunfish Smallmouth bass Largemouth bass White crappie Black crappie Warmouth Orangespotted sunfish Yellow perch Sauger Walleye(yellow pickerel) Eastern sand darter Greenside darter Rainbow darter Iowa darter Fantail darter Least darter Johnny darter Logperch Channel darter Blackside darter River darter Tessellated darter Brook silverside Freshwater drum Mottled sculpin Slimy sculpin Spoonhead sculpin Deepwater sculpin CarpxGoldfish Rudd Ruffe Round goby Tubenose goby
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Fundulus notatus Lota lota Culaea inconstans Gasterosteus aculeatus Pungitius pungitius Apeltes quadracus Percopsis omiscomaycus Morone americana Morone chrysops Ambloplites rupestris Lepomis cyanellus Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis megalotis Micropterus dolomieui Micropterus salmoides Pomoxis annularis Pomoxis nigromaculatus Lepomis gulosus Lepomis humilis Perca flavescens Stizostedion canadense Stizostedion vitreum vitreum Ammocrypta pellucida Etheostoma blennioides Etheostoma caeruleum Etheostoma exile Etheostoma flabellare Etheostoma microperca Etheostoma nigrum Percina caprodes Percina copelandi Percina maculata Percina shumardi Etheostoma olmstedi Labidesthes sicculus Aplodinotus grunniens Cottus bairdi Cottus cognatus Cottus ricei Myoxocephalus thompsoni Hybrid 181x186 Scardinius erythrophthalmus Gymnocephalus cernuus Neogobius melanostomus Proterorhinus marmoratus
Appendix B Riverine species.
Common Name
References
American shad
39, 124, 125
chum salmon
64,118
Atlantic salmon
11, 42
river redhorse
96, 132
redside dace
7, 105
hornyhead chub
7, 20
river chub
21
silver shiner
5, 118
ghost shiner
7, 49
blackstripe topminnow
7, 83
northern madtom
57
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