ARTICLE International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems
Closed-loop Dynamic Parameter Identification of Robot Manipulators Using Modified Fourier Series Regular Paper
Wenxiang Wu1,*, Shiqiang Zhu1, Xuanyin Wang1 and Huashan Liu2 1 State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 2 College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China * Corresponding author E-mail:
[email protected] Received 09 Jan 2012; Accepted 01 Apr 2012 DOI: 10.5772/45818 © 2012 Wu et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract This paper concerns the problem of dynamic parameter identification of robot manipulators and proposes a closed‐loop identification procedure using modified Fourier series (MFS) as exciting trajectories. First, a static continuous friction model is involved to model joint friction for realizable friction compensation in controller design. Second, MFS satisfying the boundary conditions are firstly designed as periodic exciting trajectories. To minimize the sensitivity to measurement noise, the coefficients of MFS are optimized according to the condition number criterion. Moreover, to obtain accurate parameter estimates, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method considering the influence of measurement noise is adopted. The proposed identification procedure has been implemented on the first three axes of the QIANJIANG‐I 6‐DOF robot manipulator. Experiment results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and comparison between identification using MFS and that using finite Fourier series (FFS) reveals that the proposed method achieves better identification accuracy.
Keywords closed‐loop identification, robot dynamics, friction, exciting trajectories www.intechopen.com
1. Introduction Recently, robot manufacturers have increased development efforts towards new applications, e.g., machining, laser welding, laser cutting and multi‐robot collaboration [1], which puts forward new performance requirements on robots. The requirements, which mean high speed and high precision, can be satisfied by involving advanced model‐based control schemes [2, 3]. Design of an advanced model‐based controller needs an accurate knowledge of the dynamic model. While the model structure of robot manipulators is well known, the involved parameter values are not always available, since dynamic parameters are rarely provided by the robot manufacturers and often not directly measurable. Therefore, dynamic parameter identification of robot manipulators has aroused increasing interest from researchers [4‐6].
A robot manipulator is a multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) system with coupling effects and nonlinearities, which makes the identification problem particularly complex. Since the robot manipulator is always open‐
Int J Adv 2012,and Vol. 9, 29:2012 Wenxiang Wu, Shiqiang Zhu,Robotic XuanyinSy, Wang Huashan Liu: Closed-loop Dynamic Parameter Identification of Robot Manipulators Using Modified Fourier Series
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loop unstable, a closed‐loop identification procedure is needed, in which the robot executes specific exciting trajectories through closed‐loop feedback control. An identification procedure generally consists of modelling, exciting trajectory design, data measurement, signal processing, parameter estimation, and model validation [7], where exciting trajectory design, measurement accuracy, and parameter estimation method mainly affect the identification accuracy [8]. With a review of previous studies, several identification approaches have been proposed. Atkeson, et al. [9] developed a procedure using a fifth‐order polynomial trajectory in joint space as exciting trajectory, and standard least squares estimation (LSE) was adopted as the parameter estimation method. Armstrong [10] firstly studied the optimization of the exciting trajectories. He introduced the condition number of the observation matrix as a measure of the noise immunity, and the optimization was regard as a nonlinear optimization problem. Swevers, et al. [11] proposed a periodic exciting trajectory, parameterized as finite Fourier series (FFS). The periodicity of FFS enables continuous repetition of the identification experiment and allows time domain averaging of the measured data, which improves the signal to noise ratio. This procedure has an important effect on subsequent research. However, the boundary conditions are not satisfied for FFS, which makes it difficult for robots to track. Considering the influence of measurement noise, Olsen and Petersen [12] proposed the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method based on a statistical framework for parameter estimation. To improve the measurement accuracy, Bingul and Karahan [8] used a motion analysis system with three cameras to measure the robot velocity and acceleration, and load‐cell sensors to measure the joint torques. Different from the identification procedures mentioned above, Qin, et al. [5] suggested a sequential identification procedure. The friction, gravity, and inertial parameters were identified step by step, while an accumulation of errors may occur since identification errors were propagated from one step to the next. In this paper, a closed‐loop identification procedure using modified Fourier series (MFS) as exciting trajectories is developed. First, instead of the basic friction model that is the combination of viscous and Coulomb friction, a static continuous friction model is involved to model joint friction for realizable friction compensation in controller design. The robot dynamic model is then expressed linearly with respect to the dynamic parameter vector to be identified (Section II). Second, motivated by FFS in [11], MFS are designed, and the coefficients of MFS are optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) (Section III). Moreover, to estimate the dynamic parameters accurately, MLE is adopted as parameter estimation method (Section IV). The identification experiment and model verification process have been carried on the first
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three axes of the QIANJIANG‐I 6‐DOF robot manipulator. Experiment results verify the effectiveness of the proposed identification procedure. In addition, comparison between identification using MFS and that using FFS reveals that the proposed approach can achieve better identification accuracy (Section V). 2. Robot Dynamics The dynamics of a rigid serial n‐link robot manipulator with revolute joints can be written as
M (q )q C (q , q )q G (q ) τ f τ , (1)
where qRn denotes the joint angle vector, M(q)Rn×n represents the inertia matrix, C(q, q )Rn×n represents the centripetal‐Coriolis matrix, G(q)Rn is the vector of gravity effect, τf Rn represents the friction effect and τRn is the vector of input torque.
