CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights 2016 - International ... [PDF]

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CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion HIGHLIGHTS

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2016

CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion HIGHLIGHTS

2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders.

© OECD/IEA, 2016 International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

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IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Secure Greece Sustainable Hungary Together Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c/

The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.

CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2016 edition) - 3

FOREWORD In recent years, we have seen a fundamental shift in the way governments around the world approach energyrelated environmental issues. Promoting sustainable development and combating climate change have become integral aspects of energy planning, analysis and policy making both within International Energy Agency (IEA) member countries, and beyond. Because energy accounts for two-thirds of total greenhouse gas emissions and 80% of CO2, any effort to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change must include the energy sector. As a result, climate change has become a key focus of IEA work. In the lead-up to the UN climate negotiations at COP 22 in Marrakesh, Morocco, which follows the successful outcome of the Paris meeting, the latest information on the level and growth of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, their source and geographic distribution will be essential in laying the foundation for a global agreement. Therefore, the IEA Secretariat has prepared this publication to provide the most comprehensive estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion across the world and across the sectors of the global economy, based on official energy data from around 150 countries and regions. Any energy-related policy to address climate change needs to be based on accurate data. The IEA works with countries around the world to improve their reporting of energy data and through this, more accurate estimations of CO2 emissions will occur. The purpose of this publication is to place current and detailed information in the hands of those who need it, including in particular the participants and decision makers in the UNFCCC process. Most of the data presented in this publication are for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Therefore, they may differ from countries' official greenhouse gas inventory submissions to the UNFCCC Secretariat, which include emissions of other greenhouse gases and from other sources. This edition includes data from 1971 to 2014 for more than 150 countries and regions worldwide, by sector and by fuel; as well as a number of CO2-related indicators. It is our hope that this breakdown will assist the reader in better understanding the evolution of emissions worldwide. The IEA will continue to provide evidence-based policy recommendations on climate change and to provide accurate data to shape the debate.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Fatih Birol Executive Director

4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2016 edition)

2016 Highlights This excerpt from the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion 2016 publication contains an extensive selection of CO2 emissions data for over 150 countries and regions, including detailed graphs and tables for the world and regional aggregates, and an analysis of recent trends. Emissions data are based on the IEA World Energy Balances 2016 and on the 2006 IPCC Methodologies for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. For more comprehensive data by country and sector, please refer to the IEA data services portal (www.iea.org/statistics/onlinedataservice/); for the full publication please refer to the IEA Bookshop (www.iea.org/publications/). Inquiries should be addressed to [email protected]. Please note that all IEA data is subject to the following Terms and Conditions found on the IEA’s website: www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/.

What’s new? Revisions to data: People’s Republic of China In September 2015, the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) published China’s energy statistics for 2013, as well as revised statistics for the years 2000 to 2012. The NBS supplied the IEA with detailed energy balances for 2011 to 2013 and these were data were incorporated in the 2015 edition of this publication. In 2016, the NBS supplied the IEA with detailed energy balances for 2000 to 2010 and the IEA revised its 20002010 data based on these newly available figures, as published in this document. For more information, please refer to the section Country Notes. Geographical coverage The IEA continues to try to expand the coverage of its statistics reports and encourages more countries to collaborate on data exchange. This year data have become available for Suriname from 2000 to 2014, and have been included in this edition. Therefore Suriname, published separately, has been removed from the region Other non-OECD Americas for those years.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

In previous editions of the publication, the country composition of the regional grouping Annex I Kyoto Parties reflected those countries with targets under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012). In this edition, the country composition of this grouping has been updated as per Annex B of the Doha Amendment, to reflect those countries with targets under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020). In addition, the name of this aggregate has been amended to Annex B Kyoto Parties, to account for the fact that Kazakhstan, a non-Annex I country, has adopted a target under the Doha Amendment.


TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. KEY TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION................................ 9 The growing importance of energy related emissions ................................................................................................ 9 Recent emissions trends ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Developing a low-carbon world ............................................................................................................................... 17 References ................................................................................................................................................................ 21

2. UNDERSTANDING THE IEA CO2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES..................................... 23 The importance of estimating emissions .................................................................................................................. 23 The IEA estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion .................................................................................... 23 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: key concepts ................................................................................................ 24 IEA estimates vs. UNFCCC submissions ................................................................................................................ 24 Inventory quality: identifying key categories ........................................................................................................... 26 Notes on tables and graphs ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Country notes ........................................................................................................................................................... 29

3. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE .................................................................................. 33 4. GRAPHS AND TABLES FOR REGIONAL AGGREGATES ....................................... 37


© OECD/IEA, 2016

World....................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Annex I Parties .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Annex II Parties ............................................................................................................................................. 42 Annex I: Economies in Transition ................................................................................................................. 44 Non-Annex I Parties ......................................................................................................................................... 46 Annex B Kyoto Parties ..................................................................................................................................... 48 OECD Total....................................................................................................................................................... 50 OECD Americas ............................................................................................................................................ 52 OECD Asia Oceania ...................................................................................................................................... 54 OECD Europe................................................................................................................................................ 56 Non-OECD Total .............................................................................................................................................. 58 Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia .................................................................................................................... 60 Africa ............................................................................................................................................................. 62 Asia (excluding China) .................................................................................................................................. 64 China (including Hong Kong, China)............................................................................................................ 66 Non-OECD Americas .................................................................................................................................... 68 Middle East.................................................................................................................................................... 70 G20 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 72


5. SUMMARY TIME SERIES ........................................................................................... 75 Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion............................................................................................................. 76 CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers................................................................................................... 88 CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers ................................................................................................. 91 CO2 emissions by sector in 2014.............................................................................................................................. 94 CO2 emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2014 .................................................... 97 Total primary energy supply .................................................................................................................................. 100 CO2 emissions / TPES ............................................................................................................................................ 106 CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates ........................................................................................................... 109 CO2 emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities ......................................................................................... 112 CO2 emissions / population .................................................................................................................................... 115 Per capita emissions by sector in 2014................................................................................................................... 118 CO2 emissions and drivers (Kaya decomposition) ................................................................................................. 121

6. INDICATOR SOURCES AND METHODS ................................................................. 141 CO2 emissions ........................................................................................................................................................ 141 Population .............................................................................................................................................................. 141 GDP and GDP PPP ................................................................................................................................................ 141 Electricity output .................................................................................................................................................... 143 CO2 / TPES ............................................................................................................................................................ 143 CO2 / TFC .............................................................................................................................................................. 143 CO2 / GDP .............................................................................................................................................................. 143 CO2 / Population .................................................................................................................................................... 143 Per capita CO2 emissions by sector ........................................................................................................................ 143 Key categories ........................................................................................................................................................ 143 Macroeconomic drivers of CO2 emissions trends .................................................................................................. 144 Drivers of electricity generation emissions trends ................................................................................................. 144 CO2 emissions per kWh ......................................................................................................................................... 145

7. IEA ESTIMATES: CHANGES UNDER THE 2006 IPCC GUIDELINES .................... 149 The 2006 IPCC Guidelines methodology: key concepts ........................................................................................ 149 2006 Guidelines: overview of changes .................................................................................................................. 149 Assessing the overall impact of methodological changes on IEA estimates .......................................................... 151


© OECD/IEA, 2016

8. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS .................................................................................... 155


Important cautionary notes The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy balances and the default methods and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. There are many reasons why the IEA Secretariat estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion may not be the same as the figures that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. In this publication, the IEA Secretariat presents CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. IEA estimates include emissions from all reported energy use of fuels, but exclude emissions from non-energy use of fuels. Such totals may differ from those calculated using the Sectoral Approach of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, as under these guidelines some fuel combustion emissions have been reallocated out of the Source category energy and reclassified as industrial process emissions. Information on “key sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, are only given for combustion sources and will not include key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste. Please see the chapters IEA emissions estimates and IPCC methodologies for further information.

Summary data for other greenhouse gases and sources are provided in cooperation with the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC). Mr. Aidan Kennedy was responsible for the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion estimates, and Mr. Loïc Coënt was in charge of the preparation of this excerpt. Input on international mitigation efforts was provided by Ms. Christina Hood and Mr. George Kamiya. Desktop publishing support was provided by

Ms. Sharon Burghgraeve. Ms. Roberta Quadrelli had overall responsibility for this publication. CO2 emission estimates from 1960 to 2014 for the Annex II countries and from 1971 to 2014 for all other countries are available on CD-ROM suitable for use on Windows-based systems. To order, please see the information provided at the end of this publication. In addition, a data service is available on the Internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data on a payper-view basis. Details are available at www.iea.org. Enquiries about data or methodology should be addressed to: Energy Data Centre – CO2 emissions Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-01 E-mail: [email protected]

1. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, “country” refers to a country or a territory, as the case may be. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Energy data on OECD member and non-member countries1 are collected by the Energy Data Centre (EDC) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Duncan Millard. The IEA would like to thank and acknowledge the dedication and professionalism of the statisticians working on energy data in the respective countries.

© OECD/IEA, 2016


1. KEY TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Figure 1. Estimated shares of global anthropogenic GHG

The growing importance of energy-related emissions

Energy use and greenhouse gases The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Working Group I) states that human influence on the climate system is clear (IPCC, 2013). Among the many human activities that produce greenhouse gases, the use of energy represents by far the largest source of emissions. Smaller shares correspond to agriculture, producing mainly CH4 and N2O from domestic livestock and rice cultivation, and to industrial processes not related to energy, producing mainly fluorinated gases and N2O (Figure 1).

1. Globally averaged marine surface annual mean expressed as a mole fraction in dry air. Ed Dlugokencky and Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/).

Others* 14% Energy 68%

Agriculture 11% Industrial processes 7%

CO2 90%

CH4

9%

N2O

1%

* Others include large-scale biomass burning, post-burn decay, peat decay, indirect N2O emissions from non-agricultural emissions of NOx and NH3, Waste, and Solvent Use. Source: based on IEA estimates for CO2 from fuel combustion and EDGAR 4.3.0 and 4.3.2 for non-fuel combustion CO2 and 4.2 FT2010 for all other sources; for 2010; based on 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP).

Within the energy sector2, CO2 resulting from the oxidation of carbon in fuels during combustion dominates total GHG emissions. CO2 emissions from energy account for the largest share of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, representing over three quarters of emissions from

2. The energy sector includes emissions from “fuel combustion” (the large majority) and “fugitive emissions”, which are intentional or unintentional releases of gases resulting from production, processes, transmission, storage and use of fuels (e.g. CH4 emissions from coal mining).


© OECD/IEA, 2016

Climate scientists have observed that carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere have been increasing significantly over the past century, compared to the pre-industrial era level of about 280 parts per million (ppm). In 2015, the average concentration of CO2 (399 ppm)1 was about 40% higher than in the mid-1800s, with an average growth of 2 ppm/year in the last ten years. Significant increases have also occurred in the levels of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).


Annex I1 countries, and about 60% of global emissions.2 This percentage varies greatly by country, due to diverse national structures. Increasing demand for energy comes from worldwide economic growth and development. Global total primary energy supply (TPES) increased by almost 150% between 1971 and 2014, still mainly relying on fossil fuels (Figure 2).

over the past four decades. In 2014, fossil sources accounted for 82% of the global TPES. Growing world energy demand from fossil fuels plays a key role in the upward trend in CO2 emissions (Figure 3). Since the Industrial Revolution, annual CO2 emissions from fuel combustion have dramatically increased from near zero to over 32 GtCO2 in 2014. Figure 3. Trend in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion

Figure 2. World primary energy supply* Gtoe

GtCO2

14

35 18%

12

25

10 8 6 4

30

20 14%

82%

15 10

86%

2

5

0 1971

2014 Fossil

0

Non fossil

* World primary energy supply includes international bunkers. In this graph, non-renewable waste is included in Fossil.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., United States.

Despite the growth of non-fossil energy (such as nuclear, hydropower and other renewable sources), considered as non-emitting,3 the share of fossil fuels within the world energy supply is relatively unchanged

More recently, since 1990, emissions in non-Annex I countries have tripled, while emissions in Annex I countries have declined slightly (Figure 4). Figure 4. Regional CO2 emissions trends (1990-2014) GtCO2


20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1990

1995

2000 Annex I

2005

2010

2014

Non-Annex I

The next section provides a brief overview of recent trends in energy-related CO2 emissions, as well as in some of the socio-economic drivers of emissions.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

1. The Annex I Parties to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus (please refer to the chapter: Geographical Coverage), the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States. These are broadly divided into two groupings: Annex I EIT and Annex II. Annex I EIT consists of those members of Annex I that are Economies in Transition (EIT). Annex II includes of the remaining members of Annex I, aside from Cyprus, Malta and Turkey. See www.unfccc.int. For further details, see Geographical Coverage. 2. Based on 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP). 3. Excluding the life cycle of all non-emitting sources and excluding combustion of biofuels (considered as non-emitting CO2, based on the assumption that the released carbon will be reabsorbed by biomass regrowth, under balanced conditions).


Figure 6. World primary energy supply and CO2 emissions: shares by fuel in 2014

Recent emissions trends

Percent share

Emissions in non-Annex I countries continued to increase (2.5%), although at a slower rate than in 2012 (3.1%), while emissions in Annex I countries decreased (-1.8%) due to modest declines in emissions from coal (-3.2%) and natural gas (-2.6%). In absolute terms, global CO2 emissions increased by 0.3 GtCO2 in 2014, driven by increased emissions from coal and (to a lesser extent) oil and natural gas in non-Annex I countries (Figure 5). Figure 5. Change in CO2 emissions (2013-14) MtCO2 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300

Coal

Oil Annex I

Gas

Other

TPES

CO2 CO CO 2 2

21%

19%

46%

20%

40%

Oil

Coal

19%

60% Gas

80%

1%

100%

Other*

* Other includes nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, tide, wind, biofuels and waste.

From the late 1980s until the early 2000s, coal and oil were each responsible for approximately 40% of global CO2 emissions, with emissions from oil generally exceeding those from coal by a few percentage points. However, the trends differed at a regional level. In Annex I countries, oil was the largest source of fuel combustion emissions, whereas, in non-Annex I countries emissions from coal ranked highest Since then, mainly due to the increasing influence of non-Annex I countries, coal has increased from 39% in 2002 to 46% in 2014, while oil has decreased from 40% to 34%, with natural gas approximately stable at 20% (Figure 7). Figure 7. Fuel shares in global CO2 emissions 60%

Emissions by fuel

50%

Although coal represented 29% of the world TPES in 2014, it accounted for 46% of the global CO2 emissions due to its heavy carbon content per unit of energy released, and to the fact that almost of fifth of the TPES derives from carbon-neutral fuels (Figure 6). Compared to gas, coal is nearly twice as emission intensive on average.2

40%

1. The IEA CO2 emissions estimates are derived from the IEA energy balances, which use official country data to the maximum extent possible. The IEA is continuously working together with national administrations worldwide to ensure data quality improvements in the longerterm. As this work progresses, revisions to the underlying energy data and thus the CO2 estimates may occur. 2. Default carbon emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines: 15.3 tC/TJ for gas, 15.7 to 26.6 tC/TJ for oil products, 25.8 to 29.1 tC/TJ for primary coals.

29%

34%

0%

Total

Non-Annex I

31%

30% 20% 10% 1971

1980

1990 Coal

2000 Oil

2014

Gas

Emissions by region Non-Annex I countries, collectively, represented 58% of global CO2 emissions in 2014, while Annex I countries represented 39%, with international marine and aviation bunkers responsible for 3%. On a more regional level, the contribution to global CO2 emissions varies greatly: in 2014, China (28%) and Annex II INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

In 2014, global CO2 emissions reached 32.4 GtCO2, an increase of 0.8% over 2013 levels1. This was much lower growth than in 2013 (1.7%), and far below the average annual growth rate since 2000 (2.4%). In absolute terms, the emissions growth in 2014 (0.25 GtCO2) was one of the smallest observed since 2000.


North America1 (18%) were responsible for the largest share of emissions, followed by Asia excluding China (12%), Annex II Europe (8%) and Annex I EIT (7%), with smaller shares coming from the Middle East (5%), Annex II Asia Oceania (5%), Latin America (4%) and Africa (3%) (Figure 8).

As different regions and countries have contrasting economic and social structures, the picture changes significantly when moving from absolute emissions to indicators such as emissions per capita or per GDP. A more comprehensive analysis is given in the section Coupling emissions with socio-economic indicators later in this discussion.

Figure 8. CO2 emissions by region (2014)

Emissions by sector

Bunkers Africa 4% Other 3% Latin America 6% 4% China * 28%

Middle East 5% Annex II North America 18%

Annex I EIT 7% Annex II Europe 8%

Figure 10. World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by sector in 2014 Services 3% Residential 6%

Asia excluding China 12%

Other * 7% Transport 0.5% Industry 18%

* China includes Hong Kong, China.

Regional differences in contributions to global emissions conceal even larger differences among individual countries. Over two-thirds of global emissions for 2014 originated from just ten countries, with the shares of China (28%) and the United States (16%) far surpassing those of all others. Combined, these two countries alone produced 14.3 GtCO2. The top-10 emitting countries include five Annex I countries and five non-Annex I countries (Figure 9). Figure 9. Top ten emitting countries in 2014 GtCO2 0

2

4

6

8

China United States India Russian Federation Japan Germany Korea Islamic Republic of Iran Canada Saudi Arabia

Top ten total: 21.8 GtCO2 World total: 32.4 GtCO2


10

Industry 19%

Transport 23%

Electricity and heat 42%

Residential 11% Services 8% Other * 5%

Note: Also shows allocation of electricity and heat to end-use sectors. * Other includes agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.

Generation of electricity and heat worldwide relies heavily on coal, the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel. Countries such as Australia, China, India, Poland and South Africa produce over two-thirds of their electricity and heat through the combustion of coal. Between 2013 and 2014, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat increased by 0.2%, compared with an increase of 1.3% between 2012 and 2013. This was slower than the increase in total emissions (0.8%), as declining emissions in the OECD and in non-OECD Europe and Eurasia offset much of the increases in emissions from electricity and heat elsewhere. While the share of oil in electricity and heat emissions has declined steadily since 1990, the share of gas increased slightly, and the share of coal increased significantly, from 66% in 1990 to 73% in 2014 (Figure 11).

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Annex II Asia Oceania 5%

Two sectors produced nearly two-thirds of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2014: electricity and heat generation, by far the largest, which accounted for 42%, while transport accounted for 23% (Figure 10).


Figure 11. CO2 emissions from electricity and heat generation* GtCO2 14 12 Other

10 8

Gas

6

Oil Coal

4 2 0 1990

2014

* Refers to main activity producers and autoproducers of electricity and heat.

Emissions from electricity generation specifically increased by 50% between 2000 and 2014. At a regional level, trends over the same period differed (Figure 12). Both Annex II Europe and Annex II North America showed a decrease in total emissions from electricity generation. In Annex II North America,

this was driven by improvements in i) the thermal efficiency of generation; ii) the CO2 intensity of the fossil fuel mix (both reflecting a shift from coal towards natural gas), and iii) an increase in the share of electricity output from non-emitting sources. In Annex II Europe, the share of electricity output from fossil fuels fell 21% between 2000 and 2014 lead by decreases in Italy and the United Kingdom. In Italy, the share of fossil-based electricity declined significantly (2000: 81%; 2014: 56%), as output from oil products fell, while that from solar PV, wind and hydro increased. Likewise, in the United Kingdom, electricity output from coal and gas decreased, while that from wind and combustible renewables increased, lowering the share of fossil fuels in the electricity mix (2000: 75%; 2014: 62%). By contrast, Annex II Asia Oceania showed an increase in emissions from electricity generation, primarily due to a higher share of electricity output from fossil fuels. This predominantly reflected events in Japan, where sizeable fossil-fuel-powered generating capacity was brought online in the wake of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011.

Figure 12. CO2 emissions from electricity generation: driving factors (2000-2014) * China ** Asia excluding China Middle East Annex II Asia Oceania Latin America Africa Annex I EIT Annex II Europe Annex II North America -750 -500 -250

0

250

500

750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500

Change in CO₂ emissions from electricity generation: 2000 - 2014 (MtCO₂) Efficiency of generation

Total electricity output

CO₂ emissions

Fossil share of electricity

* Electricity decomposition: CO2 emissions = CO2 intensity of fossil mix x fossil share of elec. x thermal efficiency x elec output. ** China includes Hong Kong, China.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

CO₂ intensity of fossil mix


Outside Annex I, all regions exhibited an increase in emissions from electricity generation, driven primarily by increased output. This was particularly notable in China, where total output has increased over fourfold since 2000, and in the remainder of Asia1, where output more than doubled. In both of these regions, much of the increased output was met through carbon intensive coal-fired plants5. However, in China, efficiency improvements and a recently increased share of non-fossil generation (from a combination of increased output from wind, hydro and nuclear sources) reduced emissions per unit of output. For transport, the 71% increase since 1990 (Figure 13) was driven by emissions from the road sector, which accounted for three quarters of transport emissions in 2014. Despite efforts to limit emissions from international transport, between 1990 and 2014, emissions from marine and aviation bunkers grew even faster than those from road (marine: +69% aviation: +95%).

Coupling emissions with socio-economic indicators2 Per-capita emission levels vary significantly across the world, highlighting the wide divergences in the way different countries and regions use energy (Figure 14). For example, among the five largest emitters, the levels of per-capita emissions were very diverse, ranging from 1.6 tCO2 for India and 6.7 tCO2 for China to 16.2 tCO2 for the United States. On average, industrialised countries emit far larger amounts of CO2 per capita than developing countries, with the lowest levels worldwide observed in Africa. Figure 14. CO2 emissions per capita by major world regions tCO2 per capita World

Annex II North America Annex II Asia Oceania

Figure 13. CO2 emissions from transport GtCO2

Annex I EIT Middle East China * Annex II Europe

8

Other

7

Aviation bunkers

Latin America Asia excluding China

Marine bunkers

5

Other transport

4

Africa 0

5

10

2014

15

20

1990

3

Domestic aviation

* China includes Hong Kong, China.

2

Domestic navigation

Globally, per-capita emissions increased by 16% between 1990 and 2014, however, contrasting trends were observed amongst the top five emitting countries, generally reducing gaps (Figure 15). China more than tripled its per-capita emissions, while India more than doubled theirs (as did some other rapidly expanding economies), reflecting strong per-capita GDP growth. Conversely, per-capita emissions decreased significantly in both the Russian Federation (-30%) and the United States (-16%), although following very different patterns. Values for Russia dramatically dropped in the early 1990s, and increased somewhat since then, while

1

Road

0 1990

2014

1. For the purposes of this discussion, Asia excludes China and the OECD countries of the Asian region (Japan and Korea).


2. No single indicator can provide a complete picture of a country’s CO2 emissions performance or its relative capacity to reduce emissions. The indicators discussed here are certainly incomplete and should only be used to provide a rough description of the situation in a country.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

6


values for the United States began falling in the mid-tolate 2000s, having remained stable for many years.

kgCO2 per USD

Figure 15. Trends in CO2 emission intensities for the top five emitting countries*

World

1.4 China **

1.2

Annex I EIT

1

Other

China

0.8

Russian Federation

Middle East Annex II North America

0.6

Annex II Asia Oceania

0.4

Asia excluding China

United States

0.2 Japan

India

0 0

5

10

15

20

Africa Latin America

25

CO2 / population (tCO2 per capita) 1990

2014

Annex II Europe

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

2014

0.8

1.0

1.2

1990

* The size of the circle represents the total CO2 emissions from the country in that year.

* GDP in 2010 USD, using purchasing power parities. ** China includes Hong Kong, China.

For emissions per unit of GDP1, all the five largest emitters have shown reductions between 1990 and 2014, in line with the decoupling observed globally (29%). This trend was most pronounced for China and the Russian Federation, whose 1990 levels were significantly higher than those of other countries, and for the United States.

On a global level, CO2 emissions grew by 58% between 1990 and 2014. A simple decomposition3 shows the main driving factors of the world CO2 emissions trend. Globally, economic growth partially decoupled from energy use, as energy intensity decreased by 30% over the period. However, with a practically unchanged carbon intensity of the energy mix4, the combined growth in population (37%) and in per capita GDP (62%) led to a significant increase in global CO2 emissions between 1990 and 2014. However, due to differences in levels of economic, demographic and technological development and growth, emissions evolved at different rates in Annex I and non-Annex I countries and regions.

Levels of emissions per GDP also vary significantly across regions, but much less in 2014 than in 1990 (Figure 16). Although climate, economic structure and other variables can affect energy use, relatively high values of emissions per GDP indicate a potential for decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth, including through fuel switching away from carbonintensive sources or from energy efficiency at all stages of the energy value chain (from raw material extraction to energy end-use).2

1. Throughout this analysis, GDP refers to GDP in 2010 USD, using purchasing power parities. A note of caution is necessary concerning the indicator of CO2 emissions per GDP. It can be very useful to measure efforts over time for one country, but has limitations when comparing countries, as it is very sensitive to the base year used for the GDP purchasing power parity (PPP). 2. The IEA’s Policies and Measures Databases offer access to information on energy-related policies and measures taken or planned to reduce GHG emissions, improve energy efficiency and support renewable energy development and deployment. The online databases can be consulted at: www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/.

In Annex I countries as a whole, CO2 emissions in 2014 were actually 8% lower than in 1990 (Figure 17). Significant decoupling of energy consumption from economic activity (TPES/GDP: -34%) acted to decrease emissions but per-capita economic output grew (GDP/population: +39%), as did population (+11%), however, the energy sector’s carbon intensity (CO2/TPES) declined mildly (-9%).

3. CO2 emissions can be decomposed into the product of four factors: population, per capita GDP, TPES/GDP, CO2/TPES. For a more detailed description of the Kaya decomposition, see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 4. Also known, in its index form, as Energy Sector Carbon Intensity Index (ESCII), as in the IEA publication Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2016.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

CO2 / GDP PPP (kgCO2 per 2010 USD)

Figure 16 CO2 emissions per GDP* by major world regions


Figure 17. Annex I CO2 emissions and drivers 3 (Kaya decomposition)

Figure 18. Non-Annex I CO2 emissions and drivers 3 (Kaya decomposition)

1990=100 140

1990=100 350

130

300

120 110

250

100

200

90

150

80

100

70 60 1990

1995

2000

2005

Population TPES/GDP CO₂ emissions

2010

50 1990

2014

GDP/population CO₂/TPES (ESCII)

1995

2000

2005

Population TPES/GDP CO₂ emissions

By contrast, emissions in non-Annex I countries tripled over the same period (Figure 18), as very strong growth in per-capita economic output (+143%) combined with population growth (+45%). The CO2 intensity of the energy mix grew slowly until 1999, before increasing somewhat (CO2/TPES: +18%), mainly due to higher coal consumption in larger countries. However, a significant decrease in the energy intensity of the economic output (TPES/GDP: -27%) tempered those increases.

2010

2014

GDP/population CO₂/TPES (ESCII)

A decomposition showing the effect of changes in the four driving factors on regional emissions over time is presented in Figure 19. As can be seen, trends vary greatly across countries and regions. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the factors driving CO2 emissions trends is essential when designing sound and effective emissions reduction policies at a national and international level.

3

Figure 19. Global CO2 emissions and drivers (Kaya decomposition): 1990-2014 China * Asia excluding China Middle East Latin America Africa Annex II North America Annex II Asia Oceania Annex II Europe Annex I EIT -4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Change in total CO₂ emissions: 1990 - 2014 (GtCO₂) TPES/GDP


Population

GDP/population

CO₂/TPES (ESCII)

CO₂ emissions

11

12 © OECD/IEA, 2016

-5


The year 2015 was a milestone for climate action, with the negotiation at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in December of the Paris Agreement on climate change. The Paris Agreement is the first international climate agreement extending mitigation obligations to all countries, both developed and developing. With the energy sector accounting for approximately two-thirds of global GHG emissions, action in the energy sector can make or break efforts to achieve global climate goals. Traditionally, industrialised countries have emitted the large majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). More recently, shares of developing country emissions surpassed those of industrialised countries, and have kept rising very rapidly. To shift towards a low-carbon world, mitigation efforts must occur across all countries: decarbonising the energy supplies of industrialised countries, and shifting developing countries onto a low-carbon development path. The Agreement notably includes the collective aim to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C” (UNFCCC, 2015). To achieve this, Parties aim to reach a global peaking of GHG emissions as soon as possible, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter “so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs in the second half of this century”.

Previous climate agreements: Kyoto and Cancún The first binding commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions were set under the Kyoto Protocol’s first commitment period (2008-12). Participating industrialised countries were required (as a group) to curb domestic emissions by about 5% relative to 1990 over this period. Thirty-eight Parties have also agreed to take commitments under a second commitment period which will run from 2013 to 2020. The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, which would bring this second commitment period into force requires ratification by 144 countries (two-thirds of those participating); as of 18 July 2016 only 66 have ratified.

Countries comply with their Kyoto Protocol targets by reducing emissions from fossil fuel combustion, reducing emission in other sectors (e.g. land-use or direct industrial emissions), or through use of the Kyoto Protocol’s “flexible mechanisms” by which industrialised countries can earn emission credits from emissions reduction projects in participating developing countries and economies in transition (EITs). Through its flexibility mechanisms and provisions for international trading, the Kyoto Protocol has made CO2 a tradable commodity, and has been a key driver for the development of national emissions trading schemes. However the smaller pool of countries with targets in the Kyoto Protocol’s second commitment period, coupled with a large surplus of project credits carried forward from the first period, have led to low prices and project developers exiting the market. Despite its extensive participation (192 Parties), the Kyoto Protocol is limited in its potential to address global emissions. The United States remains outside of the Protocol’s jurisdiction, and developing countries do not face emissions targets. The Kyoto Protocol second commitment period targets imply action on less than 13% of global CO2 emissions in 2014 (Table 2). Alongside agreement of a second Kyoto Protocol commitment period, developed and developing countries submitted voluntary emission reduction pledges for 2020 under the Copenhagen Accord and Cancún Agreements. With the participating Parties producing over 80% of global emissions, these pledges have far greater coverage. Table 2 summarises the 2020 targets of the ten highest-emitting Parties, all remaining IEA member countries, and their progress towards these targets. While Annex I Parties submitted absolute emission reduction targets (e.g. 20% below 1990 levels), non-Annex I Parties submitted “nationally appropriate mitigation actions”, many of which are intensity-based targets (e.g. reductions on a CO2/GDP basis in China and India) or targets specifying reductions below business-as-usual scenarios (e.g. Korea, Mexico, Indonesia, South Africa). In addition, a number of these developing country targets are conditional on international support – either requiring support to be implemented or to achieve greater levels of ambition and GHG emissions reductions. Although the ambition of these pledges is insufficient to limit temperature rise to 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the breadth of participation in mitigation commitments marked a significant improvement on the coverage of the Kyoto Protocol, and laid the groundwork for the Paris Agreement. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Developing a low-carbon world


In consideration of countries’ differing responsibilities and capabilities, post-2020 mitigation contributions to the Paris Agreement are nationally determined. More than 170 countries submitted their intended nationally determined contributions (“INDCs”) in the lead-up to COP21, representing over 90% of energy-related CO2 emissions, and approximately seven billion people. The first round of contributions will be formalised when Parties ratify to the agreement, while those for the 2025-2030 period are to be communicated or updated by 2020. To take stock of progress, the UNFCCC will convene a facilitative dialogue among Parties in 2018. This will be followed by a formal global stocktake of progress in 2023 and every five years thereafter, ahead of setting each successive round of nationally-determined contributions (NDCs). The agreement determined that a single framework will be developed to track progress of NDCs for all countries, although with built-in flexibility for Parties’ different circumstances. All Parties will report regularly on emissions, progress towards NDCs, adaptation actions, and means of implementation. The Paris Agreement will enter into force on 4 November 2016, thirty days after the date on which at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in


total for at least an estimated 55 % of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Depositary. NDCs under the Paris Agreement begin from 2020, but IEA scenarios show that emissions from the energy sector need to peak by around 2020 if there is to be a reasonable chance of limiting temperature rise to below 2°C (IEA, 2015). While the Paris Agreement urges enhanced action by Parties prior to 2020, complementary initiatives outside the UNFCCC can also help to constrain emissions in the period up to 2020. Timely and accurate CO2 and GHG statistics (complemented by other energy sector metrics that provide insight into underlying transformation of the energy system) will prove central to ascertaining compliance with international agreements and to informing policy makers and carbon market participants. The ability of countries to monitor and review emissions from their sources is essential in their engagement towards national and global GHG mitigation. The decision at COP21 to launch a new capacity building initiative for transparency will be critical to making this happen. The IEA will also continue to support countries through provision of energy and emissions statistics, and training developed and developing country officials in policy, modelling, and energy statistics.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

The Paris Agreement: International action beyond 2020


Table 1. 2020 greenhouse gas reduction targets of the ten largest emitters (based on 2014 emissions) (1) and IEA member countries Ten highest emitting Parties (as per IEA estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2014) 1990

2005

2014

2020 GHG target

base year level

2014 level

MtCO2

change %

China (incl. Hong Kong, China)

2 109

5 399

9 135

Reduce CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 4045% below 2005 levels.

0.718 kgCO2 / 2010 USD PPP

0.531 kgCO2 / 2010 USD PPP

-26%

United States

4 802

5 702

5 176

In the range of a 17% emission reduction compared with 2005

5 702 Mt

5 176 Mt

-9.2%

4 024 Mt

3 160 Mt

-21%

4 024

3 920

3 160

20% averaged 2013-2020 reduction compared with 1990 under the Kyoto Protocol; 20% reduction in 2020.

530

1 080

2 020

Reduce the emissions intensity of GDP by 2025% below 2005 levels.

0.300kgCO2 / 2010 USD PPP

0.293 kgCO2 / 2010 USD PPP

-2.4%

Russian Federation

2 163

1 482

1 468

15-25% below 1990.

2 163 Mt

1 468 Mt

-32%

Japan

1 041

1 178

1 189

3.8% below 2005.

1 178 Mt

1 189 Mt

+0.9%

Korea

232

458

568

30% below business-asusual (BAU).(2)

Islamic Republic of Iran

171

418

556

None

Canada

420

535

555

17% below 2005.

Saudi Arabia

151

298

507

None

European Union

India

568 Mt

535 Mt

555 Mt

+3.7%

Other IEA member countries 1990

2005

2014

2020 GHG target

base year level

2014 level

MtCO2 Australia New Zealand

Norway

Switzerland

Turkey

change %

260

372

374

5% reduction relative to 2000.

335 Mt

374 Mt

+12%

22

34

31

5% below 1990 levels.

22 Mt

31 Mt

+41%

35

Average 16% reduction 2013-2020 compared with 1990 under the Kyoto Protocol; 20% reduction in 2020.

27 Mt

35 Mt

+30%

Average 15.8% reduction 2013-2020 compared with 1990 under Kyoto Protocol; 20% reduction in 2020.

41 Mt

38 Mt

-7.3%

27

34

41

44

38

127

216

307

None

1. Voluntary targets under the Cancún Agreement, and (where indicated) second commitment period targets under the Kyoto Protocol.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

2. BAU emissions (including non-energy sectors) for 2020 are projected at 776.1 MtCO2-equivalent. Korea aims to peak emissions around 2014-15 (Source: Korea’s First Biennial Update Report under the UNFCCC).


Table 2. World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (1,2) and Kyoto Protocol second commitment period targets 1990 MtCO2

2014 MtCO2

KYOTO PARTIES WITH TARGETS (1,2)

5,379.1

4,126.5

-23.3%

Annex I Europe Austria Belgium Cyprus (3) Denmark Finland France (4) Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom

3,114.5 56.3 106.2 3.9 51.0 53.8 345.5 940.3 69.9 1.9 30.1 389.3 10.7 2.3 144.9 27.5 37.9 202.6 52.1 40.8 547.7

2,617.2 60.8 87.4 5.8 34.5 45.3 285.7 723.3 65.9 2.0 33.9 319.7 9.2 2.3 148.3 35.3 42.8 232.0 37.4 37.7 407.8

-16.0% 8.0% -17.8% 48.1% -32.3% -15.9% -17.3% -23.1% -5.8% 7.8% 12.5% -17.9% -13.9% 1.3% 2.4% 28.6% 13.0% 14.5% -28.1% -7.4% -25.5%

-20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -16% -20% -20% -20% -15.8% -20%

Economies in Transition 1,905.0 Belarus 99.8 Bulgaria 74.6 Croatia 20.3 Czech Republic 150.3 Estonia 36.0 Hungary 65.7 Kazakhstan 237.2 Latvia 18.8 Lithuania 32.2 Poland 344.8 Romania 168.3 Slovak Republic 54.8 Slovenia 13.5 Ukraine 688.4

1,078.2 57.4 42.1 15.1 96.6 17.5 40.3 223.7 6.7 10.3 279.0 68.2 29.3 12.8 236.5

-43.4% -42.5% -43.5% -25.5% -35.8% -51.3% -38.7% -5.7% -64.2% -68.0% -19.1% -59.5% -46.5% -5.7% -65.6%

-12% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -5% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -20% -24%

Others Australia European Union

259.7 4,023.8

% change 90-14

373.8 3,160.0

43.9% -21.5%

1990 MtCO2

Kyoto Target -19.3% (2) OTHER COUNTRIES

2014 MtCO2

% change 90-14

Kyoto Target

99.8

57.4

-42.5%

8,574.7 419.5 1,040.6 21.7 2,163.2 127.1 4,802.5

8,725.5 554.8 1,188.6 31.2 1,467.6 307.1 5,176.2

1.8% 32.2% 14.2% 43.7% -32.2% 141.6% 7.8%

none none none none none none

Other Regions 5,709.3 Africa 529.0 Middle East 535.9 284.0 N-OECD Eur. & Eurasia (5) 810.1 Latin America (5) 1,441.1 Asia (excl. China) (5) China (incl. Hong Kong) 2,109.2

18,172.6 1,105.3 1,727.8 225.0 1,604.9 4,374.8 9,134.9

218.3% 108.9% 222.4% -20.8% 98.1% 203.6% 333.1%

none none none none none none none

INTL. MARINE BUNKERS INTL. AVIATION BUNKERS WORLD

626.1 504.3 32,381.0

68.5% 94.9% 57.9%

Non-participating Annex I Parties (1) Canada Japan New Zealand Russian Federation Turkey United States

GtCO2

-0.5% -20%

35

1990

1995

371.5 258.7 20,502.5

2000

2005

2010

Transition between commitment periods

30 25

International Bunkers

20 Non-Annex I Parties (2) Kyoto targets (2)

15 10 5 0 1990

Non-Participating Annex I Parties (2)

Kyoto Parties with targets (2)

1995

2000

2005

2010

2014

1. The country composition and specific reduction targets shown in the table refer to those agreed to under the second commitment period (CP) of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020), as per the Doha Amendment. 2. The respective targets, gases and participating Parties differ between the first and second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol (CP1: 2008-2012, CP2: 2013-2020). The actual country targets apply to a basket of several greenhouse gases and allow sinks and international credits to be used for compliance. The overall "Kyoto targets" for each CP are estimated for this publication by applying the country targets to IEA data for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for 1990, and are shown as an indication only. These do not represent the total targets for the multi-gas baskets, and assume that the reduction targets are spread equally across all gases. The combined EU-28 under CP2 is -20%, but the member countries may agree on a burden-sharing arrangement as was done under CP1. 3. Please refer to the chapter Geographical Coverage. 4. Emissions from Monaco are included with France.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

5. Composition of regions differs from elsewhere in this publication to take into account countries that are not Kyoto Parties.


References IEA (2015), World Energy Outlook Special Briefing for COP21, OECD/IEA, Paris. IEA (2015), World Energy Outlook Special Report: Energy and Climate Change, OECD/IEA, Paris.

L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K. (eds.). IPCC-TSU NGGIP, IGES, Japan. IPCC (2013), Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policy Makers, available at: www.ipcc.ch/. UNFCCC (2015), Adoption of the Paris Agreement.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

IPCC (2006), 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Eggleston, S., Buendia,

© OECD/IEA, 2016


2. UNDERSTANDING THE IEA CO2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES

The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC (the Convention) is the stabilisation of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Convention also calls for all Parties to commit themselves to the following objectives:  to develop, update periodically, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP) their national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks, of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.  to use comparable methodologies for inventories of GHG emissions and removals, to be agreed upon by the COP. As a response to the objectives of the UNFCCC, the IEA Secretariat, together with the IPCC, the OECD and numerous international experts, has helped to develop and refine an internationally-agreed methodology for the calculation and reporting of national GHG emissions from fuel combustion. This methodology was published in 1995 in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. After the initial dissemination of the methodology, revisions were added to several chapters, and published as the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1996 GLs). In April 2006, the IPCC approved the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 GLs) at the 25th session of the IPCC in Mauritius. Until 2015, most Parties, as well as the IEA, still calculated their inventories using the

1996 GLs. In December 2011, Parties adopted Decision 15/CP.17 to update their reporting tables so as to implement the 2006 GLs. The new reporting tables have been mandatory since 15 April 2015.

The IEA estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion Energy is at the core of the greenhouse gas estimation. It is estimated that for Annex I Parties energy accounts for 82%1 of total GHG emissions, while for the world the share is about 60%, although shares vary greatly by country. Within energy, CO2 from fuel combustion accounts for the largest fraction, 92% for Annex I countries, once again varying depending on the economic structure of the country. Given its extensive work in global energy data collection and compilation, the IEA is able to produce comparable estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion across countries and regions, providing a reference database for countries with more and less advanced national systems. The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using the IEA energy data2 and the default methods and emission factors from the 2006 GLs3.

1. Based on data reported to the UNFCCC for 2012, excluding landuse, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). 2. Published in World Energy Statistics and World Energy Balances, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2016. 3. See: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

The importance of estimating emissions

24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2016 Edition)

IEA estimates vs. UNFCCC submissions

The implications of changes in methods and emissions factors on the IEA emissions estimates for this edition are discussed in the chapter IEA estimates: Changes under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Based on the IEA globally collected energy data, the IEA estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are a global database obtained following harmonised definitions and comparable methodologies across countries. They do not represent an official source for national submissions, as national administrations should use the best available country-specific information to complete their emissions reporting.

Data in this publication and its corresponding database may have been revised with respect to previous editions also because the IEA reviews its energy databases each year. In the light of new assessments, revisions may be made to the energy data time series for any individual country.

