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Chicago Style Citation Manual H u m a n i t i e s F o o t n o t e s S t y le Compiled by Dr. Kristen Epps Colorado State University—Pueblo I. Definitions II. When Do I Cite? III. How Do I Insert Footnotes? IV. What Do Footnote Citations Look Like Within the Text? V. What Information Do I Include in a Citation? VI. Bibliography

Chicago Style Citation Manual 1

I. Definitions

Within the Chicago style (also known as the Turabian style), there are two types of citations: the author/date system used in the sciences, and the humanities style. If you consult a different writing guide, make sure you are following the version commonly used in your discipline. This handout deals only with footnote citations in the humanities version, not bibliographic citations. For advice on creating a bibliography in the Chicago style, see one of the reference manuals listed in the bibliography.

II. When do I cite? You must cite every quote, paraphrase, or idea that is not your own. All direct quotations must have a citation that gives the exact page number where this quotation was found. Also, if you paraphrase a section of text, at the end of that paraphrase include a footnote citing where you obtained your information. Since it is not a direct quote, you would only include a footnote and not quotation marks. It is very important that you pay attention to your citations, because failing to cite sources (or citing them inappropriately) is considered plagiarism.

III. How do I insert footnotes? Put the cursor after the period and quotation mark (if there are quotation marks) of the quote or section you are citing. Then, go to InsertReferenceFootnote (on some computers it will go from Insert directly to Footnote). The box that pops up should have the correct formatting already, so hit Insert. Your cursor will then appear at the bottom of the page, where you enter the citation information (follow the guide below). Footnotes are in 10‐point Times New Roman font with the number in superscript (numbered consecutively starting at 1), which should be automatically set. Once you enter the citation you can click within the paper text to resume typing. The corresponding number for the footnote will appear where you had initially placed your cursor. To delete a footnote, you simply delete that number and the entire citation is removed. It’s really quite simple once you get used to it, because the computer does all the hard stuff for you! Do not try to manually insert footnotes into the footer of the document; the method outlined above is the only way to correctly insert citations.


IV. What do footnote citations look like within the text ? Here are three examples of how they look within text. The corresponding footnotes appear at the bottom of the page. Example #1: Quotation from a Secondary Source

In fact, as James Henretta noted, “after 1800 women played an increasingly active role in public life, joining religious revivals and reform movements such as the temperance crusade.”1 Example #2: Paraphrase from a Secondary Source

According to Michael Fellman, radical abolitionists divided into two factions—non‐ resistant radicals and militant abolitionists—over the issue of violent means.2 Example #3: Quotation from a Primary Source

In his testimony before the army investigation into the My Lai massacre, Harry Stanley stated that Captain Ernest Medina “ordered us to ‘kill everything in the village.’”3

V. What information do I include in a c itation? The first time you cite a work in a document, you include the full citation with correct punctuation. Thereafter—for all subsequent citations from that same source—you should only give the short citation. When you introduce a new source into your paper, you would follow the same procedure: first citation is full, subsequent citations are short. The following examples demonstrate the correct formatting for typical primary and secondary source materials. Simply match up the kind of source you are citing with one of these examples. If you do not see an example that fits with the document you are planning to cite, consult one of the more detailed writing guides listed in the bibliography. Keep this by your side while you are writing, follow it carefully, and you will have no problem! 1 James Henretta, David Brody, and Lynn Dumenil, eds., America: A Concise History, 3rd ed., vol. 1 (Boston:

Bedford/St. Martins, 2006), 374. 2 Michael Fellman, “Theodore Parker and the Abolitionist Role in the 1850s,” Journal of American History 61, no.

3 (December 1974), 666. 3 Harry Stanley, “Testimony to U.S. Army CID,” in My Lai: A Brief History with Documents, ed. James S. Olson and

Randy Roberts (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 1998), 65.


