This quality is degraded by the presence of defects in the welding of the rails. ... Adhesion defects: lacN of fusion in the central area of the thermite weld of the rail ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ,17(5(1*
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI'HIHFWVLQ7HUPLWH:HOGV5DLOVE\8OWUDVRXQG 0HWKRG 2XVVDPD%RXD]DRXL $EGHONULP&KRXDI Laboratory of Control and Mechanical Characterization of Materials and of Structures, National School of electrical and mechanical, Hassan II University, El Jadida road, BP 8118 Oasis Casablanca, Morocco.
$EVWUDFW &XUUHQWO\WKHUDLOWUDQVSRUWLVPDUNHGE\DFOHDUSUHGRPLQDQFHRISDVVHQJHUWUDIILFGXHWRLWVVDIHW\DQGLWVFRPIRUW+RZHYHU ZLWK QHZ KLJKVSHHG WUDLQV¶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¶VHOHFWLRQ RIXOWUDVRQLFZDYHV¶SURSDJDWLRQIRUDEHWWHUYLVXDOL]DWLRQRILQWHUQDOUDLOGHIHFWVZLWKWKHLUPHDVXUHPHQWVVL]HVDQGORFDWLRQV 7KDQNVWRRXUPHWKRGZHZHUHDEOHWRLPSURYHWKHFRQWURODQGDIWHUZDUGWKHPDLQWHQDQFHNQRZLQJWKDWWKHIRUPHUPHWKRGLV OLPLWHGRQO\WRWKHDQRPDO\GHWHFWLRQ © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,17(5(1* Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016 .H\ZRUGVDOXPLQRWKHUPLFGHIHFWVDGKHVLRQXOWUDVRQLFVLPXODWLRQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ 5DLOWUDQVSRUWLVWKHPRVWHIILFLHQWDQGGRPLQDQWPRGHRIWUDQVSRUWWKHUHIRUHLW¶VHVVHQWLDOWRHQVXUHWKDWXVHUV FDQWUDYHOFRPIRUWDEO\DQGVDIHO\+RZHYHUIDFLQJWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZKLJKVSHHGWUDLQVWHFKQRORJLHVDQGWKH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:ERXD]DRXLRXVVDPD#JPDLOFRP
1877-7058 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.498
992
Oussama Bouazaoui and Abdelkrim Chouaf / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
LQFUHDVH LQ WUDIILF UDLOZD\V DUH IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG QRW WR PHQWLRQ WKDW WKH UDLO LV WKH PDLQ VRXUFH RI G\QDPLF VWUHVV H[SHULHQFHGE\DYHKLFOHZKHQLW¶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¶GLVWULEXWLRQDQJOHVUHVXOWV ZH ILQHO\ UHFRQVWLWXWH FORXGV RI SRLQWV DVVRFLDWHG WR YDULRXV GHWHFWHG GHIHFWV )RU HDFK GHIHFW ZH GHWHUPLQH LWV JHRPHWU\DVZHOODVLWVSRVLWLRQWKDQNVWRXOWUDVRQLFZDYHVDQGWRVXLWDEOHLQFLGHQFHDQJOHV 2EMHFWLYHRIXOWUDVRQLFWHVWLQJ ,QWKHSUHVHQFHRILQWHUQDOGHIHFWVFRQVWUDLQWVDQGG\QDPLFRYHUORDGVWRZKLFKWKHUDLOVDUHVXEMHFWHGFDQFDXVH GDPDJH7KHUHIRUHLW¶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