The IEA CO2 estimates can be compared with those reported by countries to the UNFCCC Secretariat to highlight possible problems in methods, input data or emission factors. Still, care should be used in interpreting the results of any comparison since the IEA estimates may differ from a country’s official submission for many reasons.

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: key concepts The IEA uses the simplest (Tier 1) methodology to estimate CO2 emissions from fuel combustion based on the 2006 GLs. The computation follows the concept of conservation of carbon, from the fuel combusted into CO2. While for the complete methodology the reader should refer to the full IPCC documents, a basic description follows. Generally, the Tier 1 estimation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for a given fuel can be summarised as follows: CO2 emissions from fuel combustion CO2 = Fuel consumption * Emission factor where: Fuel consumption Emission factor

= amount of fuel combusted; = default emission factor

Emissions are then summed across all fuels and all sectors of consumption to obtain national totals. A more detailed explanation of the step by step calculation is presented in the chapter IEA estimates: Changes under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

For most Annex II countries, the two calculations are expected to be within 5-10%, depending on the coverage of the fuel combustion sector in the national inventory. For some EIT and non-Annex I countries, differences may be larger. If the underlying energy data are different, more work is needed on the collecting and reporting of energy statistics. In case of systematic biases in the energy data or emission factors, emission trends will usually be more reliable than the absolute emission levels. By comparing trends in the IEA estimates with trends in emissions as reported to the UNFCCC, it should be possible to identify definition problems or methodological differences. Some of the reasons for these differences are: The IEA uses a Tier 1 method to compute emissions estimates. For the calculation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, the IEA uses a Tier 1 method. Countries may be using a more sophisticated Tier 2 or Tier 3 method that takes into account more detailed country-specific information available (e.g. on different technologies or processes). Energy activity data based on IEA energy balances may differ from those used for the UNFCCC calculations. Countries often have several “official” data sources such as a Ministry, a Central Bureau of Statistics, a nationalised electricity company, etc. Data can also be

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Prior to the 2015 edition of this publication, the IEA used the methods and emission factors of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, in line with UNFCCC recommendations for the reporting under the Kyoto Protocol. The IEA implementation of the 2006 GLs in this edition follows the decision of UNFCCC Parties to update their reporting tables and to implement the 2006 GLs starting on 15 April 2015.


The IEA uses average net calorific values for oil products. To transform fuel consumption data from physical units to energy units, the IEA uses an average net calorific value (NCV) for each secondary oil product. These NCVs are region-specific and constant over time. Country-specific NCVs that can vary over time are used for NGL, refinery feedstocks and additives. Crude oil NCVs are further split into production, imports, exports and average. Different coal types have specific NCVs for production, imports, exports, inputs to main activity power plants and coal used in coke ovens, blast furnaces and industry, and can vary over time for each country. Country experts may have more detailed data on calorific values available when calculating the energy content of the fuels. This in turn could produce different values than those of the IEA. The IEA uses average carbon content values. The IEA uses the default carbon content values given in the 2006 GLs. Country experts may have better information available, allowing them to use countryspecific values. The IEA cannot allocate emissions from autoproducers into the end-use sectors. The 2006 GLs recommend that emissions from autoproduction should be included with emissions from other fuel use by end-consumers. At the same time, the emissions from the autoproduction of electricity and heat should be excluded from the energy transformation source category to avoid double counting. The IEA is not able to allocate the fuel use from autoproducers between industry and other. Therefore, this publication shows a category called “Unallocated autoproducers”. However, this should not affect the total emissions for a country.

Military emissions may be treated differently. According to the 2006 GLs, military emissions should be reported in Source/Sink Category 1 A 5, NonSpecified. Previously, the IEA questionnaires requested that warships be included in international marine bunkers and that the military use of aviation fuels be included in domestic air. All other military use should have been reported in non-specified other. At the IEA/Eurostat/UNECE Energy Statistics Working Group meeting (Paris, November 2004), participants decided to harmonise the definitions used to collect energy data on the joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE questionnaires with those used by the IPCC to report GHG inventories. As a result, starting in the 2006 edition of this publication, all military consumption should be reported in non-specified other. Sea-going versus coastal is no longer a criterion for splitting international and domestic navigation. However, it is not clear whether countries are reporting on the new basis, and if they are, whether they will be able to revise their historical data. The IEA has found that in practice most countries consider information on military consumption as confidential and therefore either combine it with other information or do not include it at all. The IEA estimates include all CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Countries may have included parts of these emissions in the IPCC category industrial processes and product use. Although emissions totals would not differ, the allocation to the various sub-totals of a national inventory could. National GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC divide emissions according to source categories. Two of these IPCC Source/Sink Categories are energy, and industrial processes and product use. Care must be taken not to double count emissions from fuel combustion that occur within certain industrial processes (e.g. iron and steel). The IEA estimates in this publication include all the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, while countries are asked to report some of them within the industrial processes and product use category under the 2006 GLs. See a more detailed discussion in the chapter IEA Estimates: Changes under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The units may be different. The 2006 GLs ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg of CO2 (1 Gg = 1 kilotonne). A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with national inventories expressed in Gg, the IEA emissions must be multiplied by 1 000. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

collected from the energy suppliers, the energy consumers or customs statistics. The IEA Secretariat tries to collect the most accurate data, but does not necessarily have access to the complete data set that may be available to national experts calculating emission inventories for the UNFCCC. In addition to different sources, the methodology used by the national bodies providing the data to the IEA and to the UNFCCC may differ. For example, general surveys, specific surveys, questionnaires, estimations, combined methods and classifications of data used in national statistics and in their subsequent reclassification according to international standards may result in different series.


The IPCC Guidelines allow Parties to the UNFCCC to prepare and periodically update national inventories that are accurate, complete, comparable and transparent. Inventory quality is an important issue since countries are now implementing legally-binding commitments. To reduce the overall inventory uncertainty in a costeffective way, it is useful to identify those categories (key categories1) that have the greatest contribution to overall inventory uncertainty. By identifying key categories in the national inventory, inventory compilers can prioritise their efforts and improve their overall estimates. It is good practice for each country to identify its national key categories in a systematic and objective manner. Such a process will lead to improved inventory quality, as well as greater confidence in the estimates that are developed. The 2006 GLs identify a key category as one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute level, the trend, or the uncertainty in emissions and removals. For a more complete description of the IPCC methodology for determining key categories, see Volume 1, Chapter 4 of the 2006 GLs. The IEA has disaggregated the key category analysis to the same level of detail presented in the country tables of this publication. For each country, the nine largest categories are shown, split by the various fuel types: coal, oil, gas and other. For the level assessment, the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated by the IEA are supplemented, where possible, by the figures submitted by the Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC in their latest GHG inventory submissions for CO2 (fugitive emissions), CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6, not taking into account CO2 emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry.2 For the non-Annex I Parties, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion are taken from IEA estimates, and are

1. In the 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the concept was named ‘key source categories’. 2. As recommended in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance.


supplemented by data for other sources and provided by JRC and PBL.

Notes on tables and graphs This publication presents for each country and regional aggregate a set of six graphs and three tables with key indicators (Country Tables). A selection of key indicators is also presented in summary tables for country-to-country comparison (Summary Tables). An overall description of the various

Table 1: Key indicators Row 1: CO2 fuel combustion presents total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the IEA energy balances and the methodologies outlined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. For notes on methods and sources, see the chapter IEA estimates: Changes under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Row 2: Share of World CO2 from fuel combustion presents national/regional CO2 emissions from fuel combustion divided by World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, expressed as a percentage. Row 3: TPES presents the Total Primary Energy Supply, calculated as production + imports - exports international marine bunkers - international aviation bunkers ± stock changes. Row 4: GDP presents the Gross Domestic Product in 2010 US dollars using exchange rates. For notes on methods and sources, please see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Row 5: GDP PPP presents the Gross Domestic Product in 2010 US dollars using purchasing power parities. For notes on methods and sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Row 6: Population. For notes on sources see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Row 7: CO2/TPES presents the carbon intensity of the energy mix. For notes on methods see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Row 8: CO2/GDP presents the carbon intensity of the economy, using exchange rates. For notes on methods and sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Row 9: CO2/GDP PPP presents the carbon intensity of the economy, using purchasing power parities. For

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Inventory quality: identifying key categories


Row 10: CO2/population presents the per capita CO2 emissions, based on CO2 fuel combustion. For notes on sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Row 11: Share of electricity output from fossil fuels presents electricity output from fossil fuels divided by total electricity output, expressed as a percentage. For notes on sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Row 12: CO2/kWh of electricity presents CO2 emissions from total fossil fuel inputs to electricity generation divided by total electricity output. Row 13-17: CO2 emissions and drivers - Kaya decomposition present indices of CO2 emissions (CO2 fuel combustion), population, GDP/population, TPES/GDP and CO2/TPES, (based on GDP PPP time series). It represents the decomposition of CO2 emissions into drivers (Kaya identity) explained in the chapter on Indicator sources and methods.

Table 2: CO2 emissions by sector Row 1: CO2 fuel combustion: as in Row 1 of Table 1. Row 2: Electricity and heat generation contains the sum of emissions from main activity producers and autoproducers of electricity and/or heat. Emissions from own on-site use of fuel are included. Main activity producers are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and other. Row 3: Other energy industry own use contains emissions from fuel combusted in oil refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces, may be reported

under the source/sink category industrial processes and product use rather than energy. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as resulting from an industrial process. In the IEA estimations, emissions from energy industry own use in blast furnaces have been included in this category. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both energy, and industrial processes and product use. Row 4: Manufacturing industries and construction contains the emissions from combustion of fuels in industry. The IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 2 includes these emissions. However, in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the IPCC category also includes emissions from industry autoproducers that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, in this publication autoproducers are excluded from this category. See Row 2, Electricity and heat generation. According to the 2006 IPCC GLs, emissions resulting from the combustion of certain fuels in specific sectors (see below) may be reported under industrial processes and product use rather than energy. However, in IEA estimates, these emissions have been included in this category. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both energy, and industrial processes and product use.  Coke oven coke deliveries to the iron and steel and non-ferrous metals sectors.  Coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered gases deliveries to iron and steel. Similarly, under the 2006 IPCC GLs coal tar deliveries to the chemical and petrochemical, and construction sectors may be completely excluded from energy sector emissions calculations, as they are deemed to be destined for non-energy use. However, where these fuels have been reported under energy-use they have been included in IEA estimates. Row 5: Transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of the sector, except for international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers, which are not included in transport emissions at a national or regional level (except for World transport emissions). This includes domestic aviation, domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport, and corresponds to IPCC Source/ Sink Category 1 A 3. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the autoproducer consumption to INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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notes on methods and sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods.


Note: Starting in the 2006 edition, military consumption previously included in domestic aviation and in road should be reported under non-specified other. See the section IEA estimates vs. UNFCCC submissions earlier in the chapter, for further details. Row 6: Road contains the emissions arising from fuel use in road vehicles, including the use of agricultural vehicles on highways. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 b. Row 7: Other contains the emissions from commercial/ institutional activities, agriculture/forestry, fishing, residential and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in commercial/public services, residential and agriculture that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific enduse, and therefore, in this publication autoproducers are excluded from this category. See Row 2, Electricity and heat generation. Row 8: Residential contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Row 9: Services (i.e. commercial and public services) contains emissions from all activities of ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55-56, 58-66, 6875, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99. Row 10: International marine bunkers contains emissions from fuels burned by ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded. Emissions from international marine bunkers should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 d i. Row 11: International aviation bunkers contains emissions from fuels used by aircraft for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

vehicles are excluded. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. Emissions from international aviation should be excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 a i.

Table 3: Key categories for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2014 See section Inventory quality: identifying key categories earlier in this chapter for methodological explanations. This table only shows the nine largest key sources of CO2 from fuel combustion. As a result, in most cases the cumulative contribution will not be 95% as recommended in the Good Practice Guidance. Key categories from fugitive emissions; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, forestry and other land use; and waste are not shown. The percentage of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in total GHG emissions is included as a memo item at the bottom of the table.

Figure 1: CO2 emissions by fuel Based on CO2 fuel combustion emissions. The product coal refers to the aggregate of coal, peat and oil shale. The product gas refers to natural gas. The product other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Figure 2: CO2 emissions by sector Based on CO2 fuel combustion emissions. The sector other includes emissions from commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry and fishing. Emissions from unallocated autoproducers are included in Electricity and heat.

Figure 3: Electricity generation by fuel The product other includes geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables and waste, etc. Electricity generation includes both main activity producer and autoproducer electricity.

Figure 4: CO2 from electricity generation: driving factors Presents the change in CO2 emissions from electricity generation over time, for four time periods, as the sum of the change in four driving factors: CO2 intensity of the fossil fuel mix, fossil share of electricity, thermal efficiency of fossil fired generation, and total electricity output. For notes on methodologies and sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods.

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be split by specific end-use and therefore, in this publication autoproducers are excluded from this category. See Row 2, Electricity and heat generation.


Figure 5: Changes in selected indicators

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Presents average annual changes, computed as compounded annual growth rates, for three different periods, for the following variables: CO2 emissions, CO2/TPES, CO2/GDP PPP, CO2/population. For notes on methodologies and sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods.

In 2014, the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina conducted their first survey on oil product consumption. As a result, new data were made available which result in some breaks in time series between 2012 and 2013.

Presents indices of CO2 emissions and of four drivers of emission trends, as identified in the Kaya identity: population, GDP/population, TPES/GDP, CO2/TPES (1990=100 unless otherwise specified), based on GDP PPP time series. The quantitative impact of each driver on total CO2 emissions over time is also presented. This has been calculated using the logarithmic mean divisia (LMDI) method as described in the section Drivers of electricity generation emissions trends earlier in the chapter. For methodology and notes on sources, see the chapter on Indicator sources and methods. Note: in the tables and figures presented in this publication, peat and oil shale are aggregated with coal; the product gas refers to natural gas; and with the exception of figure 4, the product other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

Country notes Australia Starting with the 2013 edition and following, data for Australia were revised back to 2003 due to the adoption of the National Greenhouse and Energy reporting (NGER) as the main energy consumption data source for the Australian Energy Statistics. As a result, there are breaks in the time series for many data between 2002 and 2003. The revisions have also introduced some methodological problems. The national statistics appear to have problems identifying inputs and outputs to certain transformation processes such as gas works plants, electricity plants and CHP plants. Energy industry own use and inputs to the transformation processes are sometimes not reported separately in the correct categories. More detailed information is given in the online data documentation of World Energy Balances, see the chapter on Country notes and sources.1

1. Available at: www.iea.org/statistics/topics/energybalances/.

Cambodia The break in the CO2/TPES and TPES/GDP time series between 2008 and 2009 is due to a break in the time series for solid biofuels which creates an artificial increase in TPES between those years.

People’s Republic of China In early 2016, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of the People’s Republic of China (China) supplied the IEA with detailed energy balances for 2000 to 2010 and the IEA revised its data accordingly. In September 2015, the NBS published China’s energy statistics for 2013, as well as revised statistics for the years 2011 and 2012. These were taken into account by the IEA in the 2015 edition of this publication. Calorific values used for bituminous coal emissions estimates were also revised in this edition. Net calorific values (NCV) for coal inputs to power generation were modified from 2000 to 2013 by applying assumptions used by China on the average thermal efficiency of coal-fired power stations in these years. NCVs were also modified for bituminous coal production from 2000 to 2013, as well as for inputs to main activity heat plants from 2008 to 2013. More detailed information is given in the online data documentation of World Energy Balances, see the chapter on Country notes and sources.

Cuba International marine bunkers for residual fuel oil in the period 1971-1983 were estimated on the basis of 1984 figures and the data reported as domestic navigation in the energy balance.

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Time series data for 2011 for primary coals were revised based on new information received in 2014. This may lead to breaks in the time series between 2010 and 2011 and differences in trends compared to previous editions for some products. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Figure 6: Total CO2 emissions and drivers


France From 2012, the emissions breakdown is more detailed due to a more precise national survey of energy consumption. The methodology for calculating main activity electricity and heat production from gas changed in 2000. The breakdown between international marine bunkers and domestic navigation is estimated by the French administration.

Japan Between 2004 and 2007, the IEA received revisions from the Japanese Administration1. The first set of revisions received in 2004 increased the 1990 supply by 5% for coal, 2% for natural gas and 0.7% for oil compared to the previous data. This led to an increase of 2.5% in 1990 CO2 emissions calculated using the Reference Approach while the Sectoral Approach remained fairly constant. For the 2006 edition, the IEA received revisions to the coal and oil data which had a significant impact on both the energy data and the CO2 emissions. The most significant revisions occurred for coke oven coke, naphtha, blast furnace gas and petroleum coke. These revisions affected consumption rather than supply in the years concerned. As a result, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions increased for all the years, however at different rates. For example, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions for 1990 were 4.6% higher than those calculated for the 2005 edition while the 2003 emissions were 1.1% higher than those of the previous edition. Due to the impact these successive revisions have had on the final energy balance as well as on CO2 emissions, the IEA was in close contact with the Japanese Administration to better understand the reasons behind these changes. These changes are mainly due to the Government of Japan's efforts to improve the input-output balances in the production of oil products and coal products in response to inquiries from the UNFCCC Secretariat. To cope with this issue, the Japanese Administration established a working group in March 2004. The working group completed its work in April 2006. Many of its conclusions were incorporated in the 2006 edition but some further revisions to the time

series (especially in industry and other) were submitted for the 2007 edition.

Kenya The increase in electricity output from Other in 2014 is due to higher output from geothermal sources.

Malta Revised data were submitted by Malta for 2010 to 2013. This may lead to breaks in time series between 2009 and 2010 for some products and flows. Malta reported the use of motor gasoline in international marine bunkers for the first time in 2011. These data relate to unleaded petrol used by outboard engines in small vessels. In 2011, a new power generation station fuelled by municipal and industrial waste became operation in Malta. This may lead to breaks in time series for some products and flows.

Mexico The Mexican administration is currently undertaking major work on revisions of the time series back to 1990. In the 2015 edition, substantial revisions were submitted by Mexico, but only those for 2013 could be incorporated. In this 2016 edition, further revisions have been incorporated, mostly for the period 2003 to 2014, but some revisions track back to 1990. Further revisions to historical data are pending. More detailed information is given in the online data documentation of World Energy Balances, see the chapter on Country notes and sources.

Mongolia New data became available in 2015 which allowed a disaggregation of coal by type. In addition time series were revised from 2005 forward. Breaks in time series between 2004 and 2005 may result as well as differences in trends from previous editions.

Montenegro A new survey on energy consumption in industry was conducted by Montenegro in 2014. Due to these newly available data, some breaks in time series may occur between 2013 and 2014.

1. Note: Revisions to Japanese data occurred while the IEA was following the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The impact of these revisions under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines may differ from that indicated.


Discrepancies between Reference and Sectoral Approach estimates (as presented in the database) and the difference in the resulting growth rates arise from

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Norway


statistical differences between supply and consumption data for oil and natural gas. For Norway, supply of these fuels is the residual of two very large and opposite terms, production and exports.

reason. The IEA continues to work with the Ministry of Mines and Energy in Togo to better understand the reasons for the breaks in time series and to reassess the historical data.

Singapore

Turkey

Due to Singapore’s large trade volume in comparison to its final consumption, a slight misalignment of trade figures can have a significant impact on the Energy balance of Singapore. As a result, large discrepancies between the Reference and Sectoral Approach estimates (as presented in the database) arise from statistical differences between supply and consumption of oil and oil products.

In the 2016 edition, the Ministry of Energy revised time series for kerosene type jet fuel from 2013 onwards. Sales to foreign airlines, previously accounted for under exports, are now reported under international aviation according to the IEA methodology. Data could not be revised for the preceding years. Exports of kerosene type jet fuel up to 2012 may include consumption in international aviation.

Further revisions are expected in future editions, as energy data coverage is further extended by Singapore. A new coal-fired power plant started operations in 2013. This might lead to breaks in time series between 2012 and 2013.

South Africa Large differences between the Reference and Sectoral Approach estimates (as presented in the database) are due to losses associated with coal-to-liquid and to a lesser extent gas-to-liquid transformation.

Ukraine To provide a better Reference Approach estimate of CO2 emissions in 2010 (as presented in the database), for the purposes of this publication, the IEA Secretariat has adjusted the stock change and statistical difference of natural gas to better match international definitions.

United Kingdom For reasons of confidentiality, gas for main activity electricity is included in autoproducers for 1990. Breaks occur in the international marine bunkers and domestic navigation time series in 2008, after which a different methodology is applied in line with the UK’s National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. Emissions from international marine bunkers may be underestimated for previous years.

Switzerland

United States

The sectoral breakdown for gas/diesel oil used in residential before 1978 was estimated on the basis of commercial and residential consumption in 1978 and the data reported as commercial consumption in the energy balance in previous years.

End-use energy consumption data for the United States show a break in series with historical data due to a change in methodology in 2014. The break in series occurs between 2011 and 2012 for oil, and between 2001 and 2002 for electricity and natural gas. The new methodology is based on the last historical year of the most recent Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) publication. Changes occur primarily in reported enduse energy consumption in the industrial sector and its subsectors, including non-manufacturing industries of mining, construction and agriculture. Historical revisions are pending. Due to other changes in reporting methodologies, there are numerous breaks in series for the US data, particularly in 1992, 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2013. Care should be taken when evaluating consumption by sector since inputs of fuel to autoproducers are included in final consumption for some

Tajikistan New information became available in 2016. Breaks in time series may occur between 2011 and 2013, and between 2013 and 2014.

Togo Official energy data were submitted by Togo in 2014 for the years 2009-2012. Breaks in time series between 2008 and 2009, or differences in trends compared to previous publications may occur for this


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The IEA secretariat, the Energy Market Authority and the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) are working closely together on improving data quality for Singapore. Efforts are continuing on this project, therefore breaks in time series between 2008 and 2009 and differences in trends when compared to previous publications may occur for some products.

years. No data are available for most energy products in the construction and mining and quarrying industries.

between 2012 and 2013. These breaks are attributed to pipeline sabotage and unrest.

Viet Nam

Zimbabwe

A detailed sectoral breakdown is available starting in 1980.

A new mining company was commissioned in 2011, leading to a rapid increase in coal production. Due to the limited availability of coal consumption data, the IEA Secretariat has estimated coal stocks for Zimbabwe. Breaks in time series may occur between 2013 and 2014 because of this.

Yemen Breaks in time series may be observed for emissions from oil and gas between 2011 and 2012, and again


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3. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE

Latvia was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of this publication. Accordingly, Latvia does not appear in the list of OECD Members and is not included in the zone aggregates. OECD Americas includes Canada, Chile, Mexico and the United States. OECD Asia Oceania includes Australia, Israel2, Japan, Korea and New Zealand. OECD Europe includes Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia1, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia1, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.3 Within the OECD:  Australia excludes the overseas territories.

1. Estonia and Slovenia are included in OECD totals starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia. 2. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. 3. Latvia was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of this publication. Accordingly, Latvia does not appear in the list of OECD Members and is not included in the zone aggregates.

 Denmark excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statistics. The National Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts.  France includes Monaco, and excludes the following overseas departments: Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion, and collectivities: New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna.  Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards.  The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.  Italy includes San Marino and the Holy See.  Japan includes Okinawa.  The Netherlands excludes Suriname, Aruba and the other former Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Saint Eustatius and Sint Maarten).  Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira.  Spain includes the Canary Islands.  Switzerland includes Liechtenstein for oil data; data for other fuels do not include Liechtenstein.  Shipments of coal and oil to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man from the United Kingdom are not classed as exports. Supplies of coal and oil to these islands are, therefore, included as part of UK supply. Exports of natural gas to the Isle of Man are included with the exports to Ireland.  The United States includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia but generally excludes all INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia1, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel2, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia1, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.


The International Energy Agency (IEA) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Africa includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana (from 1981), Cameroon, the Republic of Congo (Congo)2, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia (from 1991), Niger (from 2000), Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan (from 2012), Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania), Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa. Within Africa:  Ethiopia includes Eritrea prior to 1992.  South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011. Prior to 2012, data for South Sudan are included in Sudan. Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia (until 1990), Niger (until 1999), Réunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, the Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland and Uganda. Middle East includes Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus3, the Former Yugoslav

1. Natural gas and electricity data for Puerto Rico are included under Other Non-OECD Americas. 2. Country short names are included in parentheses. 3. Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the


Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Gibraltar, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia4, Lithuania, Malta, the Republic of Moldova (Moldova), Montenegro, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, the Former Soviet Union5 (prior to 1990) and Former Yugoslavia5 (prior to 1990). Within non-OECD Europe and Eurasia:  Serbia includes Kosovo from 1990 to 1999 and Montenegro from 1990 to 2004. Non-OECD Americas includes Argentina, the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia), Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao6, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname (from 2000), Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela) and Other Non-OECD Americas. Other Non-OECD Americas includes Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire (from 2012), the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands (Malvinas], French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico7 (for natural gas and electricity), Saba (from 2012), Saint Eustatius (from 2012), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Maarten (from 2012), Suriname (until 1999), and the Turks and Caicos Islands.

context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus” issue. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this report relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. 4. Latvia was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of this publication. Accordingly, Latvia does not appear in the list of OECD Members and is still included in the non-OECD aggregate. 5. Prior to 1990, the Former Soviet Union includes Estonia and Former Yugoslavia includes Slovenia. 6. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010 resulting in two new ‘constituent countries’ (Curaçao and Sint Maarten) with the other islands joining the Netherlands as ‘special municipalities’. However, due to lack of detailed data the IEA secretariat’s data and estimates under “Curaçao” still refer to the whole territory of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data refer only to the island of Curaçao from 2012. The other islands of the former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other Non-OECD Americas from 2012. 7. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States.

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territories, and all trade between the U.S. and its territories. Oil statistics include Guam, Puerto Rico1, and the United States Virgin Islands; trade statistics for coal include international trade to and from Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.


Asia includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (from 1995), the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia (from 1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Viet Nam and Other Asia. Other Asia includes Afghanistan; Bhutan; Cambodia (until 1994); the Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; Kiribati; the Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Macau, China; the Maldives; Mongolia (until 1984); New Caledonia; Palau (from 1994); Papua New Guinea; Samoa; the Solomon Islands; Timor-Leste; Tonga and Vanuatu. The European Union - 28 (EU-28) includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus3, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Please note that in the interest of having comparable data, all these countries are included from 1990 despite different entry dates into the European Union. G7 includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. G8 includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. G20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China (including Hong Kong, China), India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United States and the European Union – 28. Annex I Parties1 includes Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic2, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication)1, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,

1. The European Union is also an Annex I Party in its own right. The EU was assigned overall reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol, which by agreement, was used to determine the individual first commitment period targets of the fifteen states that were EU members in 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. 2. Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries.

the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic2, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. The countries that are listed above are included in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as amended on 11 December 1997 by the 12th Plenary meeting of the Third Conference of the Parties in Decision 4/CP.3. This includes the countries that were members of the OECD at the time of the signing of the Convention, the EEC, and fourteen countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union that were undergoing the process of transition to market economies. During subsequent sessions, the Conference of the Parties agreed to amend Annex I to the Convention to include Malta (Decision 3/CP.15, effective from 26 October 2010) and Cyprus (Decision 10/CP.17, effective from 9 January 2013). Annex II Parties includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. According to Decision 26/CP.7 in document FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4, Turkey has been deleted from the list of Annex II countries to the Convention. This amendment entered into force on 28 June 2002. Annex II North America includes Canada and the United States. Annex II Europe includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Annex II Asia Oceania includes Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Annex I: Economies in Transition (EIT)3 are those countries in Annex I that were undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. This includes Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic2, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic2, Slovenia and Ukraine. Annex B Kyoto Parties1 includes Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic2, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,

3. Kazakhstan is also classified as an EIT under Annex B of the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, however, it is not an Annex I Party.


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China includes the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong, China but excludes Macau, China.


Refers to countries with targets under second commitment period (CP) of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020) as per the Doha Amendment. This differs from the list of countries with targets under the first CP (2008-2012). Please note that the Doha Amendment has not yet entered into force. Membership of Annex B in the second CP of the Kyoto Protocol differs from

that in Annex I. In particular, Annex B excludes, or does not contain targets for Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, Turkey and the United States (all Annex I member states), but includes Kazakhstan (a non-Annex I member state). Please note that the following countries have not been considered due to lack of complete data:  Africa: Mayotte, Saint Helena and Western Sahara.  Asia and Oceania: Christmas Island, Nauru, Niue and Tuvalu.  Non-OECD Americas: Anguilla.  Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia: Andorra and Liechtenstein1 (except for oil data).

1. Oil data for Liechtenstein are included under Switzerland.


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Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication)1, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic2, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.



© OECD/IEA, 2016

4. GRAPHS AND TABLES FOR REGIONAL AGGREGATES


World Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 35

30

30 billion tonnes of CO2

25 20 15 10

90% 80%

25

70% 60%

20

50%

15

40%

10

30% 20%

5

5

0 1971

0 1971

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

10%

1990

2000

2014

1990 2014

Other energy ind. own use Transport Other

Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ¹ 8 change: billion tonnes of CO2

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

6 4 2 0 -2

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

3%

index (1990=100)

2%

-1%

1990-14

Fossil share of electricity Total electricity output

Figure 6. Total CO₂ emissions and drivers ²

Figure 5. Changes in selected indicators

0%

2010-14

CO₂ intensity of fossil mix Generation efficiency CO₂ emissions

Other

1%

2000-10

180

25

160

20 15

140

10

120 5

100

0

80

-2% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

-5 -10

1994

1998

2002

Population TPES/GDP PPP CO₂ emissions

2006

2010

2014 90-14

GDP PPP/population CO₂/TPES (ESCII)

1. Electricity decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂ intensity of fossil mix x fossil share of elec. x thermal efficiency x elec. output. See Chapter 6. 2. Kaya decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂/TPES x TPES/GDP x GDP/population x population. See Chapter 6.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

0 1971

average annual change

0%

1980

Electricity and heat Manuf. ind. and construction Residential

Other

Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel

TWh

100%

change: billion tonnes of CO2

billion tonnes of CO2

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 35


World Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

CO2 fuel combustion (MtCO2) Share of World CO 2 from fuel combustion

20 502.5 100%

21 362.0 100%

23 144.5 100%

27 037.7 100%

30 450.4 100%

32 129.4 100%

32 381.0 100%

58%

TPES (PJ) GDP (billion 2010 USD) GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) Population (millions)

367 278 37 741 45 736 5 277.6

386 328 41 859 50 926 5 701.0

420 224 49 550 61 078 6 108.0

482 863 57 654 73 671 6 505.2

542 270 65 630 88 537 6 913.4

567 274 71 041 98 178 7 163.6

573 555 72 908 101 463 7 248.7

56% 93% 122% 37%

CO2 / TPES (tCO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kgCO2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / GDP PPP (kgCO 2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / population (tCO2 per capita)

55.8 0.54 0.45 3.88

55.3 0.51 0.42 3.75

55.1 0.47 0.38 3.79

56.0 0.47 0.37 4.16

56.2 0.46 0.34 4.40

56.6 0.45 0.33 4.49

56.5 0.44 0.32 4.47

1% -18% -29% 15%

Share of electricity output from fossil fuels 2 CO2 / kWh of electricity (gCO 2/kWh)

64% 533

63% 533

65% 533

67% 546

68% 530

68% 526

67% 519

-3%

113 116 115 86 99

132 123 131 82 100

149 131 148 76 101

157 136 158 72 101

158 137 162 70 101

58% 37% 62% -30% 1%

CO2 emissions and drivers - Kaya decomposition (1990=100) ¹ CO2 emissions index Population index2 GDP PPP per population index2 Energy intensity index - TPES / GDP PPP2 Carbon intensity index - CO2 / TPES

100 100 100 100 100

104 108 103 94 99

1. Please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods for methodological notes. Based on GDP in 2010 USD, using purchasing power parities.

2014 CO2 emissions by sector Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

10 973.4 867.7 599.8 961.0 7 305.9 5 570.3 1 239.0 579.5 253.9 626.1 504.3

6 362.8 2 729.2 674.5 1 288.4 230.0 89.5 1 440.8 985.7 426.8 -

173.5 128.8 1.4 39.6 3.6 0.0 3.3 -

32 381.0 13 625.0 1 683.1 6 230.1 7 547.3 5 659.8 3 295.5 1 858.8 822.6 626.1 504.3

Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 CO2 fuel combustion ³ Electricity and heat generation Other energy industry own use Manufacturing industries and construction Transport ³ of which: road Other of which: residential of which: services Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

14 871.4 9 899.3 407.4 3 941.2 11.4 612.2 293.5 138.6 -

% change

90-14 58% 79% 73% 57% 64% 71% -1% 1% 8% 69% 95%

2. Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. 3. World includes international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.

Key categories for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2014 CO2 emissions (MtCO 2)

% change 90-14

Level assessment (%) ⁴

Cumulative total (%)

Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Other transport - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal

9 150.0 5 570.3 3 941.2 2 271.3 1 735.6 1 288.4 985.7 961.0 749.3

98.1 69.0 89.7 119.5 54.0 52.1 53.0 -7.0 99.1

18.7 11.4 8.1 4.6 3.5 2.6 2.0 2.0 1.5

18.7 30.1 38.1 42.8 46.3 48.9 50.9 52.9 54.4

Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion

32 381.0

57.9

66.1

66.1

4. Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate excluding CO2 emissions/removals from agriculture, forestry and other land use.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

IPCC source category


Annex I Parties Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

16

16

100%

14

14

90%

12

12



Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel

10 8 6 4

70%

10

60%

8

50%

6

40% 30%

4

20%

2

2

0 1990

0 1990

1994

Coal

1998

2002

Oil

2006

2010

Gas

2014

10% 0%

1994

1998

2002

2006


Other

2010

2014

1990 2014


Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ¹

Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel 12000

1.5 change: billion tonnes of CO2

10000 8000 TWh

80%

6000 4000 2000 0 1990

1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0

1994

Coal

Oil

1998

2002

Gas

2006

Nuclear

2010

Hydro

2014

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14



Figure 5. Changes in selected indicators 0.0%

160

-0.5%

140

6

-1.5%

-2.0%

2

120

0 -2

100

-4

80

-2.5% CO₂

1990-2000

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

2000-2014

CO₂/pop.

1990-2014

60 1990

-6 -8

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

-1.0%


index (1990=100)


4


Annex I Parties Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


13 716.5 67%

12 978.9 61%

13 548.9 59%

13 867.6 51%

13 220.1 43%

12 864.7 40%

12 628.4 39%

-8%


233 887 29 960.8 30 134.3 1 176.8

229 741 32 083.1 31 380.5 1 208.0

241 705 37 386.2 36 597.0 1 232.1

250 983 41 825.7 41 392.7 1 256.7

245 782 43 932.4 43 793.6 1 286.3

240 135 45 697.6 45 683.7 1 301.7

237 564 46 437.6 46 423.9 1 307.0

2% 55% 54% 11%

58.7 0.46 0.46 11.66

56.5 0.40 0.41 10.74

56.1 0.36 0.37 11.00

55.3 0.33 0.34 11.04

53.8 0.30 0.30 10.28

53.6 0.28 0.28 9.88

53.2 0.27 0.27 9.66

-9% -41% -40% -17%

62% 503

60% 481

61% 476

62% 471

61% 433

60% 423

59% 410

-19%

99 105 116 85 96

101 107 129 78 94

96 109 133 72 92

94 111 137 68 91

92 111 139 66 91

-8% 11% 39% -34% -9%

CO2 / TPES (tCO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kgCO2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / GDP PPP (kgCO 2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / population (tCO2 per capita) Share of electricity output from fossil fuels 2 CO2 / kWh of electricity (gCO 2/kWh)


100 100 100 100 100

95 103 101 94 96


2014 CO2 emissions by sector Coal

million tonnes of CO 2 CO2 fuel combustion Electricity and heat generation Other energy industry own use Manufacturing industries and construction Transport of which: road Other of which: residential of which: services Memo: international marine bunkers Memo: international aviation bunkers

4 059.9 3 407.9 87.9 479.3 0.1 84.7 51.9 27.6 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

4 697.1 199.9 319.4 306.1 3 329.6 2 979.3 542.1 236.1 153.4 246.6 266.6

3 750.1 1 572.4 300.1 680.5 130.9 6.2 1 066.2 701.7 344.8 -

121.3 86.4 1.4 30.6 2.8 0.0 2.5 -

12 628.4 5 266.6 708.8 1 496.6 3 460.6 2 985.5 1 695.8 989.8 528.2 246.6 266.6

% change

90-14 -8% -7% 13% -34% 15% 22% -22% -18% -17% 4% 56%

2. Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.


% change 90-14

Level assessment (%) ³


Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Non-specified other - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industry own use - oil

3 206.9 2 979.3 1 263.1 701.7 680.5 479.3 364.5 350.3 319.4

-5.9 21.7 55.2 16.4 -0.2 -50.3 25.7 -17.3 -13.3

18.6 17.2 7.3 4.1 3.9 2.8 2.1 2.0 1.8

18.6 35.8 43.1 47.2 51.1 53.9 56.0 58.0 59.9


12 628.4

-7.9

73.1

73.1



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Annex II Parties Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector


12

10

10

100%



90%

8 6 4

80% 70%

8

60%

6

50% 40%

4

30% 20%

2

2

0 1971

0 1971

10%

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

1990

2000


Other

2014

1990 2014



Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel 1.0 change: billion tonnes of CO2

10000 8000 6000 TWh

0%

1980

4000 2000 0 1971

0.8 0.5 0.3 0.0 -0.3 -0.5 -0.8

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

1990-00

2014

Hydro

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




140

6

4

120

-0.5% -1.0% -1.5% -2.0%

2

100 0

80

-2


0.0% index (1990=100)


0.5%

-2.5% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

-4

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

-3.0%


Annex II Parties Key indicators % change CO2 fuel combustion (MtCO2) Share of World CO 2 from fuel combustion TPES (PJ) GDP (billion 2010 USD) GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (tCO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kgCO2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / GDP PPP (kgCO 2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / population (tCO2 per capita) Share of electricity output from fossil fuels 2 CO2 / kWh of electricity (gCO 2/kWh)

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

9 652.4 47%

10 027.3 47%

10 825.9 47%

11 093.0 41%

10 396.9 34%

10 074.2 31%

9 933.7 31%

3%

168 004 27 099.5 24 849.6 799.6

180 514 29 871.5 27 426.4 827.5

195 058 34 871.0 32 141.2 852.5

201 318 38 585.0 35 610.3 880.4

194 141 40 139.7 37 018.3 908.7

187 700 41 572.4 38 311.7 922.0

186 305 42 248.4 38 952.6 926.5

11% 56% 57% 16%

57.5 0.36 0.39 12.07

55.5 0.34 0.37 12.12

55.5 0.31 0.34 12.70

55.1 0.29 0.31 12.60

53.6 0.26 0.28 11.44

53.7 0.24 0.26 10.93

53.3 0.24 0.26 10.72

-7% -34% -34% -11%

59% 494

58% 479

60% 476

61% 469

59% 426

58% 413

57% 405

-18%

112 107 121 90 97

115 110 130 84 96

108 114 131 78 93

104 115 134 72 93

103 116 135 71 93

3% 16% 35% -29% -7%


100 100 100 100 100

104 103 107 97 97




3 120.1 2 713.3 68.0 323.7 0.0 15.0 7.6 6.8 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

4 061.4 152.0 264.9 248.6 2 936.8 2 622.8 459.1 206.8 142.5 188.7 234.7

2 664.2 927.2 266.4 536.3 62.0 5.5 872.3 537.5 318.8 -

88.0 63.7 0.4 22.3 1.6 0.0 1.6 -

9 933.7 3 856.2 599.8 1 131.0 2 998.9 2 628.3 1 348.0 752.0 469.7 188.7 234.7

% change

90-14 3% 8% 17% -27% 19% 23% -10% -12% -3% -16% 77%



% change 90-14



Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Other transport - oil Other energy industry own use - gas

2 622.8 2 606.7 810.1 537.5 536.3 334.7 323.7 314.0 266.4

22.3 1.2 166.3 20.1 11.9 34.0 -48.7 -7.5 74.0

20.8 20.7 6.4 4.3 4.3 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.1

20.8 41.6 48.0 52.3 56.5 59.2 61.8 64.3 66.4


9 933.7

2.9

78.9

78.9



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Annex I: Economies in Transition Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4.0

4.0

100%

3.5

3.5

90%

3.0

3.0




2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

70%

2.5

60%

2.0

50%

1.5

40% 30%

1.0

20%

0.5

0.5

0.0 1990

0.0 1990

1994

Coal

1998

2002

Oil

2006

2010

Gas

2014

10% 0%

1994

1998

2002

2006


Other

2010

2014

1990 2014




2000

1500

TWh

80%

1000

500

0 1990

0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3

1994

Coal

Oil

1998

2002

Gas

2006

Nuclear

2010

Hydro

1990-00

2014

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14



Figure 5. Changes in selected indicators 0%

140

-1%

120

1.0

-3%

-4%

0.0

100

-0.5 -1.0

80

-1.5

60

-5% CO₂

1990-2000

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

2000-2014

CO₂/pop.