Formatting Citations from Secondary Sources

From a course lecture: Full citation: 1 Kristen Epps, “The Road to Civil War” (lecture, University of Kansas, January 26, 2006). Short citation: 2 Kristen Epps, “The Road to Civil War,” January 26, 2006. From a textbook: Full citation: 3 James Henretta, David Brody, and Lynn Dumenil, eds., America: A Concise History,

3rd ed., vol. 1 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2006), 374. Short citation: 4 Henretta, et. al., 374. From a book (with one author): Full citation: 5 Inga Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 15171570, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 43. Short citation: 6 Clendinnen, 43. From a book (with two authors): Full citation: 7 Stanley L. Engerman and Robert W. Fogel, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (New York: Norton, 1989), 165.

Chicago Style Citation Manual 4 Short citation: 8 Engerman and Fogel, 165. From a book with an author and an editor: Full citation: 9 George Fox, The Journal, ed. Nigel Smith (New York: Penguin Books, 1998), 41. Short citation: 10 Fox, 41. From a document reader: Full citation: 11 Morton Borden, “Essay on Thomas Jefferson,” in Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History, 11th ed., vol. 1, ed. Larry Madaras and James M. SoRelle (New York: McGraw‐Hill/Dushkin, 1998), 166. Short citation: 12 Borden, “Thomas Jefferson,” 166. From a journal article: Full citation: 9 Antonio T. Bly, “Crossing the Lake of Fire: Slave Resistance During the Middle Passage, 1720‐1842” Journal of Negro History 83, no. 3 (Summer 1998), 182. Short citation: 10 Bly, 182.

Chicago Style Citation Manual 5 From an article in an edited book of essays by different authors: Full citation: Bernard Moitt, “Slave Resistance in Guadeloupe and Martinique, 1791‐1848,” in Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World: A Student Reader, ed. Verene Shepherd and Hilary McD. Beckles (Princeton: Marcus Wiener Publishers, 2000), 920. Short citation: Moitt, 920. From a thesis or dissertation: Full citation: Justin G. Horton, “The Second Lost Cause: Post‐National Confederate Imperialism in the Americas” (M.A. thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2007), 85. Short citation: Horton, 85. From a reference work on the internet: Full citation: 11Encarta Encyclopedia, s.v. “Jackson, Andrew,” http://encarta.msn.com/ encyclopedia_761569591_7/Andrew_Jackson.html#p66 (accessed July 26, 2006). Short citation: 12 “Jackson, Andrew,” Encarta, July 26, 2006.


Formatting Citations from Primary Sources

From a document reader: Full citation: 13 John Smith, “A True Relation of Virginia (1608),” in Documents to Accompany America’s History, 5th ed., vol. 1, ed. Melvin Yazawa (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2004), 29. Short citation: 14 Smith, “A True Relation,” 29.

From a published primary source: Full citation: 15 Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin with Related Documents, 2nd ed., ed. Louis P. Masur (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003), 72. Short citation: 16 Franklin, 72. From a website of primary sources: For all websites follow this format: author (if known), “title,” site name, URL, (access date). Full citation: 17 Daniel Foster, “Appeal for the Kansas Sufferers, 1860,” Kansas Memory, http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/90484 (accessed August 26, 2009). Short citation: 18 Foster, “Appeal,” August 26, 2009.

Chicago Style Citation Manual 7 From a microfilmed newspaper (with author): Full citation: 19 S. M. Barrett, “A Brave Mother’s Story of Terror in War Days on Missouri Border,” Kansas City Times, January 21, 1941. Short citation: There is no short citation format. From a microfilmed newspaper article (no author given): Full citation: 20 “Contrabands,” Leavenworth Daily Conservative, September 19, 1861. Short citation: See above. Manuscript from an archival collection: Full citation: 21 George Allen Root, “George Ellis Reminiscence,” c. 1943, in George Allen Root Collection, Library and Archives Division, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. Short citation: You can shorten the citation by abbreviating the name of the archive (i.e. “KSHS”). Letter from an archival collection: Full citation: 22 John Brown Jr. to Parker Pillsbury, July 18, 1862, in Military History Collection, Library and Archives Division, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. Short citation: See above.


VI. Bibliography

Benjamin, Jules R. A Student’s Guide to History. 10th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. “Chicago‐Style Citation Quick Guide,” The Chicago Manual of Style Online, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html (accessed April 25, 2010). Marius, Richard, and Melvin E. Page. A Short Guide to Writing in History. 7th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2010. Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to Writing in History. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Turabian, Kate. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.