:HOG]RQH D
E
F
G
)LJ3RUWLRQVRIUDLOWREHFRQWUROOHG
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tudied defects 7KHVRXJKWDIWHUGHIHFWVWKDWDIIHFWWKHUDLOV¶TXDOLW\DQGWKHLUPHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUH>@
993
Oussama Bouazaoui and Abdelkrim Chouaf / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
-
-
$GKHVLRQGHIHFWVODFNRIIXVLRQLQWKHFHQWUDODUHDRIWKHWKHUPLWHZHOGRIWKHUDLOLQOLWWHUVRIMRLQWLQJRUDW WKHVNDWHZLQJV Porosity GHIHFWV QHDUO\ VSKHULFDO RI DQ\ GLVWULEXWLRQ 7KHVH DUH JDV EXEEOHV ZKLFK DUH UHOHDVHG GXULQJ VROLGLILFDWLRQ DQG DUH WUDSSHG LQ WKH PHWDO )RU D EHWWHU GHWHFWLRQ XVLQJ XOWUDVRXQG WKH\ PXVW KDYH D SDUWLFXODUYROXPH +RWWHDULQJLQWKHILOOHUPHWDOLQWKHFDVHRIDOXPLQRWKHUPLFZHOGLQJ
3.2. Control device 7KHFRQWUROVKRZQLQ)LJ LQFOXGHVDFRPSXWHUHTXLSSHGZLWKVRIWZDUH6'06/LWH :DYHV¶LPPHUVLRQDQG VLJQDOV¶DFTXLVLWLRQDUHSHUIRUPHGXVLQJDGHYLFH62)5$1(/ZKLFKKDVDULVLQJWLPHQVZLWKLQȍDQGD UHFXUUHQFH IUHTXHQF\ DGMXVWDEOH EHWZHHQ DQG +] ,W VKRZV RQ WKH VDPH VFUHHQ WKH VLJQDOV )LJ 7KH WUDQVGXFHUVXVHGLQRXUWHVWVDUH x WUDQVGXFHU x WUDQVGXFHU70*6ZLWKLWVVXSSRUWIRUWUDQVYHUVDOZDYHV x 7UDQVGXFHUV0(7$/6&$1365&3(WUDQVPLWWHU2/UHFHSWRU27 x 7UDQVGXFHUV0(7$/6&$13656&&$3$WUDQVPLWWHUDQGUHFHSWRUWUDQVYHUVHZDYHV
8OWUDVRQLF6RIWZDUH
8OWUDVRQLF'HYLFHV
)LJ7KHFRQWUROGHYLFH
3.3. Decomposition of the profile in control areas 7RSURSHUO\ORFDWHGHIHFWVZHGLYLGHWKHUDLOSURILOHLQWRVHYHUDOVXEDUHDV>@)LJ x =&HQWUDODUHDIURPWKHZHEWRWKHIRRWERWWRP x =DQG= 6XSHULRUFHQWUDODUHDVRIWKHKHDGXSWRPPGHHS x =DQG= )LVKLQJVXUIDFHV x =DQG= IRRWZLQJV 7KLVGHOLQHDWLRQZLOODOORZXVWRDEHWWHULGHQWLILFDWLRQRIFRQWURODUHDV7KHUHDIWHUWKHZDYHSURSDJDWLRQRYHUWKH HQWLUHUDLOLVPDVWHUHG
)LJ7KHGLIIHUHQWFRQWURO]RQHV
994
Oussama Bouazaoui and Abdelkrim Chouaf / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