1990-2014

40 1990

-2.0 -2.5

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

-2%


index (1990=100)


0.5


Annex I: Economies in Transition Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


3 930.8 19.2%

2 792.3 13.1%

2 513.3 10.9%

2 548.7 9.4%

2 548.0 8.4%

2 498.5 7.8%

2 379.5 7.4%

-39%


63 590 2 495.8 4 707.3 321.1

46 548 1 782.0 3 276.1 319.7

43 348 1 989.2 3 625.7 314.2

46 009 2 586.2 4 748.5 306.6

47 039 3 028.2 5 567.1 303.3

47 425 3 246.9 5 981.3 302.6

46 055 3 286.6 6 041.5 302.6

-28% 32% 28% -6%

61.8 1.58 0.84 12.24

60.0 1.57 0.85 8.73

58.0 1.26 0.69 8.00

55.4 0.99 0.54 8.31

54.2 0.84 0.46 8.40

52.7 0.77 0.42 8.26

51.7 0.72 0.39 7.86

-16% -54% -53% -36%

74% 535

69% 492

66% 472

65% 483

65% 462

64% 469

63% 424

-21%

64 98 79 89 94

65 95 106 72 90

65 94 125 63 88

64 94 135 59 85

61 94 136 56 84

-39% -6% 36% -44% -16%



100 100 100 100 100

71 100 70 105 97




Oil

807.9 611.6 13.5 133.4 0.1 49.4 36.7 8.2 -

546.3 41.4 51.4 54.3 330.5 299.2 68.7 26.5 10.7 50.1 23.1

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

992.2 598.4 31.8 124.0 68.0 0.5 170.0 146.2 20.2 -

33.0 22.6 1.0 8.3 1.2 0.9 -

2 379.5 1 273.9 97.8 320.0 398.6 299.7 289.2 209.4 39.9 50.1 23.1

% change

90-14 -39% -38% -13% -52% -9% 7% -55% -37% -73% 407% -38%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal Other transport - gas

519.9 407.7 299.2 190.7 146.2 133.4 124.0 91.7 67.5

-35.7 -19.2 8.2 -14.1 -5.7 -57.4 -38.3 -45.9 -13.1

12.3 9.6 7.1 4.5 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.2 1.6

12.3 21.9 29.0 33.5 37.0 40.1 43.1 45.2 46.8


2 379.5

-39.5

56.3

56.3



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Non-Annex I Parties Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

20.0

20.0

100%

17.5

17.5

90%

15.0

15.0


12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0

70%

12.5

60%

10.0

50%

7.5

40% 30%

5.0

20%

2.5

2.5

0.0 1990

0.0 1990

1994

Coal

1998

2002

Oil

2006

2010

Gas

2014

10%

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

1990 2014



14000

8 change: billion tonnes of CO2

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

6 4 2 0 -2

1994

Coal

Oil

1998

2002

Gas

2006

Nuclear

2010

Hydro

2014

1990-00

6%

340

5%

300 index (1990=100)

4%

1% 0%

1990-14




2%

2010-14


Other

3%

2000-10

20

15

260 10

220 180

5

140 0

100

-1% -2% CO₂

1990-2000

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

2000-2014

CO₂/pop.

1990-2014

60 1990

-5

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

0 1990


0%

1994


Other


TWh

80%





Non-Annex I Parties Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

6 155.8 30%

7 665.0 36%

8 743.0 38%

12 173.5 45%

16 104.2 53%

18 159.3 57%

18 622.2 58%

203%

124 926 7 780.0 15 601.5 4 100.9

146 952 9 775.6 19 545.1 4 493.0

167 074 12 164.1 24 481.0 4 875.9

218 503 15 828.1 32 278.5 5 248.5

281 396 21 698.0 44 743.1 5 627.1

312 293 25 343.3 52 494.2 5 861.9

320 785 26 470.0 55 038.9 5 941.7

157% 240% 253% 45%


49.3 0.79 0.39 1.50

52.2 0.78 0.39 1.71

52.3 0.72 0.36 1.79

55.7 0.77 0.38 2.32

57.2 0.74 0.36 2.86

58.1 0.72 0.35 3.10

58.1 0.70 0.34 3.13

18% -11% -14% 109%


67% 625

70% 658

72% 650

74% 662

76% 640

75% 622

74% 615

-1%

142 119 132 85 106

198 128 162 85 113

262 137 209 79 116

295 143 235 74 118

303 145 243 73 118

203% 45% 143% -27% 18%

CO2 fuel combustion (MtCO2) Share of World CO 2 from fuel combustion TPES (PJ) GDP (billion 2010 USD) GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) Population (millions)


100 100 100 100 100

125 110 114 94 106




10 811.5 6 491.4 319.5 3 461.8 11.3 527.5 241.6 111.0 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

5 145.8 667.8 280.4 654.9 2 845.9 2 591.0 696.9 343.4 100.5 379.5 237.7

2 612.7 1 156.8 374.4 607.9 99.0 83.3 374.6 284.0 82.0 -

52.2 42.4 8.9 0.8 0.8 -

18 622.2 8 358.4 974.3 4 733.6 2 956.2 2 674.3 1 599.8 869.0 294.4 379.5 237.7

% change

90-14 203% 326% 186% 176% 202% 215% 38% 38% 138% 181% 171%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Manufacturing industries - coal Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal Other energy industry own use - gas

5 943.1 3 461.8 2 591.0 1 008.2 654.9 607.9 571.6 548.2 374.4

390.5 210.9 205.2 356.3 50.0 267.3 41.9 810.0 212.7

19.5 11.3 8.5 3.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.2

19.5 30.8 39.3 42.6 44.7 46.7 48.6 50.4 51.6


18 622.2

202.5

61.0

61.0



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Annex B Kyoto Parties Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector


6

5

5

100%



90%

4 3 2

80% 70%

4

60%

3

50% 40%

2

30% 20%

1

1

0 1990

0 1990

10%

1994

Coal

1998

2002

Oil

2006

2010

Gas

2014

2002

2006

2010

2014

1990 2014


Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ¹ 0.4 change: billion tonnes of CO2

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8

1994

Coal

Oil

1998

2002

Gas

2006

Nuclear

2010

Hydro

1990-00

2014

0.0% -0.5% index (1990=100)

-2.0% -2.5% -3.0% -3.5% CO₂

1990-2000

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

2000-2014

CO₂/pop.

1990-2014

1990-14




-1.5%

2010-14


Other

-1.0%

2000-10

160

2.0

140

1.0

120

0.0

100

-1.0

80

-2.0

60 1990

-3.0

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

0 1990

0.2


TWh

1998


Other



0%

1994


Annex B Kyoto Parties Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

5 379.1 26%

4 795.8 22%

4 656.4 20%

4 877.9 18%

4 631.8 15%

4 381.9 14%

4 126.5 13%

-23%

90 016 13 579.8 13 487.5 584.8

85 056 14 471.5 14 004.4 590.7

85 889 16 740.5 16 156.0 592.3

91 406 18 555.3 18 093.2 599.6

89 908 19 601.3 19 223.2 610.5

85 536 20 056.1 19 686.9 615.7

82 060 20 339.7 19 961.3 617.5

-9% 50% 48% 6%


59.8 0.40 0.40 9.20

56.4 0.33 0.34 8.12

54.2 0.28 0.29 7.86

53.4 0.26 0.27 8.14

51.5 0.24 0.24 7.59

51.2 0.22 0.22 7.12

50.3 0.20 0.21 6.68

-16% -49% -48% -27%


58% 510

54% 458

54% 417

55% 409

53% 371

48% 357

46% 341

-33%

87 101 118 80 91

91 103 131 76 89

86 104 137 70 86

81 105 139 65 86

77 106 140 62 84

-23% 6% 40% -38% -16%



100 100 100 100 100

89 101 103 91 94




1 498.4 1 189.1 37.9 209.2 0.1 62.1 49.2 7.6 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

1 539.8 54.9 105.9 113.5 1 032.8 976.5 232.7 113.1 54.1 136.6 151.5

1 026.4 307.9 104.8 221.9 14.4 3.7 377.4 259.5 105.3 -

61.9 41.8 0.4 18.6 1.1 0.0 1.1 -

4 126.5 1 593.8 249.0 563.2 1 047.3 980.2 673.3 421.8 168.1 136.6 151.5

% change

90-14 -23% -27% 11% -48% 13% 15% -30% -27% -22% 17% 69%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Road - oil Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Non-specified other - oil Non-specified other - gas Manufacturing industries - oil

1 131.8 976.5 259.5 241.3 221.9 209.2 119.6 117.9 113.5

-17.9 14.7 25.4 6.6 -25.9 -60.6 -40.7 7.2 -55.4

19.8 17.1 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.7 2.1 2.1 2.0

19.8 37.0 41.5 45.8 49.6 53.3 55.4 57.5 59.5


4 126.5

-23.3

72.4

72.4



© OECD/IEA, 2016



OECD Total ¹ Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 14

12


10 8 6 4

90% 80%

10

70% 60%

8

50%

6

40%

4

30% 20%

2

2

0 1971

0 1971

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

10%

1990

2000

1990 2014

2014


Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ²

12000


10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14


Figure 6. Total CO₂ emissions and drivers ³

Figure 5. Changes in selected indicators 160

1.0% 0.5%

6 4

140 index (1990=100)

0.0% -0.5% -1.0% -1.5%

2

120 0

100 -2

80

-2.0% -2.5% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

-4 -6

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14


1. Excludes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 2. Electricity decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂ intensity of mix x fossil share of elec. x thermal efficiency x elec. output. See Chapter 6. 3. Kaya decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂/TPES x TPES/GDP x GDP/population x population. See Chapter 6.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

0 1971


0%

1980


Other


TWh

100%





OECD Total Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


10 995.5 54%

11 493.6 54%

12 451.7 54%

12 829.7 47%

12 323.3 40%

12 026.9 37%

11 855.6 37%

8%


189 485 29 171.4 28 001.4 1 070.2

204 289 32 307.1 31 094.6 1 114.6

221 898 37 956.9 36 788.5 1 153.9

231 291 42 259.1 41 133.7 1 194.7

227 082 44 440.2 43 464.2 1 238.0

222 309 46 299.6 45 400.3 1 259.8

220 781 47 107.4 46 238.4 1 266.9

17% 61% 65% 18%

58.0 0.38 0.39 10.27

56.3 0.36 0.37 10.31

56.1 0.33 0.34 10.79

55.5 0.30 0.31 10.74

54.3 0.28 0.28 9.95

54.1 0.26 0.26 9.55

53.7 0.25 0.26 9.36

-7% -33% -35% -9%

60% 509

59% 492

61% 488

63% 478

61% 442

61% 430

60% 421

-17%

113 108 122 89 97

117 112 132 83 96

112 116 134 77 94

109 118 138 72 93

108 118 139 71 93

8% 18% 39% -29% -7%



100 100 100 100 100

105 104 107 97 97




3 950.2 3 339.4 114.4 422.9 0.0 73.4 46.1 22.6 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

4 713.3 200.0 309.0 301.5 3 361.3 3 030.8 541.5 238.8 155.5 224.5 273.8

3 084.4 1 124.5 307.0 626.0 67.2 8.7 959.6 597.5 345.3 -

107.7 68.3 0.4 36.2 2.7 0.0 2.7 -

11 855.6 4 732.2 730.9 1 386.7 3 428.5 3 039.5 1 577.3 882.4 526.0 224.5 273.8

% change

90-14 8% 15% 27% -24% 25% 30% -10% -13% -3% -4% 91%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Non-specified other - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industry own use - oil

3 184.5 3 030.8 983.3 626.0 597.5 422.9 362.2 330.5 309.0

10.0 29.6 196.9 18.1 28.0 -43.5 39.9 -8.4 -7.1

21.0 20.0 6.5 4.1 3.9 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.0

21.0 41.0 47.5 51.6 55.5 58.3 60.7 62.9 64.9


11 855.6

7.8

78.2

78.2



© OECD/IEA, 2016



OECD Americas Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 7

6


5 4 3 2

90% 80%

5

70% 60%

4

50%

3

40%

2

30% 20%

1

1

0 1971

0 1971

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

0%

1980

1990

2000

5000

0.6


0.8

4000 3000 2000 1000

2014

1990 2014



6000

0 1971

10%


Other


0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




160

4 3

140

0.0% index (1990=100)


0.5%

-0.5% -1.0% -1.5% -2.0%

2

120

1 0

100

-1

80

-2

-2.5% -3.0% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

-3

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

TWh

100%





OECD Americas Key indicators % change CO2 fuel combustion (MtCO2) Share of World CO 2 from fuel combustion TPES (PJ) GDP (billion 2010 USD) GDP PPP (billion 2010 USD) Population (millions) CO2 / TPES (tCO 2 per TJ) CO2 / GDP (kgCO2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / GDP PPP (kgCO 2 per 2010 USD) CO2 / population (tCO2 per capita) Share of electricity output from fossil fuels 2 CO2 / kWh of electricity (gCO 2/kWh)

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

5 508.3 27%

5 850.4 27%

6 567.0 28%

6 702.4 25%

6 379.4 21%

6 183.0 19%

6 237.8 19%

13%

94 790 10 772.6 11 047.8 378.1

102 630 12 184.0 12 493.8 404.8

113 133 15 069.9 15 486.2 429.4

117 118 17 067.4 17 525.7 451.7

112 444 17 845.3 18 367.7 475.2

112 418 18 907.9 19 492.4 488.0

113 887 19 364.0 19 960.6 492.3

20% 80% 81% 30%

58.1 0.51 0.50 14.57

57.0 0.48 0.47 14.45

58.0 0.44 0.42 15.29

57.2 0.39 0.38 14.84

56.7 0.36 0.35 13.43

55.0 0.33 0.32 12.67

54.8 0.32 0.31 12.67

-6% -37% -37% -13%

63% 541

63% 542

66% 554

67% 535

66% 488

63% 447

63% 441

-18%

119 114 123 85 100

122 119 133 78 98

116 126 132 71 98

112 129 137 67 95

113 130 139 66 94

13% 30% 39% -34% -6%


100 100 100 100 100

106 107 106 96 98




1 844.9 1 708.6 14.5 118.4 3.5 0.1 3.4 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

2 590.8 69.0 172.3 115.3 2 023.9 1 777.9 210.3 87.5 53.2 50.6 81.1

1 779.2 594.6 240.8 349.5 56.0 2.1 538.3 318.9 214.5 -

22.8 18.2 3.8 0.8 0.8 -

6 237.8 2 390.3 427.6 587.0 2 079.9 1 780.0 753.0 406.4 272.0 50.6 81.1

% change

90-14 13% 15% 29% -21% 27% 33% 4% 5% 7% -47% 70%



% change 90-14



Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Other transport - oil Other energy industry own use - gas Non-specified other - gas Other energy industry own use - oil

1 777.9 1 690.1 528.7 349.5 318.9 246.0 240.8 219.5 172.3

33.3 2.0 221.3 8.2 18.2 -8.0 73.1 33.3 -7.3

22.6 21.5 6.7 4.4 4.1 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.2

22.6 44.1 50.9 55.3 59.4 62.5 65.6 68.4 70.6


6 237.8

13.2

79.4

79.4



© OECD/IEA, 2016



OECD Asia Oceania Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel 2.5

2.5

100% 90%

2.0 billion tonnes of CO2


2.0 1.5 1.0

80% 70%

1.5

60% 50%

1.0

40% 30%

0.5

0.5

0.0 1971

0.0 1971

20% 10%

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

1990

2000


Other

2014

1990 2014



Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel 2500 change: billion tonnes of CO2

0.6

2000 1500 1000 500 0 1971

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




160

1.0 0.8

140 1% 0% -1%

0.6 0.4

120 0.2 0.0

100 -2%

-0.2

-3% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

80 1990

-0.4

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

index (1990=100)


2%


TWh

0%

1980


OECD Asia Oceania Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


1 586.6 7.7%

1 819.0 8.5%

1 991.5 8.6%

2 099.6 7.8%

2 150.9 7.1%

2 283.5 7.1%

2 226.2 6.9%

40%


26 891 5 766.6 4 733.5 191.7

31 886 6 446.7 5 375.1 197.9

35 571 7 039.1 5 937.3 203.1

36 772 7 755.3 6 604.8 207.3

38 428 8 267.3 7 123.6 211.6

37 157 8 664.8 7 493.7 213.3

36 787 8 746.0 7 580.7 213.9

37% 52% 60% 12%


59.0 0.28 0.34 8.28

57.0 0.28 0.34 9.19

56.0 0.28 0.34 9.80

57.1 0.27 0.32 10.13

56.0 0.26 0.30 10.17

61.5 0.26 0.30 10.70

60.5 0.25 0.29 10.41

3% -7% -12% 26%


66% 507

65% 491

65% 501

67% 517

69% 512

82% 581

80% 561

11%

126 106 118 105 95

132 108 129 98 97

136 110 136 95 95

144 111 142 87 104

140 112 144 85 103

40% 12% 44% -15% 3%


100 100 100 100 100

115 103 110 104 97




Oil

967.5 730.9 63.6 167.2 0.0 5.8 3.0 2.6 -

776.2 86.2 54.0 99.2 420.6 379.9 116.2 43.7 54.1 42.4 49.6

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

457.9 277.9 23.1 76.3 3.7 3.2 76.8 48.6 28.0 -

24.6 8.3 15.4 0.8 0.8 -

2 226.2 1 103.4 140.6 358.2 424.3 383.1 199.6 95.3 85.5 42.4 49.6

% change

90-14 40% 83% 92% -4% 32% 37% -8% -11% -5% 58% 130%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other - oil Other energy industry - coal

643.2 379.9 254.5 167.2 99.2 87.7 76.3 72.5 63.6

165.1 35.6 175.2 -6.0 -40.5 63.5 207.4 -22.1 134.9

23.6 13.9 9.3 6.1 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.3

23.6 37.5 46.8 53.0 56.6 59.8 62.6 65.3 67.6


2 226.2

40.3

81.6

81.6



© OECD/IEA, 2016



OECD Europe ¹ Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 4.5

100%

4.0

4.0

90%

3.5

3.5

80%


3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

60%

2.5

50%

2.0

40%

1.5

30%

1.0

20%

0.5

0.5

10%

0.0 1971

0.0 1971

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

0%

1980

1990

2000


Other

1990 2014

2014


Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ²


4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1971

0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

1990-00

2014

Hydro

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




140

2.0 1.5

120 index (1990=100)


0.0% -0.5% -1.0% -1.5%

1.0 0.5

100

0.0 -0.5

80

-1.0

-2.0%

-1.5

-2.5% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

-2.0

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14


1. Excludes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 2. Electricity decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂ intensity of mix x fossil share of elec. x thermal efficiency x elec. output. See Chapter 6. 3. Kaya decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂/TPES x TPES/GDP x GDP/population x population. See Chapter 6.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

TWh

70%

3.0





OECD Europe Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

3 900.6 19%

3 824.2 18%

3 893.2 17%

4 027.7 15%

3 792.9 12%

3 560.4 11%

3 391.6 10%

-13%

67 803 12 632.2 12 220.1 500.4

69 773 13 676.4 13 225.7 511.9

73 195 15 847.9 15 365.0 521.4

77 401 17 436.4 17 003.3 535.8

76 210 18 327.6 17 973.0 551.2

72 735 18 727.0 18 414.2 558.4

70 107 18 997.4 18 697.2 560.8

3% 50% 53% 12%


57.5 0.31 0.32 7.80

54.8 0.28 0.29 7.47

53.2 0.25 0.25 7.47

52.0 0.23 0.24 7.52

49.8 0.21 0.21 6.88

49.0 0.19 0.19 6.38

48.4 0.18 0.18 6.05

-16% -42% -43% -22%


53% 463

51% 419

52% 385

54% 374

51% 336

45% 322

44% 311

-33%

100 104 121 86 92

103 107 130 82 90

97 110 134 76 87

91 112 135 71 85

87 112 137 68 84

-13% 12% 37% -32% -16%



100 100 100 100 100

98 102 106 95 95




1 137.8 899.8 36.4 137.4 0.0 64.2 43.0 16.6 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

1 346.3 44.8 82.8 86.9 916.8 873.0 215.0 107.6 48.2 131.6 143.1

847.2 252.0 43.2 200.2 7.5 3.4 344.5 230.0 102.7 -

60.3 41.8 0.4 17.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 -

3 391.6 1 238.4 162.7 441.5 924.3 876.4 624.7 380.7 168.5 131.6 143.1

% change

90-14 -13% -13% -5% -38% 19% 21% -23% -26% -15% 17% 94%



% change 90-14



Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Residential - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Non-specified other - gas Residential - oil Non-specified other - oil

873.0 851.2 230.0 200.2 200.2 137.4 114.5 107.6 107.3

20.5 -14.4 32.3 169.7 10.0 -59.0 38.4 -46.2 -30.6

19.1 18.6 5.0 4.4 4.4 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.3

19.1 37.7 42.7 47.1 51.4 54.4 56.9 59.3 61.6


3 391.6

-13.0

74.1

74.1



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Non-OECD Total Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

20.0

20.0

100%

17.5

17.5

90%

15.0

15.0


12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0

70%

12.5

60%

10.0

50%

7.5

40% 30%

5.0

20%

2.5

2.5

0.0 1971

0.0 1971

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

12000

5


6

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000

1990

2000

2014

1990 2014


4 3 2 1 0 -1

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




20

4%

200

15

3%

175

index (1990=100)

5%

2% 1% 0% -1%

10

150 5

125 0

100

-5

75

-2% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

50 1990

-10

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

1980

Coal


0%

1980


14000

0 1971

10%


Other


TWh

80%





Non-OECD Total Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

8 876.8 43%

9 150.3 43%

9 840.3 43%

13 211.4 49%

17 001.0 56%

18 997.1 59%

19 395.0 60%

118%

169 329 8 569.3 17 734.4 4 207.5

172 404 9 551.6 19 831.0 4 586.4

186 881 11 593.4 24 289.5 4 954.1

238 194 15 394.7 32 537.5 5 310.5

300 096 21 190.2 45 072.4 5 675.4

330 118 24 741.2 52 777.6 5 903.8

337 567 25 800.2 55 224.4 5 981.7

99% 201% 211% 42%


52.4 1.04 0.50 2.11

53.1 0.96 0.46 2.00

52.7 0.85 0.41 1.99

55.5 0.86 0.41 2.49

56.7 0.80 0.38 3.00

57.5 0.77 0.36 3.22

57.5 0.75 0.35 3.24

10% -27% -30% 54%


70% 576

69% 605

71% 607

73% 639

74% 621

74% 609

73% 600

4%

111 118 116 81 100

149 126 145 77 106

192 135 188 70 108

214 140 212 66 110

218 142 219 64 110

118% 42% 119% -36% 10%



100 100 100 100 100

103 109 103 91 101




10 921.2 6 560.0 293.0 3 518.2 11.3 538.7 247.4 116.0 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

5 129.6 667.7 290.7 659.5 2 814.2 2 539.5 697.5 340.8 98.4 401.6 230.5

3 278.4 1 604.7 367.5 662.4 162.8 80.8 481.2 388.2 81.6 -

65.8 60.5 1.0 3.4 0.9 0.6 -

19 395.0 8 892.8 952.2 4 843.5 2 988.3 2 620.3 1 718.2 976.4 296.6 401.6 230.5

% change

90-14 118% 152% 142% 126% 143% 173% 9% 19% 36% 193% 99%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Manufacturing industries - coal Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Residential - gas

5 965.5 3 518.2 2 539.5 1 288.0 662.4 659.5 594.4 553.6 388.2

245.8 164.8 165.0 83.1 108.9 32.2 329.9 -8.3 118.7

18.3 10.8 7.8 3.9 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.2

18.3 29.0 36.8 40.8 42.8 44.8 46.6 48.3 49.5


19 395.0

118.5

59.4

59.4



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia ¹ Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4.0

4.0

100%

3.5

3.5

90%

3.0

3.0


2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

70%

2.5

60%

2.0

50%

1.5

40% 30%

1.0

20%

0.5

0.5

0.0 1971

0.0 1971

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

10%

1990

2000

1990 2014

2014


Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ² 0.2 change: billion tonnes of CO2

2000

1500

1000

500

0 1971

0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

1990-00

2014

Hydro

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




4% 3%

1.0 0.5

120

1% 0% -1%

0.0

100

-0.5 -1.0

80

-1.5

60

-2% -3% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

40 1990

-2.0 -2.5

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14


1. Includes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 2. Electricity decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂ intensity of mix x fossil share of elec. x thermal efficiency x elec. output. See Chapter 6. 3. Kaya decomposition: CO₂ emissions = CO₂/TPES x TPES/GDP x GDP/population x population. See Chapter 6.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

2%

index (1990=100)


0%

1980


Other


TWh

80%





Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


3 940.1 19.2%

2 634.8 12.3%

2 377.0 10.3%

2 470.7 9.1%

2 536.7 8.3%

2 568.8 8.0%

2 446.1 7.6%

-38%


64 366 2 205.1 4 457.9 343.7

44 999 1 382.0 2 765.8 344.7

42 027 1 509.6 3 014.1 340.8

45 202 2 063.6 4 137.2 336.6

46 769 2 474.5 4 995.8 338.2

48 333 2 706.0 5 476.7 341.5

47 064 2 733.9 5 534.1 342.7

-27% 24% 24% 0%

61.2 1.79 0.88 11.46

58.6 1.91 0.95 7.64

56.6 1.57 0.79 6.97

54.7 1.20 0.60 7.34

54.2 1.03 0.51 7.50

53.1 0.95 0.47 7.52

52.0 0.89 0.44 7.14

-15% -50% -50% -38%

74% 507

67% 456

64% 447

63% 459

64% 434

65% 453

64% 412

-19%

60 99 68 97 92

63 98 95 76 89

64 98 114 65 89

65 99 124 61 87

62 100 124 59 85

-38% 0% 24% -41% -15%



100 100 100 100 100

67 100 62 113 96




711.7 525.8 7.4 143.3 0.1 35.2 22.2 8.4 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

549.3 46.1 51.7 60.5 306.4 273.9 84.5 31.5 12.0 62.4 24.9

1 158.0 672.1 79.4 128.4 74.6 2.0 203.5 163.7 34.5 -

27.1 21.8 1.0 3.3 0.9 0.6 -

2 446.1 1 265.8 139.6 335.6 381.1 275.9 324.0 217.4 55.5 62.4 24.9

% change

90-14 -38% -37% 27% -51% -17% -5% -53% -22% -58% 351% -42%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Manufacturing industries - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal Other energy industry own use - gas

481.2 441.5 273.9 190.9 163.7 143.3 128.4 84.3 79.4

-14.5 -38.2 -4.7 -12.8 9.2 -54.8 -36.5 -17.9 121.3

11.0 10.1 6.2 4.4 3.7 3.3 2.9 1.9 1.8

11.0 21.0 27.3 31.6 35.4 38.6 41.5 43.5 45.3


2 446.1

-37.9

55.8

55.8



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Africa Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector


1200

1000

1000

100%

million tonnes of CO2


90%

800 600 400 200

80% 70%

800

60%

600

50% 40%

400

30% 20%

200

10%

0 1971

1980

1990

Coal

2000

0 1971

2014

Oil

2000

2014

1990 2014


Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ¹ 300 change: million tonnes of CO2

800

600

400

200

0 1971

250 200 150 100 50 0 -50

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

1990-00

2014

Hydro

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




5%

800

200 600

index (1990=100)

180 3% 2% 1%

160

400

140 200

120 100

0%

0

80

-1% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

-200

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

4%

change: million tonnes of CO2

TWh

1990


Gas



0%

1980


Africa Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

529.0 2.6%

576.2 2.7%

658.1 2.8%

856.9 3.2%

995.8 3.3%

1 072.5 3.3%

1 105.3 3.4%

109%

16 451 920.9 2 091.5 626.5

18 589 969.2 2 225.8 717.6

20 749 1 155.1 2 671.8 812.6

25 102 1 507.2 3 470.0 918.5

29 050 1 941.4 4 482.4 1 042.5

31 385 2 148.4 4 959.4 1 126.4

32 325 2 222.7 5 131.2 1 155.7

97% 141% 145% 84%


32.2 0.57 0.25 0.84

31.0 0.59 0.26 0.80

31.7 0.57 0.25 0.81

34.1 0.57 0.25 0.93

34.3 0.51 0.22 0.96

34.2 0.50 0.22 0.95

34.2 0.50 0.22 0.96

6% -13% -15% 13%


79% 681

80% 699

80% 663

82% 645

81% 625

81% 602

80% 615

-10%

124 130 98 99 99

162 147 113 92 106

188 166 129 82 107

203 180 132 80 106

209 184 133 80 106

109% 84% 33% -20% 6%



100 100 100 100 100

109 115 93 106 96




Oil

402.6 282.0 41.6 52.1 0.1 26.8 14.7 7.3 -

478.6 57.7 10.8 51.6 283.7 272.3 74.7 39.0 6.4 20.4 22.7

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

224.1 129.0 36.9 36.1 2.4 1.0 19.8 17.4 0.4 -

-

1 105.3 468.7 89.3 139.8 286.3 273.3 121.3 71.1 14.2 20.4 22.7

% change

90-14 109% 117% 190% 19% 156% 156% 127% 90% 151% 22% 93%



% change 90-14



Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - coal Manufacturing industries - oil Other energy industry - coal Residential - oil Other energy industry own use - gas

272.3 268.8 122.8 53.2 52.1 51.6 41.6 39.0 36.9

155.2 83.9 389.7 67.3 -13.6 11.5 + 36.6 90.2

9.0 8.9 4.1 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2

9.0 17.9 22.0 23.7 25.5 27.2 28.6 29.8 31.1


1 105.3

108.9

36.6

36.6



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Asia (excluding China) Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector

4.0

4.0

100%

3.5

3.5

90%

3.0

3.0


2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

70%

2.5

60%

2.0

50%

1.5

40% 30%

1.0

20%

0.5

0.5

0.0 1971

0.0 1971

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

2500

1.3


1.5

2000 1500 1000 500

1990

2000

2014

1990 2014


1.0 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.0 -0.3

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

340

5%

300

4%

260

index (1990=100)

6%

1%

1990-14




2%

2010-14


Other

3%

2000-10

4.0

3.0

2.0

220 180

1.0

140 0.0

0%

100

-1% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

-1.0

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

1980

Coal


0%

1980


3000

0 1971

10%


Other


TWh

80%





Asia (excluding China) Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


1 209.4 5.9%

1 619.4 7.6%

2 018.3 8.7%

2 481.2 9.2%

3 206.9 10.5%

3 552.5 11.1%

3 807.0 11.8%

215%


29 176 1 608.8 4 461.5 1 625.3

36 301 2 166.0 5 929.2 1 795.1

43 447 2 619.7 7 184.1 1 965.3

51 771 3 408.0 9 408.1 2 130.2

63 887 4 598.4 12 767.0 2 284.8

69 596 5 387.9 15 004.5 2 376.7

72 897 5 685.3 15 871.3 2 407.6

150% 253% 256% 48%


41.5 0.75 0.27 0.74

44.6 0.75 0.27 0.90

46.5 0.77 0.28 1.03

47.9 0.73 0.26 1.16

50.2 0.70 0.25 1.40

51.0 0.66 0.24 1.49

52.2 0.67 0.24 1.58

26% -11% -12% 113%


69% 634

76% 673

80% 685

81% 671

81% 687

80% 661

81% 685

8%

167 121 133 92 112

205 131 161 84 116

265 141 204 77 121

294 146 230 71 123

315 148 240 70 126

215% 48% 140% -30% 26%


100 100 100 100 100

134 110 120 94 108




2 123.5 1 405.6 13.8 630.2 0.1 73.7 19.7 22.1 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

1 197.8 107.1 52.5 164.0 674.9 623.3 199.2 107.4 21.2 147.8 74.5

480.7 273.9 62.8 95.2 18.1 17.4 30.6 23.6 6.2 -

5.1 5.1 0.0 -

3 807.0 1 791.7 129.1 889.5 693.1 640.6 303.5 150.7 49.5 147.8 74.5

% change

90-14 215% 348% 86% 149% 231% 255% 76% 79% 114% 220% 227%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Manufacturing industries - coal Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Unallocated autoproducers - coal Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other - oil

1 179.8 630.2 623.3 240.1 225.8 164.0 107.4 95.2 91.8

372.4 154.0 245.5 590.1 + 71.9 63.0 577.6 124.9

17.5 9.4 9.3 3.6 3.4 2.4 1.6 1.4 1.4

17.5 26.9 36.2 39.7 43.1 45.5 47.1 48.6 49.9


3 807.0

214.8

56.6

56.6



© OECD/IEA, 2016



China (incl. Hong Kong, China) ¹ Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector


10

100% 90%



8 6 4

80% 70%

6

60% 50%

4

40% 30%

2

2

0 1971

0 1971

20% 10%

1980

Coal

1990

Oil

2000

2014

Gas

1990

2000


Other

2014

1990 2014



Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel 6000


5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1971

3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0

1980

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




800

12.5 10.0

600 4% 2% 0%

7.5 5.0

400 2.5 0.0

200 -2%

-2.5

-4% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

0 1990

-5.0

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

index (1990=100)


6%


TWh

0%

1980


China (incl. Hong Kong, China) Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


2 109.2 10%

2 923.6 14%

3 126.5 14%

5 399.4 20%

7 749.0 25%

9 025.9 28%

9 134.9 28%

333%


36 814 928.2 1 837.1 1 140.9

44 171 1 606.4 3 206.4 1 211.0

48 093 2 377.1 4 772.4 1 269.3

76 600 3 731.5 7 522.7 1 310.5

110 051 6 268.3 12 689.8 1 344.7

126 394 7 923.7 16 063.6 1 364.6

128 357 8 487.6 17 213.8 1 371.5

249% 814% 837% 20%


57.3 2.27 1.15 1.85

66.2 1.82 0.91 2.41

65.0 1.32 0.66 2.46

70.5 1.45 0.72 4.12

70.4 1.24 0.61 5.76

71.4 1.14 0.56 6.61

71.2 1.08 0.53 6.66

24% -53% -54% 260%


81% 911

80% 918

83% 893

82% 878

80% 759

78% 710

75% 681

-25%

148 111 233 50 113

256 115 356 51 123

367 118 586 43 123

428 120 731 39 125

433 120 779 37 124

333% 20% 679% -63% 24%


100 100 100 100 100

139 106 164 69 116




7 569.3 4 293.6 225.7 2 636.3 11.0 402.7 190.5 78.1 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

1 195.7 24.7 88.6 156.3 742.1 604.6 184.0 85.3 44.4 47.3 39.7

336.3 63.8 50.0 97.4 34.9 34.2 90.4 68.1 22.1 -

33.6 33.6 -

9 134.9 4 415.7 364.2 2 890.0 787.9 638.8 677.0 343.9 144.6 47.3 39.7

% change

90-14 333% 565% 323% 286% 606% 912% 36% 3% 279% 431% 468%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Manufacturing industries - coal Road - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal Other energy industry - coal Non-specified other sectors - coal Residential - coal Manufacturing industries - oil Other transport - oil

4 044.8 2 636.3 604.6 248.9 225.7 212.2 190.5 156.3 137.5

565.6 289.9 858.0 + 335.8 104.2 -40.9 136.0 +

29.8 19.4 4.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0

29.8 49.2 53.7 55.5 57.2 58.7 60.1 61.3 62.3


9 134.9

333.1

67.3

67.3



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Non-OECD Americas Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector


1200

1000

1000

100%



90%

800 600 400 200

80% 70%

800

60%

600

50% 40%

400

30% 20%

200

10%

0 1971

1980

1990

Coal

2000

0 1971

2014

Oil

1200

200


240

800 600 400 200

2014

1990 2014


160 120 80 40 0 -40

Coal

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




225

800

200 index (1990=100)

3% 2%

1%

0%

600

175 400

150 200

125 0

100

-1% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

75 1990

-200

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

1980


TWh

2000


1400

1000


1990


Gas


0 1971

0%

1980


Non-OECD Americas Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

553.2 2.7%

652.4 3.1%

780.7 3.4%

855.2 3.2%

1 022.3 3.4%

1 124.0 3.5%

1 173.9 3.6%

112%

13 684 2 101.5 3 020.3 344.2

15 503 2 494.1 3 564.2 374.6

17 764 2 771.2 3 979.3 404.7

19 905 3 205.7 4 621.7 433.7

24 255 4 008.3 5 797.6 460.0

25 917 4 451.2 6 463.2 475.2

26 743 4 480.4 6 527.9 480.3

95% 113% 116% 40%


40.4 0.26 0.18 1.61

42.1 0.26 0.18 1.74

43.9 0.28 0.20 1.93

43.0 0.27 0.19 1.97

42.2 0.26 0.18 2.22

43.4 0.25 0.17 2.37

43.9 0.26 0.18 2.44

9% 0% -2% 52%


24% 182

24% 172

27% 178

28% 179

31% 194

34% 213

36% 230

26%

141 118 112 99 109

155 126 121 95 106

185 134 144 92 104

203 138 155 89 107

212 140 155 90 109

112% 40% 55% -10% 9%



100 100 100 100 100

118 109 108 96 104




Oil

101.4 51.0 3.1 47.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 -

778.1 109.3 38.0 118.1 416.5 389.7 96.2 38.3 8.5 46.2 27.9

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

294.4 119.0 57.2 69.9 17.8 12.2 30.5 25.3 5.1 -

-

1 173.9 279.4 98.3 234.9 434.3 401.9 127.0 63.9 13.6 46.2 27.9

% change

90-14 112% 215% 62% 86% 121% 126% 57% 46% 27% 133% 219%



% change 90-14



Road - oil Manufacturing industries - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Manufacturing industries - gas Non-specified other - oil Other energy industry own use - gas Manufacturing industries - coal Residential - oil

389.7 118.1 106.7 97.9 69.9 57.9 57.2 47.0 38.3

119.2 71.9 342.1 170.8 122.7 77.5 107.4 78.4 14.0

15.2 4.6 4.2 3.8 2.7 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.5

15.2 19.9 24.0 27.9 30.6 32.9 35.1 36.9 38.4


1 173.9

112.2

45.9

45.9



© OECD/IEA, 2016



Middle East Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector 1.75

1.50

1.50 billion tonnes of CO2

1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50

90% 80%

1.25

70% 60%

1.00

50%

0.75

40%

0.50

30% 20%

0.25

0.25

0.00 1971

0.00 1971

1980

1990

Coal

2000

2014

Oil

1000

0.5


0.6

800 600 400 200

1990

2000

2014

1990 2014


0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1

Oil

1990

Gas

2000

Nuclear

2014

Hydro

1990-00

2000-10

2010-14


Other

1990-14




1.4

8%

300

1.2

index (1990=100)

10%

6% 4% 2% 0%

1.0

260

0.8

220

0.6

180

0.4

140

0.2

100

-2% CO₂

1971-1990

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

1990-2014

CO₂/pop.

1971-2014

60 1990

0.0 -0.2

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

1980

Coal


0%

1980


1200

0 1971

10%


Gas


TWh

100%





Middle East Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14

535.9 2.6%

743.8 3.5%

879.6 3.8%

1 147.9 4.3%

1 490.2 4.9%

1 653.5 5.2%

1 727.8 5.3%

222%

8 838 804.8 1 866.1 126.9

12 840 934.0 2 139.6 143.5

14 800 1 160.7 2 667.7 161.5

19 614 1 478.8 3 377.7 180.9

26 085 1 899.3 4 339.8 205.3

28 493 2 124.2 4 810.1 219.4

30 182 2 190.3 4 946.1 223.9

241% 172% 165% 76%


60.6 0.67 0.29 4.22

57.9 0.80 0.35 5.18

59.4 0.76 0.33 5.45

58.5 0.78 0.34 6.35

57.1 0.78 0.34 7.26

58.0 0.78 0.34 7.54

57.2 0.79 0.35 7.72

-6% 18% 22% 83%


95% 742

96% 814

98% 708

95% 688

98% 678

97% 685

97% 678

-9%

164 127 112 117 98

214 142 127 123 97

278 162 144 127 94

309 173 149 125 96

322 176 150 129 94

222% 76% 50% 29% -6%



100 100 100 100 100

139 113 101 127 96




Oil

12.7 1.9 1.4 9.4 0.0 0.0 -

930.2 322.7 49.2 109.0 390.6 375.7 58.9 39.2 6.0 77.5 40.9

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

784.9 346.9 81.2 235.4 14.9 14.0 106.4 90.1 13.2 -

-

1 727.8 671.6 131.7 353.7 405.5 389.7 165.3 129.4 19.2 77.5 40.9

% change

90-14 222% 305% 257% 211% 181% 173% 121% 188% 85% 145% 83%



% change 90-14



Road - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Residential - gas Other energy industry own use - gas Unallocated autoproducers - gas Other energy industry own use - oil

375.7 296.9 273.4 235.4 109.0 90.1 81.2 73.5 49.2

163.2 262.2 401.1 346.3 80.1 + 519.7 196.5 111.0

15.6 12.4 11.4 9.8 4.5 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.0

15.6 28.0 39.4 49.2 53.7 57.5 60.9 63.9 66.0


1 727.8

222.4

72.0

72.0



© OECD/IEA, 2016



G20 Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector


30

25

25

100%



90%

20 15 10

80% 70%

20

60%

15

50% 40%

10

30% 20%

5

5

0 1990

0 1990

10%

1994

Coal

1998

2002

Oil

2006

2010

Gas

2014

2002

2006

2010

2014

1990 2014


Figure 4. CO₂ from electricity generation: driving factors ¹ 6 change: billion tonnes of CO2

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000

4 3 2 1 0 -1

1994

Coal

Oil

1998

2002

Gas

2006

Nuclear

2010

Hydro

1990-00

2014

3%

index (1990=100)

2%

-1%

1990-14




0%

2010-14


Other

1%

2000-10

180

20

160

15

140

10

120

5

100

0

80

-2% CO₂

1990-2000

CO₂/TPES

CO₂/GDP PPP

2000-2014

CO₂/pop.

1990-2014

60 1990

-5 -10

1994

1998

2002


2006

2010

2014 90-14




© OECD/IEA, 2016

0 1990

5


TWh

1998


Other



0%

1994


G20 Key indicators % change

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

90-14


16 777.1 82%

17 707.7 83%

19 107.2 83%

22 200.2 82%

24 859.9 82%

26 256.5 82%

26 430.3 82%

58%


295 745 33 499.2 37 379.0 3 657.6

312 791 37 168.7 41 835.9 3 895.0

338 401 43 973.5 50 194.3 4 117.5

385 170 50 729.4 59 876.9 4 319.5

429 441 57 020.2 71 095.2 4 513.2

447 335 61 437.8 78 650.4 4 622.9

451 472 63 017.3 81 298.8 4 659.4

53% 88% 117% 27%


56.7 0.50 0.45 4.59

56.6 0.48 0.42 4.55

56.5 0.43 0.38 4.64

57.6 0.44 0.37 5.14

57.9 0.44 0.35 5.51

58.7 0.43 0.33 5.68

58.5 0.42 0.33 5.67

3% -16% -28% 24%


64% 541

63% 542

65% 547

67% 561

67% 542

68% 538

67% 529

-2%

114 113 119 85 100

132 118 136 81 102

148 123 154 76 102

157 126 166 72 103

158 127 171 70 103

58% 27% 71% -30% 3%


100 100 100 100 100

106 106 105 94 100




13 910.1 9 277.7 391.4 3 658.0 11.1 571.9 271.7 132.8 -

Oil

Natural gas

Other ²

Total

7 695.3 477.1 512.0 716.1 5 027.1 4 477.0 963.0 455.6 212.9 361.7 353.7

4 660.2 1 928.2 422.6 952.1 179.3 55.8 1 178.0 780.3 378.1 -

164.7 121.8 1.4 38.1 3.4 0.0 3.2 -

26 430.3 11 804.9 1 327.4 5 364.3 5 217.4 4 532.8 2 716.3 1 507.7 726.9 361.7 353.7

% change

90-14 58% 81% 65% 67% 52% 63% -4% -7% 3% 36% 92%



% change 90-14



Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal Road - oil Manufacturing industries - coal Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas Manufacturing industries - gas Residential - gas Manufacturing industries - oil Unallocated autoproducers - coal Other transport - oil

8 585.9 4 477.0 3 658.0 1 538.7 952.1 780.3 716.1 691.8 550.0

103.2 60.7 110.9 106.5 39.4 31.2 -8.0 90.8 18.9

22.5 11.7 9.6 4.0 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.4

22.5 34.2 43.8 47.8 50.3 52.4 54.2 56.0 57.5


26 430.3

57.5

69.2

69.2



© OECD/IEA, 2016


© OECD/IEA, 2016



© OECD/IEA, 2016

5. SUMMARY TIME SERIES


CO2 emissions from fuel combustion million tonnes of CO 2

2014

% change 90-14

13 942.2 15 484.1 17 706.3 18 246.5 20 502.5 21 362.0 23 144.5 27 037.7 30 450.4 32 129.4 32 381.0

57.9%

World ¹ Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Asia Oceania Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

.. 8 578.7 4 628.2 3 043.0 907.5 .. ..