Robot manipulators are usually actuated by motors with harmonic drive reducer or RV reducer, and for most applications, it is sufficient to regard the robot joint friction as a static nonlinear function of the joint velocity with Stribeck effect. Thus, the friction of joint i (i = 1,2 … n) is
τ fi [ f ci ( f si f ci )e
qi / qsi
] sign(qi ) f vi qi , (2)
where fci is the level of Coulomb friction, fsi is the level of stiction force, qsi is the Stribeck velocity, is an empirical parameter which is dependent on the specific situation. ξ can be equal to 2, but not necessarily, and fvi is the viscous friction coefficient. As shown in Fig.1, this model is discontinuous at zero velocity. Therefore, we cannot use this model for friction compensation in controller design since it would be sensitive to quantization errors and measurement noise at zero velocity and may excite high frequency dynamics. In addition, when the velocity changes direction, the sudden jump of friction compensation can never be delivered by the motor. To solve this problem, the discontinuous friction model (2) is approximated by a continuous function (as shown in Fig.1) which can capture the essential characteristics of friction and can be realized by the motor. Thus the static continuous friction model can be obtained as
f 20 10 0
q
-10 -20 -100
-50
0 � �
50
100
Figure 1. Joint friction model www.intechopen.com
τ fi Afi Ffi ( qi ) f vi qi , (3)
where Ffi( qi ) is a known nonlinear continuous function, Afi is the unknown amplitude to be identified. Dynamic model (1) contains kinematic parameters, inertial parameters and friction coefficients. Kinematic parameters, i.e., link lengths, twist angles, and link offsets, are either provided by the robot manufacturer or can be measured directly on the robot. Inertial parameters are rarely provided, but can be identified by proper procedures. Inertial parameters of the ith link, including link masses, first‐order mass moment, and link moment of inertia, can be defined by the following vector: pi [mi mi rxi mi ryi mi rzi I xxi I xyi I xzi I yyi I yzi I zzi ]T , (4) where mi is the mass of the link, mirxi , miryi and mirzi are the components of the first‐order mass moment, Ixxi , Ixyi , Ixzi , Iyyi , Iyzi , Ixzi are the components of the inertial tensor. Friction coefficients are also unknown and need to be identified. Dynamic model (1), excluding friction, can be formulated linearly with the inertial parameters [9]: τ (q , q , q) P τ f , (5) where P=[p1T p2T … pnT]TR10n×1 is inertial parameter vector with pi (i=1,2, … ,n) defined by Eq. (4). κ(q, q , q )Rn×10n is so‐called regress matrix, and elements of which are nonlinear functions of joint position, velocity, and acceleration. In fact, not all the inertial parameters in P have an effect on the dynamic model, which means only a part of them can be identified. The inertial parameters can be categorized into three classes [13]: uniquely identifiable, identifiable in linear combination, and unidentifiable. By eliminating those that have no effect on the dynamic model and regrouping some others, we can obtain a base parameter set (BPS) which is a set of minimum number of identifiable inertial parameters [14]. It is proved that the dynamic model excluding friction is linear with respect to BPS [15], thus we have τ (q , q , q) Pb τ f , (6) where Pb Rp×1(p