/RFDWLRQRIWKHDOXPLQRWKHUPLFZHOGLQJGHIHFWV 7KHH[SHULPHQWDOWHFKQLTXHLVWRFDUU\RXWFKHFNLQJRQSDUWVRIUDLOVFRQWDLQLQJDOXPLQRWKHUPLFZHOGLQJWRILQG RXWDERXWWKHJHRPHWU\DQGSRVLWLRQRILQWHUQDOGHIHFWV7KHSURFHVVLQFOXGHVWKUHHVFDQV$%& DFFRUGLQJWRWKH GLIIHUHQWDUHDVFHQWUDORIWKHIHHWWKHILVKLQJVXUIDFHVDQGWKHIHHW¶VZLQJV >@ 4.1. Search for adhesion defects inside the rail’s central area (web) z1; z2 (scan-a): 7KLV ILUVW VWHS FRQVLVWV LQ GHWHFWLQJ GHIHFWV LQ WKH FHQWUDO ]RQH = 7KH SUREH LV SRVLWLRQHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH JHRPHWU\ DQG GHSWK RI WKH ]RQH 6FDQ$ FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH VLGH VFDQ ZLWK D VPDOO GLVSODFHPHQW VWHS DQG XVLQJ GLIIHUHQWWUDQVGXFHUV:HVWDUWE\VFDQQLQJDWIROORZHGE\VHH)LJ >@ 7KH GHYLFH LV SODFHG LQ WKH FHQWHU RI WKH VLGH VXUIDFH SRUWLRQ DW D GLVWDQFH + RI WKH ZHOG 7KH RSHUDWLRQ LV UHSHDWHGLQWKHVDPHZD\RQWKHRWKHUVLGHRIWKHZHOGDWWKHVDPHGLVWDQFH+>@ 4.2. Search for errors under the rail fishing surfaces z3; z3’ (scan-b) 7KH6&$1%FRQVLVWVLQWKHGHWHFWLRQRIGHIHFWVLQERWK]RQHV=DQG=¶7KLVWLPHWKHWUDQVGXFHULVORFDWHG DERYH WKHILVKSODWHV¶ VXUIDFHVRQ HDFK VLGH RI WKHZHOG LQRUGHU WR HVWDEOLVK WKH VHFWRUVFDQ PRGH7KH XVHRI WKH UHFHLYHUFDSWXUHVWKHXOWUDVRQLFEHDPHPLWWHGDWDQDQJOHRIDQGUHIUDFWHGRQWKHVLGHRIWKHZHOGDWDQDQJOHRI )LJ 7KHWZRGHYLFHVDUHSRVLWLRQHGZLWKRXWVFDQ DWDGLVWDQFHRIPPIURPWKHHGJHRIWKHZHOGLQ HDFKILVKLQJVXUIDFH>@
:DYHWUDQVGXFHU :DYHWUDQVGXFHU )LJ7HVWEHQFKIRUWKH6FDQ$DFFRUGLQJWR(XURSHDQVWDQGDUGV>@
995
Oussama Bouazaoui and Abdelkrim Chouaf / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
)LJ7HVWEHQFKIRUWKH6FDQ%ZDYHVWUDQVGXFHU
4.3. Search of adhesion defects inside the foot’s wings of the rail (scan-c) $VUHJDUGVWKHVFDQ&LWLVXVHGWRFRQWUROWKHWZRZLQJVRIWKHUDLO=DQG=¶7KHVSHFLILFWUDQVGXFHULVSODFHG RQWKHILVKLQJVXUIDFHVRQERWKVLGHVRIWKHZHOGLQJ)LJ :DYHVLVVXHGIURPWKHWUDQVGXFHUDWDUHUHIUDFWHG WRWKHUHFHLYHUDWWKHVDPHDQJOH8VLQJDWUDQVGXFHUDOORZHGXVWRVZHHSERWK]RQHV=DQG=¶ZLWKRXWDQ\ QHHGWRDGGDVHFRQGRQH>@
)LJ7HVWEHQFKIRUWKH6FDQ&
996
Oussama Bouazaoui and Abdelkrim Chouaf / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
1XPHULFDOUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHGHIHFW 7KHSUHVHQFHRIDGHIHFWJHQHUDWHVDSHDNDWDGLVWDQFH'IURPWKHLQSXW7KLVGLVWDQFHUHSUHVHQWVLWVGHSWK'XH WR WKH HPLVVLRQ RI XOWUDVRQLF VLJQDOV LQ GLIIHUHQW DUHDV DQG WKH LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI SDWKV ZH ZHUH DEOH WR GHWHUPLQH WKH ORFDWLRQV RI YDULRXV GHIHFWV ILJXUH )URP WKHVH FRRUGLQDWH ORFDWLRQV ZH EXLOW FORXGV RI GRWV ZKLFKZHUHILQHGVXEVHTXHQWO\XVLQJ&$7,$ILJXUH 7KHUHVXOWLVDQXPHULFDO'UHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIGHIHFWV ZLWKDFFXUDWHGHWDLOVRQWKHSRVLWLRQJHRPHWU\DQGWKHVL]H)LJ