.. 8 843.1 4 732.0 3 065.7 1 045.4 .. ..

.. 9 417.5 5 017.1 3 307.0 1 093.4 .. ..

Annex B Kyoto Parties

..

..

..

..

5 379.1

4 795.8

4 656.4

4 877.9

4 631.8

4 381.9

4 126.5

-23.3%

Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers

353.8 169.2

341.1 173.9

357.3 202.1

306.8 224.9

371.5 258.7

427.8 290.3

498.4 354.2

575.7 421.0

668.6 457.4

615.8 489.5

626.1 504.3

68.5% 94.9%

Non-OECD Total ²

4 077.2

5 213.4

6 564.8

7 375.1

8 876.8

9 150.3

9 840.3 13 211.4 17 001.0 18 997.1 19 395.0

118.5%

OECD Total ³

9 342.0

9 755.8 10 582.0 10 339.8 10 995.5 11 493.6 12 451.7 12 829.7 12 323.3 12 026.9 11 855.6

7.8%

Canada Chile Mexico United States OECD Americas

340.1 21.0 93.7 4 288.1 4 743.0

377.0 17.1 134.5 4 355.0 4 883.6

422.2 21.4 204.5 4 594.9 5 243.0

393.8 19.6 241.1 4 513.7 5 168.2

419.5 29.4 256.9 4 802.5 5 508.3

448.9 37.1 291.2 5 073.2 5 850.4

516.2 48.6 359.6 5 642.6 6 567.0

535.1 54.4 410.7 5 702.3 6 702.4

525.8 68.6 437.9 5 347.0 6 379.4

549.7 82.0 448.1 5 103.2 6 183.0

554.8 75.8 430.9 5 176.2 6 237.8

32.2% 157.6% 67.8% 7.8% 13.2%

143.4 13.8 750.7 52.9 13.5 974.2

179.5 16.4 849.5 77.7 16.4 1 139.6

206.7 18.8 870.2 125.6 16.5 1 237.9

220.2 24.3 865.9 155.7 18.9 1 284.9

259.7 32.8 1 040.6 231.7 21.7 1 586.6

285.4 44.9 1 107.7 357.1 23.9 1 819.0

334.7 54.8 1 141.2 431.7 29.0 1 991.5

371.9 58.8 1 177.7 457.5 33.7 2 099.6

389.5 68.4 1 111.8 550.8 30.3 2 150.9

383.1 67.7 1 229.6 572.2 31.0 2 283.5

373.8 64.7 1 188.6 567.8 31.2 2 226.2

43.9% 97.2% 14.2% 145.0% 43.7% 40.3%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe ³

48.6 117.9 153.6 55.4 .. 39.8 423.2 978.2 25.1 60.3 1.4 21.6 289.3 16.5 127.6 23.0 287.4 14.4 38.9 .. 119.0 82.0 38.9 41.7 621.0 3 624.8

49.5 115.5 155.1 52.6 .. 44.2 422.9 973.4 34.1 70.2 1.6 21.1 316.9 12.7 131.9 23.6 338.9 18.0 43.2 .. 155.8 79.0 36.7 59.6 575.9 3 732.6

54.3 125.5 168.1 63.0 .. 54.8 455.1 1 048.4 45.2 82.6 1.7 25.9 355.2 12.4 145.4 27.2 416.0 23.7 55.8 .. 186.2 73.1 39.2 71.5 570.5 4 101.1

52.6 101.0 175.4 61.0 .. 48.3 351.7 1 004.6 54.5 79.8 1.6 26.4 341.9 10.3 138.3 26.4 422.4 23.9 54.4 .. 173.0 58.4 41.8 95.4 543.4 3 886.7

56.3 106.2 150.3 51.0 36.0 53.8 345.5 940.3 69.9 65.7 1.9 30.1 389.3 10.7 144.9 27.5 344.8 37.9 54.8 13.5 202.6 52.1 40.8 127.1 547.7 3 900.6

59.6 111.6 123.3 58.4 16.0 55.7 343.5 856.7 76.5 56.3 2.0 32.6 401.0 8.2 163.5 31.4 333.4 47.2 41.2 14.1 228.2 56.9 41.5 151.8 513.7 3 824.2

61.9 114.0 121.3 50.8 14.5 54.6 364.5 812.4 88.0 53.3 2.2 40.8 420.3 8.1 161.5 31.9 289.7 57.8 36.9 14.1 278.5 52.0 41.9 201.2 521.2 3 893.2

74.6 107.3 118.5 48.4 16.8 54.8 370.4 786.8 95.2 54.7 2.2 44.2 456.3 11.5 167.0 34.5 296.4 61.4 37.3 15.4 333.6 49.1 43.9 216.2 531.2 4 027.7

68.7 105.3 111.4 47.2 18.7 61.9 340.1 758.9 83.4 47.6 1.9 39.3 391.9 10.6 170.0 37.6 307.6 47.5 34.6 15.5 262.0 46.0 43.1 265.4 476.8 3 792.9

64.2 93.4 101.2 38.6 18.9 49.4 317.1 763.9 68.9 40.6 2.0 34.4 337.4 9.8 155.7 35.1 292.1 43.7 31.8 14.2 235.1 37.7 41.6 284.0 449.7 3 560.4

60.8 87.4 96.6 34.5 17.5 45.3 285.7 723.3 65.9 40.3 2.0 33.9 319.7 9.2 148.3 35.3 279.0 42.8 29.3 12.8 232.0 37.4 37.7 307.1 407.8 3 391.6

8.0% -17.8% -35.8% -32.3% -51.3% -15.9% -17.3% -23.1% -5.8% -38.7% 7.8% 12.5% -17.9% -13.9% 2.4% 28.6% -19.1% 13.0% -46.5% -5.7% 14.5% -28.1% -7.4% 141.6% -25.5% -13.0%

European Union - 28 G7 G8 G20

.. 7 690.6 .. ..

.. 7 870.8 .. ..

.. 8 316.5 .. ..

.. 4 023.8 3 812.5 3 786.7 3 919.6 3 612.4 3 347.6 3 160.0 8 015.0 8 485.3 8 744.7 9 418.5 9 559.7 8 952.4 8 750.6 8 656.1 .. 10 648.6 10 292.7 10 892.7 11 041.3 10 481.3 10 285.2 10 123.7 .. 16 777.1 17 707.7 19 107.2 22 200.2 24 859.9 26 256.5 26 430.3

-21.5% 2.0% -4.9% 57.5%

Australia Israel Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Asia Oceania

.. 13 716.5 12 978.9 13 548.9 13 867.6 13 220.1 12 864.7 12 628.4 9 071.6 9 652.4 10 027.3 10 825.9 11 093.0 10 396.9 10 074.2 9 933.7 4 907.5 5 222.0 5 522.1 6 158.8 6 237.4 5 872.9 5 652.8 5 731.0 3 059.3 3 108.3 3 088.2 3 162.2 3 272.4 2 992.3 2 777.7 2 609.0 1 104.9 1 322.1 1 417.0 1 504.9 1 583.3 1 531.7 1 643.7 1 593.6 .. 3 930.8 2 792.3 2 513.3 2 548.7 2 548.0 2 498.5 2 379.5 .. 6 155.8 7 665.0 8 743.0 12 173.5 16 104.2 18 159.3 18 622.2

1. Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers. 2. Includes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 3. Excludes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990.


-7.9% 2.9% 9.7% -16.1% 20.5% -39.5% 202.5%

© OECD/IEA, 2016

1971


CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

2014

% change 90-14

9 150.3

9 840.3 13 211.4 17 001.0 18 997.1 19 395.0

118.5%

5.7 19.8 53.5 99.8 24.0 74.6 20.3 3.9 8.6 33.5 0.1 237.2 .. 22.8 18.8 32.2 2.3 30.5 .. 168.3 2 163.2 62.0 11.0 44.6 688.4 114.9 .. ..

1.8 3.4 32.4 56.9 3.3 52.7 14.8 5.0 8.3 8.1 0.3 170.5 .. 4.5 8.9 13.4 2.4 11.9 .. 117.6 1 548.0 44.6 2.5 33.2 395.7 94.5 .. ..

3.1 3.4 27.3 52.1 13.7 42.2 16.8 6.3 8.5 4.6 0.3 112.0 5.1 4.5 6.8 10.2 2.1 6.5 .. 86.2 1 474.2 43.0 2.2 36.7 295.0 114.0 .. ..

3.8 4.1 29.0 55.0 15.9 46.5 19.9 7.0 8.9 4.1 0.4 156.9 6.6 4.9 7.6 12.3 2.7 7.7 2.0 92.7 1 481.7 49.6 2.3 48.1 293.9 107.1 .. ..

3.9 4.0 23.5 59.9 20.5 44.4 18.2 7.3 8.3 5.0 0.5 221.1 8.7 6.0 8.1 12.2 2.6 7.9 2.5 74.8 1 528.9 45.9 2.3 56.9 266.3 97.1 .. ..

3.6 5.2 29.5 58.2 21.5 39.3 15.9 5.6 7.9 6.7 0.5 249.2 8.3 8.9 6.9 10.7 2.4 6.7 2.3 69.0 1 534.6 45.4 3.5 65.5 265.0 96.3 .. ..

4.1 5.2 30.8 57.4 21.6 42.1 15.1 5.8 7.4 7.7 0.5 223.7 7.4 8.4 6.7 10.3 2.3 7.2 2.2 68.2 1 467.6 38.1 4.7 67.0 236.5 97.9 .. ..

-27.4% -73.7% -42.4% -42.5% -9.9% -43.5% -25.5% 48.1% -13.6% -76.9% 275.9% -5.7% .. -63.3% -64.2% -68.0% 1.3% -76.3% .. -59.5% -32.2% -38.5% -57.7% 50.1% -65.6% -14.8% .. ..

3 465.8

3 940.1

2 634.8

2 377.0

2 470.7

2 536.7

2 568.8

2 446.1

-37.9%

42.1 2.8 0.5 1.5 2.4 0.8 3.0 3.3 64.4 .. 1.4 1.7 2.1 4.6 21.2 0.6 16.3 1.5 .. .. 31.8 2.1 222.9 .. 4.0 1.5 0.3 9.7 2.7 9.7 10.9 465.6

51.2 3.9 0.3 2.8 2.6 0.6 2.7 3.0 77.8 .. 2.2 0.9 2.5 5.5 25.8 1.2 19.6 1.1 .. .. 28.1 2.1 243.8 .. 5.3 1.7 0.6 12.2 2.6 16.2 12.6 529.0

55.3 3.9 0.2 3.2 2.5 0.5 3.3 1.1 81.6 0.8 2.3 1.3 3.2 5.7 32.9 1.6 26.1 1.1 1.8 .. 32.8 2.5 259.8 .. 4.3 2.5 0.6 14.0 2.0 15.1 14.2 576.2

61.5 4.6 1.4 4.0 2.8 0.5 6.3 0.9 99.7 0.6 3.2 1.5 5.0 7.8 36.8 2.4 29.5 1.3 1.9 0.6 43.8 3.5 280.5 .. 5.5 2.6 0.9 17.6 1.7 13.3 16.4 658.1

77.4 6.1 2.7 4.3 2.9 0.8 5.8 1.3 144.6 0.6 4.5 1.7 6.4 7.5 43.0 3.0 38.9 1.5 2.5 0.7 56.4 4.6 372.3 .. 9.9 5.1 1.0 19.5 2.1 10.3 19.6 856.9

95.8 15.1 4.6 3.3 5.0 1.8 6.2 1.9 176.4 0.5 6.0 2.7 10.4 11.2 48.1 3.7 46.0 2.4 3.1 1.4 55.8 5.5 406.7 .. 15.0 6.1 2.1 23.3 1.6 9.2 25.3 995.8

113.9 18.1 5.2 5.2 5.9 2.5 8.6 3.5 174.9 0.6 8.5 3.4 13.6 11.7 48.2 3.8 50.5 3.0 3.4 1.8 61.8 6.0 423.3 1.5 13.5 10.3 1.7 23.7 2.9 11.8 29.8 1 072.5

122.9 19.3 5.7 6.9 6.0 2.6 9.4 4.7 173.3 0.6 9.1 3.5 13.1 12.4 47.9 4.0 53.1 3.9 3.6 2.0 60.2 6.3 437.4 1.5 13.3 10.4 1.7 25.0 3.2 11.5 31.0 1 105.3

140.3% 392.2% + 145.1% 128.6% 313.2% 245.8% 55.8% 122.6% .. 320.5% 283.9% 416.7% 123.9% 85.4% 240.2% 170.3% 257.2% .. .. 114.4% 194.6% 79.4% .. 152.0% 520.8% 199.5% 105.1% 24.5% -29.3% 145.3% 108.9%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Non-OECD Total ¹

4 077.2

5 213.4

6 564.8

7 375.1

8 876.8

Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ² FYR of Macedonia Georgia Gibraltar Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Malta Republic of Moldova Montenegro Romania Russian Federation Serbia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Former Soviet Union ³ Former Yugoslavia ³ Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia ¹

3.9 .. .. .. .. 63.8 .. 1.7 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 .. .. 114.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 941.6 61.8

4.3 .. .. .. .. 73.3 .. 1.7 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 .. .. 140.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 480.6 73.5

6.8 .. .. .. .. 85.0 .. 2.6 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 .. .. 177.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 935.6 84.2

6.9 .. .. .. .. 82.2 .. 2.8 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 1.2 .. .. 174.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 078.1 119.7

2 188.3

2 774.7

3 292.7

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Côte d'Ivoire Dem. Rep. of the Congo Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Senegal South Africa South Sudan Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa

8.6 1.6 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 2.4 2.6 20.0 .. 1.3 0.5 1.9 3.2 3.7 0.3 6.6 2.9 .. .. 5.7 1.2 157.1 .. 3.2 1.4 0.3 3.7 3.4 7.2 8.4 249.0

13.5 2.0 0.5 .. 1.0 0.6 3.0 2.6 25.6 .. 1.2 0.8 2.3 3.5 8.7 0.4 9.7 2.4 .. .. 10.8 1.6 203.0 .. 3.2 1.4 0.3 4.8 4.3 7.2 9.6 323.9

27.7 2.7 0.4 .. 1.7 0.7 3.4 3.2 40.7 .. 1.4 1.3 2.2 4.4 17.6 0.6 13.7 2.3 .. .. 25.3 2.0 208.4 .. 3.7 1.5 0.4 7.9 3.3 8.0 13.3 397.6

2000

2005

2010

2013

1. Includes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 2. Please refer to the chapter Geographical Coverage. 3. Prior to 1990, data for individual countries are not available separately; FSU includes Estonia and Former Yugoslavia includes Slovenia.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

million tonnes of CO 2


CO2 emissions from fuel combustion million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia DPR of Korea India Indonesia Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Viet Nam Other Asia Asia (excl. China)

2.9 0.4 .. 69.2 181.0 25.2 12.8 .. 4.5 0.2 15.9 23.0 6.1 2.8 29.8 16.2 16.3 10.6 416.8

4.4 1.4 .. 78.6 217.1 37.8 16.2 .. 3.9 0.3 20.0 28.9 8.4 2.6 40.7 21.1 17.0 12.8 511.4

6.6 2.6 .. 108.1 262.0 67.6 23.7 .. 5.1 0.5 24.3 33.3 12.7 3.6 71.4 33.7 14.9 16.7 686.8

7.7 2.9 .. 129.4 375.8 83.9 32.9 11.8 5.7 0.6 36.5 28.5 16.6 3.5 69.1 42.1 17.4 10.2 874.6

11.4 3.3 .. 116.8 530.4 133.9 49.6 12.9 3.9 0.9 56.0 38.0 29.0 3.7 111.1 80.9 17.4 10.3 1 209.4

16.5 4.5 1.5 76.5 707.7 204.1 79.6 10.2 6.7 1.8 79.2 57.2 37.6 5.5 154.0 139.9 27.5 9.4 1 619.4

20.9 4.4 2.0 70.0 890.4 255.3 115.0 9.0 9.3 3.1 96.0 68.1 42.1 10.5 214.3 152.3 44.2 11.4 2 018.3

32.0 4.8 2.6 75.3 1 079.6 318.5 155.8 11.0 10.6 3.1 116.8 71.5 37.9 13.4 253.6 200.2 79.1 15.5 2 481.2

49.9 6.9 4.6 65.5 1 594.3 376.8 189.8 14.2 7.9 4.1 131.4 77.1 44.3 12.4 256.2 223.4 126.1 22.1 3 206.9

59.6 6.9 5.2 33.3 1 852.5 399.6 209.0 18.7 13.4 4.9 135.1 89.6 46.2 13.7 247.6 247.4 130.0 39.7 3 552.5

62.3 6.7 6.1 37.8 2 019.7 436.5 220.5 18.2 19.6 5.9 137.4 95.7 45.3 16.7 249.7 243.5 143.3 42.1 3 807.0

445.2% 105.4% .. -67.6% 280.8% 226.0% 344.7% 41.2% 399.8% 562.1% 145.6% 151.6% 56.5% 355.5% 124.7% 201.1% 724.5% 307.7% 214.8%

People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China

780.2 9.2 789.4

1 029.3 10.9 1 040.2

1 363.8 14.6 1 378.4

1 625.7 22.3 1 648.0

2 075.9 33.3 2 109.2

2 887.1 36.5 2 923.6

3 086.2 40.3 3 126.5

5 358.1 41.3 5 399.4

7 707.0 42.0 7 749.0

8 979.8 46.0 9 025.9

9 087.0 47.9 9 134.9

337.7% 44.0% 333.1%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao ¹ Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Non-OECD Americas Non-OECD Americas

82.5 2.2 87.5 26.7 1.3 20.8 14.5 3.5 3.5 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.1 5.5 1.5 2.5 0.6 15.4 .. 5.4 5.1 45.9 8.2 337.4

85.2 3.2 129.6 28.3 1.7 24.2 10.2 5.2 5.9 1.9 3.0 0.4 1.3 7.4 1.8 3.1 0.7 18.2 .. 4.6 5.3 56.1 10.9 408.4

95.2 4.2 167.7 34.8 2.2 30.5 8.7 6.3 10.4 1.6 4.2 0.6 1.7 6.5 1.8 2.9 1.3 20.4 .. 6.4 5.3 83.3 10.3 506.4

87.7 4.3 156.2 39.5 1.9 32.2 4.5 6.2 11.7 1.6 3.2 0.8 1.7 4.7 1.8 2.7 1.4 18.0 .. 6.7 3.0 85.1 9.2 484.1

99.4 5.2 184.3 45.8 2.6 34.1 2.7 7.4 13.3 2.1 3.2 0.9 2.2 7.2 1.8 2.6 1.9 19.1 .. 7.9 3.6 93.6 12.4 553.2

117.3 6.9 227.7 54.5 4.4 22.4 2.6 11.2 16.7 4.6 5.9 0.9 3.6 8.4 2.5 4.1 3.5 23.3 .. 8.2 4.4 106.1 13.3 652.4

139.3 7.1 292.3 54.2 4.5 27.3 5.6 18.3 18.1 5.2 8.6 1.4 4.5 9.8 3.5 4.9 3.3 26.4 1.5 10.1 5.1 116.2 13.6 780.7

149.4 9.1 310.5 53.6 5.4 25.0 6.0 17.3 23.9 6.3 10.6 2.0 7.2 10.3 4.0 6.8 3.5 28.6 1.7 17.5 5.2 137.1 14.2 855.2

173.7 13.7 370.5 60.2 6.6 32.7 4.4 19.2 32.0 5.8 10.3 2.1 7.3 6.9 4.3 8.8 4.7 41.1 1.7 22.3 6.0 171.5 16.4 1 022.3

180.8 16.9 451.3 70.9 7.1 29.4 4.4 19.7 35.9 5.7 12.2 2.2 8.5 7.3 4.3 9.9 4.9 44.8 2.0 22.9 7.1 156.0 19.8 1 124.0

192.4 18.3 476.0 72.5 7.2 29.4 4.7 19.3 38.7 5.9 16.1 2.8 8.7 7.2 4.5 10.6 5.2 47.8 2.0 23.2 6.3 155.0 20.1 1 173.9

93.6% 255.2% 158.4% 58.4% 175.3% -13.7% 78.2% 160.2% 190.8% 179.0% 403.6% 195.7% 301.9% -1.0% 147.1% 313.1% 168.9% 149.6% .. 193.9% 74.2% 65.7% 62.5% 112.2%

2.9 38.9 10.3 1.4 14.0 4.6 0.3 2.2 12.7 5.4 2.5 1.2 96.3

5.2 68.0 15.5 2.2 15.1 5.7 0.7 4.9 22.5 8.3 4.9 1.8 154.8

7.2 88.5 26.2 4.3 26.4 6.7 2.2 7.0 99.4 12.3 19.2 3.5 303.0

9.1 145.0 38.0 7.5 36.7 6.6 5.6 10.7 117.8 19.5 35.6 4.9 437.0

10.7 171.2 52.4 9.3 27.8 5.5 10.2 12.4 151.1 27.2 51.9 6.3 535.9

13.5 244.5 95.1 12.3 32.3 12.8 14.7 16.8 191.6 31.1 69.6 9.4 743.8

15.8 312.2 70.5 14.4 46.3 14.0 20.4 21.3 234.6 37.0 79.8 13.3 879.6

20.6 417.6 73.2 18.1 64.7 14.5 24.7 33.2 298.0 53.4 111.1 18.8 1 147.9

25.5 498.4 103.5 18.9 77.0 18.2 42.4 57.1 419.1 55.9 151.8 22.4 1 490.2

28.3 535.3 135.2 22.5 84.1 20.6 56.5 72.8 471.0 29.9 173.5 23.9 1 653.5

29.7 556.1 141.0 24.1 86.1 22.4 59.9 77.6 506.6 27.6 175.4 21.3 1 727.8

178.1% 224.9% 169.2% 159.2% 209.7% 305.8% 489.6% 524.5% 235.3% 1.3% 238.2% 239.0% 222.4%

Bahrain Islamic Republic of Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East


© OECD/IEA, 2016

1. Prior to 2012, Curaçao includes the entire territory of the former Netherlands Antilles.


CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - coal

2014

% change 90-14

8 505.6

8 963.2 11 450.1 13 738.6 14 752.2 14 871.4

79.5%

5 223.6 3 560.1 1 933.3 1 184.9 441.9 1 602.9 3 063.2

4 685.0 3 470.9 2 039.2 950.4 481.2 1 151.5 3 820.7

4 803.5 3 730.1 2 297.7 866.4 565.9 981.7 4 159.7

4 841.8 3 805.2 2 289.5 866.8 648.8 947.7 6 608.3

4 494.0 4 192.4 4 059.9 3 435.1 3 195.9 3 120.1 2 074.0 1 781.1 1 772.6 723.8 767.8 709.8 637.4 647.0 637.7 935.9 877.8 807.9 9 244.6 10 559.8 10 811.5

-22.3% -12.4% -8.3% -40.1% 44.3% -49.6% 252.9%

..

2 381.1

1 889.1

1 670.0

1 711.9

1 594.8

1 608.1

1 498.4

-37.1%

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 441.3

2 917.2

3 271.8

4 046.7

4 397.2

4 541.6

6 929.2

9 464.9 10 727.6 10 921.2

169.9%

3 200.1

3 206.7

3 683.6

4 122.3

4 240.1

4 108.4

4 421.6

4 521.0

4 273.7

4 024.6

3 950.2

-6.8%

63.9 5.1 5.2 1 105.7 1 179.9

59.0 3.6 6.7 1 226.1 1 295.4

82.1 4.8 7.3 1 433.4 1 527.7

100.8 5.0 11.7 1 662.0 1 779.5

96.2 9.8 15.1 1 837.2 1 958.2

100.7 8.9 21.8 1 938.5 2 069.9

125.9 11.7 26.4 2 171.8 2 335.8

110.4 10.3 46.5 2 179.2 2 346.3

92.0 17.5 51.2 1 982.0 2 142.7

76.1 28.2 49.9 1 705.0 1 859.2

73.9 24.3 48.0 1 698.7 1 844.9

-23.2% 148.7% 217.4% -7.5% -5.8%

75.3 0.0 201.4 22.2 4.0 302.9

92.9 0.0 205.3 32.1 4.3 334.5

106.7 0.0 198.3 50.5 3.9 359.4

119.4 7.3 255.0 84.0 4.0 469.7

140.9 9.5 297.6 90.7 3.4 542.1

156.5 16.5 321.4 106.5 3.4 604.2

190.2 25.6 371.2 180.4 4.5 771.9

208.2 29.5 431.6 200.0 9.0 878.3

202.5 29.3 429.3 284.2 5.6 950.9

176.5 27.9 464.5 289.7 5.9 964.6

167.8 26.0 464.2 303.8 5.7 967.5

19.1% 174.7% 56.0% 234.7% 68.0% 78.5%


16.3 44.2 132.2 6.1 .. 8.7 140.1 558.2 6.7 35.9 0.0 8.9 32.6 12.3 15.2 3.8 254.6 2.5 24.2 .. 38.2 5.5 1.9 16.4 352.9 1 717.3

13.9 38.6 124.3 8.1 .. 9.6 108.2 499.7 10.9 33.8 7.2 31.3 8.1 12.4 4.0 292.7 1.7 24.2 .. 38.8 7.0 1.0 21.2 280.0 1 576.8

14.2 41.8 132.3 24.2 .. 20.1 125.5 561.6 13.2 37.4 0.1 8.1 44.4 8.4 14.4 4.0 356.9 1.7 32.8 .. 49.0 5.5 1.4 27.6 271.9 1 796.6

17.4 39.2 139.1 29.0 .. 20.3 94.4 592.0 24.9 35.6 0.3 10.7 59.8 6.7 24.0 4.5 366.0 2.9 34.2 .. 70.7 10.7 2.0 46.4 242.4 1 873.2

16.6 40.4 116.7 24.2 24.5 21.7 75.9 516.6 33.6 24.6 0.3 14.7 56.5 5.2 32.3 3.5 291.2 10.8 31.4 6.7 75.2 10.5 1.4 59.6 245.5 1 739.7

14.4 34.7 91.5 25.8 11.4 23.8 59.2 380.6 37.2 17.6 0.2 12.5 45.4 2.1 33.7 3.9 273.6 14.2 21.6 5.8 72.9 9.6 0.8 62.4 179.5 1 434.3

15.1 30.2 86.4 15.7 10.5 21.6 59.6 346.1 38.4 15.6 0.4 10.6 43.9 0.4 29.7 4.0 221.5 15.0 16.4 5.6 83.4 8.3 0.6 91.6 143.3 1 313.9

16.3 20.6 78.1 14.7 12.1 20.6 55.9 334.8 38.6 12.6 0.4 11.0 63.8 0.3 31.0 2.9 215.8 13.4 16.0 6.3 81.9 10.0 0.6 88.8 149.9 1 296.4

14.4 14.0 73.2 15.5 14.3 28.6 45.8 314.5 33.6 10.7 0.4 8.2 52.4 0.3 29.0 2.6 214.7 6.5 14.5 6.0 32.4 9.2 0.6 123.0 115.8 1 180.1

14.5 12.5 65.8 12.9 14.3 20.6 44.0 333.6 29.3 9.1 0.4 8.4 53.1 0.2 31.6 3.0 206.4 10.5 13.0 5.6 44.7 7.6 0.5 118.7 140.3 1 200.8

13.4 12.1 62.1 10.2 13.3 18.5 33.1 317.4 27.5 9.0 0.4 8.3 51.8 0.2 35.1 3.0 194.6 10.6 12.7 4.4 47.4 6.9 0.6 132.0 113.4 1 137.8

-19.6% -70.1% -46.8% -57.8% -46.0% -14.6% -56.4% -38.6% -18.1% -63.5% 35.1% -43.3% -8.4% -96.0% 8.7% -14.4% -33.2% -2.1% -59.7% -33.9% -37.0% -34.6% -59.5% 121.5% -53.8% -34.6%


.. 2 454.8 .. ..

.. 2 409.7 .. ..

.. 2 717.2 .. ..

.. 3 006.4 .. ..

1 773.9 3 125.4 3 832.7 7 436.9

1 441.6 3 025.3 3 509.1 7 873.9

1 275.8 1 272.7 1 116.0 1 131.7 1 056.7 3 261.9 3 325.6 3 031.8 2 816.7 2 752.4 3 705.1 3 739.2 3 436.8 3 176.5 3 069.7 8 325.8 10 667.0 12 812.7 13 778.1 13 910.1

-40.4% -11.9% -19.9% 87.0%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

World ¹

5 229.3

5 648.0

6 600.8

7 394.2

8 286.8

Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Asia Oceania Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties

.. 2 704.3 1 169.6 1 254.1 280.6 .. ..

.. 2 668.0 1 285.1 1 080.5 302.4 .. ..

.. 3 033.8 1 515.5 1 209.5 308.9 .. ..

.. 3 393.1 1 762.8 1 251.9 378.4 .. ..


..

..

..


0.1 -

-

Non-OECD Total ²

2 029.1

OECD Total ³ Canada Chile Mexico United States OECD Americas Australia Israel Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Asia Oceania

2000

2005

2010

2013



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - coal

2014

% change 90-14

9 464.9 10 727.6 10 921.2

169.9%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2 029.1

2 441.3

2 917.2

3 271.8

4 046.7

4 397.2

4 541.6

6 929.2


1.2 .. .. .. .. 34.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 884.8 36.7

1.6 .. .. .. .. 36.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 039.7 41.5

2.5 .. .. .. .. 38.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 138.2 43.7

3.8 .. .. .. .. 43.4 .. 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.5 .. .. 59.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 987.0 74.1

2.4 1.0 0.4 9.6 17.7 37.7 3.4 0.3 5.6 3.5 158.7 .. 10.2 2.8 3.2 0.7 7.9 .. 50.8 707.3 42.2 2.5 1.2 292.8 14.0 .. ..

0.1 0.0 0.0 5.5 1.5 30.3 0.7 0.1 6.0 0.1 114.3 .. 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.1 2.3 .. 41.3 483.7 36.9 0.1 166.3 4.5 .. ..

0.1 3.8 10.1 26.1 1.7 0.1 5.7 0.0 74.7 4.1 1.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 .. 29.5 443.2 35.7 0.0 120.5 5.2 .. ..

0.1 2.4 12.0 28.7 2.7 0.1 6.2 0.0 102.7 5.3 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 1.2 36.3 413.7 34.1 0.2 122.0 4.7 .. ..

0.5 0.0 2.2 15.6 28.7 2.7 0.1 5.5 0.1 137.6 7.1 2.8 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.7 29.7 405.0 32.4 0.4 132.9 5.5 .. ..

0.3 0.0 3.2 17.0 24.7 2.7 0.0 4.9 1.3 145.9 6.6 3.5 0.3 1.1 0.6 1.6 24.8 359.8 33.0 0.9 146.9 6.0 .. ..

0.4 3.3 17.1 26.6 2.6 0.0 4.5 1.2 130.2 5.8 4.2 0.2 0.9 0.4 1.5 24.5 317.3 26.5 1.5 136.4 6.5 .. ..

-85.6% -100.0% -100.0% -65.1% -3.5% -29.5% -23.2% -96.5% -19.2% -65.0% -17.9% .. -59.4% -91.5% -70.9% -100.0% -95.3% .. -51.8% -55.1% -37.2% -38.8% -100.0% -53.4% -53.5% .. ..

989.3

1 158.3

1 274.0

1 168.6

1 376.0

897.3

763.9

775.9

812.1

785.2

711.7

-48.3%


0.4 .. 1.0 1.4 .. 0.2 1.2 1.5 .. .. 0.5 129.3 .. 0.3 2.0 5.8 0.1 143.7

0.3 .. 0.8 2.3 .. 0.1 1.7 1.2 .. .. 0.6 168.6 .. 0.4 1.9 5.2 0.2 183.3

0.2 .. 0.9 2.2 .. 0.0 1.6 0.7 .. .. 0.5 174.5 .. 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 6.2 1.6 190.0

1.0 1.0 0.8 2.9 .. 0.2 0.1 2.7 0.3 .. .. 0.3 186.0 .. 0.0 0.3 1.1 7.7 0.6 205.2

1.3 1.8 0.9 2.9 .. 0.4 0.1 4.2 0.1 .. .. 0.2 200.7 .. 0.0 0.3 0.9 13.7 0.9 228.4

1.4 2.0 3.2 0.4 0.2 6.9 0.1 0.0 .. 0.0 211.5 .. 0.1 0.3 0.3 11.5 0.5 238.6

0.7 2.3 3.1 0.3 0.6 10.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 231.4 .. 0.2 0.3 0.3 10.3 1.5 261.8

1.1 2.3 3.4 0.4 0.9 12.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 314.9 .. 0.1 0.3 8.2 1.7 346.4

0.8 0.7 1.8 0.1 0.7 1.6 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.7 342.2 .. 0.0 7.4 2.3 369.7

0.4 2.4 1.6 0.7 0.8 1.7 11.8 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.9 346.8 0.2 0.3 7.6 2.4 378.1

0.2 0.2 3.9 1.6 0.8 1.3 1.8 16.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.9 364.3 0.6 0.4 7.7 2.5 402.6

-82.0% x 113.1% -100.0% -42.8% .. x 253.0% + 279.1% -67.2% .. .. -39.8% x 81.5% .. + -100.0% -57.6% -43.4% 192.7% 76.3%

Non-OECD Total ¹

2010

2013



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - coal million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


0.4 .. 66.6 127.2 0.5 0.0 .. 0.6 0.0 2.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 10.2 0.5 5.7 4.5 218.9

0.5 .. 74.3 157.0 0.5 0.0 .. 0.6 0.1 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.6 10.2 4.9 259.8

0.5 .. 100.0 180.3 0.6 0.2 .. 0.6 0.2 2.7 1.5 0.0 0.0 14.9 1.9 9.4 7.8 320.6

0.2 .. 122.0 261.1 4.8 1.4 9.6 0.6 0.0 5.0 5.6 0.1 0.0 26.6 6.7 11.5 1.0 456.2

1.1 .. 108.9 366.2 18.2 5.3 10.4 0.3 0.2 7.3 5.1 0.1 0.0 42.7 16.4 9.1 0.8 592.1

1.3 72.6 481.4 26.5 6.6 9.2 0.1 0.3 8.0 6.9 0.1 0.0 64.4 30.0 13.7 0.6 721.6

1.3 66.8 577.3 52.5 9.8 7.7 1.3 1.0 6.9 19.9 0.0 111.3 32.1 18.0 1.4 907.3

1.9 72.5 717.5 87.6 27.3 9.3 1.4 1.0 14.6 22.7 0.0 0.3 147.6 47.8 34.0 1.7 1 187.1

3.2 0.0 63.0 1 102.0 108.3 58.5 11.7 1.6 1.2 16.4 29.8 0.0 0.3 155.0 65.5 60.2 4.4 1 681.2

3.8 0.2 30.5 1 345.0 115.9 59.7 15.0 1.5 1.3 13.8 42.5 1.1 2.1 152.7 69.0 70.8 5.7 1 930.6

3.1 0.9 35.2 1 492.9 145.3 60.8 14.7 1.6 1.9 13.2 45.4 1.6 4.1 153.2 64.7 78.8 6.0 2 123.5

176.2% .. -67.7% 307.7% 699.0% + 40.5% 503.4% + 80.7% 794.7% + + 259.2% 294.4% 761.1% 615.9% 258.6%


659.4 0.1 659.5

818.3 0.0 818.4

1 101.4 0.0 1 101.5

1 384.4 12.6 1 397.1

1 778.0 24.1 1 802.1

2 459.9 23.7 2 483.6

2 520.0 16.8 2 536.8

4 518.2 26.4 4 544.6

6 489.6 25.2 6 514.8

7 497.1 31.7 7 528.8

7 535.7 33.7 7 569.3

323.8% 39.5% 320.0%

3.3 6.0 6.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 .. 0.1 0.6 0.1 17.3

3.4 6.9 6.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 .. 0.1 1.1 0.1 19.2

3.2 15.0 8.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.7 .. 0.0 0.7 0.1 29.0

3.6 0.3 26.4 10.2 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 .. 0.0 0.8 0.0 43.2

3.6 27.7 12.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 .. 0.0 1.9 0.0 46.9

4.9 32.8 13.9 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.4 .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.8

4.8 46.4 12.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 67.8

5.9 45.6 10.5 0.1 0.1 1.7 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.1 3.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 69.4

6.1 54.1 10.8 0.3 0.1 3.0 1.2 0.5 0.1 3.6 0.8 0.0 80.6

5.7 63.9 12.7 0.3 0.0 3.3 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.8 3.6 0.8 0.0 93.5

7.6 68.2 13.6 0.3 0.0 3.9 1.8 0.5 0.2 0.8 3.6 0.8 0.0 101.4

109.9% 146.8% 11.6% x -98.2% + x -100.0% + 61.5% 953.1% 493.8% .. -100.0% -58.7% 4.1% 116.2%

0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5

2.1 0.0 0.0 2.2

2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0

1.6 0.0 1.7

1.2 1.2

1.9 0.5 0.0 2.3

3.4 0.5 0.0 3.9

4.7 0.5 0.0 0.6 5.8

2.7 0.6 0.0 2.8 0.4 6.6

3.8 0.9 0.5 0.0 5.7 0.5 11.4

4.3 1.5 0.7 0.0 5.8 0.5 12.7

252.2% x x x x x 943.3%

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao ¹ Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Non-OECD Americas Non-OECD Americas Bahrain Islamic Republic of Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East


© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - oil

2014

% change 90-14

8 791.3

9 531.0 10 283.9 10 538.3 10 851.0 10 973.4

29.2%

5 455.4 4 298.3 2 155.2 1 417.6 725.5 1 090.7 2 409.9

5 100.8 4 413.1 2 164.4 1 495.3 753.4 603.2 2 972.4

5 252.3 4 639.9 2 423.8 1 497.4 718.7 523.4 3 426.2

5 371.8 4 767.1 2 573.1 1 496.9 697.1 520.2 3 915.4

4 829.9 4 224.7 2 316.1 1 310.6 598.0 526.6 4 582.4

4 703.7 4 090.6 2 260.0 1 183.0 647.7 527.8 5 042.0

4 697.1 4 061.4 2 301.8 1 156.3 603.3 546.3 5 145.8

-13.9% -5.5% 6.8% -18.4% -16.8% -49.9% 113.5%

..

2 034.0

1 888.0

1 833.0

1 867.5

1 699.0

1 584.3

1 539.8

-24.3%

357.3 202.1

306.8 224.9

371.5 258.7

427.8 290.3

498.4 354.2

575.7 421.0

668.6 457.4

615.8 489.5

626.1 504.3

68.5% 94.9%

2 077.1

2 674.7

2 735.1

3 034.4

2 995.8

3 343.3

3 833.1

4 513.6

4 988.3

5 129.6

69.1%

4 655.9

4 989.4

5 155.7

4 506.1

4 830.9

5 077.5

5 335.2

5 454.1

4 898.7

4 757.4

4 713.3

-2.4%

208.0 14.6 69.0 1 986.9 2 278.5

230.2 12.4 103.4 2 067.5 2 413.5

243.5 15.1 156.8 2 076.4 2 491.9

184.4 13.1 178.9 1 902.7 2 279.0

203.9 18.7 193.4 1 951.2 2 367.2

204.2 27.2 213.1 1 960.1 2 404.7

227.2 30.3 251.3 2 196.6 2 705.3

257.0 33.6 255.1 2 316.1 2 861.7

260.9 42.3 251.6 2 055.2 2 610.0

269.0 44.6 257.3 1 991.0 2 561.9

266.0 43.6 245.4 2 035.8 2 590.8

30.4% 133.4% 26.9% 4.3% 9.4%

64.1 13.7 540.7 30.7 9.3 658.5

77.9 16.4 625.0 45.6 11.5 776.5

83.8 18.8 620.5 75.0 10.7 808.8

77.0 17.0 528.6 71.7 9.6 703.9

85.5 23.3 628.3 132.9 11.8 881.8

90.4 28.4 648.9 226.5 14.1 1 008.3

99.8 29.3 603.1 205.3 15.7 953.3

109.1 26.1 570.2 185.3 17.8 908.5

119.9 28.9 460.9 163.0 17.3 789.9

133.9 24.1 496.1 156.1 17.7 827.9

131.8 21.9 453.6 151.0 18.0 776.2

54.2% -6.2% -27.8% 13.6% 52.9% -12.0%


26.9 62.4 19.6 49.3 .. 31.2 265.4 381.5 18.3 18.4 1.4 12.7 232.6 4.1 65.2 19.2 21.4 11.9 12.0 .. 80.2 76.5 37.0 25.3 246.4 1 718.9

28.5 59.5 27.6 44.3 .. 33.1 284.0 386.6 23.3 26.7 1.6 13.9 244.6 3.8 50.4 19.2 32.8 16.4 14.4 .. 115.1 72.0 34.8 38.4 228.3 1 799.4

31.9 64.0 30.2 38.6 .. 33.0 285.4 372.0 31.9 29.0 1.7 16.1 264.5 3.0 63.9 21.2 41.6 22.1 17.9 .. 134.0 67.3 36.0 43.9 205.8 1 855.0

25.4 44.8 27.1 30.3 .. 26.0 206.2 308.9 29.6 26.1 1.4 11.2 225.1 2.9 42.0 19.0 37.8 21.0 13.8 .. 97.7 46.9 35.9 48.8 195.3 1 523.2

27.2 46.1 22.0 22.0 9.0 27.0 214.1 303.6 36.2 21.9 1.6 12.1 244.7 4.5 44.6 19.1 33.4 27.1 11.6 5.1 117.1 39.5 33.2 61.2 197.8 1 581.9

29.5 51.3 17.0 24.3 3.5 25.3 218.7 323.8 39.1 18.8 1.7 15.8 253.0 4.8 51.9 19.2 39.4 33.0 6.6 6.8 137.3 44.8 32.9 77.3 188.9 1 664.5

30.8 51.7 17.4 23.4 2.7 24.7 223.5 301.8 45.5 16.4 1.7 23.1 242.4 5.9 52.6 20.2 49.7 37.9 5.4 6.8 160.1 40.7 32.6 80.7 178.7 1 676.6

37.6 52.3 21.5 21.7 3.1 25.3 220.4 276.5 51.2 15.2 1.8 25.3 227.2 8.2 54.9 22.0 56.6 38.7 8.4 7.2 184.2 35.4 33.4 74.9 181.0 1 683.9

32.5 50.2 19.8 19.8 3.0 24.3 195.7 249.3 42.9 14.7 1.6 20.3 177.6 7.4 51.1 23.1 65.3 29.8 9.1 7.5 157.3 31.8 32.0 68.9 164.0 1 498.8

30.8 45.9 18.3 16.5 3.0 21.8 180.3 248.2 32.6 13.8 1.6 17.0 146.6 7.3 48.2 21.2 56.7 24.4 8.7 6.8 130.6 25.8 30.2 77.3 154.0 1 367.6

29.8 44.5 19.1 16.1 3.0 20.4 174.2 239.3 33.3 15.5 1.7 16.9 145.6 6.9 47.0 20.6 56.4 23.8 8.0 6.6 129.7 26.4 27.1 81.3 153.2 1 346.3

9.4% -3.4% -13.4% -26.9% -66.9% -24.7% -18.6% -21.2% -8.2% -29.3% 3.3% 39.4% -40.5% 54.5% 5.4% 8.1% 68.6% -12.2% -30.7% 30.8% 10.7% -33.0% -18.4% 32.8% -22.6% -14.9%


.. 3 861.7 .. ..