D
E
F
G
)LJ'LIIHUHQWVWHSVIRUJHQHUDWLQJFDUWRJUDSK\RIGHIHFWVD 6FDQVSHUIRUPHGE 3HDNGHIHFWVF &ORXGVUHILQHGGRWG 'HIHFWFDUWRJUDSK\
2XWFRPHV 2XU DSSURDFK ZDV DSSOLHG WR WKUHH VHFWLRQV RI UDLO FRQWDLQLQJ DOXPLQRWKHUPLF ZHOGLQJ MXQFWLRQV $PRQJ WKH UHVXOWVREWDLQHGIRUHDFKVWXGLHGVHJPHQWWKHHFKRHVSHDNVJHQHUDWHGE\WKHGHYLFHLQGLFDWHWKHSUHVHQFHRIGHIHFWV DQGWKHLUORFDWLRQ)LJ
D
E
F
)LJ(FKRHVJHQHUDWHGE\WKHGHYLFHIRUWKHVHJPHQWVD E DQGF
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKHVH SLFWXUHV ZH FDQ QRWLFH WKDW IRU WKH WKUHH VHFWLRQV D E DQG F WKH WKUHVKROG ZDV H[FHHGHG ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWLWLVDUHODWLYHO\FULWLFDOGHIHFW)RUVHFWLRQD ZHGRQ¶WGHWHFWDQ\GHIHFWV
997
Oussama Bouazaoui and Abdelkrim Chouaf / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
)URP WKHVH VLJQDOV ZH KDG LQIHUUHG WKH FRRUGLQDWHV RI WKH GRWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH VKDSH DQG SRVLWLRQ RI WKH GHWHFWHGGHIHFWV:LWKWKHVHSRLQWVZHJHQHUDWHGFORXGVDVVKRZQLQ)LJEHORZ
D
E
F
)LJ&ORXGSRLQWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGHIHFWVGHWHFWHGLQWKHYDULRXVVHFWLRQVD E DQGF
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
D
F
E
)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQUHDOGHIHFWVDQGQXPHULFDOFDUWRJUDSK\D DQGE $GKHVLRQGHIHFWF +RUL]RQWDOFUDFN
998
Oussama Bouazaoui and Abdelkrim Chouaf / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 991 – 998
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHILJXUHZHFDQQRWLFHDYHU\JRRGFRQVLVWHQF\EHWZHHQWKHUHVXOWVRIRXUDSSURDFKEDVHGRQ XOWUDVRQLF WHFKQLTXH DQG DFWXDO GHIHFWV ORFDWHG LQVLGH WKH UDLO ,QGHHG REWDLQLQJ DQ LPDJH ZLWK JRRG GHILQLWLRQ GHSHQGV RQ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH QXPEHU RI SDWKV >@ $OO WKH VLJQDOV DFTXLUHG RQ WUDMHFWRULHV IROORZLQJ GLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQV DOORZ XV WR JR EDFN DFFXUDWHO\ WR WKH DFRXVWLF LPSHGDQFH DW HDFK SRLQW 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ LQ UHDOLW\ WHFKQLFLDQVVHSDUDWHO\SHUIRUPVXEILHOGFRQWUROSURILOHVLJQRULQJDOOVLJQDOVSURGXFHG 7KDW¶VZKDWPDNHVWKHFXUUHQWDSSURDFKXVHGE\WHFKQLFLDQVPXFKOHVVHIILFLHQWWKDQRXUPHWKRG
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njQLHQơ7HVWLQJRIWKHPLGGOH]RQHRIWKHUDLOZHOG8OWUDJDUVDV,661 >@ 5&ODUN5DLOIODZGHWHFWLRQRYHUYLHZDQGQHHGVIRUIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWV1'7 (,QWHUQDWLRQDO ± >@ (-DVLnjQLHQơ(äXNDXVNDV7KHXOWUDVRQLFZDYHLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKSRURVLW\GHIHFWVLQZHOGHGUDLOKHDG8OWUDJDUVDV,661 >@ ,0RXDOOLI$&KRXDI$(ODPUL$%HQDOL(IIHFWVRIDOXPLQRWKHUPLFZHOGLQJGHIHFWVRQWKHUDLOVPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRU0pFDQLTXH ,QGXVWULHV >@ 0-H]]LQL$RXDG3)ODKDXW6+DULUL/:LQLDU2SWLPLVDWLRQGHVVRXGXUHVDOXPLQRWKHUPLTXHV$VSHFWVPpFDQLTXHVPpWDOOXUJLTXHVHW ILDELOLWp5HYXHGH0pFDQLTXH$SSOLTXpHHW7KpRULTXH >@ 'LUHFWLRQ0DLQWHQDQFH,QIUDVWUXFWXUHGHO¶21&)(WXGHVWDWLVWLTXHGHVGpIDXWVGHUDLOVHWGHVRXGXUHVDOXPLQRWKHUPLTXHVVXU/56 GRFXPHQWWHFKQLTXH >@ 0:DQLQeYDOXDWLRQQRQGHVWUXFWLYHGHODTXDOLWpGHVPDWpULDX[3DUWLH 7HFKQLTXHVGHO¶,QJpQLHXU0DWpULDX[PpWDOOLTXHV 0%0 00 >@ 22UULQJHU-00RUULV'@2IILFH1DWLRQDOGHV&KHPLQVGH)HU³$XVFXOWDWLRQ8OWUDVRQLTXH'HV5DLOV´QG¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQLG QGDWHG¶DSSOLFDWLRQPDL >@'(%UD\'HWHFWLRQRIIODZVLQXVHGUDLOURDGUDLOE\XOWUDVRQLFLQVSHFWLRQWHFKQLTXHV´1'7,QWHUQDWLRQDO2FWREHU >@7+HFNHO+07KRPDV0.UHXW]EUXFN6YHQ5KH+LJKVSHHGQRQGHVWUXFWLYHUDLOWHVWLQJZLWKDGYDQFHGXOWUDVRXQGDQGHGG\FXUUHQW WHVWLQJWHFKQLTXHV)HGHUDO,QVWLWXWHIRU0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFKDQG±WHVWLQJ*HUPDQ\ >@5&ODUN5DLOIODZGHWHFWLRQRYHUYLHZDQGQHHGVIRUIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWV1'7 (,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3 >@$5DXGH7&RORPELHU-5XGOLQ5$,/(&77KH6ROXWLRQIRU9ROXPHWULF$VVHVVPHQWRI$OXPLQRWKHUPLF5DLO:HOGV´WK:RUOG &RQIHUHQFHRI1RQGHVWUXFWLYH7HVWLQJ$SULO'XUEDQ6RXWK$IULFD >@5DLOZD\DSSOLFDWLRQV7UDFN$OXPLQRWKHUPLFZHOGLQJRIUDLOV%ULWLVKVWDQGDUG%6(1 >@%6ODGRMHYLF8OWUDVRQLFWHVWLQJRIDOXPLQRWKHUPLFZHOGHGMRLQWVRIUDLOWUDFNVKWWSZZZLGVSHNWUUXB(&1'7UHSRUWVBBSGI! >@,11275$&.'5DLO,QVSHFWLRQ7HFKQRORJLHV2UJDQLVDWLRQQDPHRIOHDGFRQWUDFWRUIRUWKLVGHOLYHUDEOH8QLYHUVLW\RI%LUPLQJKDP 3URMHFWQR7,3&7