.. 4 066.2 .. ..

.. 4 068.1 .. ..

.. 3 551.2 .. ..

1 590.4 3 743.7 4 362.2 6 348.6

1 610.9 3 797.7 4 138.6 6 548.7

1 607.4 3 973.3 4 291.3 7 081.3

1 624.2 4 048.4 4 342.3 7 498.3

1 437.3 3 563.5 3 861.0 7 421.8

1 296.7 3 485.1 3 800.1 7 603.2

1 276.7 3 467.6 3 803.6 7 695.3

-19.7% -7.4% -12.8% 21.2%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

World ¹

6 668.1

7 581.5

8 389.8

7 772.9

8 495.5


.. 4 431.3 2 194.9 1 622.3 614.1 .. ..

.. 4 671.6 2 297.7 1 659.4 714.5 .. ..

.. 4 727.3 2 320.0 1 692.4 715.0 .. ..

.. 4 071.9 2 087.1 1 369.6 615.2 .. ..


..

..

..


353.7 169.2

341.1 173.9

Non-OECD Total ²

1 489.3

OECD Total ³ Canada Chile Mexico United States OECD Americas Australia Israel Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Asia Oceania

2000

2005

2010

2013



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - oil

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

1 489.3

2 077.1

2 674.7

2 735.1

3 034.4

2 995.8

3 343.3

3 833.1

4 513.6

4 988.3

5 129.6

69.1%


2.4 .. .. .. .. 29.2 .. 1.7 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 .. .. 29.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 635.5 23.8

2.2 .. .. .. .. 35.1 .. 1.7 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 .. .. 38.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 937.1 29.9

3.5 .. .. .. .. 38.7 .. 2.6 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 1.0 .. .. 50.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 119.7 35.6

2.4 .. .. .. .. 28.0 .. 2.6 .. .. 0.1 .. .. .. .. .. 0.7 .. .. 40.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 102.5 34.5

2.8 10.5 20.9 65.6 5.4 25.8 12.7 3.6 3.0 19.3 0.1 53.6 .. 9.0 10.4 19.7 1.6 15.0 .. 49.8 618.5 13.7 5.2 14.7 185.1 24.9 .. ..

1.7 0.7 16.8 27.7 1.5 13.3 10.6 5.0 2.3 5.9 0.3 32.6 .. 1.4 5.5 8.9 2.3 3.1 .. 32.0 340.8 4.8 1.2 6.9 72.5 18.5 .. ..

3.0 0.8 16.9 17.3 3.2 10.1 11.0 6.2 2.7 2.4 0.3 22.0 1.0 1.2 3.8 6.4 2.1 1.2 .. 26.6 318.0 4.1 0.7 11.1 31.9 17.8 .. ..

3.7 1.0 11.9 15.7 3.2 11.8 12.6 6.9 2.6 2.1 0.4 25.6 1.4 1.4 4.0 7.1 2.7 1.9 0.8 27.1 293.9 11.5 0.9 14.6 35.8 13.3 .. ..

3.4 1.0 7.4 18.1 4.5 10.9 10.4 7.1 2.6 2.8 0.5 29.7 1.6 2.7 4.1 6.8 2.6 2.2 0.8 22.3 297.5 9.6 1.6 16.2 37.3 10.2 .. ..

3.3 0.9 10.0 18.1 4.1 9.6 9.0 5.6 2.6 2.7 0.5 46.6 1.7 4.8 3.6 6.4 2.4 2.2 0.7 22.9 315.0 8.3 2.0 18.0 35.9 7.9 .. ..

3.7 0.9 10.0 17.6 4.2 10.4 8.9 5.7 2.6 2.9 0.5 33.4 1.6 3.7 3.7 6.7 2.3 2.2 0.7 23.4 336.0 8.4 2.5 18.8 31.0 7.4 .. ..

34.7% -91.4% -52.2% -73.2% -21.9% -59.6% -30.0% 57.0% -11.7% -85.1% 275.9% -37.7% .. -58.3% -64.3% -66.1% 48.2% -85.4% .. -53.1% -45.7% -39.2% -52.4% 28.2% -83.3% -70.3% .. ..

723.1

1 044.7

1 251.7

1 211.1

1 190.8

616.3

521.6

514.0

513.8

544.8

549.3

-53.9%


5.8 1.5 0.3 .. 0.7 0.6 2.4 1.6 18.5 .. 1.3 0.5 1.9 3.0 1.6 0.3 5.3 1.5 .. .. 4.8 1.2 27.8 .. 3.2 1.4 0.3 3.4 1.4 1.5 8.3 100.1

8.6 1.8 0.5 .. 1.0 0.6 3.0 1.8 23.2 .. 1.2 0.8 2.3 3.3 6.2 0.4 7.8 1.2 .. .. 9.1 1.6 34.4 .. 3.2 1.4 0.3 4.0 2.4 2.0 9.4 131.5

14.1 2.5 0.4 .. 1.7 0.7 3.4 2.3 35.8 .. 1.4 1.3 2.2 4.4 12.3 0.6 11.9 1.7 .. .. 22.0 2.0 33.9 .. 3.7 1.5 0.4 6.8 1.8 1.7 11.7 182.0

19.2 2.6 0.5 0.5 2.4 0.8 3.0 2.4 54.9 .. 1.4 1.6 2.1 4.4 15.0 0.5 13.4 1.3 .. .. 24.6 2.1 36.9 .. 4.0 1.4 0.3 7.2 1.6 2.0 10.2 216.2

23.7 2.9 0.3 1.0 2.6 0.6 2.7 2.1 61.6 .. 2.2 0.7 2.5 5.1 17.7 1.0 15.3 0.9 .. .. 21.0 2.1 43.1 .. 5.3 1.7 0.6 9.0 1.7 2.6 11.8 241.9

22.7 2.8 0.2 1.2 2.5 0.5 3.2 1.1 57.7 0.8 2.3 1.1 3.2 5.3 26.0 1.4 19.2 1.0 1.8 .. 23.5 2.4 48.2 .. 4.3 2.4 0.6 9.1 1.7 3.6 13.6 263.2

24.9 3.5 1.4 1.7 2.8 0.5 3.4 0.9 66.8 0.6 3.2 1.2 5.0 7.5 29.9 1.8 18.9 1.3 1.9 0.5 29.1 3.5 49.1 .. 5.5 2.4 0.9 10.9 1.4 3.0 14.9 298.3

31.4 4.9 2.7 2.0 2.9 0.8 2.9 1.3 78.5 0.6 4.5 1.4 6.4 7.1 34.6 2.1 25.6 1.5 2.4 0.5 37.7 4.2 57.4 .. 9.9 4.2 1.0 11.7 1.8 2.1 17.8 361.7

43.7 13.7 4.6 2.6 4.6 1.6 3.1 1.8 100.8 0.5 5.8 2.0 9.6 10.6 37.9 2.0 33.6 2.2 3.0 1.1 36.4 4.7 62.6 .. 15.0 4.6 2.1 11.4 1.6 1.9 22.1 447.1

52.1 17.3 5.2 2.9 5.1 2.1 4.8 3.5 89.6 0.6 7.8 2.8 13.0 10.9 35.6 2.1 36.3 2.6 3.4 1.5 35.3 5.1 72.6 1.5 13.5 8.2 1.7 11.3 2.5 4.2 26.5 481.3

54.0 18.7 5.6 3.0 5.0 2.2 5.5 4.7 86.1 0.6 8.3 2.8 11.9 11.0 36.7 2.1 34.8 2.9 3.6 1.6 31.7 5.3 69.1 1.5 13.3 8.0 1.7 12.7 2.8 3.7 27.6 478.6

128.0% 548.3% + 203.9% 89.1% 240.8% 102.3% 123.2% 39.7% .. 284.4% 305.7% 369.4% 114.7% 107.1% 109.1% 126.7% 205.9% .. .. 51.1% 150.2% 60.3% .. 152.0% 380.9% 199.5% 40.4% 67.2% 45.7% 134.2% 97.9%

Non-OECD Total ¹



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - oil million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


2.2 0.2 .. 2.6 52.8 24.6 12.7 .. 3.8 0.2 8.4 22.9 6.0 2.8 18.0 15.8 10.6 5.6 189.2

3.3 0.2 .. 4.3 58.9 36.8 16.1 .. 3.0 0.2 10.5 28.8 8.4 2.6 30.0 20.6 6.7 7.4 237.6

4.6 0.5 .. 8.1 80.0 61.6 23.3 .. 3.9 0.3 12.7 31.8 12.5 3.6 53.2 31.8 5.5 8.6 342.1

4.4 0.6 .. 7.5 109.9 70.4 26.9 2.2 3.5 0.5 20.7 22.9 16.4 3.5 41.1 28.5 5.8 8.0 372.8

4.9 0.7 .. 8.0 151.1 91.4 37.6 2.4 2.1 0.7 30.7 33.0 28.6 3.7 65.4 52.8 8.2 8.9 530.1

7.1 1.1 1.5 4.0 201.3 130.3 48.8 1.1 4.0 1.5 45.6 50.3 34.0 5.4 82.2 89.5 13.3 8.3 729.2

7.9 1.2 2.0 3.1 276.9 157.4 56.7 1.3 5.4 2.1 58.2 48.2 38.9 10.5 89.3 79.4 23.6 9.5 871.5

11.0 1.3 2.6 2.9 307.7 180.1 64.6 1.7 6.2 2.1 49.5 42.1 23.8 13.1 83.3 91.5 34.1 13.3 930.9

10.9 1.7 4.6 2.6 395.9 197.2 68.2 2.5 3.3 2.9 62.5 40.1 26.5 12.1 68.7 83.2 46.8 16.9 1 046.5

14.9 1.9 5.0 2.7 446.4 207.5 83.3 3.7 8.1 3.5 69.9 40.2 23.0 11.6 59.9 94.8 39.2 33.3 1 149.0

16.2 1.9 5.2 2.6 468.2 213.1 86.9 3.5 12.3 4.0 73.2 43.1 20.5 12.7 59.9 95.6 43.6 35.3 1 197.8

228.3% 156.5% .. -67.1% 209.9% 133.2% 131.4% 44.5% 499.0% 450.4% 138.0% 30.7% -28.2% 247.0% -8.4% 81.2% 429.8% 296.8% 126.0%


113.4 9.1 122.5

193.5 10.8 204.3

234.2 14.4 248.6

225.0 9.3 234.3

278.1 8.4 286.5

400.4 11.6 412.0

530.4 16.5 546.9

768.4 8.4 776.8

1 007.1 8.8 1 016.0

1 152.2 8.7 1 160.9

1 186.9 8.7 1 195.7

326.7% 4.0% 317.3%


67.0 2.0 80.9 18.0 1.3 20.3 14.5 3.5 3.5 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.1 5.5 1.5 2.5 0.6 14.2 .. 2.6 5.0 28.4 8.1 284.4

64.6 2.9 121.6 18.4 1.7 23.6 10.2 5.2 5.9 1.9 3.0 0.4 1.3 7.4 1.8 3.1 0.7 16.8 .. 2.3 5.3 35.3 10.8 344.5

70.3 3.7 151.1 20.2 2.2 29.9 8.7 6.3 10.4 1.6 4.2 0.6 1.7 6.5 1.8 2.9 1.3 18.7 .. 2.5 5.3 56.2 10.1 416.2

53.7 3.3 126.1 21.9 1.9 31.5 4.5 5.7 11.7 1.6 3.2 0.6 1.7 4.7 1.8 2.6 1.4 16.0 .. 2.2 3.0 53.1 9.2 361.4

52.4 3.7 150.9 26.0 2.6 33.4 2.7 7.4 13.3 2.1 3.2 0.9 2.2 7.1 1.8 2.5 1.9 17.5 .. 2.1 3.6 54.1 12.3 403.6

60.2 4.5 187.4 32.1 4.4 22.0 2.6 11.0 16.7 4.6 5.9 0.9 3.6 8.3 2.5 4.0 3.5 21.3 .. 2.2 4.4 58.7 13.2 474.0

64.4 4.7 229.5 29.2 4.5 26.1 5.6 18.1 18.1 5.2 8.1 1.4 4.2 9.7 3.5 4.7 3.3 22.8 1.5 2.6 5.0 63.9 12.9 548.8

66.4 5.7 227.8 28.7 5.3 23.5 6.0 15.2 23.3 6.2 9.6 2.0 6.6 10.1 4.0 6.8 3.5 21.1 1.7 3.9 5.0 83.4 12.8 578.7

80.3 8.0 266.5 30.9 6.3 30.6 4.4 14.6 31.1 5.8 9.1 2.1 6.9 6.8 4.3 8.8 4.7 24.6 1.7 4.8 5.8 111.0 14.9 684.0

81.3 10.0 317.1 38.5 6.8 27.4 4.4 14.2 34.5 5.7 10.8 2.2 7.7 7.1 4.3 9.1 4.9 26.6 2.0 4.6 7.0 105.4 18.2 749.9

87.6 10.8 330.1 39.2 6.9 27.2 4.7 13.2 37.3 5.9 14.4 2.8 8.3 7.0 4.5 9.8 5.2 25.9 2.0 4.4 6.2 106.3 18.5 778.1

67.1% 191.0% 118.7% 50.9% 164.4% -18.6% 78.2% 79.6% 180.3% 179.0% 348.8% 205.3% 279.6% -2.1% 147.1% 292.9% 168.9% 47.9% .. 116.2% 72.1% 96.6% 50.5% 92.8%

1.1 33.0 8.5 1.4 4.1 4.6 0.3 0.3 10.0 5.4 0.4 1.2 70.1

1.1 57.8 12.4 2.2 5.2 5.7 0.7 0.7 17.1 8.2 1.6 1.8 114.4

1.5 77.9 23.8 4.3 13.2 6.6 1.5 1.4 78.5 12.2 9.5 3.5 234.0

1.6 126.5 36.3 7.5 27.0 6.6 3.5 1.6 89.0 19.2 15.7 4.9 339.3

2.0 136.2 48.6 9.1 16.2 5.5 5.2 1.9 107.9 24.0 18.6 6.3 381.4

2.3 166.4 89.1 11.8 14.5 12.3 7.9 2.4 137.0 27.1 20.9 9.4 501.0

2.4 190.8 64.4 13.9 27.9 13.5 8.7 2.8 167.8 29.6 21.0 13.3 556.1

3.5 223.3 69.7 14.9 41.1 13.9 9.9 6.6 196.5 44.5 28.3 18.8 671.0

3.8 221.5 93.7 13.5 49.1 17.1 11.3 14.1 288.2 40.2 33.5 20.0 806.2

3.9 249.2 123.0 19.4 48.6 20.1 16.1 14.7 325.0 20.9 39.9 21.4 902.4

4.0 232.6 128.6 21.9 50.6 21.7 17.6 17.1 354.0 19.2 44.2 18.7 930.2

103.3% 70.8% 164.6% 141.7% 211.8% 293.9% 237.4% 800.6% 228.2% -19.8% 137.7% 196.9% 143.9%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - natural gas

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

World ¹

2 043.6

2 249.4

2 709.2

3 070.1

3 676.6

3 982.7

4 550.4

5 205.1

6 026.5

6 355.6

6 362.8

73.1%


.. 1 443.2 1 263.7 166.6 12.8 .. ..

.. 1 500.2 1 149.2 322.5 28.6 .. ..

.. 1 652.2 1 181.6 401.0 69.6 .. ..

.. 1 600.4 1 057.5 431.9 110.9 .. ..

2 995.7 1 757.0 1 113.6 489.8 153.5 1 232.5 680.9

3 115.8 2 088.6 1 287.1 620.3 181.2 1 015.0 866.9

3 400.4 2 385.1 1 396.3 770.7 218.1 986.4 1 150.0

3 566.3 2 457.3 1 347.2 874.6 235.4 1 056.7 1 638.8

3 788.2 2 657.9 1 458.8 908.6 290.5 1 057.1 2 238.3

3 850.6 2 701.3 1 588.9 774.2 338.3 1 061.5 2 505.0

3 750.1 2 664.2 1 634.0 688.9 341.3 992.2 2 612.7

25.2% 51.6% 46.7% 40.6% 122.3% -19.5% 283.7%


..

..

..

..

942.0

986.9

1 120.9

1 260.4

1 283.5

1 129.9

1 026.4

9.0%


-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

558.7

695.0

973.0

1 368.2

1 795.6

1 740.9

1 935.4

2 424.8

2 971.5

3 218.6

3 278.4

82.6%

OECD Total ³

1 484.9

1 554.5

1 736.2

1 701.9

1 881.1

2 241.8

2 615.1

2 780.3

3 055.0

3 137.0

3 084.4

64.0%


68.2 1.3 19.6 1 195.5 1 284.6

87.8 1.1 24.5 1 061.4 1 174.7

96.5 1.4 40.4 1 085.1 1 223.5

108.6 1.6 50.5 949.0 1 109.7

119.1 0.9 48.4 994.6 1 163.0

143.3 1.0 56.3 1 143.8 1 344.4

162.5 6.7 82.0 1 233.8 1 485.0

167.0 10.6 109.1 1 180.2 1 466.9

172.1 8.7 135.1 1 286.6 1 602.6

203.6 9.2 140.6 1 385.2 1 738.7

213.9 7.8 137.4 1 420.1 1 779.2

79.6% 732.6% 184.0% 42.8% 53.0%

4.0 0.0 8.6 0.2 12.9

8.6 0.0 19.3 0.6 28.6

16.3 0.0 51.5 1.9 69.6

23.8 0.0 81.9 5.3 110.9

32.3 0.0 114.7 6.4 6.6 159.9

37.4 0.0 137.4 19.5 6.4 200.7

43.6 0.0 165.8 40.1 8.7 258.3

54.0 3.2 174.5 64.1 6.9 302.7

66.6 10.2 216.4 91.2 7.5 391.9

72.1 15.7 258.8 110.7 7.4 464.6

73.6 16.8 260.2 99.8 7.5 457.9

128.1% + 126.8% + 14.7% 186.3%

5.4 11.3 1.9 .. 17.7 38.4 6.0 24.1 0.0 47.3 10.3 2.7 .. 0.7 0.0 21.7 187.4

7.1 17.4 3.1 0.0 .. 1.5 30.7 84.1 9.7 41.0 0.8 69.1 0.4 11.5 4.4 .. 1.8 1.0 67.5 351.2

8.3 19.6 5.6 0.0 .. 1.7 44.2 111.2 16.2 1.7 46.3 1.0 67.0 2.0 15.2 4.9 .. 3.1 1.9 92.8 443.0

9.5 16.2 9.2 1.5 .. 1.9 51.1 101.1 0.0 18.0 4.5 57.0 0.7 72.3 2.8 15.6 6.4 .. 4.5 0.2 2.9 0.1 105.7 481.3

11.4 18.3 11.5 4.2 2.4 5.1 53.3 115.2 0.1 19.0 3.3 87.0 1.0 67.0 4.6 15.5 11.7 1.8 10.0 1.3 3.8 6.3 104.1 558.2

14.4 23.6 14.6 7.4 1.1 6.6 62.8 144.9 0.1 19.8 4.4 101.8 1.3 76.7 8.1 15.4 11.8 1.5 16.9 1.6 5.1 12.2 144.5 696.7

14.6 29.7 17.1 10.4 1.3 8.0 77.9 155.8 3.7 21.2 7.1 133.1 1.6 77.0 7.4 17.8 4.6 13.2 1.6 34.1 1.6 5.7 28.9 198.3 871.8

18.3 32.0 17.9 10.5 1.6 8.4 90.1 168.4 5.2 26.6 8.0 162.4 2.8 78.3 9.3 23.2 8.7 12.6 1.9 66.8 1.7 6.5 52.3 197.2 1 010.7

18.1 37.7 17.3 10.3 1.3 8.3 94.0 176.6 6.7 21.8 10.8 157.3 2.8 87.1 11.3 25.5 10.5 10.9 1.8 71.6 3.0 7.1 73.3 195.4 1 060.5

15.5 31.6 15.8 7.7 1.1 6.0 88.1 163.8 6.8 17.2 8.7 132.7 2.1 72.8 10.2 26.5 8.0 9.4 1.6 59.1 2.0 7.3 87.8 151.9 933.7

14.0 27.5 14.0 6.6 1.0 5.4 73.5 147.4 5.0 15.3 8.4 117.2 2.0 63.0 10.8 25.2 7.6 7.8 1.5 54.1 1.7 6.3 93.6 138.2 847.2

23.1% 50.2% 21.7% 59.2% -58.1% 5.8% 37.8% 27.9% + -19.8% 154.5% 34.7% 97.3% -6.0% 132.4% 62.2% x -33.8% -19.0% 441.4% 37.1% 64.9% + 32.8% 51.8%

.. 1 374.2 .. ..

.. 1 391.8 .. ..

.. 1 527.7 .. ..

.. 1 454.3 .. ..

641.3 1 588.0 2 425.4 2 950.6

732.0 1 878.6 2 587.9 3 206.0

875.3 2 127.3 2 822.4 3 604.9

989.1 2 139.8 2 893.4 3 942.9

1 009.4 2 298.6 3 101.1 4 485.8

864.6 2 384.1 3 218.7 4 713.1

770.1 2 370.5 3 158.9 4 660.2

20.1% 49.3% 30.2% 57.9%

Non-OECD Total ²

Australia Israel Japan Korea New Zealand OECD Asia Oceania Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe ³ European Union - 28 G7 G8 G20



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - natural gas

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

Non-OECD Total ¹

558.7

695.0

973.0

1 368.2

1 795.6

1 740.9

1 935.4

2 424.8

2 971.5

3 218.6

3 278.4

82.6%


0.2 .. .. .. .. 0.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 421.4 1.3

0.6 .. .. .. .. 2.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 503.7 2.1

0.8 .. .. .. .. 7.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 677.7 4.9

0.8 .. .. .. .. 10.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 988.6 11.0

0.5 8.4 32.2 24.7 0.9 11.0 4.2 10.7 24.9 .. 3.6 5.6 9.4 7.6 .. 67.7 837.4 6.1 3.3 28.8 210.4 75.9 .. ..

0.1 2.7 15.5 23.7 0.3 9.2 3.4 2.2 23.6 .. 1.7 2.3 3.5 6.5 .. 42.3 709.4 2.8 1.2 26.3 156.9 71.6 .. ..

0.0 2.6 10.4 30.9 0.5 6.0 4.0 0.1 2.2 15.3 1.3 2.5 3.5 4.8 .. 29.5 695.1 3.2 1.5 25.6 142.7 90.9 .. ..

0.0 3.1 17.1 36.8 0.7 5.7 4.5 0.1 1.9 28.6 1.2 3.2 4.4 5.5 28.7 753.6 4.0 1.3 33.5 136.1 89.2 .. ..

0.0 3.0 16.1 39.4 0.5 4.8 5.1 0.2 2.1 53.8 0.5 3.4 4.6 5.3 22.6 802.5 3.8 0.4 40.7 96.0 81.4 .. ..

0.0 4.4 19.4 36.8 0.4 5.0 4.2 0.3 2.7 56.8 0.6 2.8 3.2 3.9 21.1 834.6 4.1 0.6 47.5 82.2 82.3 .. ..

0.1 4.3 20.7 36.3 0.4 4.9 3.5 0.3 3.6 60.1 0.5 2.5 2.6 4.7 19.9 788.4 3.3 0.6 48.2 69.2 84.0 .. ..

-87.8% -48.5% -35.8% 47.4% -62.1% -55.2% -15.1% x -66.1% 140.9% .. -86.8% -55.1% -71.7% -38.7% .. -70.6% -5.9% -45.9% -80.8% 67.4% -67.1% 10.6% .. ..

475.8

571.6

766.9

1 086.2

1 373.2

1 105.2

1 072.7

1 159.2

1 186.2

1 212.7

1 158.0

-15.7%


2.4 0.1 .. 0.0 0.2 .. 2.1 0.1 .. .. 0.4 .. 0.0 5.3

4.6 0.1 .. 0.0 0.1 .. 2.5 0.1 .. .. 1.0 .. 0.5 9.0

13.5 0.2 .. 2.8 .. 0.0 5.3 0.1 .. .. 2.9 .. 0.8 25.6

21.8 0.2 0.0 6.6 .. 0.1 6.2 0.2 .. .. 7.0 .. 2.2 44.3

26.2 1.0 13.4 .. 0.2 8.1 0.1 .. .. 6.9 0.0 .. 2.8 58.8

31.2 1.1 0.1 20.8 0.3 7.0 0.0 0.0 .. 9.3 0.1 .. 4.6 74.4

35.9 1.1 3.0 29.8 0.2 6.9 0.1 0.0 14.7 0.0 .. 6.4 0.0 98.0

44.9 1.2 0.0 2.9 62.8 0.3 8.4 0.9 0.0 18.7 0.0 .. 0.8 7.8 0.1 148.9

51.3 1.4 0.5 0.2 3.1 0.0 73.8 0.6 0.8 10.2 1.3 0.2 19.3 0.0 1.9 .. 1.5 11.9 0.9 179.0

61.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 3.8 83.7 0.6 0.6 12.6 2.3 0.3 26.4 0.1 4.0 1.9 12.4 0.9 213.1

68.7 0.6 1.0 0.5 3.9 0.0 85.6 0.6 1.2 11.2 2.4 0.9 28.4 0.1 4.0 1.8 12.3 0.9 224.1

162.3% -42.6% x x x x 539.3% .. 210.8% x 37.9% + x .. .. 310.6% 514.3% x .. x 338.1% x 281.3%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from fuel combustion - natural gas million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


0.3 0.2 .. 1.0 0.1 0.0 .. 0.1 4.9 0.0 1.6 0.5 8.7

0.6 1.2 .. 1.3 0.5 0.1 .. 0.3 7.2 0.1 2.2 0.5 14.0

1.5 2.1 .. 1.8 5.4 0.2 .. 0.6 8.9 0.1 3.3 0.2 24.2

3.1 2.3 .. 4.7 8.7 4.6 1.6 10.8 0.1 1.5 6.9 0.1 1.2 45.7

5.4 2.5 .. 13.1 24.3 6.8 1.6 17.9 0.1 3.0 11.7 0.0 0.6 87.1

8.1 3.4 25.0 47.3 24.1 2.7 25.6 0.0 3.2 7.4 20.5 0.4 0.5 168.2

11.7 3.2 36.2 45.4 48.5 2.6 30.9 0.0 2.9 12.9 40.8 2.6 0.5 238.2

19.0 3.5 54.3 50.9 63.9 3.0 52.6 6.7 13.3 20.8 60.9 11.0 0.5 360.5

35.8 5.1 95.7 71.3 63.1 3.0 52.5 7.2 16.7 30.6 74.7 19.1 0.9 475.4

40.9 4.9 59.9 76.2 66.1 3.9 51.4 6.8 20.9 32.4 83.7 20.0 0.6 467.9

43.0 4.8 57.3 78.1 72.7 5.6 51.0 7.2 22.0 34.0 83.2 21.0 0.7 480.7

699.4% 90.5% .. 337.1% 220.9% 975.3% 253.1% 185.2% x + + 609.3% + 24.4% 452.0%


7.4 0.1 7.4

17.4 0.1 17.5

28.1 0.2 28.3

16.2 0.4 16.6

19.8 0.8 20.6

26.8 1.2 28.0

35.8 7.1 42.9

71.5 6.5 78.0

187.7 8.0 195.6

298.9 5.7 304.6

330.8 5.5 336.3

+ 628.8% +


12.1 0.1 0.5 2.6 0.1 0.6 .. 2.8 16.9 0.0 35.8

17.1 0.3 1.0 3.3 0.2 0.8 .. 2.3 19.7 44.7

21.7 0.6 1.6 5.7 0.1 1.0 .. 3.9 26.5 0.0 61.1

30.4 0.8 3.7 7.4 0.1 1.3 .. 4.5 31.2 0.1 79.5

43.3 1.5 5.7 7.6 0.1 1.0 .. 5.8 37.6 0.0 102.7

52.2 2.3 7.5 8.4 0.2 0.6 .. 6.0 47.3 0.0 124.6

70.2 2.4 16.4 12.8 1.1 1.1 7.5 0.1 51.7 0.7 164.0

77.1 3.4 37.1 14.4 1.4 0.4 0.7 3.9 13.6 0.2 53.6 1.4 207.1

87.3 5.7 49.9 18.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 12.9 17.6 0.1 59.6 1.6 257.8

93.9 6.9 70.4 19.6 2.0 2.1 1.4 14.6 18.3 0.1 49.8 1.5 280.6

97.2 7.5 77.7 19.6 2.3 2.1 1.4 18.3 18.8 0.1 47.9 1.6 294.4

124.3% 419.0% + 159.7% + x x + .. 221.2% x 27.4% + 186.8%


1.8 5.5 1.8 10.0 1.9 2.7 2.1 25.7

4.1 8.1 3.2 9.9 4.2 5.4 3.3 38.2

5.7 8.6 2.5 13.2 0.7 5.6 20.9 0.1 9.7 67.0

7.5 16.9 1.6 9.7 2.1 9.1 28.8 0.3 19.9 96.0

8.7 33.8 3.8 0.2 11.6 4.9 10.5 43.2 3.2 33.3 153.3

11.2 76.2 6.1 0.5 17.8 6.8 14.4 54.6 4.0 48.8 240.4

13.4 118.0 6.0 0.5 18.4 11.7 18.5 66.8 7.4 58.8 319.5

17.1 189.6 3.5 3.2 23.6 14.8 26.6 101.5 8.9 82.2 471.1

21.7 274.2 9.8 5.4 27.8 0.5 31.1 43.0 130.8 15.7 115.4 1.9 677.4

24.4 282.3 12.2 2.1 35.5 40.4 58.1 146.0 9.0 127.8 2.1 739.8

25.7 319.2 12.4 0.7 35.5 42.3 60.5 152.5 8.3 125.5 2.2 784.9

194.9% 845.1% 227.7% 196.1% 206.7% 755.8% 474.8% 253.1% 158.8% 276.9% x 412.1%


© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

World

353.78

341.07

357.33

306.76

371.50

427.75

498.37

575.67

668.62

615.80

626.10

68.5%


.. 205.15 26.68 121.84 56.64 .. ..

.. 219.47 36.49 111.91 71.08 .. ..

.. 237.59 94.86 98.45 44.28 .. ..

.. 173.40 57.00 89.11 27.29 .. ..

236.45 225.92 94.49 110.32 21.11 9.88 135.05

230.61 227.07 94.63 110.34 22.10 2.60 197.14

252.85 247.08 93.17 133.01 20.90 1.82 245.51

271.72 262.19 85.44 152.95 23.79 3.17 303.95

268.84 254.54 85.67 150.63 18.24 7.91 399.78

227.24 200.16 52.76 131.48 15.92 19.68 388.56

246.61 188.73 47.36 126.69 14.69 50.05 379.49

4.3% -16.5% -49.9% 14.8% -30.4% 406.7% 181.0%

..

..

..

..

116.71

116.12

140.51

161.91

161.11

141.46

136.59

17.0%

Non-OECD Total ¹

144.31

118.14

115.91

127.96

137.09

173.45

211.60

268.22

377.54

379.94

401.59

192.9%

OECD Total ²

209.48

222.92

241.43

178.80

234.41

254.31

286.77

307.45

291.08

235.86

224.52

-4.2%


3.10 0.61 0.26 23.58 27.54

2.61 0.37 0.39 33.88 37.25

4.76 0.27 1.01 90.10 96.15

1.19 0.09 1.34 55.82 58.44

2.90 0.58 .. 91.60 95.07

3.20 1.13 2.58 91.43 98.33

3.37 1.96 3.87 89.80 99.01

2.86 3.33 2.73 82.58 91.50

2.20 1.30 2.53 83.47 89.49

1.40 0.67 2.53 51.35 55.96

1.18 0.64 2.56 46.17 50.56

-59.1% 10.9% .. -49.6% -46.8%


5.15 .. 50.44 1.54 1.05 58.18

5.08 .. 64.91 0.17 1.09 71.25

3.71 .. 39.38 0.31 1.19 44.60

2.31 0.35 24.24 1.71 0.74 29.35

2.16 0.38 17.90 5.32 1.05 26.81

2.82 0.65 18.15 21.57 1.14 44.32

2.99 0.59 17.14 30.77 0.76 52.25

2.76 0.81 20.02 33.58 1.00 58.18

2.18 1.07 14.98 29.04 1.08 48.35

2.02 0.78 12.92 26.88 0.98 43.58

2.33 0.38 11.44 27.33 0.93 42.40

7.9% -0.4% -36.1% 413.5% -12.1% 58.1%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe ²

8.16 2.11 .. 0.24 12.89 13.13 1.90 .. 0.24 23.10 28.61 1.94 1.65 2.34 .. 6.00 3.62 0.27 17.54 123.75

8.76 1.69 .. 0.31 14.71 10.71 2.82 .. 0.21 18.22 33.28 1.52 2.23 2.02 .. 3.47 3.48 0.29 10.70 114.43

7.63 1.34 .. 1.86 12.72 11.22 2.66 .. 0.24 13.29 29.78 0.88 2.24 1.36 .. 5.12 2.69 .. 7.65 100.68

7.41 1.36 .. 1.47 7.65 11.05 3.54 0.02 0.09 10.93 27.82 1.04 1.65 1.50 .. 6.83 1.77 0.25 6.63 91.01

0.05 13.04 3.05 0.57 1.80 7.86 7.95 8.11 0.10 0.06 8.52 34.79 1.41 1.25 1.93 .. 11.57 2.11 0.06 0.38 7.92 112.53

0.06 12.43 5.01 0.28 1.05 6.78 6.57 11.34 0.14 0.37 7.75 33.91 2.22 0.44 1.53 .. 10.10 3.33 0.05 0.58 7.70 111.65

0.07 17.19 4.08 0.33 2.12 8.99 6.98 11.45 0.21 0.47 5.30 41.42 2.59 0.91 2.10 .. 19.16 4.33 0.03 1.26 6.50 135.51

0.08 24.64 2.43 0.38 1.61 8.25 7.93 9.15 0.20 0.33 7.23 49.20 2.18 1.02 1.84 0.07 25.25 6.18 0.04 3.34 6.41 157.77

0.07 24.54 2.19 0.70 0.67 7.41 8.84 8.73 0.18 0.26 9.59 43.64 1.22 0.69 1.48 0.06 26.79 6.25 0.03 1.16 8.75 153.24

0.07 19.87 1.99 1.34 0.41 6.86 7.31 6.83 0.08 0.41 7.04 41.37 1.13 0.44 2.07 0.19 23.01 5.09 0.02 2.87 7.94 136.32

0.06 17.34 2.34 1.03 0.31 5.84 7.32 6.00 0.07 0.40 6.17 40.74 0.46 0.46 1.95 0.18 24.88 5.47 0.02 3.20 7.32 131.56

25.0% 33.1% -23.4% 78.8% -83.0% -25.7% -7.9% -26.0% -26.3% 610.3% -27.6% 17.1% -67.6% -63.1% 1.1% .. 115.0% 158.8% -72.2% 751.7% -7.6% 16.9%


.. 143.78 .. ..

.. 155.73 .. ..

.. 179.12 .. ..

.. 117.50 .. ..

112.99 144.64 150.56 266.92

110.89 141.58 141.58 292.23

134.68 138.08 138.08 332.75

156.72 135.29 135.29 371.41

157.49 135.24 140.07 404.05

138.21 94.82 111.07 349.77

133.71 85.45 132.55 361.74

18.3% -40.9% -12.0% 35.5%



© OECD/IEA, 2016

1. Includes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 2. Excludes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990.


CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

144.31

118.14

115.91

127.96

137.09

173.45

211.60

268.22

377.54

379.94

401.59

192.9%


.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.01 .. 3.54 .. .. .. .. .. 0.19 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.31 ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.07 .. 3.85 .. .. .. .. .. 0.08 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.24 ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.05 .. 4.20 .. .. .. .. .. 0.09 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14.24 ..

.. .. .. .. .. 0.72 .. 0.11 .. 4.67 .. .. .. .. .. 0.06 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.93 ..

.. .. 0.18 0.15 0.18 .. 5.51 .. .. 1.50 0.30 0.09 .. .. 5.93 .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. 0.85 0.10 0.21 0.16 5.97 .. .. 0.48 0.45 0.14 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. 0.20 0.06 0.60 .. 8.41 .. 0.03 0.29 2.09 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. 0.35 0.08 0.91 .. 12.67 .. 0.82 0.46 2.11 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. 0.23 0.31 0.02 0.58 .. 13.28 .. 0.80 0.45 4.65 .. 0.05 4.84 .. .. .. .. ..

0.06 0.25 0.29 .. 0.75 .. 12.20 .. 0.76 0.28 3.78 .. 0.13 16.26 0.03 .. .. .. ..

0.06 0.23 0.26 .. 0.73 .. 9.08 .. 0.73 0.03 3.90 .. 0.25 47.11 0.05 .. .. .. ..

.. .. 40.8% .. 301.2% .. 64.8% .. .. -50.9% -88.5% + .. .. 695.0% .. .. .. .. ..

17.04

18.23

18.58

19.49

13.83

8.36

11.68

17.39

25.21

34.79

62.43

351.3%


0.61 0.78 .. .. .. .. 0.06 0.41 0.06 .. 0.07 0.20 0.16 1.49 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.76 .. .. 0.02 3.02 10.92 .. .. 0.05 .. 0.06 3.23 22.20

0.77 0.49 .. .. .. .. 0.01 0.22 1.11 .. 0.02 0.14 0.14 1.07 0.01 0.11 0.18 0.36 .. .. 0.11 2.11 7.22 .. 0.01 0.05 .. 0.02 1.88 16.03

1.30 0.84 .. .. 0.12 .. 1.36 0.08 3.27 .. 0.01 0.20 0.10 0.57 0.02 0.17 0.21 0.27 .. .. 0.25 0.85 5.31 .. 0.02 0.12 .. 0.02 1.58 16.66

1.17 0.11 .. 0.03 .. 0.73 0.09 4.83 .. 0.03 0.23 .. 0.45 0.04 0.22 0.04 0.10 .. .. 0.35 0.33 3.44 .. 0.02 0.08 .. 0.01 1.72 14.02

1.37 0.02 .. 0.04 .. 0.12 0.11 5.38 .. 0.03 0.08 .. 0.56 0.25 0.19 0.06 0.09 .. .. 0.59 0.11 6.01 .. 0.02 0.08 .. 0.07 1.47 16.66

1.18 0.03 .. 0.09 .. 0.27 0.01 7.92 0.43 0.03 0.44 .. 0.17 0.28 0.27 0.04 0.01 .. .. 1.43 0.09 10.41 .. 0.03 0.07 .. 0.06 1.10 24.35

0.77 .. .. 0.06 .. 0.29 .. 8.78 .. .. 0.61 0.16 0.21 0.86 0.69 0.05 0.00 .. 1.21 0.30 8.60 .. 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.06 0.79 23.58

1.18 0.34 .. 0.04 .. 0.36 .. 8.37 .. .. 0.61 0.12 0.22 1.16 0.60 0.07 0.01 .. 1.29 0.36 8.60 .. 0.04 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.76 24.30

1.02 0.56 .. 0.14 .. 0.06 .. 7.05 .. .. 0.66 0.13 0.12 1.17 0.74 0.43 .. .. 1.32 0.21 9.82 .. 0.06 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.77 24.48

0.88 0.74 .. 0.16 .. 0.05 .. 5.23 .. .. 0.58 0.04 0.12 0.75 0.85 0.43 .. .. 1.17 0.22 10.84 0.06 0.18 0.05 0.04 0.61 22.97

0.83 1.15 .. 0.17 .. 0.15 .. 5.00 .. .. 0.58 .. 0.12 0.30 0.91 0.43 .. .. 1.18 0.23 8.34 0.06 0.19 0.05 0.05 0.63 20.36

-39.6% + .. 299.1% .. 20.1% .. -7.2% .. .. 622.8% .. -77.6% 18.7% 376.7% 568.8% .. .. .. 101.8% 98.0% 38.6% .. 185.7% 134.3% .. -30.2% -57.0% 22.2%

Non-OECD Total ¹



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

0.07 .. .. .. 0.72 0.71 0.11 .. 0.01 0.29 1.31 8.98 1.20 0.39 0.21 .. 0.57 14.56

0.05 .. .. .. 0.58 1.10 0.22 .. 0.00 0.22 0.45 10.53 1.30 0.33 0.26 .. 0.54 15.58

0.19 0.00 .. .. 0.73 0.80 0.19 .. 0.47 0.59 15.11 1.12 0.67 0.51 .. 0.47 20.83

0.07 .. .. .. 0.34 0.69 0.31 0.08 0.50 15.29 1.02 1.64 0.66 0.07 0.20 20.87

0.06 0.12 .. .. 1.38 1.70 0.30 0.11 0.21 34.21 1.22 4.90 1.72 0.09 0.21 46.21

0.11 0.21 .. .. 1.71 1.30 0.54 0.01 0.05 0.36 35.63 1.10 7.63 3.05 0.22 0.30 52.22

0.14 0.22 .. .. 2.19 0.36 0.70 0.01 0.08 0.68 58.16 0.51 11.11 2.49 0.46 0.33 77.45

0.18 0.27 .. .. 3.09 0.43 0.19 0.01 0.26 0.38 79.39 0.54 7.56 5.23 0.80 0.44 98.78

0.25 0.28 .. .. 4.17 0.56 0.19 0.01 0.56 0.59 127.21 0.66 5.50 4.46 1.03 0.41 145.88

0.29 0.25 .. .. 4.04 0.67 1.13 0.01 0.30 0.52 132.88 1.02 3.79 2.50 0.34 0.32 148.06

0.31 0.22 .. .. 4.22 0.70 0.67 0.01 0.32 0.29 132.05 1.36 3.63 3.33 0.35 0.34 147.80

396.1% 94.6% .. .. 206.6% -58.6% 127.3% x 193.9% 38.1% 286.0% 11.3% -25.9% 94.0% 303.7% 63.6% 219.8%

2.41 2.00 4.40

2.82 1.72 4.53

3.32 2.88 6.20

3.95 3.14 7.09

4.34 4.57 8.90

8.95 7.24 16.19

9.57 10.72 20.29

16.30 17.97 34.28

27.90 38.98 66.88

24.95 27.64 52.59

23.14 24.17 47.32

433.7% 429.1% 431.4%


0.66 1.01 0.96 0.10 .. 7.79 .. 0.28 .. 0.18 .. .. 0.16 .. 1.72 0.10 .. 5.17 0.28 9.22 3.25 30.88

0.29 1.18 0.49 .. .. 7.41 .. .. .. 0.27 .. .. 0.27 .. 3.44 0.13 .. 3.58 0.20 4.87 2.21 24.34

1.34 1.43 0.31 0.13 .. 7.35 .. 0.35 .. 0.41 .. .. 0.10 .. 3.13 0.48 .. 1.44 0.25 2.01 2.82 21.53

2.02 1.73 0.22 0.14 0.12 6.19 .. 0.12 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.04 .. 4.07 0.63 .. 0.31 0.33 1.78 1.88 19.97

2.24 1.73 0.33 0.24 0.06 5.23 .. 0.50 .. 0.43 .. .. 0.10 .. 5.00 0.12 .. 0.11 0.37 2.53 0.87 19.87

1.72 3.67 0.58 0.37 0.04 5.37 .. 1.00 .. 0.53 .. .. 0.12 .. 6.49 0.53 .. 0.16 1.22 2.32 0.72 24.85

1.50 9.25 0.75 0.34 0.05 6.35 .. 0.88 .. 0.64 .. .. 0.12 .. 8.15 0.31 0.07 1.21 0.93 2.08 0.80 33.42

2.22 11.03 1.15 0.36 0.06 6.78 .. 2.10 .. 0.75 .. .. 0.26 .. 7.37 1.01 0.11 1.49 1.14 2.35 0.64 38.81

3.80 12.74 2.04 0.09 2.44 7.26 .. 1.72 .. 0.90 .. 0.00 0.27 .. 9.56 0.77 0.13 1.07 1.43 2.77 0.59 47.57

5.68 10.86 2.77 0.01 1.45 5.00 .. 1.28 .. 1.00 .. 0.00 0.68 .. 10.35 0.17 0.15 1.76 0.73 3.03 1.63 46.55

4.99 11.12 2.81 0.00 2.30 5.09 .. 1.40 .. 1.04 .. .. 0.63 .. 9.96 0.00 0.15 1.44 0.68 2.94 1.66 46.21

122.2% 541.6% 747.1% -98.7% + -2.7% .. 180.9% .. 142.5% .. .. 519.5% .. 99.1% -97.3% .. + 81.8% 16.4% 91.1% 132.6%


0.56 1.05 0.26 .. 6.36 0.72 3.89 .. 40.46 0.78 .. 1.14 55.22

0.56 1.28 0.30 .. 6.38 0.03 2.57 .. 26.13 1.27 .. 0.92 39.43

0.61 1.26 0.37 .. 5.66 .. 0.72 .. 13.76 1.99 5.59 2.16 32.11

0.48 0.93 0.47 .. 2.40 .. 0.35 .. 28.30 2.56 9.78 1.25 46.52

0.25 1.27 0.40 .. 0.56 .. 0.06 .. 5.79 2.85 19.19 1.25 31.62

0.26 1.90 0.02 0.03 1.84 0.04 0.08 .. 6.02 3.47 33.50 0.31 47.46

0.25 2.26 0.49 0.13 1.44 0.05 0.20 .. 6.67 3.71 29.68 0.31 45.18

0.24 2.95 0.33 0.25 2.17 0.06 0.12 .. 7.16 3.20 37.81 0.36 54.66

0.25 7.38 0.44 0.05 1.70 0.09 3.62 .. 8.18 3.46 42.01 0.34 67.53

0.26 9.63 0.56 0.03 3.56 0.09 2.75 .. 10.65 1.21 45.95 0.29 74.97

0.26 11.47 0.58 0.01 3.57 0.10 3.67 .. 10.03 0.77 46.73 0.28 77.47

2.5% 806.4% 44.6% .. 539.0% .. + .. 73.1% -73.0% 143.6% -77.6% 145.0%

Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia DPR of Korea India Indonesia Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Viet Nam Other Asia Asia (excl. China) People's Rep. of China Hong Kong, China China


© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

169.22

173.87

202.13

224.90

258.73

290.34

354.15

420.97

457.44

489.53

504.34

94.9%

.. 59.17 16.77 36.32 6.07 .. ..

.. 62.37 17.70 38.05 6.61 .. ..

.. 71.49 21.39 43.13 6.96 .. ..

.. 82.30 22.05 49.09 11.16 .. ..

171.02 132.22 41.92 71.19 19.12 37.32 87.70

181.74 161.20 49.03 87.98 24.20 18.73 108.60

226.55 206.43 60.81 116.82 28.80 17.37 127.60

257.14 231.69 71.41 128.31 31.97 21.04 163.83

254.64 225.18 68.72 127.38 29.08 24.69 202.80

260.45 231.49 67.62 130.79 33.08 23.91 229.08

266.61 234.66 69.39 131.86 33.41 23.10 237.73

55.9% 77.5% 65.5% 85.2% 74.8% -38.1% 171.1%

..

..

..

..

89.86

100.19

129.44

143.73

145.35

148.92

151.46

68.6%

104.93

105.00

120.73

131.85

115.66

114.51

130.64

162.78

201.01

223.63

230.53

99.3%

OECD Total ²

64.29

68.87

81.40

93.05

143.06

175.83

223.51

258.19

256.43

265.90

273.81

91.4%


1.27 0.44 1.40 15.51 18.62

1.95 0.35 2.42 15.76 20.48

1.36 0.55 4.28 20.03 26.22

1.23 0.50 4.58 20.82 27.12

2.73 0.57 5.29 39.19 47.77

2.61 0.65 6.83 46.42 56.50

3.12 1.06 8.13 57.69 70.00

2.51 1.07 8.60 68.90 81.07

3.41 1.54 8.16 65.31 78.42

2.47 1.88 9.09 65.15 78.59

2.20 1.96 9.71 67.19 81.06

-19.6% 243.6% 83.8% 71.5% 69.7%

1.59 1.81 3.83 0.65 7.88

1.91 1.90 4.36 0.37 0.34 8.88

2.43 2.23 3.96 0.83 0.58 10.03

2.79 2.01 7.71 1.71 0.66 14.89

4.34 1.60 13.45 0.85 1.33 21.57

5.80 2.15 16.78 2.07 1.61 28.41

7.22 2.40 19.77 1.71 1.81 32.92

8.16 3.24 21.58 7.32 2.23 42.53

10.19 2.43 16.55 12.01 2.33 43.52

10.86 3.42 19.62 12.80 2.60 49.30

11.72 3.38 19.17 12.83 2.52 49.62

170.2% 111.4% 42.6% + 88.8% 130.1%

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe ²

0.28 1.23 0.70 1.94 .. 0.18 4.62 7.65 1.31 0.15 0.22 0.97 3.50 0.11 2.03 0.70 0.53 0.71 .. 1.76 0.33 1.64 0.09 7.15 37.79

0.25 1.06 0.59 1.57 .. 0.40 5.77 8.24 1.33 0.21 0.14 0.74 2.46 0.15 2.29 0.51 0.53 0.81 .. 2.80 0.34 1.81 0.14 7.39 39.51

0.39 1.24 0.86 1.61 .. 0.46 5.67 8.30 2.25 0.37 0.09 0.61 4.19 0.19 2.75 0.68 0.68 0.89 .. 2.60 0.49 2.04 0.12 8.68 45.16

0.65 1.64 0.64 1.57 .. 0.49 6.50 9.55 2.36 0.45 0.18 0.57 4.38 0.22 3.50 0.93 0.68 1.28 .. 2.69 0.51 2.44 0.18 9.63 51.03

0.86 2.84 0.66 1.72 0.10 0.98 9.42 13.31 2.36 0.49 0.22 1.04 4.54 0.39 4.34 1.26 0.66 1.38 0.08 3.35 1.09 3.03 0.54 19.05 73.72

1.29 2.63 0.57 1.85 0.05 0.87 11.56 15.64 2.55 0.54 0.20 1.12 5.86 0.57 7.52 1.10 0.81 1.56 0.12 0.06 6.07 1.77 3.66 0.79 22.14 90.91

1.65 4.42 0.48 2.34 0.06 1.03 15.22 19.33 2.44 0.70 0.40 1.74 8.46 0.96 9.77 1.06 0.82 1.94 0.08 0.07 8.11 2.08 4.61 1.56 31.24 120.60

1.91 3.83 0.95 2.58 0.14 1.25 16.27 22.39 2.33 0.80 0.40 2.38 8.97 1.29 10.79 1.05 0.96 2.18 0.12 0.07 9.28 1.89 3.52 3.25 36.01 134.59

2.00 4.12 0.93 2.42 0.11 1.60 16.49 23.90 2.04 0.70 0.37 2.16 9.48 1.29 10.09 1.29 1.52 2.63 0.12 0.08 9.11 2.06 4.20 3.64 32.13 134.49

1.93 3.81 0.84 2.46 0.09 1.89 16.71 25.06 2.02 0.50 0.49 1.87 8.98 1.12 10.31 1.47 1.57 2.79 0.12 0.08 10.74 2.38 4.61 4.02 32.14 138.01

1.93 3.98 0.87 2.67 0.12 1.86 16.86 24.06 2.33 0.53 0.54 2.16 9.21 1.21 10.70 1.51 1.75 2.95 0.10 0.08 10.93 2.16 4.70 7.81 32.08 143.12

123.1% 40.0% 32.2% 55.0% 17.6% 89.4% 79.0% 80.8% -1.6% 6.9% 149.3% 107.7% 102.8% 207.8% 146.7% 20.0% 164.7% 114.5% x -3.8% 225.9% 99.2% 55.2% + 68.4% 94.1%


.. 43.52 .. ..

.. 45.93 .. ..

.. 52.20 .. ..

.. 59.80 .. ..

72.14 101.68 128.31 184.22

88.16 121.01 135.14 211.95

115.12 154.84 168.24 260.19

128.99 176.63 192.06 311.76

127.85 167.27 185.94 327.45

130.30 170.14 188.32 342.61

131.56 170.77 187.72 353.71

82.4% 68.0% 46.3% 92.0%

World Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Asia Oceania Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties Annex B Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total ¹



© OECD/IEA, 2016

1. Includes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 2. Excludes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990.


CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

104.93

105.00

120.73

131.85

115.66

114.51

130.64

162.78

201.01

223.63

230.53

99.3%


.. .. .. .. 0.61 .. 0.15 .. .. 0.02 .. .. .. .. .. 0.18 .. .. 0.06 .. .. .. .. .. .. 67.33 0.65

.. .. .. .. 0.61 .. 0.02 .. .. 0.02 .. .. .. .. .. 0.18 .. .. 0.05 .. .. .. .. .. .. 62.72 0.89

.. .. .. .. 0.92 .. 0.23 .. .. 0.01 .. .. .. .. .. 0.23 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.33 1.01

.. .. .. .. 1.13 .. 0.44 .. .. 0.01 .. .. .. .. .. 0.14 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77.48 1.00

0.60 1.05 0.08 0.71 0.49 0.73 0.02 0.61 0.02 2.70 .. 0.26 0.22 0.40 0.22 0.22 .. 0.70 26.63 0.43 0.05 0.76 6.18 .. ..

0.10 0.31 0.11 0.99 0.24 0.80 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.79 .. 0.19 0.08 0.12 0.22 0.03 .. 0.55 14.13 0.11 0.02 0.62 0.48 .. ..

0.12 0.19 0.30 0.03 0.24 0.20 0.82 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.23 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.37 0.06 .. 0.38 13.40 0.09 0.01 0.98 0.78 .. ..

0.18 0.14 1.11 0.02 0.56 0.25 0.89 0.02 0.11 0.02 0.49 0.39 0.18 0.14 0.26 0.04 0.04 0.33 15.43 0.15 0.03 1.35 1.12 .. ..

0.05 0.13 1.21 0.02 0.50 0.29 0.83 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.62 0.04 0.83 0.35 0.14 0.30 0.06 0.01 0.43 18.67 0.13 0.09 1.63 0.83 .. ..

0.06 0.14 1.17 0.31 0.01 0.48 0.35 0.72 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.50 0.05 0.15 0.37 0.21 0.31 0.06 0.04 0.43 18.18 0.13 0.11 1.40 0.38 .. ..

0.02 0.13 1.07 0.34 0.01 0.51 0.35 0.71 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.69 0.01 0.01 0.33 0.23 0.33 0.08 0.05 0.55 16.95 0.21 0.19 1.45 0.40 .. ..

x -78.4% 2.1% x -84.0% -28.9% -27.2% -2.1% 120.0% -59.4% -74.3% .. -95.3% 49.3% -42.7% 54.3% -65.3% .. -21.6% -36.4% -52.1% 306.7% 90.3% -93.6% .. ..

69.00

64.50

73.74

80.20

43.05

20.01

18.63

23.24

27.32

25.87

24.91

-42.2%


0.29 0.23 0.02 .. 0.17 0.13 0.28 0.21 .. 0.14 0.03 0.13 0.58 0.27 0.06 0.35 0.12 .. .. 0.25 0.30 0.53 .. 0.34 0.09 0.39 0.04 0.09 0.40 5.44

0.67 0.31 0.01 .. 0.10 0.05 0.21 0.25 0.28 .. 0.16 0.04 0.15 0.90 0.54 0.10 0.44 0.05 .. .. 0.71 0.37 0.74 .. 0.15 0.20 0.38 0.14 0.19 0.64 7.76

0.94 0.26 0.03 .. 0.15 0.11 0.26 0.38 0.52 .. 0.20 0.07 0.12 1.11 0.90 0.14 0.78 0.08 .. .. 1.15 0.59 0.88 .. 0.20 0.18 0.57 0.23 0.21 0.74 10.82

1.32 1.00 0.06 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.29 0.40 0.13 .. 0.34 0.09 0.10 0.83 1.06 0.18 0.70 0.10 .. .. 1.35 0.43 0.94 .. 0.22 0.13 0.31 0.12 0.33 0.72 11.40

1.10 1.04 0.05 0.04 0.15 0.08 0.27 0.32 0.46 .. 0.54 0.20 0.14 0.84 0.64 0.21 0.79 0.13 .. .. 0.96 0.46 1.11 .. 0.10 0.22 0.11 0.57 0.20 0.25 0.79 11.75

0.97 1.18 0.07 0.02 0.17 0.05 0.26 0.35 0.82 0.02 0.17 0.20 0.18 1.38 0.92 0.21 0.74 0.06 0.10 .. 1.26 0.46 1.59 .. 0.11 0.19 0.12 0.75 0.10 0.35 0.81 13.60

1.18 1.43 0.07 0.02 0.18 0.08 0.37 0.24 1.77 0.03 0.21 0.24 0.33 1.38 1.34 0.61 0.91 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.59 0.76 2.82 .. 0.33 0.18 0.04 0.86 0.13 0.36 1.17 17.92

1.17 0.57 0.03 0.03 0.20 0.11 0.28 0.51 2.31 0.03 0.40 0.22 0.40 1.78 0.52 0.73 1.17 0.14 0.03 0.04 0.71 0.75 2.18 .. 0.98 0.26 0.15 0.66 0.17 0.03 1.36 17.92

1.44 0.64 0.48 0.04 0.21 0.14 0.18 0.47 2.64 0.00 0.87 0.26 0.36 1.72 0.62 0.73 1.79 0.20 0.12 0.04 0.52 0.69 2.43 .. 0.85 0.34 0.22 0.76 0.09 0.03 1.48 20.34

1.67 0.64 0.55 0.04 0.24 0.14 0.18 0.48 2.35 0.00 1.12 0.24 0.45 1.76 0.50 0.72 1.84 0.22 0.14 0.07 1.08 0.79 2.54 0.11 0.78 0.41 0.24 0.88 0.15 0.03 2.24 22.58

1.32 0.72 0.58 0.03 0.25 0.13 0.21 0.72 2.24 0.00 1.23 0.20 0.39 1.69 0.38 0.76 2.01 0.38 0.15 0.10 0.96 0.82 2.47 0.12 0.78 0.44 0.25 0.82 0.12 0.03 2.34 22.65

20.3% -31.0% + -9.1% 64.6% 66.7% -21.4% 121.9% 390.7% .. 129.9% 1.3% 177.4% 101.1% -40.5% 256.7% 153.0% 192.7% .. .. 79.3% 123.6% .. 714.2% 97.4% 136.4% 42.5% -38.1% -86.1% 196.2% 92.7%

Non-OECD Total ¹



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers million tonnes of CO 2

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

0.06 0.00 .. 1.69 0.17 0.42 .. 0.03 0.01 1.14 0.71 0.70 1.49 1.27 6.98 0.40 15.07

0.09 0.06 .. 2.00 0.33 0.75 .. 0.02 0.02 1.09 0.83 1.33 0.00 1.64 2.19 2.63 0.28 13.26

0.15 0.07 .. 2.51 0.73 0.76 .. 0.03 0.04 1.71 0.66 2.73 0.00 1.67 2.41 0.33 13.83

0.22 0.05 .. 3.24 0.66 0.86 0.03 0.06 1.42 1.03 3.23 0.92 3.16 0.47 15.35

0.27 0.11 .. 3.74 0.97 1.51 0.01 0.02 0.05 1.41 1.02 5.69 1.81 5.64 0.52 22.78

0.30 0.21 0.03 4.65 1.18 2.78 0.06 0.02 0.11 1.72 1.17 7.89 4.13 7.59 0.12 0.33 32.29

0.38 0.21 0.04 5.02 1.22 3.77 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.36 1.43 12.01 0.32 5.42 8.35 0.30 0.62 39.73

0.81 0.25 0.05 7.36 1.54 4.81 0.06 0.03 0.19 0.64 2.14 13.59 0.94 6.51 10.27 0.95 0.84 50.98

0.92 0.33 0.11 11.34 2.04 5.70 0.05 0.06 0.26 0.49 2.96 17.19 0.35 6.30 10.00 2.03 0.91 61.03

1.01 0.26 0.19 12.29 2.42 7.18 0.12 0.12 0.31 0.62 3.28 21.45 1.09 7.01 11.63 2.39 1.39 72.78

1.03 0.23 0.23 12.45 2.54 7.56 0.08 0.13 0.36 0.64 3.11 21.60 1.44 7.65 11.60 2.41 1.47 74.53

275.6% 97.2% .. 232.6% 161.3% 401.5% 550.0% 566.6% 613.3% -54.3% 206.5% 279.6% x 322.2% 105.6% x 182.8% 227.2%


1.43 1.43

1.85 1.85

0.10 2.27 2.37

0.85 2.58 3.43

1.30 5.68 6.98

2.22 9.31 11.53

4.22 8.39 12.61

10.07 14.86 24.93

15.56 16.35 31.91

19.71 17.55 37.26

21.47 18.22 39.68

+ 220.8% 468.2%


0.60 0.27 0.16 0.08 0.27 0.04 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.42 0.05 0.44 0.03 0.52 .. 0.21 0.33 1.01 4.63

0.93 0.44 0.13 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.33 0.06 1.12 0.04 0.75 .. 0.12 0.32 0.50 5.20

0.61 1.32 0.66 0.17 0.17 0.45 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.30 0.06 0.42 0.06 0.92 .. 0.17 1.03 0.91 7.56

0.75 1.32 0.90 0.13 0.17 0.45 0.11 0.12 0.04 0.12 0.40 0.04 0.26 0.06 0.72 .. 0.22 0.81 0.87 7.50

1.43 1.58 0.01 0.99 0.12 0.11 0.39 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.47 0.08 0.20 0.03 0.65 .. 0.20 1.03 1.03 8.73

1.59 2.08 2.17 0.32 0.54 0.20 0.18 0.55 0.16 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.53 0.06 0.32 0.03 1.11 .. 0.18 1.01 1.07 12.37

2.86 0.14 2.02 1.91 0.37 0.65 0.24 1.30 0.49 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.11 0.54 0.08 0.55 0.04 1.07 0.33 0.12 0.95 1.81 16.03

2.17 0.15 3.34 1.85 0.57 0.54 0.26 1.34 0.97 0.24 0.23 0.07 0.07 0.61 0.05 0.57 0.05 0.97 1.21 0.12 2.05 1.40 18.83

1.87 0.14 5.83 2.36 0.50 0.44 0.28 1.23 1.04 0.34 0.20 0.06 0.15 0.59 0.06 1.08 0.07 1.95 0.85 0.23 1.90 1.53 22.71

2.68 0.17 6.98 2.82 0.48 0.35 0.19 1.36 1.15 0.46 0.13 0.28 0.13 0.55 0.06 1.63 0.09 2.24 0.86 0.22 1.92 1.76 26.53

2.65 0.19 7.45 3.26 0.49 0.36 0.19 1.47 1.16 0.48 0.06 0.11 0.21 0.59 0.07 1.89 0.11 2.47 0.68 0.24 1.95 1.80 27.90

x x 422.1% 106.8% + -63.3% 64.8% + 195.9% 322.2% -51.2% 47.8% 131.0% 25.2% -15.2% 828.1% 261.0% 280.4% .. 241.9% x 88.2% 75.2% 219.4%


0.43 7.10 0.24 0.12 0.35 0.29 0.01 0.48 0.24 0.02 0.09 9.36

0.85 7.08 0.82 0.18 0.35 0.24 0.15 0.16 1.42 0.66 0.34 0.18 12.43

1.55 2.17 1.06 0.57 1.06 0.15 0.38 0.23 3.49 0.72 0.81 0.22 12.42

1.22 1.66 0.59 0.62 0.98 0.32 0.58 0.24 4.61 0.88 1.82 0.47 13.98

1.44 1.50 0.99 0.67 0.52 0.16 0.94 0.35 4.84 0.88 9.89 0.18 22.36

1.16 1.99 1.28 0.76 1.14 0.66 0.47 0.43 5.74 0.63 10.19 0.28 24.72

1.13 2.73 1.64 0.75 1.16 0.40 0.65 0.57 5.91 0.42 9.97 0.38 25.72

1.74 2.71 2.00 0.98 1.84 0.47 0.69 1.45 5.50 0.33 8.81 0.36 26.87

1.97 3.84 2.52 1.09 2.26 0.71 1.30 3.61 6.23 0.10 13.71 0.37 37.70

1.26 3.67 1.26 1.11 1.95 0.83 1.48 6.34 5.96 0.06 14.38 0.33 38.62

1.23 3.98 1.68 1.02 2.26 0.73 1.62 4.00 7.32 0.05 16.69 0.29 40.86

-14.6% 165.5% 69.5% 51.6% 337.1% 358.0% 71.3% + 51.1% -94.2% 68.7% 65.5% 82.8%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions by sector in 2014 ¹ million tonnes of CO 2

Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Electricity and heat production

World ³

32 381.0

13 625.0

1 683.1

6 230.1

7 547.3

5 659.8

3 295.5

1 858.8


12 628.4 9 933.7 5 731.0 2 609.0 1 593.6 2 379.5 18 622.2

5 266.6 3 856.2 2 222.9 868.1 765.2 1 273.9 8 358.4

708.8 599.8 372.5 135.8 91.4 97.8 974.3

1 496.6 1 131.0 514.9 338.4 277.7 320.0 4 733.6

3 460.6 2 998.9 1 905.1 778.7 315.0 398.6 2 956.2

2 985.5 2 628.3 1 611.8 738.8 277.7 299.7 2 674.3

1 695.8 1 348.0 715.6 488.1 144.3 289.2 1 599.8

989.8 752.0 384.9 302.9 64.1 209.4 869.0

4 126.5

1 593.8

249.0

563.2

1 047.3

980.2

673.3

421.8

Non-OECD Total

19 395.0

8 892.8

952.2

4 843.5

2 988.3

2 620.3

1 718.2

976.4

OECD Total

11 855.6

4 732.2

730.9

1 386.7

3 428.5

3 039.5

1 577.3

882.4


554.8 75.8 430.9 5 176.2 6 237.8

97.5 29.6 137.8 2 125.4 2 390.3

117.3 3.0 52.1 255.2 427.6

66.8 14.2 58.0 448.0 587.0

176.4 23.6 151.2 1 728.8 2 079.9

141.6 21.4 146.9 1 470.1 1 780.0

96.7 5.5 31.9 618.9 753.0

43.0 3.4 18.1 341.9 406.4


373.8 64.7 1 188.6 567.8 31.2 2 226.2

182.4 39.5 577.1 298.7 5.7 1 103.4

35.7 4.5 54.0 44.8 1.7 140.6

42.9 2.9 228.0 77.5 6.8 358.2

92.5 16.9 208.4 92.4 14.0 424.3

77.9 16.9 187.0 88.5 12.7 383.1

20.2 0.9 121.1 54.4 3.0 199.6

9.0 0.4 54.5 30.8 0.5 95.3

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom OECD Europe

60.8 87.4 96.6 34.5 17.5 45.3 285.7 723.3 65.9 40.3 2.0 33.9 319.7 9.2 148.3 35.3 279.0 42.8 29.3 12.8 232.0 37.4 37.7 307.1 407.8 3 391.6

12.7 16.4 54.2 13.5 13.5 19.7 28.9 327.6 34.0 11.1 0.0 11.1 103.4 0.8 58.3 1.9 148.3 15.4 6.6 4.5 70.2 6.3 2.6 132.1 145.3 1 238.4

7.1 6.2 2.4 2.1 0.1 3.2 10.5 22.9 4.3 1.4 0.3 10.3 9.7 10.9 6.9 2.2 4.7 0.0 16.6 2.8 0.9 11.2 25.7 162.7

10.7 18.1 13.5 3.4 0.8 7.6 44.8 90.0 6.0 6.3 0.6 3.6 35.8 0.9 21.8 5.7 28.7 5.5 7.2 1.7 33.1 6.5 5.1 44.9 39.1 441.5

22.3 25.0 16.4 11.4 2.2 10.8 121.2 154.5 16.3 10.9 0.8 10.9 105.4 6.2 29.5 14.0 43.7 15.7 6.1 5.3 81.9 19.9 16.9 60.9 116.0 924.3

21.5 24.2 16.0 10.5 2.1 10.1 116.9 149.4 14.2 10.7 0.8 10.7 99.8 6.2 28.4 10.6 42.5 15.0 5.8 5.3 75.1 19.4 16.6 55.2 109.4 876.4

8.0 21.7 10.0 4.1 0.8 4.0 80.3 128.2 5.3 10.5 0.6 8.0 64.9 1.4 29.1 2.7 51.5 4.0 4.7 1.2 30.2 1.9 12.2 57.9 81.6 624.7

5.2 14.2 6.0 2.0 0.2 1.2 44.7 82.5 3.8 6.0 0.0 5.8 42.0 1.0 15.1 0.3 34.2 1.9 2.5 0.7 15.5 0.2 7.9 28.1 59.7 380.7

3 160.0 8 656.1 10 123.7 26 430.3

1 168.6 3 405.2 4 236.1 11 804.9

147.2 496.0 561.9 1 327.4

406.0 952.6 1 133.4 5 364.3

870.6 2 610.7 2 849.1 5 217.4

830.4 2 274.3 2 425.7 4 532.8

567.6 1 191.7 1 343.2 2 716.3

353.8 668.4 785.7 1 507.7


Transport

of which: Other sectors road

of which: residential

1. This table shows CO2 emissions for the same sectors which are present throughout this publication. In particular, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately and not reallocated as in the table on pages 97-99. 2. Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. 3. World includes international bunkers in the transport sector.


© OECD/IEA, 2016


Other Manufacturing energy ind. industries and own use ² construction


CO2 emissions by sector in 2014 million tonnes of CO 2


19 395.0

8 892.8

952.2

4 843.5

2 988.3

2 620.3

1 718.2

976.4

Other Manufacturing energy ind. industries and own use construction

Transport



Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ¹ FYR of Macedonia Georgia Gibraltar Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Malta Republic of Moldova Montenegro Romania Russian Federation Serbia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia

4.1 5.2 30.8 57.4 21.6 42.1 15.1 5.8 7.4 7.7 0.5 223.7 7.4 8.4 6.7 10.3 2.3 7.2 2.2 68.2 1 467.6 38.1 4.7 67.0 236.5 97.9

1.6 12.2 29.3 14.6 28.2 3.3 2.9 4.4 1.1 0.1 95.9 5.6 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.6 3.3 1.5 27.3 830.9 25.9 0.2 18.8 113.1 38.5

0.1 2.0 3.5 0.7 0.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.6 0.0 1.4 3.8 65.9 0.6 0.0 5.2 5.1 3.1

0.9 0.6 2.3 5.4 2.1 3.4 2.3 0.7 1.1 1.6 41.9 0.4 1.6 0.8 1.2 0.0 0.9 0.1 12.4 180.8 3.6 0.1 2.4 55.5 13.4

2.5 1.5 7.5 11.8 3.0 8.2 5.5 1.7 1.6 3.3 0.4 13.7 1.0 2.3 2.9 4.8 0.5 1.8 0.5 15.3 238.4 5.9 1.6 11.8 27.0 6.7

2.4 1.5 6.9 10.0 3.0 7.8 5.3 1.7 1.6 3.2 0.4 12.8 1.0 2.3 2.7 4.5 0.5 1.8 0.5 14.8 151.4 5.8 1.6 7.9 21.1 3.7

0.6 1.6 6.7 7.5 1.2 1.4 2.5 0.5 0.3 1.7 26.6 0.4 2.2 1.2 1.2 0.2 1.3 0.1 9.4 151.5 2.2 2.8 28.9 35.8 36.3

0.2 1.2 5.2 4.5 0.6 0.7 1.4 0.3 0.0 1.2 17.4 0.1 1.4 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 5.9 117.3 1.2 0.5 28.8 27.4

2 446.1

1 265.8

139.6

335.6

381.1

275.9

324.0

217.4


122.9 19.3 5.7 6.9 6.0 2.6 9.4 4.7 173.3 0.6 9.1 3.5 13.1 12.4 47.9 4.0 53.1 3.9 3.6 2.0 60.2 6.3 437.4 1.5 13.3 10.4 1.7 25.0 3.2 11.5 31.0 1 105.3

32.6 3.4 0.1 3.8 1.2 0.5 3.8 0.0 72.4 0.3 0.0 1.1 3.1 1.6 24.9 2.4 20.3 0.7 0.0 0.5 12.6 2.3 251.8 0.4 2.0 2.4 0.0 9.0 0.3 6.8 8.2 468.7

15.1 0.3 0.7 0.2 14.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 1.2 0.0 10.9 0.0 43.3 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.9 89.3

10.2 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.1 1.4 0.1 26.3 0.0 3.1 1.2 1.7 2.9 2.0 0.3 7.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 7.3 1.2 55.0 0.0 1.7 1.6 0.2 5.3 1.5 1.0 4.1 139.8

43.4 8.5 3.9 2.2 3.3 2.0 2.9 4.5 39.1 0.2 4.3 0.8 7.3 6.5 18.8 1.0 15.3 2.2 2.0 1.2 21.3 2.4 52.7 1.0 7.9 6.0 1.3 6.3 1.1 2.6 14.3 286.3

41.5 7.6 3.9 2.2 3.1 1.6 2.6 3.8 36.7 0.2 4.1 0.8 6.7 6.5 18.8 1.0 15.3 2.0 1.9 1.2 21.3 2.3 49.2 1.0 7.8 6.0 1.3 6.1 1.1 2.4 13.6 273.3

21.6 5.6 1.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 1.1 0.0 20.7 0.1 1.7 0.4 1.0 1.2 1.6 0.2 9.0 0.3 1.3 0.1 8.0 0.3 34.5 0.1 1.5 0.4 0.2 3.6 0.3 1.1 3.4 121.3

18.7 1.9 1.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 14.6 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.7 1.0 1.6 0.1 6.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.3 16.1 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.9 0.0 0.2 1.5 71.1

1. Please refer to the chapter Geographical Coverage.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

Non-OECD Total



CO2 emissions by sector in 2014 million tonnes of CO 2




62.3 6.7 6.1 37.8 2 019.7 436.5 220.5 18.2 19.6 5.9 137.4 95.7 45.3 16.7 249.7 243.5 143.3 42.1 3 807.0

32.8 2.8 1.2 6.1 1 046.4 168.3 98.2 11.6 4.0 0.1 44.8 46.7 21.8 6.8 149.2 92.3 50.0 8.8 1 791.7

0.1 2.0 0.0 36.2 24.9 21.0 0.0 0.8 1.5 1.3 4.8 0.0 15.1 21.2 129.1

10.2 0.3 0.2 23.2 533.4 80.3 28.6 2.2 4.8 1.9 32.8 13.9 11.3 1.0 40.0 50.9 48.4 6.3 889.5

8.8 1.4 3.9 1.3 231.8 134.5 65.5 2.0 7.2 2.6 39.8 26.6 6.9 8.0 35.7 60.2 31.9 25.0 693.1

6.8 1.4 3.2 1.3 214.9 118.0 63.4 1.4 5.9 2.6 36.9 22.8 6.6 7.9 34.9 58.0 31.2 23.4 640.6

10.4 0.2 0.8 7.1 171.8 28.6 7.2 2.4 2.9 1.3 18.6 7.2 0.6 0.9 9.6 19.0 13.0 2.0 303.5

6.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 85.5 19.6 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.5 15.0 2.3 0.2 0.4 4.3 4.6 7.4 0.8 150.7


9 087.0 47.9 9 134.9

4 384.0 31.7 4 415.7

364.2 364.2

2 882.0 8.0 2 890.0

781.4 6.6 787.9

632.3 6.6 638.8

675.4 1.6 677.0

343.1 0.8 343.9

Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Non-OECD Americas Non-OECD Americas

192.4 18.3 476.0 72.5 7.2 29.4 4.7 19.3 38.7 5.9 16.1 2.8 8.7 7.2 4.5 10.6 5.2 47.8 2.0 23.2 6.3 155.0 20.1 1 173.9

55.6 3.6 94.7 13.0 0.7 14.9 0.6 10.2 8.6 1.6 3.3 0.8 3.6 2.5 1.5 3.3 0.0 11.6 0.8 6.1 0.6 31.1 10.6 279.4

17.5 0.9 30.5 6.5 0.0 0.6 2.5 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.1 4.9 0.0 8.3 0.4 24.0 0.0 98.3

32.5 2.1 98.1 13.3 1.0 8.8 0.4 2.2 5.1 0.7 5.5 0.7 0.8 2.6 0.6 2.6 0.1 8.4 0.1 5.2 0.8 42.8 0.6 234.9

46.5 7.5 213.0 29.9 4.9 1.3 1.1 5.1 16.1 2.8 6.5 1.2 3.5 1.7 1.9 3.9 4.8 19.3 0.7 3.2 3.5 50.1 6.0 434.3

41.8 7.1 192.1 28.7 4.9 1.2 1.1 4.0 15.3 2.8 6.4 1.2 3.5 1.7 1.7 3.9 4.8 17.1 0.4 2.8 3.4 50.1 5.7 401.9

40.3 4.2 39.7 9.8 0.5 3.8 0.1 1.6 7.2 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.2 3.7 0.4 0.4 1.0 7.0 2.9 127.0

24.0 1.4 18.0 4.1 0.2 0.6 0.1 1.3 2.4 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 2.2 0.0 0.4 0.4 5.2 0.8 63.9

Bahrain Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

29.7 556.1 141.0 24.1 86.1 22.4 59.9 77.6 506.6 27.6 175.4 21.3 1 727.8

20.5 155.8 79.8 12.0 45.7 12.8 16.0 19.2 221.7 11.7 70.8 5.6 671.6

3.3 35.2 12.0 0.7 12.3 7.1 30.1 27.3 0.6 2.1 1.1 131.7

2.2 92.6 11.1 2.4 14.4 1.1 22.4 13.8 122.1 3.7 64.8 3.2 353.7

3.4 138.6 29.0 7.0 13.1 5.5 12.4 14.2 131.3 6.6 36.9 7.4 405.5

3.3 126.4 29.0 7.0 13.1 5.5 12.4 14.2 128.9 6.5 36.1 7.4 389.7

0.2 133.9 9.1 2.1 0.5 3.0 2.0 0.3 4.2 5.0 0.9 4.1 165.3

0.2 104.2 9.1 1.3 0.5 3.0 0.5 0.3 4.2 2.4 0.9 2.7 129.4

Transport



© OECD/IEA, 2016




CO2 emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors ¹ in 2014 Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy ind. own use ²

Manufacturing industries and construction

Transport

of which: road

Other sectors


World ³

32 381.0

2 256.9

12 129.0

7 701.0

5 660.9

10 294.1

5 387.9


12 628.4 9 933.7 5 731.0 2 609.0 1 593.6 2 379.5 18 622.2

963.9 720.5 443.3 166.7 110.6 231.0 1 293.0

3 060.0 2 204.0 1 016.4 666.7 520.8 741.4 9 069.0

3 537.0 3 033.6 1 910.1 794.0 329.5 439.7 3 033.6

2 986.6 2 629.2 1 612.5 739.0 277.7 300.0 2 674.4

5 067.6 3 975.7 2 361.2 981.7 632.7 967.4 5 226.5

2 687.7 1 995.5 1 172.3 546.5 276.7 635.8 2 700.2

4 126.5

328.3

1 141.1

1 076.5

980.6

1 580.6

889.0

Non-OECD Total

19 395.0

1 377.8

9 267.9

3 101.0

2 620.5

5 648.3

3 062.2

OECD Total

11 855.6

879.1

2 861.0

3 469.6

3 040.5

4 645.9

2 325.6


554.8 75.8 430.9 5 176.2 6 237.8

122.8 3.3 54.5 320.5 501.1

101.9 32.8 134.3 914.5 1 183.5

177.3 24.0 151.8 1 732.8 2 086.0

141.9 21.4 146.9 1 470.6 1 780.7

152.8 15.7 90.2 2 208.4 2 467.2

72.8 8.4 47.0 1 099.6 1 227.8


373.8 64.7 1 188.6 567.8 31.2 2 226.2

46.8 5.1 62.0 51.6 1.8 167.3

108.4 14.4 403.6 233.7 8.8 768.9

96.4 16.9 219.0 93.5 14.1 439.9

77.9 16.9 187.0 88.5 12.7 383.1

122.2 28.3 504.0 189.0 6.6 850.0

56.8 12.5 217.5 75.7 2.3 364.8


60.8 87.4 96.6 34.5 17.5 45.3 285.7 723.3 65.9 40.3 2.0 33.9 319.7 9.2 148.3 35.3 279.0 42.8 29.3 12.8 232.0 37.4 37.7 307.1 407.8 3 391.6

7.4 6.6 6.1 2.3 0.7 3.5 11.5 31.3 5.4 1.8 0.0 0.4 17.1 13.8 11.0 17.9 3.3 5.1 0.0 18.5 2.9 0.9 12.4 30.4 210.7

15.3 25.9 32.3 5.5 3.5 15.8 51.9 232.9 14.4 10.7 0.6 7.9 78.4 1.2 45.5 6.4 68.3 10.9 10.0 3.8 54.7 8.5 6.0 113.2 84.9 908.5

22.7 25.3 17.4 11.4 2.3 10.9 122.0 160.5 16.6 11.2 0.8 10.9 108.5 6.2 30.2 14.0 45.9 15.8 6.2 5.3 83.2 20.0 17.0 61.4 117.9 943.7

21.5 24.2 16.1 10.5 2.1 10.1 116.9 149.5 14.2 10.7 0.8 10.7 99.8 6.2 28.4 10.6 42.5 15.0 5.8 5.3 75.1 19.4 16.6 55.2 109.4 876.6

15.3 29.5 40.7 15.2 11.0 15.1 100.3 298.6 29.5 16.6 0.6 14.7 115.7 1.8 58.8 3.8 146.9 12.8 8.1 3.6 75.7 5.9 13.8 120.1 174.6 1 328.7

9.0 17.7 22.7 8.4 5.8 7.4 55.0 171.3 15.4 9.7 0.0 9.3 63.9 1.1 25.8 0.9 87.4 5.4 4.5 1.9 36.7 2.5 8.8 54.5 107.9 733.1

3 160.0 8 656.1 10 123.7 26 430.3

198.5 595.7 766.3 1 863.5

825.2 1 868.1 2 327.1 10 611.6

890.1 2 638.0 2 909.0 5 358.9

830.7 2 275.1 2 426.5 4 533.9

1 246.2 3 554.3 4 121.3 8 596.3

701.7 1 788.0 2 178.7 4 452.6



1. CO2 emissions from electricity and heat generation have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed. The detailed unallocated emissions are shown in the table on pages 94-96. 2. Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. 3. World includes international bunkers in the transport sector.


© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2014 Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy ind. own use


Transport

of which: road

Other sectors


19 395.0

1 377.8

9 267.9

3 101.0

2 620.5

5 648.3

3 062.2

Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ¹ FYR of Macedonia Georgia Gibraltar Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Malta Republic of Moldova Montenegro Romania Russian Federation Serbia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia

4.1 5.2 30.8 57.4 21.6 42.1 15.1 5.8 7.4 7.7 0.5 223.7 7.4 8.4 6.7 10.3 2.3 7.2 2.2 68.2 1 467.6 38.1 4.7 67.0 236.5 97.9

0.1 3.8 6.0 1.2 3.0 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 54.4 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 6.1 170.6 1.6 0.0 7.6 10.6 3.9

0.9 1.0 4.1 14.5 6.7 13.2 3.0 1.0 2.5 1.9 82.2 2.0 1.9 1.1 1.7 0.4 2.0 0.6 22.5 458.9 10.6 0.1 7.1 97.9 22.4

2.5 1.5 7.8 12.2 3.1 8.4 5.6 1.7 1.6 3.3 0.4 15.1 1.0 2.4 2.9 4.8 0.5 1.8 0.5 15.8 271.0 6.1 1.6 12.1 30.7 7.5

2.4 1.5 6.9 10.0 3.0 7.8 5.3 1.7 1.6 3.2 0.4 12.8 1.0 2.3 2.7 4.5 0.5 1.8 0.5 14.8 151.4 5.8 1.6 7.9 21.1 3.7

0.6 2.7 15.0 24.8 10.6 17.5 5.0 3.0 3.2 2.5 0.1 71.9 4.4 4.1 2.7 2.4 1.4 3.5 1.1 23.8 567.0 19.8 2.9 40.2 97.3 64.1

0.2 1.8 10.0 14.2 7.2 10.4 2.7 1.3 2.1 1.5 38.7 3.1 2.8 1.3 1.4 0.5 2.3 0.7 15.3 390.7 14.5 0.0 3.2 67.9 31.7

2 446.1

272.2

760.2

422.0

276.0

991.8

625.6


122.9 19.3 5.7 6.9 6.0 2.6 9.4 4.7 173.3 0.6 9.1 3.5 13.1 12.4 47.9 4.0 53.1 3.9 3.6 2.0 60.2 6.3 437.4 1.5 13.3 10.4 1.7 25.0 3.2 11.5 31.0 1 105.3

15.6 0.3 0.7 0.2 14.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.0 11.0 0.0 58.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.9 105.7

21.5 2.7 0.4 2.3 1.1 0.3 2.5 0.1 46.9 0.1 3.1 1.5 3.2 3.8 5.5 1.2 14.4 1.2 0.3 0.4 9.4 1.8 198.9 0.0 2.1 2.2 0.2 8.5 1.6 3.8 6.7 347.7

44.0 8.5 3.9 2.2 3.3 2.0 2.9 4.5 39.3 0.2 4.3 0.8 7.3 6.5 18.8 1.0 15.6 2.2 2.0 1.2 21.3 2.4 57.2 1.0 7.9 6.0 1.3 6.4 1.1 2.6 14.4 292.0

41.5 7.6 3.9 2.2 3.1 1.6 2.6 3.8 36.7 0.2 4.1 0.8 6.7 6.5 18.8 1.0 15.3 2.0 1.9 1.2 21.3 2.3 49.2 1.0 7.8 6.0 1.3 6.1 1.1 2.4 13.6 273.4

41.8 7.9 1.5 2.4 1.0 0.3 3.8 0.0 72.2 0.3 1.7 1.1 2.6 2.0 22.9 1.7 21.3 0.4 1.3 0.4 18.5 2.0 123.1 0.5 3.2 2.2 0.2 9.3 0.4 5.0 9.1 359.9

31.0 4.2 1.4 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.8 0.0 45.5 0.2 0.9 0.7 1.7 1.5 11.4 0.9 12.6 0.3 0.0 0.3 8.8 1.1 61.3 0.2 1.6 1.4 0.2 4.5 0.1 2.4 4.0 202.0

Non-OECD Total



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2014 Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion

Other energy ind. own use


Transport

of which: road

Other sectors



62.3 6.7 6.1 37.8 2 019.7 436.5 220.5 18.2 19.6 5.9 137.4 95.7 45.3 16.7 249.7 243.5 143.3 42.1 3 807.0

0.1 2.3 0.0 44.2 24.9 21.0 0.0 0.8 1.5 1.3 4.8 0.0 17.5 21.2 139.7

28.0 0.5 0.4 26.3 959.8 136.2 75.4 6.3 5.5 2.0 46.0 29.7 20.0 3.3 125.5 91.2 74.9 9.8 1 640.7

8.8 1.4 3.9 1.3 250.2 134.5 65.7 2.0 7.2 2.6 39.8 26.7 8.0 8.0 36.6 60.3 31.9 25.0 713.9

6.8 1.4 3.2 1.3 214.9 118.0 63.4 1.4 5.9 2.6 36.9 22.8 6.6 7.9 34.9 58.0 31.2 23.4 640.6

25.3 2.5 1.8 10.1 765.5 141.0 58.4 9.8 6.1 1.3 50.2 38.0 12.5 5.4 70.1 70.8 36.5 7.3 1 312.7

18.2 1.1 1.0 0.1 333.1 88.8 21.9 5.5 1.6 0.5 35.9 17.8 3.4 3.1 32.9 25.9 25.5 3.0 619.3


9 087.0 47.9 9 134.9

608.8 608.8

5 662.0 10.3 5 672.3

825.3 6.6 831.9

632.3 6.6 638.8

1 990.9 31.1 2 021.9

1 048.0 9.5 1 057.5


192.4 18.3 476.0 72.5 7.2 29.4 4.7 19.3 38.7 5.9 16.1 2.8 8.7 7.2 4.5 10.6 5.2 47.8 2.0 23.2 6.3 155.0 20.1 1 173.9

17.5 0.9 34.4 6.5 0.0 0.6 2.5 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.1 4.9 0.0 8.3 0.4 24.7 0.0 102.9

55.2 3.1 135.4 17.4 1.1 12.4 0.7 5.9 8.5 1.4 6.8 1.0 1.8 3.5 1.0 3.0 0.1 14.7 0.5 8.9 1.0 55.9 5.4 344.9

46.8 7.5 213.5 29.9 4.9 1.6 1.1 5.1 16.1 2.8 6.5 1.2 3.5 1.7 1.9 3.9 4.8 19.3 0.7 3.2 3.5 50.2 6.0 435.6

41.8 7.1 192.1 28.7 4.9 1.2 1.1 4.0 15.4 2.8 6.4 1.2 3.5 1.7 1.7 3.9 4.8 17.1 0.4 2.8 3.4 50.1 5.7 401.9

72.9 6.9 92.7 18.6 1.1 14.9 0.4 8.1 12.4 1.7 2.7 0.6 3.4 1.9 1.5 3.8 0.2 8.9 0.8 2.8 1.4 24.2 8.6 290.5

43.2 2.8 41.9 9.7 0.5 8.4 0.1 4.8 4.9 1.0 1.8 0.5 1.8 0.9 0.6 1.6 0.2 4.8 0.3 2.1 0.6 14.8 4.8 152.2


29.7 556.1 141.0 24.1 86.1 22.4 59.9 77.6 506.6 27.6 175.4 21.3 1 727.8

3.3 37.0 12.0 0.8 18.6 7.1 30.1 35.9 0.6 2.1 1.1 148.5

12.9 145.3 29.4 5.2 14.4 4.4 25.0 20.4 160.0 7.7 74.1 3.4 502.2

3.4 138.9 29.0 7.0 13.1 5.5 12.4 14.2 131.3 6.6 36.9 7.4 405.8

3.3 126.4 29.0 7.0 13.1 5.5 12.4 14.2 128.9 6.5 36.1 7.4 389.7

10.1 235.0 70.6 11.1 39.9 12.5 15.3 13.0 179.4 12.7 62.3 9.5 671.3

5.7 153.7 37.8 6.4 25.8 7.9 8.0 8.2 110.6 7.7 27.2 6.5 405.7


© OECD/IEA, 2016



Total primary energy supply

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

World ¹

231 235

258 865

301 655

323 470

367 278

386 328

420 224

482 863

542 270

567 274

573 555

56.2%


.. 130 357 72 382 44 326 13 648 .. ..

.. 138 416 76 179 46 580 15 658 .. ..

.. 153 270 83 594 51 961 17 715 .. ..

.. 154 071 82 355 53 017 18 699 .. ..

233 887 168 004 89 025 56 457 22 521 63 590 124 926

229 741 180 514 96 344 58 994 25 176 46 548 146 952

241 705 195 058 105 799 62 330 26 929 43 348 167 074

250 983 201 318 108 452 65 671 27 195 46 009 218 503

245 782 194 141 103 836 63 316 26 989 47 039 281 396

240 135 187 700 102 755 59 803 25 143 47 425 312 293

237 564 186 305 104 505 57 200 24 599 46 055 320 785

1.6% 10.9% 17.4% 1.3% 9.2% -27.6% 156.8%


..

..

..

..

90 016

85 056

85 889

91 406

89 908

85 536

82 060

-8.8%


4 597 2 368

4 433 2 432

4 647 2 827

3 993 3 146

4 846 3 619

5 574 4 061

6 492 4 954

7 489 5 888

8 694 6 398

8 000 6 847

8 153 7 054

68.2% 94.9%

83 081

100 545

123 876

143 727

169 329

172 404

186 881

238 194

300 096

330 118

337 567

99.4%

141 189

151 455

170 305

172 604

189 485

204 289

221 898

231 291

227 082

222 309

220 781

16.5%


5 918 364 1 799 66 464 74 546

6 948 320 2 476 69 231 78 974

8 036 397 3 982 75 558 87 973

8 080 401 4 547 74 275 87 304

8 846 587 5 178 80 179 94 790

9 790 768 5 517 86 554 102 630

10 619 1 054 6 280 95 180 113 133

11 370 1 188 7 479 97 082 117 118

11 089 1 292 7 317 92 747 112 444

11 374 1 620 8 043 91 380 112 418

11 718 1 512 7 870 92 787 113 887

32.5% 157.7% 52.0% 15.7% 20.1%


2 161 240 11 201 711 286 14 599

2 528 294 12 772 1 024 358 16 976

2 914 328 14 424 1 727 376 19 770

3 037 317 15 194 2 225 469 21 241

3 616 480 18 367 3 890 537 26 891

3 881 649 20 671 6 061 623 31 886

4 526 763 21 688 7 878 716 35 571

4 751 772 21 735 8 804 709 36 772

5 344 971 20 876 10 468 770 38 428

5 295 968 19 036 11 046 811 37 157

5 243 950 18 495 11 238 861 36 787

45.0% 97.9% 0.7% 188.9% 60.2% 36.8%


788 1 660 1 900 775 .. 761 6 639 12 772 364 797 38 281 4 413 170 2 130 558 3 606 263 597 .. 1 784 1 509 686 818 8 737 52 045

842 1 772 1 829 732 .. 825 6 907 13 126 492 959 46 278 4 889 158 2 471 613 4 314 322 702 .. 2 407 1 634 719 1 120 8 347 55 505

969 1 958 1 966 801 .. 1 030 8 029 14 954 627 1 187 63 345 5 478 149 2 695 768 5 301 418 831 .. 2 834 1 695 839 1 317 8 308 62 562

967 1 847 2 062 808 .. 1 082 8 534 14 955 735 1 246 74 361 5 414 128 2 539 837 5 221 459 868 .. 2 969 1 977 924 1 646 8 407 64 059

1 042 2 007 2 075 727 409 1 188 9 379 14 704 898 1 205 95 415 6 136 142 2 751 882 4 317 703 893 239 3 771 1 976 1 020 2 207 8 622 67 803

1 123 2 236 1 738 812 218 1 211 9 925 14 088 949 1 082 92 446 6 662 132 3 094 984 4 165 845 744 254 4 220 2 107 1 009 2 578 9 058 69 773

1 198 2 433 1 712 780 197 1 357 10 547 14 092 1 134 1 047 131 578 7 181 140 3 160 1 095 3 717 1 030 743 269 5 102 1 991 1 047 3 180 9 335 73 195

1 407 2 437 1 881 791 218 1 441 11 340 14 110 1 266 1 153 131 610 7 802 184 3 409 1 123 3 858 1 108 788 305 5 942 2 159 1 086 3 526 9 322 77 401

1 419 2 527 1 858 815 235 1 533 10 936 13 685 1 156 1 076 227 602 7 273 177 3 496 1 420 4 205 984 746 307 5 349 2 131 1 097 4 466 8 490 76 210

1 391 2 335 1 756 735 255 1 393 10 593 13 302 977 941 246 545 6 505 166 3 237 1 365 4 086 901 710 287 4 903 2 069 1 119 4 896 8 022 72 735

1 347 2 210 1 725 679 253 1 421 10 159 12 815 969 956 246 535 6 145 160 3 054 1 204 3 936 886 668 279 4 796 2 016 1 049 5 089 7 512 70 107

29.3% 10.1% -16.9% -6.6% -38.3% 19.6% 8.3% -12.9% 7.9% -20.7% 158.4% 28.8% 0.1% 12.6% 11.0% 36.5% -8.8% 26.1% -25.2% 16.9% 27.2% 2.0% 2.9% 130.6% -12.9% 3.4%

.. 116 144 .. ..

.. 122 219 .. ..

.. 134 788 .. ..

.. 134 859 .. ..

68 871 146 234 183 043 295 745

69 013 156 750 183 404 312 791

70 965 168 641 194 569 338 401

75 082 172 762 200 048 385 170

72 230 165 096 193 918 429 441

68 093 160 213 190 727 447 335

65 522 159 631 189 394 451 472

-4.9% 9.2% 3.5% 52.7%

Non-OECD Total ² OECD Total ³




© OECD/IEA, 2016

petajoules



1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

Non-OECD Total ¹

83 081

100 545

123 876

143 727

169 329

172 404

186 881

238 194

300 096

330 118

337 567

99.4%


72 .. .. .. .. 797 .. 25 .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 9 .. .. 1 764 .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 169 918

83 .. .. .. .. 973 .. 24 .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 9 .. .. 2 169 .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 351 1 068

129 .. .. .. .. 1 189 .. 36 .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 13 .. .. 2 731 .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 453 1 411

114 .. .. .. .. 1 283 .. 39 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. 14 .. .. 2 719 .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 248 1 722

112 323 949 1 905 294 1 182 396 57 104 520 2 3 075 .. 313 329 673 29 414 .. 2 606 36 809 825 222 733 10 551 1 941 .. ..

56 69 582 1 036 63 967 327 71 105 156 4 2 187 .. 100 192 365 30 198 .. 1 951 26 655 577 93 573 6 854 1 790 .. ..

75 84 473 1 029 182 779 351 89 112 120 5 1 494 65 97 160 299 28 121 .. 1 517 25 927 575 90 623 5 602 2 130 .. ..

91 105 562 1 120 211 833 408 93 117 119 6 2 130 81 108 190 370 37 146 45 1 616 27 286 673 98 803 5 982 1 971 .. ..

89 104 485 1 152 271 748 393 102 121 131 7 2 894 104 115 189 295 35 147 49 1 467 28 822 654 91 950 5 545 1 809 .. ..

97 121 581 1 142 270 708 353 81 113 163 8 3 414 99 165 182 292 32 129 41 1 335 30 514 624 109 1 097 4 863 1 799 .. ..

98 124 600 1 162 328 749 337 83 110 184 8 3 210 93 159 182 293 32 138 40 1 327 29 763 555 117 1 120 4 425 1 829 .. ..

-12.6% -61.6% -36.8% -39.0% 11.5% -36.6% -15.0% 44.5% 5.9% -64.6% 240.7% 4.4% .. -49.3% -44.7% -56.4% 11.4% -66.6% .. -49.1% -19.1% -32.7% -47.2% 52.7% -58.1% -5.8% .. ..

35 753

43 678

51 963

58 141

64 366

44 999

42 027

45 202

46 769

48 333

47 064

-26.9%


145 161 46 .. 113 21 103 280 327 .. 582 45 125 222 66 15 124 289 .. .. 1 389 52 1 902 .. 294 317 30 69 147 228 945 8 037

231 173 52 .. 127 23 124 313 410 .. 644 54 153 253 153 17 166 280 .. .. 1 614 58 2 260 .. 313 321 33 91 163 248 1 032 9 305

469 191 57 .. 153 26 150 354 632 .. 699 58 168 309 295 18 226 281 .. .. 2 046 65 2 737 .. 350 336 37 137 190 272 1 173 11 429

743 209 65 36 187 32 155 417 1 074 .. 806 57 182 364 424 19 259 267 .. .. 2 390 65 3 617 .. 396 367 41 174 208 310 1 298 14 162

929 246 70 51 209 33 182 494 1 350 .. 960 49 222 448 468 28 319 248 .. .. 2 781 71 3 808 .. 445 408 53 207 227 389 1 757 16 451

1 015 266 77 61 232 34 216 537 1 471 42 1 142 56 271 509 586 33 391 263 39 .. 3 085 78 4 335 .. 502 461 66 243 244 412 1 923 18 589

1 130 301 83 75 264 30 284 582 1 699 30 1 327 62 263 586 663 42 461 300 43 62 3 602 100 4 565 .. 557 564 88 306 265 419 1 995 20 749

1 357 353 105 78 295 46 403 698 2 574 32 1 544 126 246 670 744 49 621 355 56 73 4 409 117 5 370 .. 627 722 99 348 310 403 2 274 25 102

1 678 509 153 90 292 70 425 831 3 037 31 1 786 213 310 817 870 55 715 417 64 93 5 019 160 5 936 .. 700 865 130 430 353 402 2 595 29 050

1 992 581 170 104 305 110 566 1 151 3 141 33 1 965 222 375 893 813 58 785 458 73 120 5 610 155 5 851 28 612 1 006 134 436 405 455 2 776 31 385

2 163 614 180 114 318 110 581 1 202 3 133 34 2 025 212 378 989 748 59 795 487 76 121 5 640 166 6 156 29 627 1 040 138 440 421 463 2 865 32 325

132.9% 149.4% 158.1% 123.0% 52.6% 233.8% 219.3% 143.4% 132.0% .. 110.9% 329.6% 70.7% 120.6% 60.0% 110.3% 149.2% 96.5% .. .. 102.8% 134.7% 61.6% .. 41.0% 155.1% 161.3% 112.6% 85.7% 18.9% 63.1% 96.5%



© OECD/IEA, 2016

petajoules


Total primary energy supply petajoules

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


238 7 .. 813 6 356 1 467 253 .. 331 153 713 642 114 159 419 573 554 237 13 030

282 31 .. 932 7 198 1 722 302 .. 351 169 852 764 155 172 599 726 582 272 15 110

352 57 .. 1 271 8 374 2 332 498 .. 394 191 1 037 938 215 190 1 168 921 603 324 18 865

417 75 .. 1 507 10 341 2 756 651 131 460 213 1 351 995 283 209 1 390 1 036 668 269 22 752

533 72 .. 1 391 12 800 4 130 914 143 447 242 1 796 1 202 483 231 1 999 1 756 748 289 29 176

666 94 119 920 15 541 5 478 1 447 113 494 281 2 242 1 408 789 251 2 660 2 593 916 289 36 301

765 100 143 826 18 459 6 517 2 047 100 538 339 2 682 1 674 782 349 3 552 3 026 1 203 345 43 447

954 93 144 893 21 610 7 526 2 752 125 624 382 3 203 1 627 903 377 4 286 4 145 1 727 398 51 771

1 278 136 222 792 29 024 8 880 3 072 165 587 427 3 560 1 691 1 064 408 4 666 4 934 2 467 514 63 887

1 420 127 250 454 32 486 9 107 3 676 220 696 470 3 716 1 875 1 103 420 4 531 5 682 2 583 777 69 596

1 483 149 267 499 34 530 9 442 3 756 225 808 489 3 763 1 996 1 173 448 4 615 5 642 2 789 822 72 897

178.1% 105.8% .. -64.1% 169.8% 128.6% 310.8% 57.7% 80.8% 101.9% 109.5% 66.1% 143.0% 94.2% 130.9% 221.3% 272.9% 184.7% 149.8%


16 373 126 16 498

20 238 152 20 390

25 038 194 25 232

28 945 276 29 220

36 454 361 36 814

43 727 443 44 171

47 524 569 48 093

76 073 526 76 600

109 478 572 110 051

125 810 584 126 394

127 760 596 128 357

250.5% 65.3% 248.7%


1 409 43 2 922 580 34 439 229 98 94 73 114 63 58 84 51 69 57 382 .. 110 101 748 203 7 962

1 505 62 3 814 646 42 491 161 129 132 95 140 72 64 112 62 71 62 434 .. 97 102 965 252 9 508

1 751 102 4 767 741 53 613 164 144 209 105 159 87 78 95 64 59 87 471 .. 160 111 1 368 242 11 632

1 731 106 5 416 837 53 640 75 142 235 110 158 79 84 72 81 65 95 443 .. 213 84 1 521 151 12 390

1 929 109 5 870 1 014 70 729 61 168 265 103 185 65 100 117 85 62 129 408 .. 251 94 1 658 213 13 684

2 263 158 6 745 1 156 99 455 55 220 330 141 223 71 118 134 95 84 164 459 .. 257 108 1 961 210 15 503

2 577 205 7 848 1 081 120 533 88 302 369 166 295 84 125 160 105 108 161 512 26 412 129 2 147 210 17 764

2 802 217 9 016 1 134 162 447 87 290 391 189 327 143 172 155 120 122 166 571 26 675 124 2 357 213 19 905

3 294 268 11 132 1 306 195 517 85 315 493 178 427 159 191 112 124 151 201 782 30 840 171 3 030 255 24 255

3 476 327 12 298 1 409 203 483 76 320 555 167 504 172 218 120 147 166 207 853 29 821 193 2 879 297 25 917

3 626 349 12 696 1 424 205 490 83 320 594 170 553 174 224 118 153 176 216 996 29 819 197 2 826 304 26 743

88.0% 219.1% 116.3% 40.4% 192.5% -32.8% 35.2% 90.3% 124.0% 64.7% 199.7% 166.1% 125.0% 0.9% 81.4% 182.6% 68.2% 144.3% .. 226.8% 109.4% 70.5% 42.7% 95.4%


59 695 168 21 256 77 4 39 308 100 42 31 1 800

89 1 115 255 32 271 91 10 85 367 128 81 29 2 553

117 1 593 407 64 438 104 48 139 1 302 187 303 53 4 755

174 2 252 616 110 587 98 88 236 1 926 328 574 73 7 062

219 2 903 839 137 381 82 177 273 2 429 438 855 105 8 838

269 4 238 1 406 180 619 185 255 341 3 538 507 1 159 143 12 840

334 5 151 1 087 204 784 205 317 457 4 097 646 1 320 199 14 800

435 7 229 1 107 280 1 100 211 415 698 5 131 871 1 863 276 19 614

530 8 553 1 571 297 1 343 267 784 1 157 7 766 907 2 583 327 26 085

574 9 251 2 066 324 1 463 296 1 023 1 689 8 046 487 2 929 345 28 493

593 9 926 2 072 342 1 418 314 1 019 1 845 8 939 452 2 951 311 30 182

170.5% 242.0% 146.9% 149.8% 271.9% 283.5% 476.6% 575.3% 268.1% 3.2% 245.1% 195.4% 241.5%


© OECD/IEA, 2016




2014

% change 90-14

8 772.3

9 227.3 10 036.9 11 533.0 12 951.9 13 549.1 13 699.1

56.2%

.. 3 679.9 1 967.0 1 266.3 446.6 .. ..

5 586.3 4 012.7 2 126.3 1 348.4 537.9 1 518.8 2 983.8

5 487.3 4 311.5 2 301.1 1 409.0 601.3 1 111.8 3 509.9

5 773.0 4 658.9 2 527.0 1 488.7 643.2 1 035.4 3 990.5

5 994.6 4 808.4 2 590.3 1 568.5 649.5 1 098.9 5 218.8

5 870.4 4 637.0 2 480.1 1 512.3 644.6 1 123.5 6 721.0

5 735.5 4 483.1 2 454.3 1 428.4 600.5 1 132.7 7 459.0

5 674.1 4 449.8 2 496.1 1 366.2 587.5 1 100.0 7 661.8

1.6% 10.9% 17.4% 1.3% 9.2% -27.6% 156.8%

..

..

2 150.0

2 031.5

2 051.4

2 183.2

2 147.4

2 043.0

1 960.0

-8.8%

105.9 58.1

111.0 67.5

95.4 75.1

115.7 86.4

133.1 97.0

155.1 118.3

178.9 140.6

207.7 152.8

191.1 163.5

194.7 168.5

68.2% 94.9%

1 984.4

2 401.5

2 958.7

3 432.9

4 044.4

4 117.8

4 463.6

5 689.2

7 167.7

7 884.7

8 062.7

99.4%

OECD Total ³

3 372.2

3 617.4

4 067.7

4 122.6

4 525.8

4 879.4

5 299.9

5 524.3

5 423.8

5 309.8

5 273.3

16.5%


141.4 8.7 43.0 1 587.5 1 780.5

165.9 7.6 59.1 1 653.5 1 886.3

191.9 9.5 95.1 1 804.7 2 101.2

193.0 9.6 108.6 1 774.0 2 085.2

211.3 14.0 123.7 1 915.1 2 264.0

233.8 18.3 131.8 2 067.3 2 451.3

253.6 25.2 150.0 2 273.3 2 702.1

271.6 28.4 178.6 2 318.8 2 797.3

264.8 30.8 174.8 2 215.2 2 685.7

271.7 38.7 192.1 2 182.6 2 685.0

279.9 36.1 188.0 2 216.2 2 720.1

32.5% 157.7% 52.0% 15.7% 20.1%

51.6 5.7 267.5 17.0 6.8 348.7

60.4 7.0 305.1 24.5 8.5 405.5

69.6 7.8 344.5 41.3 9.0 472.2

72.5 7.6 362.9 53.1 11.2 507.3

86.4 11.5 438.7 92.9 12.8 642.3

92.7 15.5 493.7 144.8 14.9 761.6

108.1 18.2 518.0 188.2 17.1 849.6

113.5 18.4 519.1 210.3 16.9 878.3

127.6 23.2 498.6 250.0 18.4 917.8

126.5 23.1 454.7 263.8 19.4 887.5

125.2 22.7 441.7 268.4 20.6 878.7

45.0% 97.9% 0.7% 188.9% 60.2% 36.8%


18.8 39.7 45.4 18.5 .. 18.2 158.6 305.0 8.7 19.0 0.9 6.7 105.4 4.1 50.9 13.3 86.1 6.3 14.3 .. 42.6 36.0 16.4 19.5 208.7 1 243.1

20.1 42.3 43.7 17.5 .. 19.7 165.0 313.5 11.7 22.9 1.1 6.6 116.8 3.8 59.0 14.6 103.0 7.7 16.8 .. 57.5 39.0 17.2 26.8 199.4 1 325.7

23.2 46.8 47.0 19.1 .. 24.6 191.8 357.2 15.0 28.3 1.5 8.2 130.8 3.6 64.4 18.4 126.6 10.0 19.8 .. 67.7 40.5 20.0 31.4 198.4 1 494.3

23.1 44.1 49.2 19.3 .. 25.8 203.8 357.2 17.6 29.8 1.8 8.6 129.3 3.1 60.6 20.0 124.7 11.0 20.7 .. 70.9 47.2 22.1 39.3 200.8 1 530.0

24.9 47.9 49.6 17.4 9.8 28.4 224.0 351.2 21.4 28.8 2.3 9.9 146.6 3.4 65.7 21.1 103.1 16.8 21.3 5.7 90.1 47.2 24.4 52.7 205.9 1 619.4

26.8 53.4 41.5 19.4 5.2 28.9 237.1 336.5 22.7 25.9 2.2 10.7 159.1 3.1 73.9 23.5 99.5 20.2 17.8 6.1 100.8 50.3 24.1 61.6 216.4 1 666.5

28.6 58.1 40.9 18.6 4.7 32.4 251.9 336.6 27.1 25.0 3.1 13.8 171.5 3.3 75.5 26.2 88.8 24.6 17.7 6.4 121.9 47.6 25.0 76.0 223.0 1 748.2

33.6 58.2 44.9 18.9 5.2 34.4 270.9 337.0 30.2 27.5 3.1 14.6 186.4 4.4 81.4 26.8 92.1 26.5 18.8 7.3 141.9 51.6 25.9 84.2 222.7 1 848.7

33.9 60.4 44.4 19.5 5.6 36.6 261.2 326.9 27.6 25.7 5.4 14.4 173.7 4.2 83.5 33.9 100.4 23.5 17.8 7.3 127.8 50.9 26.2 106.7 202.8 1 820.2

33.2 55.8 42.0 17.5 6.1 33.3 253.0 317.7 23.3 22.5 5.9 13.0 155.4 4.0 77.3 32.6 97.6 21.5 16.9 6.9 117.1 49.4 26.7 116.9 191.6 1 737.2

32.2 52.8 41.2 16.2 6.0 33.9 242.6 306.1 23.1 22.8 5.9 12.8 146.8 3.8 73.0 28.7 94.0 21.2 15.9 6.7 114.6 48.2 25.1 121.5 179.4 1 674.5

29.3% 10.1% -16.9% -6.6% -38.3% 19.6% 8.3% -12.9% 7.9% -20.7% 158.4% 28.8% 0.1% 12.6% 11.0% 36.5% -8.8% 26.1% -25.2% 16.9% 27.2% 2.0% 2.9% 130.6% -12.9% 3.4%


.. 2 774.0 .. ..

.. 2 919.2 .. ..

.. 3 219.3 .. ..

.. 3 221.0 .. ..

1 645.0 3 492.7 4 371.9 7 063.7

1 648.4 3 743.9 4 380.5 7 470.9

1 695.0 4 027.9 4 647.2 8 082.6

1 793.3 1 725.2 1 626.4 1 565.0 4 126.4 3 943.3 3 826.6 3 812.7 4 778.1 4 631.6 4 555.4 4 523.6 9 199.6 10 257.0 10 684.4 10 783.2

-4.9% 9.2% 3.5% 52.7%

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

World ¹

5 523.0

6 182.9

7 204.9

7 725.9


.. 3 113.5 1 728.8 1 058.7 326.0 .. ..

.. 3 306.0 1 819.5 1 112.5 374.0 .. ..

.. 3 660.8 1 996.6 1 241.1 423.1 .. ..


..

..


109.8 56.6

Non-OECD Total ²


1995

2000

2005

2010

2013



© OECD/IEA, 2016

million tonnes of oil equivalent



1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

1 984.4

2 401.5

2 958.7

3 432.9

4 044.4

4 117.8

4 463.6

5 689.2

7 167.7

7 884.7

8 062.7

99.4%


1.7 .. .. .. .. 19.0 .. 0.6 .. .. 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 .. .. 42.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 768.3 21.9

2.0 .. .. .. .. 23.2 .. 0.6 .. .. 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.2 .. .. 51.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 939.9 25.5

3.1 .. .. .. .. 28.4 .. 0.9 .. .. 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.3 .. .. 65.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 109.5 33.7

2.7 .. .. .. .. 30.6 .. 0.9 .. .. 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. 0.3 .. .. 64.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 247.9 41.1

2.7 7.7 22.7 45.5 7.0 28.2 9.5 1.4 2.5 12.4 0.1 73.4 .. 7.5 7.9 16.1 0.7 9.9 .. 62.3 879.2 19.7 5.3 17.5 252.0 46.4 .. ..

1.3 1.6 13.9 24.7 1.5 23.1 7.8 1.7 2.5 3.7 0.1 52.2 .. 2.4 4.6 8.7 0.7 4.7 .. 46.6 636.6 13.8 2.2 13.7 163.7 42.7 .. ..

1.8 2.0 11.3 24.6 4.3 18.6 8.4 2.1 2.7 2.9 0.1 35.7 1.5 2.3 3.8 7.1 0.7 2.9 .. 36.2 619.3 13.7 2.1 14.9 133.8 50.9 .. ..

2.2 2.5 13.4 26.8 5.0 19.9 9.7 2.2 2.8 2.8 0.2 50.9 1.9 2.6 4.5 8.8 0.9 3.5 1.1 38.6 651.7 16.1 2.3 19.2 142.9 47.1 .. ..

2.1 2.5 11.6 27.5 6.5 17.9 9.4 2.4 2.9 3.1 0.2 69.1 2.5 2.8 4.5 7.0 0.8 3.5 1.2 35.0 688.4 15.6 2.2 22.7 132.4 43.2 .. ..

2.3 2.9 13.9 27.3 6.5 16.9 8.4 1.9 2.7 3.9 0.2 81.5 2.4 3.9 4.3 7.0 0.8 3.1 1.0 31.9 728.8 14.9 2.6 26.2 116.1 43.0 .. ..

2.3 3.0 14.3 27.7 7.8 17.9 8.0 2.0 2.6 4.4 0.2 76.7 2.2 3.8 4.3 7.0 0.8 3.3 1.0 31.7 710.9 13.3 2.8 26.7 105.7 43.7 .. ..

-12.6% -61.6% -36.8% -39.0% 11.5% -36.6% -15.0% 44.5% 5.9% -64.6% 240.9% 4.4% .. -49.3% -44.7% -56.4% 11.4% -66.6% .. -49.1% -19.1% -32.7% -47.2% 52.7% -58.1% -5.8% .. ..

853.9

1 043.2

1 241.1

1 388.7

1 537.4

1 074.8

1 003.8

1 079.6

1 117.1

1 154.4

1 124.1

-26.9%


3.5 3.9 1.1 .. 2.7 0.5 2.5 6.7 7.8 .. 13.9 1.1 3.0 5.3 1.6 0.4 3.0 6.9 .. .. 33.2 1.2 45.4 .. 7.0 7.6 0.7 1.7 3.5 5.4 22.6 192.0

5.5 4.1 1.2 .. 3.0 0.6 3.0 7.5 9.8 .. 15.4 1.3 3.7 6.0 3.7 0.4 4.0 6.7 .. .. 38.6 1.4 54.0 .. 7.5 7.7 0.8 2.2 3.9 5.9 24.7 222.3

11.2 4.6 1.4 .. 3.7 0.6 3.6 8.5 15.1 .. 16.7 1.4 4.0 7.4 7.0 0.4 5.4 6.7 .. .. 48.9 1.6 65.4 .. 8.4 8.0 0.9 3.3 4.5 6.5 28.0 273.0

17.7 5.0 1.5 0.9 4.5 0.8 3.7 10.0 25.7 .. 19.2 1.4 4.4 8.7 10.1 0.4 6.2 6.4 .. .. 57.1 1.6 86.4 .. 9.5 8.8 1.0 4.2 5.0 7.4 31.0 338.3

22.2 5.9 1.7 1.2 5.0 0.8 4.3 11.8 32.3 .. 22.9 1.2 5.3 10.7 11.2 0.7 7.6 5.9 .. .. 66.4 1.7 91.0 .. 10.6 9.7 1.3 4.9 5.4 9.3 42.0 392.9

24.2 6.4 1.8 1.4 5.5 0.8 5.2 12.8 35.1 1.0 27.3 1.3 6.5 12.2 14.0 0.8 9.3 6.3 0.9 .. 73.7 1.9 103.5 .. 12.0 11.0 1.6 5.8 5.8 9.8 45.9 444.0

27.0 7.2 2.0 1.8 6.3 0.7 6.8 13.9 40.6 0.7 31.7 1.5 6.3 14.0 15.8 1.0 11.0 7.2 1.0 1.5 86.0 2.4 109.0 .. 13.3 13.5 2.1 7.3 6.3 10.0 47.7 495.6

32.4 8.4 2.5 1.9 7.1 1.1 9.6 16.7 61.5 0.8 36.9 3.0 5.9 16.0 17.8 1.2 14.8 8.5 1.3 1.7 105.3 2.8 128.3 .. 15.0 17.2 2.4 8.3 7.4 9.6 54.3 599.6

40.1 12.2 3.7 2.2 7.0 1.7 10.2 19.8 72.5 0.7 42.7 5.1 7.4 19.5 20.8 1.3 17.1 10.0 1.5 2.2 119.9 3.8 141.8 .. 16.7 20.7 3.1 10.3 8.4 9.6 62.0 693.8

47.6 13.9 4.1 2.5 7.3 2.6 13.5 27.5 75.0 0.8 46.9 5.3 9.0 21.3 19.4 1.4 18.7 10.9 1.7 2.9 134.0 3.7 139.7 0.7 14.6 24.0 3.2 10.4 9.7 10.9 66.3 749.6

51.7 14.7 4.3 2.7 7.6 2.6 13.9 28.7 74.8 0.8 48.4 5.1 9.0 23.6 17.9 1.4 19.0 11.6 1.8 2.9 134.7 4.0 147.0 0.7 15.0 24.8 3.3 10.5 10.1 11.1 68.4 772.1

132.9% 149.4% 158.1% 123.0% 52.6% 233.8% 219.3% 143.4% 132.0% .. 110.9% 329.6% 70.7% 120.6% 60.0% 110.3% 149.2% 96.5% .. .. 102.8% 134.7% 61.6% .. 41.0% 155.1% 161.3% 112.6% 85.7% 18.9% 63.1% 96.5%

Non-OECD Total ¹



© OECD/IEA, 2016

million tonnes of oil equivalent


Total primary energy supply million tonnes of oil equivalent

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


5.7 0.2 .. 19.4 151.8 35.0 6.1 .. 7.9 3.7 17.0 15.3 2.7 3.8 10.0 13.7 13.2 5.7 311.2

6.7 0.7 .. 22.3 171.9 41.1 7.2 .. 8.4 4.0 20.3 18.3 3.7 4.1 14.3 17.3 13.9 6.5 360.9

8.4 1.3 .. 30.4 200.0 55.7 11.9 .. 9.4 4.6 24.8 22.4 5.1 4.5 27.9 22.0 14.4 7.7 450.6

10.0 1.8 .. 36.0 247.0 65.8 15.5 3.1 11.0 5.1 32.3 23.8 6.8 5.0 33.2 24.7 16.0 6.4 543.4

12.7 1.7 .. 33.2 305.7 98.6 21.8 3.4 10.7 5.8 42.9 28.7 11.5 5.5 47.7 41.9 17.9 6.9 696.9

15.9 2.2 2.8 22.0 371.2 130.9 34.6 2.7 11.8 6.7 53.5 33.6 18.8 6.0 63.5 61.9 21.9 6.9 867.0

18.3 2.4 3.4 19.7 440.9 155.7 48.9 2.4 12.8 8.1 64.1 40.0 18.7 8.3 84.8 72.3 28.7 8.2 1 037.7

22.8 2.2 3.4 21.3 516.2 179.8 65.7 3.0 14.9 9.1 76.5 38.9 21.6 9.0 102.4 99.0 41.3 9.5 1 236.5

30.5 3.2 5.3 18.9 693.2 212.1 73.4 3.9 14.0 10.2 85.0 40.4 25.4 9.7 111.4 117.8 58.9 12.3 1 525.9

33.9 3.0 6.0 10.8 775.9 217.5 87.8 5.3 16.6 11.2 88.8 44.8 26.4 10.0 108.2 135.7 61.7 18.6 1 662.3

35.4 3.6 6.4 11.9 824.7 225.5 89.7 5.4 19.3 11.7 89.9 47.7 28.0 10.7 110.2 134.8 66.6 19.6 1 741.1

178.1% 105.8% .. -64.1% 169.8% 128.6% 310.8% 57.7% 80.8% 101.9% 109.5% 66.1% 143.0% 94.2% 130.9% 221.3% 272.9% 184.7% 149.8%


391.1 3.0 394.1

483.4 3.6 487.0

598.0 4.6 602.6

691.3 6.6 697.9

870.7 8.6 879.3

1 044.4 10.6 1 055.0

1 135.1 13.6 1 148.7

1 817.0 12.6 1 829.6

2 614.8 13.7 2 628.5

3 004.9 14.0 3 018.9

3 051.5 14.2 3 065.7

250.5% 65.3% 248.7%


33.6 1.0 69.8 13.9 0.8 10.5 5.5 2.3 2.2 1.8 2.7 1.5 1.4 2.0 1.2 1.7 1.4 9.1 .. 2.6 2.4 17.9 4.9 190.2

35.9 1.5 91.1 15.4 1.0 11.7 3.8 3.1 3.1 2.3 3.3 1.7 1.5 2.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 10.4 .. 2.3 2.4 23.0 6.0 227.1

41.8 2.4 113.9 17.7 1.3 14.6 3.9 3.4 5.0 2.5 3.8 2.1 1.9 2.3 1.5 1.4 2.1 11.3 .. 3.8 2.6 32.7 5.8 277.8

41.3 2.5 129.4 20.0 1.3 15.3 1.8 3.4 5.6 2.6 3.8 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.6 2.3 10.6 .. 5.1 2.0 36.3 3.6 295.9

46.1 2.6 140.2 24.2 1.7 17.4 1.5 4.0 6.3 2.5 4.4 1.6 2.4 2.8 2.0 1.5 3.1 9.7 .. 6.0 2.3 39.6 5.1 326.8

54.0 3.8 161.1 27.6 2.4 10.9 1.3 5.2 7.9 3.4 5.3 1.7 2.8 3.2 2.3 2.0 3.9 11.0 .. 6.1 2.6 46.8 5.0 370.3

61.6 4.9 187.4 25.8 2.9 12.7 2.1 7.2 8.8 4.0 7.0 2.0 3.0 3.8 2.5 2.6 3.9 12.2 0.6 9.8 3.1 51.3 5.0 424.3

66.9 5.2 215.3 27.1 3.9 10.7 2.1 6.9 9.3 4.5 7.8 3.4 4.1 3.7 2.9 2.9 4.0 13.6 0.6 16.1 3.0 56.3 5.1 475.4

78.7 6.4 265.9 31.2 4.6 12.3 2.0 7.5 11.8 4.3 10.2 3.8 4.6 2.7 3.0 3.6 4.8 18.7 0.7 20.1 4.1 72.4 6.1 579.3

83.0 7.8 293.7 33.7 4.8 11.5 1.8 7.6 13.3 4.0 12.0 4.1 5.2 2.9 3.5 4.0 4.9 20.4 0.7 19.6 4.6 68.8 7.1 619.0

86.6 8.3 303.2 34.0 4.9 11.7 2.0 7.6 14.2 4.1 13.2 4.2 5.4 2.8 3.7 4.2 5.2 23.8 0.7 19.6 4.7 67.5 7.3 638.7

88.0% 219.1% 116.3% 40.4% 192.5% -32.8% 35.2% 90.3% 124.0% 64.7% 199.7% 166.1% 125.0% 0.9% 81.4% 182.6% 68.2% 144.3% .. 226.8% 109.4% 70.5% 42.7% 95.4%

1.4 16.6 4.0 0.5 6.1 1.8 0.1 0.9 7.4 2.4 1.0 0.7 43.0

2.1 26.6 6.1 0.8 6.5 2.2 0.2 2.0 8.8 3.1 1.9 0.7 61.0

2.8 38.1 9.7 1.5 10.5 2.5 1.2 3.3 31.1 4.5 7.2 1.3 113.6

4.2 53.8 14.7 2.6 14.0 2.3 2.1 5.6 46.0 7.8 13.7 1.7 168.7

5.2 69.3 20.0 3.3 9.1 2.0 4.2 6.5 58.0 10.5 20.4 2.5 211.1

6.4 101.2 33.6 4.3 14.8 4.4 6.1 8.1 84.5 12.1 27.7 3.4 306.7

8.0 123.0 26.0 4.9 18.7 4.9 7.6 10.9 97.9 15.4 31.5 4.7 353.5

10.4 172.7 26.4 6.7 26.3 5.0 9.9 16.7 122.5 20.8 44.5 6.6 468.5

12.7 204.3 37.5 7.1 32.1 6.4 18.7 27.6 185.5 21.7 61.7 7.8 623.0

13.7 221.0 49.4 7.7 34.9 7.1 24.4 40.3 192.2 11.6 69.9 8.3 680.6

14.2 237.1 49.5 8.2 33.9 7.5 24.3 44.1 213.5 10.8 70.5 7.4 720.9

170.5% 242.0% 146.9% 149.8% 271.9% 283.5% 476.6% 575.3% 268.1% 3.2% 245.1% 195.4% 241.5%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions / TPES

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

World ¹

60.3

59.8

58.7

56.4

55.8

55.3

55.1

56.0

56.2

56.6

56.5

1.1%


.. 65.8 63.9 68.6 66.5 .. ..

.. 63.9 62.1 65.8 66.8 .. ..

.. 61.4 60.0 63.6 61.7 .. ..

.. 58.9 59.6 57.7 59.1 .. ..

58.6 57.5 58.7 55.1 58.7 61.8 49.3

56.5 55.5 57.3 52.3 56.3 60.0 52.2

56.1 55.5 58.2 50.7 55.9 58.0 52.3

55.3 55.1 57.5 49.8 58.2 55.4 55.7

53.8 53.6 56.6 47.3 56.8 54.2 57.2

53.6 53.7 55.0 46.4 65.4 52.7 58.1

53.2 53.3 54.8 45.6 64.8 51.7 58.1

-9.4% -7.2% -6.5% -17.2% 10.4% -16.4% 17.8%

..

..

..

..

59.8

56.4

54.2

53.4

51.5

51.2

50.3

-15.8%

Non-OECD Total ²

49.1

51.9

53.0

51.3

52.4

53.1

52.7

55.5

56.7

57.5

57.5

9.6%

OECD Total ³

66.2

64.4

62.1

59.9

58.0

56.3

56.1

55.5

54.3

54.1

53.7

-7.5%


57.5 57.7 52.1 64.5 63.6

54.3 53.5 54.3 62.9 61.8

52.5 53.9 51.4 60.8 59.6

48.7 48.9 53.0 60.8 59.2

47.4 50.2 49.6 59.9 58.1

45.9 48.3 52.8 58.6 57.0

48.6 46.1 57.3 59.3 58.0

47.1 45.8 54.9 58.7 57.2

47.4 53.1 59.9 57.7 56.7

48.3 50.6 55.7 55.8 55.0

47.3 50.2 54.8 55.8 54.8

-0.2% -0.0% 10.4% -6.9% -5.7%


66.3 57.3 67.0 74.5 47.2 66.7

71.0 55.8 66.5 75.9 45.9 67.1

70.9 57.5 60.3 72.7 43.8 62.6

72.5 76.7 57.0 70.0 40.3 60.5

71.8 68.3 56.7 59.6 40.5 59.0

73.5 69.1 53.6 58.9 38.4 57.0

74.0 71.8 52.6 54.8 40.5 56.0

78.3 76.1 54.2 52.0 47.6 57.1

72.9 70.5 53.3 52.6 39.4 56.0

72.4 69.9 64.6 51.8 38.2 61.5

71.3 68.1 64.3 50.5 36.3 60.5

-0.7% -0.4% 13.4% -15.2% -10.3% 2.6%


61.7 71.0 80.8 71.5 .. 52.4 63.7 76.6 68.9 75.6 37.2 76.9 65.6 96.7 59.9 41.2 79.7 54.7 65.1 .. 66.7 54.4 56.7 51.0 71.1 69.6

58.7 65.2 84.8 71.9 .. 53.5 61.2 74.2 69.4 73.2 34.9 76.0 64.8 80.6 53.4 38.5 78.6 56.0 61.5 .. 64.7 48.3 51.1 53.2 69.0 67.2

56.1 64.1 85.5 78.7 .. 53.3 56.7 70.1 72.0 69.6 27.9 75.1 64.8 83.5 53.9 35.4 78.5 56.8 67.2 .. 65.7 43.1 46.8 54.3 68.7 65.6

54.5 54.7 85.1 75.5 .. 44.6 41.2 67.2 74.2 64.0 22.0 73.2 63.2 80.6 54.5 31.5 80.9 52.1 62.7 .. 58.3 29.5 45.2 57.9 64.6 60.7

54.0 52.9 72.4 70.1 87.9 45.3 36.8 63.9 77.9 54.5 19.9 72.6 63.4 75.7 52.7 31.1 79.9 53.9 61.4 56.6 53.7 26.3 40.0 57.6 63.5 57.5

53.1 49.9 70.9 71.9 73.2 46.0 34.6 60.8 80.6 52.0 21.2 73.2 60.2 62.4 52.9 31.9 80.1 55.9 55.4 55.4 54.1 27.0 41.1 58.9 56.7 54.8

51.7 46.8 70.9 65.1 73.5 40.2 34.6 57.7 77.6 50.9 16.5 70.7 58.5 57.4 51.1 29.1 77.9 56.2 49.6 52.4 54.6 26.1 40.1 63.3 55.8 53.2

53.0 44.0 63.0 61.2 77.1 38.0 32.7 55.8 75.2 47.4 17.1 72.5 58.5 62.5 49.0 30.7 76.8 55.4 47.3 50.6 56.1 22.7 40.4 61.3 57.0 52.0

48.4 41.7 60.0 57.9 79.2 40.3 31.1 55.5 72.2 44.2 8.6 65.3 53.9 60.2 48.6 26.5 73.1 48.3 46.3 50.3 49.0 21.6 39.3 59.4 56.2 49.8

46.2 40.0 57.6 52.6 73.9 35.4 29.9 57.4 70.5 43.1 8.2 63.1 51.9 58.8 48.1 25.7 71.5 48.5 44.8 49.5 47.9 18.2 37.1 58.0 56.1 49.0

45.1 39.5 56.0 50.8 69.3 31.9 28.1 56.4 68.0 42.1 8.3 63.3 52.0 57.9 48.6 29.3 70.9 48.3 43.9 45.7 48.4 18.6 36.0 60.4 54.3 48.4

-16.5% -25.3% -22.7% -27.5% -21.1% -29.7% -23.7% -11.7% -12.7% -22.7% -58.3% -12.7% -18.0% -23.6% -7.8% -5.8% -11.3% -10.4% -28.4% -19.4% -10.0% -29.6% -10.0% 4.8% -14.5% -15.9%


.. 66.2 .. ..

.. 64.4 .. ..

.. 61.7 .. ..

.. 59.4 .. ..

58.4 58.0 58.2 56.7

55.2 55.8 56.1 56.6

53.4 55.8 56.0 56.5

52.2 55.3 55.2 57.6

50.0 54.2 54.1 57.9

49.2 54.6 53.9 58.7

48.2 54.2 53.5 58.5

-17.5% -6.5% -8.1% 3.2%


1. The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers. 2. Includes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990. 3. Excludes Estonia and Slovenia prior to 1990.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

tonnes CO 2 / terajoule


CO2 emissions / TPES

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

Non-OECD Total ¹

49.1

51.9

53.0

51.3

52.4

53.1

52.7

55.5

56.7

57.5

57.5

9.6%


53.7 .. .. .. .. 80.1 .. 70.9 .. .. 55.4 .. .. .. .. .. 74.2 .. .. 65.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 60.4 67.4

52.1 .. .. .. .. 75.3 .. 70.1 .. .. 47.4 .. .. .. .. .. 74.3 .. .. 64.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 63.0 68.8

53.0 .. .. .. .. 71.6 .. 71.1 .. .. 68.8 .. .. .. .. .. 74.4 .. .. 64.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 63.2 59.7

61.0 .. .. .. .. 64.1 .. 71.8 .. .. 59.2 .. .. .. .. .. 80.3 .. .. 64.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 58.9 69.5

50.7 61.5 56.4 52.4 81.7 63.1 51.3 68.1 82.9 64.4 59.2 77.1 .. 72.6 57.1 47.9 79.6 73.7 .. 64.6 58.8 75.1 49.6 60.9 65.2 59.2 .. ..

33.2 48.9 55.6 55.0 52.5 54.6 45.2 71.1 79.5 52.2 63.9 78.0 .. 44.7 46.2 36.8 80.1 60.2 .. 60.3 58.1 77.3 26.4 58.0 57.7 52.8 .. ..

41.1 40.6 57.7 50.7 75.4 54.2 47.8 70.4 76.4 38.6 63.5 75.0 79.1 45.8 42.6 34.2 75.3 54.1 .. 56.9 56.9 74.8 24.2 58.8 52.7 53.5 .. ..

42.2 39.3 51.6 49.1 75.2 55.8 48.8 75.8 75.9 34.2 64.2 73.7 81.6 45.4 40.0 33.1 73.9 52.6 44.1 57.3 54.3 73.7 24.0 59.9 49.1 54.3 .. ..

44.2 38.9 48.5 52.0 75.5 59.3 46.4 71.0 69.1 38.2 65.4 76.4 83.4 52.4 42.8 41.3 73.6 53.5 51.2 51.0 53.0 70.2 25.3 59.9 48.0 53.6 .. ..

37.5 43.2 50.7 51.0 79.6 55.5 45.0 69.5 69.6 41.0 64.8 73.0 84.2 53.7 38.0 36.8 73.5 52.1 55.3 51.7 50.3 72.8 32.4 59.7 54.5 53.5 .. ..

42.1 42.1 51.3 49.4 66.0 56.2 45.0 69.8 67.7 42.0 65.4 69.7 80.0 52.6 37.0 35.2 72.3 52.4 55.5 51.4 49.3 68.7 39.7 59.8 53.5 53.5 .. ..

-16.9% -31.5% -8.9% -5.7% -19.2% -10.9% -12.3% 2.5% -18.4% -34.8% 10.3% -9.7% .. -27.5% -35.2% -26.5% -9.1% -28.9% .. -20.4% -16.1% -8.6% -19.9% -1.7% -18.1% -9.5% .. ..

61.2

63.5

63.4

59.6

61.2

58.6

56.6

54.7

54.2

53.1

52.0

-15.1%


59.2 10.0 6.6 .. 6.5 26.9 23.4 9.2 61.4 .. 2.2 10.6 15.3 14.6 56.6 17.1 53.2 10.2 .. .. 4.1 23.4 82.6 .. 10.9 4.4 11.3 53.6 22.9 31.8 8.9 31.0

58.6 11.3 8.9 .. 8.0 26.2 24.5 8.4 62.4 .. 1.8 13.9 15.0 13.7 56.5 25.2 58.2 8.5 .. .. 6.7 27.7 89.8 .. 10.3 4.4 9.7 53.2 26.5 28.9 9.3 34.8

59.1 13.9 7.0 .. 10.9 26.7 22.7 8.9 64.5 .. 1.9 22.4 13.0 14.2 59.6 31.7 60.4 8.3 .. .. 12.4 31.2 76.1 .. 10.5 4.4 9.9 57.9 17.3 29.3 11.3 34.8

56.6 13.5 7.3 41.6 12.7 23.7 19.7 7.8 60.0 .. 1.7 29.5 11.5 12.6 50.1 33.0 62.9 5.6 .. .. 13.3 32.5 61.6 .. 10.0 4.0 7.2 55.4 12.9 31.4 8.4 32.9

55.1 15.9 3.7 55.0 12.7 19.4 14.9 6.1 57.6 .. 2.3 18.4 11.5 12.3 55.3 41.7 61.6 4.4 .. .. 10.1 30.2 64.0 .. 11.9 4.1 10.9 58.9 11.3 41.7 7.2 32.2

54.5 14.7 2.9 52.6 10.6 15.9 15.1 2.1 55.5 18.6 2.0 23.4 11.8 11.2 56.3 47.3 66.7 4.4 45.6 .. 10.6 31.7 59.9 .. 8.6 5.4 8.8 57.7 8.2 36.6 7.4 31.0

54.4 15.4 17.2 53.7 10.6 16.7 22.3 1.5 58.7 20.7 2.4 23.8 18.9 13.2 55.5 57.5 64.0 4.4 44.6 10.5 12.1 35.1 61.4 .. 9.8 4.6 10.7 57.6 6.2 31.7 8.2 31.7

57.1 17.4 25.6 54.7 9.9 18.5 14.4 1.8 56.2 18.1 2.9 13.8 26.0 11.2 57.8 60.9 62.6 4.3 44.9 10.1 12.8 39.6 69.3 .. 15.7 7.0 9.7 55.9 6.8 25.5 8.6 34.1

57.1 29.7 29.7 36.3 17.3 26.1 14.6 2.2 58.1 15.5 3.3 12.5 33.7 13.7 55.2 66.4 64.3 5.7 47.7 14.5 11.1 34.0 68.5 .. 21.4 7.1 15.9 54.1 4.6 22.9 9.7 34.3

57.2 31.1 30.7 50.5 19.2 23.1 15.2 3.0 55.7 16.5 4.3 15.3 36.4 13.1 59.3 66.3 64.3 6.5 47.2 14.8 11.0 38.6 72.4 52.0 22.1 10.2 12.5 54.3 7.0 25.8 10.7 34.2

56.8 31.4 32.0 60.5 19.0 24.0 16.1 3.9 55.3 16.5 4.5 16.4 34.7 12.5 64.0 67.5 66.8 8.0 47.5 16.3 10.7 37.9 71.1 51.8 21.3 10.0 12.5 56.8 7.6 24.8 10.8 34.2

3.2% 97.3% 768.2% 9.9% 49.8% 23.8% 8.3% -36.0% -4.0% .. 99.4% -10.6% 202.6% 1.5% 15.9% 61.7% 8.5% 81.8% .. .. 5.7% 25.5% 11.0% .. 78.7% 143.3% 14.6% -3.5% -33.0% -40.5% 50.4% 6.3%



© OECD/IEA, 2016

tonnes CO 2 / terajoule


CO2 emissions / TPES tonnes CO 2 / terajoule

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


12.1 53.6 .. 85.2 28.5 17.2 50.5 .. 13.6 1.2 22.2 35.9 53.0 17.3 71.1 28.3 29.4 44.6 32.0

15.7 45.4 .. 84.4 30.2 22.0 53.6 .. 11.2 1.9 23.4 37.9 54.3 15.3 68.0 29.1 29.1 46.9 33.8

18.7 46.7 .. 85.0 31.3 29.0 47.6 .. 12.9 2.7 23.5 35.5 58.9 19.1 61.1 36.6 24.7 51.4 36.4

18.5 39.5 .. 85.9 36.3 30.4 50.5 90.1 12.5 2.6 27.0 28.6 58.6 16.7 49.7 40.6 26.1 37.9 38.4

21.4 45.1 .. 84.0 41.4 32.4 54.2 90.1 8.8 3.7 31.2 31.6 60.0 15.9 55.6 46.1 23.2 35.8 41.5

24.8 47.8 12.4 83.1 45.5 37.3 55.0 90.8 13.6 6.3 35.3 40.7 47.6 21.7 57.9 54.0 30.0 32.6 44.6

27.4 44.3 13.7 84.8 48.2 39.2 56.2 89.5 17.3 9.1 35.8 40.7 53.9 30.2 60.3 50.3 36.8 33.0 46.5

33.5 51.9 18.4 84.3 50.0 42.3 56.6 87.7 16.9 8.0 36.4 43.9 41.9 35.5 59.2 48.3 45.8 39.0 47.9

39.0 50.6 20.8 82.8 54.9 42.4 61.8 85.8 13.5 9.6 36.9 45.6 41.6 30.4 54.9 45.3 51.1 43.0 50.2

42.0 53.8 20.7 73.2 57.0 43.9 56.9 84.8 19.3 10.3 36.4 47.8 41.9 32.7 54.6 43.5 50.3 51.0 51.0

42.0 45.0 22.9 75.8 58.5 46.2 58.7 80.7 24.2 12.1 36.5 48.0 38.6 37.3 54.1 43.2 51.4 51.2 52.2

96.1% -0.2% .. -9.7% 41.1% 42.6% 8.2% -10.4% 176.4% 227.9% 17.2% 51.5% -35.6% 134.6% -2.7% -6.3% 121.1% 43.2% 26.0%


47.7 73.4 47.8

50.9 71.7 51.0

54.5 75.3 54.6

56.2 81.0 56.4

56.9 92.3 57.3

66.0 82.4 66.2

64.9 70.9 65.0

70.4 78.5 70.5

70.4 73.3 70.4

71.4 78.8 71.4

71.1 80.4 71.2

24.9% -12.9% 24.2%


58.6 51.1 29.9 46.0 37.6 47.4 63.3 35.6 37.3 17.8 19.8 6.0 19.3 65.7 29.2 35.9 10.0 40.3 .. 48.6 50.4 61.4 40.2 42.4

56.6 52.0 34.0 43.8 41.7 49.2 63.4 40.4 45.1 20.3 21.6 5.7 20.6 66.3 30.0 43.7 11.4 42.1 .. 47.1 52.1 58.1 43.1 43.0

54.4 41.1 35.2 46.9 41.0 49.7 52.8 44.0 49.7 15.1 26.5 7.1 21.6 68.6 28.1 49.2 15.4 43.3 .. 39.7 48.2 60.9 42.4 43.5

50.7 40.9 28.8 47.2 36.8 50.2 60.2 44.0 49.6 14.9 20.2 10.1 19.9 64.7 22.3 40.8 15.0 40.7 .. 31.2 36.0 55.9 61.2 39.1

51.5 47.1 31.4 45.1 37.1 46.8 43.6 44.0 50.2 20.4 17.4 14.3 21.8 62.1 21.7 41.1 15.0 47.0 .. 31.5 38.2 56.4 58.0 40.4

51.8 43.7 33.8 47.1 45.0 49.4 47.8 51.1 50.6 32.5 26.3 12.7 30.2 62.8 26.6 48.9 21.2 50.7 .. 31.7 40.8 54.1 63.4 42.1

54.1 34.6 37.2 50.1 37.4 51.3 63.7 60.5 49.1 31.1 29.1 16.4 35.8 61.3 33.6 45.3 20.3 51.6 55.2 24.5 39.3 54.1 65.0 43.9

53.3 41.7 34.4 47.2 33.6 56.1 68.5 59.8 61.2 33.1 32.5 13.9 41.6 66.1 33.6 55.5 20.9 50.1 62.4 26.0 41.6 58.2 66.7 43.0

52.7 51.2 33.3 46.1 34.0 63.2 51.3 60.8 65.0 32.7 24.2 13.2 38.4 61.9 34.5 58.5 23.1 52.6 56.4 26.6 34.8 56.6 64.6 42.2

52.0 51.7 36.7 50.3 35.2 60.9 58.4 61.6 64.6 34.3 24.2 12.6 38.8 60.8 28.9 59.4 23.9 52.6 67.9 28.0 36.9 54.2 66.7 43.4

53.1 52.5 37.5 50.9 34.9 60.1 57.5 60.2 65.2 34.5 29.2 15.9 39.0 61.0 29.6 60.0 24.0 48.0 68.9 28.3 31.8 54.8 66.1 43.9

3.0% 11.3% 19.5% 12.8% -5.9% 28.5% 31.8% 36.7% 29.8% 69.4% 68.1% 11.1% 78.6% -1.8% 36.2% 46.2% 59.9% 2.2% .. -10.1% -16.8% -2.8% 13.9% 8.6%


49.0 56.0 61.4 65.5 54.8 59.2 72.1 57.8 41.1 54.6 58.1 39.1 53.5

58.6 61.0 60.9 68.2 55.7 63.0 72.2 57.6 61.3 64.6 60.6 60.6 60.6

61.6 55.5 64.4 67.6 60.4 64.2 46.6 50.3 76.3 65.9 63.5 65.3 63.7

52.2 64.4 61.6 68.2 62.6 67.8 63.8 45.2 61.2 59.6 62.0 66.8 61.9

48.7 59.0 62.4 67.9 72.9 67.4 57.5 45.5 62.2 62.1 60.7 59.8 60.6

50.0 57.7 67.7 68.1 52.2 69.3 57.5 49.3 54.2 61.4 60.1 65.9 57.9

47.5 60.6 64.8 70.8 59.1 68.1 64.4 46.5 57.3 57.3 60.5 67.1 59.4

47.3 57.8 66.1 64.8 58.8 68.5 59.5 47.6 58.1 61.4 59.6 68.3 58.5

48.2 58.3 65.9 63.5 57.3 68.2 54.0 49.3 54.0 61.7 58.8 68.5 57.1

49.3 57.9 65.4 69.4 57.5 69.7 55.2 43.1 58.5 61.4 59.2 69.1 58.0

50.1 56.0 68.1 70.4 60.7 71.3 58.8 42.1 56.7 61.0 59.5 68.6 57.2

2.8% -5.0% 9.0% 3.7% -16.7% 5.8% 2.3% -7.5% -8.9% -1.9% -2.0% 14.7% -5.6%


© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

World ¹

0.70

0.67

0.63

0.57

0.54

0.51

0.47

0.47

0.46

0.45

0.44

-18.2%


.. 0.58 0.84 0.44 0.38 .. ..

.. 0.53 0.78 0.39 0.37 .. ..

.. 0.47 0.69 0.36 0.32 .. ..

.. 0.40 0.57 0.31 0.26 .. ..

0.46 0.36 0.52 0.27 0.25 1.58 0.79

0.40 0.34 0.48 0.24 0.25 1.57 0.78

0.36 0.31 0.44 0.22 0.24 1.26 0.72

0.33 0.29 0.39 0.20 0.24 0.99 0.77

0.30 0.26 0.35 0.18 0.22 0.84 0.74

0.28 0.24 0.32 0.16 0.23 0.77 0.72

0.27 0.24 0.32 0.15 0.22 0.72 0.70

-40.6% -34.0% -38.3% -42.4% -11.6% -54.0% -11.1%

..

..

..

..

0.40

0.33

0.28

0.26

0.24

0.22

0.20

-48.8%

Non-OECD Total ²

0.98

0.99

0.99

0.99

1.04

0.96

0.85

0.86

0.80

0.77

0.75

-27.4%

OECD Total ³

0.59

0.54

0.49

0.42

0.38

0.36

0.33

0.30

0.28

0.26

0.25

-33.2%


0.62 0.49 0.33 0.87 0.82

0.58 0.46 0.36 0.80 0.75

0.54 0.41 0.40 0.70 0.67

0.44 0.36 0.42 0.59 0.56

0.41 0.39 0.42 0.53 0.51

0.41 0.32 0.44 0.49 0.48

0.38 0.34 0.41 0.44 0.44

0.35 0.30 0.43 0.40 0.39

0.33 0.32 0.42 0.36 0.36

0.32 0.32 0.39 0.32 0.33

0.31 0.29 0.37 0.32 0.32

-24.4% -23.6% -11.9% -39.5% -37.0%


0.37 0.32 0.38 0.82 0.23 0.39

0.42 0.29 0.36 0.83 0.24 0.38

0.41 0.29 0.30 0.89 0.24 0.34

0.38 0.32 0.24 0.71 0.23 0.28

0.39 0.35 0.23 0.64 0.26 0.28

0.36 0.34 0.23 0.66 0.25 0.28

0.35 0.32 0.22 0.61 0.26 0.28

0.33 0.31 0.22 0.51 0.25 0.27

0.30 0.29 0.20 0.50 0.21 0.26

0.27 0.26 0.22 0.48 0.20 0.26

0.26 0.24 0.21 0.46 0.19 0.25

-32.7% -30.5% -7.9% -27.9% -26.6% -7.5%


0.32 0.58 1.54 0.36 .. 0.46 0.38 0.62 0.20 1.00 0.38 0.59 0.30 1.37 0.39 0.17 1.68 0.18 1.12 .. 0.25 0.38 0.12 0.28 0.61 0.48

0.28 0.50 1.36 0.32 .. 0.42 0.33 0.56 0.23 0.91 0.37 0.47 0.29 0.94 0.36 0.15 1.55 0.19 1.09 .. 0.26 0.33 0.12 0.32 0.53 0.44

0.26 0.46 1.33 0.34 .. 0.45 0.31 0.51 0.24 0.89 0.29 0.46 0.26 0.82 0.34 0.14 1.82 0.20 1.26 .. 0.28 0.28 0.11 0.34 0.47 0.42

0.24 0.36 1.32 0.29 .. 0.34 0.22 0.46 0.29 0.79 0.24 0.41 0.23 0.60 0.31 0.11 1.83 0.19 1.14 .. 0.25 0.20 0.11 0.36 0.40 0.36

0.22 0.32 1.04 0.22 2.41 0.32 0.18 0.37 0.35 0.63 0.24 0.37 0.22 0.44 0.27 0.11 1.52 0.23 1.07 0.44 0.23 0.16 0.10 0.36 0.34 0.31

0.21 0.31 0.89 0.23 1.52 0.34 0.17 0.30 0.36 0.61 0.25 0.32 0.21 0.28 0.28 0.10 1.32 0.26 0.88 0.47 0.24 0.17 0.10 0.37 0.29 0.28

0.18 0.28 0.80 0.17 1.03 0.26 0.16 0.26 0.35 0.50 0.21 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.09 0.89 0.26 0.66 0.38 0.24 0.13 0.09 0.40 0.25 0.25

0.20 0.24 0.65 0.15 0.85 0.23 0.15 0.24 0.31 0.42 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.08 0.78 0.27 0.53 0.35 0.25 0.11 0.08 0.35 0.23 0.23

0.18 0.22 0.54 0.15 0.96 0.25 0.13 0.22 0.28 0.37 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.09 0.64 0.20 0.39 0.32 0.18 0.09 0.07 0.36 0.20 0.21

0.16 0.19 0.49 0.12 0.84 0.20 0.12 0.21 0.28 0.31 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.08 0.56 0.20 0.34 0.31 0.17 0.07 0.07 0.34 0.18 0.19

0.15 0.17 0.46 0.11 0.76 0.18 0.10 0.20 0.27 0.29 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.08 0.52 0.19 0.30 0.27 0.17 0.07 0.06 0.35 0.16 0.18

-31.2% -45.6% -56.4% -52.5% -68.5% -43.1% -42.2% -45.5% -24.2% -53.8% -41.6% -62.3% -29.4% -63.5% -35.8% -28.4% -65.6% -16.0% -71.8% -39.3% -27.3% -55.4% -36.0% -3.2% -53.9% -42.2%


.. 0.64 .. ..

.. 0.58 .. ..

.. 0.51 .. ..

.. 0.43 .. ..

0.34 0.38 0.45 0.50

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.48

0.26 0.33 0.37 0.43

0.24 0.30 0.34 0.44

0.21 0.27 0.31 0.44

0.19 0.26 0.29 0.43

0.18 0.25 0.28 0.42

-46.5% -33.7% -37.3% -16.3%




© OECD/IEA, 2016

kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2010 prices


CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

Non-OECD Total ¹

0.98

0.99

0.99

0.99

1.04

0.96

0.85

0.86

0.80

0.77

0.75

-27.4%


1.17 .. .. .. .. 4.16 .. 0.53 .. .. 0.15 .. .. .. .. .. 0.58 .. .. 2.17 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.82 0.59

1.05 .. .. .. .. 3.51 .. 0.43 .. .. 0.12 .. .. .. .. .. 0.40 .. .. 1.76 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.86 0.57

1.25 .. .. .. .. 3.02 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.17 .. .. .. .. .. 0.35 .. .. 1.54 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.80 0.49

1.15 .. .. .. .. 2.47 .. 0.31 .. .. 0.15 .. .. .. .. .. 0.38 .. .. 1.29 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.70 0.68

0.92 3.12 2.39 3.27 4.07 2.08 0.35 0.31 1.12 1.98 0.20 2.46 .. 4.73 0.84 0.97 0.56 3.09 .. 1.36 1.53 1.33 1.63 3.33 3.34 5.62 .. ..

0.34 1.00 3.46 2.86 0.99 1.68 0.37 0.33 1.37 1.70 0.36 2.88 .. 1.83 0.70 0.70 0.44 3.00 .. 1.06 1.76 1.93 0.96 3.92 3.99 5.70 .. ..

0.44 0.79 2.08 1.93 1.21 1.30 0.36 0.34 1.22 0.73 0.37 1.68 1.57 1.39 0.42 0.42 0.31 1.86 .. 0.78 1.55 1.67 0.85 3.48 3.29 5.68 .. ..

0.41 0.54 1.17 1.42 1.06 1.08 0.34 0.31 1.15 0.45 0.39 1.43 1.40 1.27 0.31 0.35 0.37 1.55 0.59 0.64 1.16 1.48 0.57 3.56 2.27 4.11 .. ..

0.33 0.44 0.44 1.08 1.19 0.89 0.31 0.29 0.89 0.43 0.45 1.49 1.49 1.26 0.34 0.33 0.31 1.35 0.61 0.45 1.00 1.24 0.41 2.57 1.95 2.47 .. ..

0.29 0.49 0.51 0.97 1.22 0.76 0.28 0.24 0.80 0.49 0.45 1.41 1.28 1.58 0.26 0.25 0.27 1.00 0.53 0.39 0.92 1.20 0.50 2.11 1.84 1.93 .. ..

0.32 0.47 0.53 0.94 1.22 0.81 0.26 0.25 0.73 0.54 0.47 1.21 1.13 1.43 0.24 0.24 0.27 1.03 0.51 0.37 0.88 1.01 0.62 1.95 1.76 1.82 .. ..

-65.0% -85.0% -78.0% -71.2% -70.1% -61.3% -24.7% -19.3% -34.9% -72.8% 135.1% -50.9% .. -69.7% -71.1% -75.5% -52.3% -66.6% .. -72.4% -42.8% -24.2% -61.7% -41.3% -47.1% -67.6% .. ..

1.75

1.76

1.68

1.59

1.79

1.91

1.57

1.20

1.03

0.95

0.89

-49.9%


0.25 0.08 0.18 .. 0.12 0.24 0.22 0.12 0.70 .. 0.17 0.10 0.19 0.39 0.07 0.20 0.37 1.12 .. .. 0.06 0.29 1.09 .. 0.29 0.22 0.28 0.53 0.51 1.08 0.21 0.44

0.26 0.10 0.26 .. 0.13 0.19 0.23 0.11 0.78 .. 0.15 0.08 0.25 0.32 0.19 0.24 0.45 1.08 .. .. 0.09 0.34 1.23 .. 0.23 0.18 0.22 0.51 0.58 0.92 0.22 0.50

0.39 0.13 0.18 .. 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.15 0.77 .. 0.16 0.15 0.22 0.30 0.24 0.26 0.49 1.04 .. .. 0.18 0.41 1.09 .. 0.24 0.17 0.20 0.61 0.43 0.95 0.27 0.50

0.47 0.13 0.17 0.49 0.14 0.11 0.18 0.14 0.88 .. 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.41 0.22 0.48 0.86 .. .. 0.26 0.37 1.09 .. 0.25 0.16 0.16 0.61 0.35 0.95 0.21 0.56

0.55 0.15 0.08 0.53 0.18 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.87 .. 0.22 0.09 0.21 0.25 0.55 0.29 0.45 0.47 .. .. 0.21 0.33 1.09 .. 0.27 0.14 0.28 0.66 0.31 1.26 0.22 0.57

0.59 0.19 0.06 0.48 0.18 0.08 0.17 0.07 0.77 0.47 0.22 0.11 0.22 0.24 0.73 0.31 0.55 0.43 0.30 .. 0.24 0.35 1.12 .. 0.17 0.19 0.28 0.63 0.24 1.11 0.26 0.59

0.56 0.16 0.30 0.47 0.16 0.07 0.28 0.07 0.73 0.32 0.24 0.12 0.27 0.30 0.77 0.36 0.51 0.28 0.27 0.18 0.28 0.41 1.05 .. 0.16 0.16 0.37 0.61 0.17 0.87 0.24 0.57

0.54 0.13 0.46 0.42 0.14 0.09 0.26 0.08 0.89 0.26 0.25 0.13 0.27 0.24 0.70 0.38 0.53 0.21 0.28 0.17 0.22 0.43 1.16 .. 0.21 0.22 0.36 0.55 0.16 0.99 0.21 0.57

0.59 0.18 0.65 0.26 0.21 0.15 0.25 0.09 0.81 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.32 0.28 0.64 0.38 0.49 0.23 0.27 0.24 0.15 0.42 1.08 .. 0.23 0.20 0.65 0.53 0.08 0.98 0.20 0.51

0.65 0.19 0.65 0.34 0.22 0.19 0.30 0.14 0.75 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.32 0.25 0.96 0.36 0.48 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.15 0.42 1.05 0.25 0.21 0.27 0.45 0.51 0.12 0.97 0.21 0.50

0.67 0.20 0.67 0.42 0.21 0.19 0.30 0.17 0.73 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.29 0.25 1.26 0.36 0.49 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.13 0.42 1.06 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.44 0.53 0.12 0.91 0.21 0.50

21.5% 32.1% 694.8% -19.7% 18.3% 92.1% 96.7% 29.6% -16.1% .. -5.0% 124.3% 39.1% -1.3% 128.4% 21.9% 8.6% -38.9% .. .. -37.9% 26.3% -2.7% .. -25.5% 85.8% 57.9% -20.8% -59.9% -28.1% -3.3% -13.4%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2010 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


0.12 0.08 .. 7.69 0.85 0.31 0.56 .. 0.83 0.06 0.57 0.49 0.40 0.31 1.02 0.45 1.03 0.48 0.74

0.19 0.22 .. 5.57 0.90 0.34 0.53 .. 0.65 0.08 0.62 0.49 0.40 0.25 0.91 0.47 1.06 0.52 0.74

0.23 0.25 .. 4.44 0.94 0.42 0.52 .. 0.62 0.12 0.56 0.42 0.39 0.26 0.93 0.51 0.88 0.58 0.75

0.22 0.34 .. 3.32 1.04 0.39 0.56 3.67 0.55 0.10 0.61 0.38 0.37 0.20 0.66 0.49 0.75 0.33 0.74

0.27 0.38 .. 2.52 1.10 0.45 0.61 3.34 0.42 0.13 0.70 0.40 0.43 0.18 0.69 0.57 0.59 0.30 0.75

0.31 0.45 0.40 2.10 1.15 0.47 0.62 3.06 0.54 0.20 0.79 0.54 0.37 0.20 0.68 0.67 0.63 0.23 0.75

0.31 0.41 0.38 2.16 1.08 0.56 0.71 2.34 0.50 0.28 0.82 0.54 0.31 0.31 0.73 0.70 0.72 0.26 0.77

0.37 0.40 0.33 2.40 0.94 0.56 0.76 2.09 0.31 0.24 0.78 0.46 0.22 0.32 0.73 0.71 0.93 0.27 0.73

0.43 0.55 0.41 2.25 0.93 0.50 0.74 1.97 0.16 0.26 0.74 0.39 0.19 0.22 0.60 0.66 1.09 0.26 0.70

0.43 0.54 0.37 0.99 0.91 0.45 0.70 1.77 0.22 0.27 0.69 0.38 0.17 0.20 0.54 0.65 0.95 0.37 0.66

0.42 0.54 0.41 0.99 0.92 0.46 0.70 1.59 0.30 0.31 0.67 0.38 0.16 0.23 0.52 0.64 0.99 0.39 0.67

57.4% 43.5% .. -60.6% -16.6% 3.7% 15.7% -52.3% -29.5% 133.1% -4.9% -5.2% -62.1% 29.5% -24.8% 11.4% 67.7% 29.9% -10.9%


3.95 0.37 3.55

4.18 0.35 3.75

4.03 0.27 3.51

2.89 0.31 2.60

2.52 0.32 2.27

1.96 0.27 1.82

1.39 0.26 1.32

1.51 0.22 1.45

1.28 0.18 1.24

1.17 0.18 1.14

1.10 0.19 1.08

-56.2% -41.8% -52.6%

0.44 0.33 0.18 0.41 0.19 0.98 13.74 0.43 0.22 0.13 0.20 0.08 0.30 0.63 0.27 0.40 0.17 0.33 .. 0.79 0.32 0.27 0.50 0.30

0.41 0.39 0.18 0.35 0.20 0.95 8.53 0.46 0.25 0.16 0.22 0.08 0.31 0.79 0.28 0.43 0.16 0.32 .. 0.60 0.31 0.29 0.63 0.28

0.40 0.46 0.17 0.33 0.19 1.02 6.31 0.43 0.35 0.14 0.23 0.09 0.28 0.82 0.33 0.34 0.18 0.31 .. 0.64 0.25 0.38 0.46 0.27

0.42 0.52 0.15 0.34 0.18 0.71 3.09 0.39 0.35 0.16 0.18 0.12 0.25 0.58 0.32 0.26 0.17 0.28 .. 0.76 0.17 0.41 0.40 0.26

0.49 0.55 0.15 0.31 0.18 0.76 1.55 0.40 0.35 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.28 0.70 0.39 0.26 0.17 0.33 .. 1.01 0.17 0.40 0.42 0.26

0.42 0.61 0.16 0.30 0.24 0.72 1.37 0.47 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.16 0.39 0.67 0.49 0.32 0.25 0.31 .. 0.97 0.17 0.38 0.43 0.26

0.44 0.53 0.19 0.28 0.19 0.71 2.40 0.55 0.39 0.29 0.29 0.21 0.42 0.79 0.54 0.31 0.23 0.31 0.54 0.83 0.17 0.40 0.39 0.28

0.43 0.58 0.17 0.23 0.19 0.51 2.39 0.44 0.41 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.54 0.76 0.52 0.34 0.22 0.27 0.47 0.98 0.17 0.42 0.36 0.27

0.38 0.70 0.17 0.21 0.18 0.51 1.64 0.36 0.46 0.27 0.25 0.32 0.46 0.53 0.49 0.31 0.23 0.28 0.39 1.06 0.15 0.44 0.41 0.26

0.35 0.73 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.42 2.39 0.33 0.43 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.48 0.55 0.42 0.26 0.21 0.25 0.40 1.06 0.15 0.36 0.47 0.25

0.37 0.75 0.20 0.21 0.17 0.41 2.53 0.30 0.45 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.48 0.53 0.43 0.26 0.21 0.26 0.40 1.06 0.13 0.37 0.47 0.26

-24.6% 35.2% 27.4% -32.9% -8.2% -46.7% 62.7% -24.4% 28.7% 36.5% 108.9% 143.3% 69.4% -24.1% 9.6% -0.6% 22.8% -19.0% .. 5.4% -21.7% -7.5% 12.6% -0.5%

1.15 0.21 0.67 0.39 0.19 0.27 0.04 0.12 0.12 0.70 0.11 0.41 0.21

1.12 0.28 0.72 0.63 0.25 0.34 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.63 0.09 0.43 0.24

0.95 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.41 0.47 0.20 0.31 0.38 0.68 0.16 0.48 0.41

1.28 0.72 0.93 0.81 0.73 0.33 0.24 0.56 0.57 0.93 0.33 0.47 0.61

1.20 0.83 0.74 1.07 0.56 0.49 0.38 0.66 0.62 1.21 0.42 0.52 0.67

1.09 1.03 2.03 1.00 0.48 0.64 0.41 0.79 0.68 0.94 0.47 0.58 0.80

1.04 1.11 0.69 1.01 0.63 0.65 0.48 0.59 0.73 1.00 0.41 0.63 0.76

1.05 1.13 0.70 0.93 0.59 0.55 0.56 0.62 0.73 1.13 0.44 0.73 0.78

0.99 1.07 0.75 0.71 0.67 0.48 0.72 0.46 0.80 0.93 0.53 0.72 0.78

0.99 1.20 0.75 0.79 0.63 0.52 0.87 0.47 0.75 0.54 0.52 0.85 0.78

0.99 1.20 0.80 0.82 0.63 0.55 0.89 0.48 0.78 0.51 0.50 0.75 0.79

-17.4% 43.9% 8.3% -23.7% 12.1% 12.0% 136.0% -27.1% 26.5% -58.1% 19.6% 44.3% 18.5%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

World ¹

0.60

0.56

0.53

0.48

0.45

0.42

0.38

0.37

0.34

0.33

0.32

-28.8%


.. 0.63 0.86 0.47 0.48 .. ..

.. 0.57 0.79 0.42 0.47 .. ..

.. 0.51 0.70 0.39 0.40 .. ..

.. 0.43 0.58 0.33 0.33 .. ..

0.46 0.39 0.53 0.29 0.32 0.84 0.39

0.41 0.37 0.49 0.26 0.31 0.85 0.39

0.37 0.34 0.44 0.23 0.31 0.69 0.36

0.34 0.31 0.40 0.22 0.30 0.54 0.38

0.30 0.28 0.36 0.20 0.28 0.46 0.36

0.28 0.26 0.33 0.18 0.29 0.42 0.35

0.27 0.26 0.32 0.17 0.28 0.39 0.34

-40.2% -34.3% -38.3% -42.2% -11.3% -52.8% -14.3%

..

..

..

..

0.40

0.34

0.29

0.27

0.24

0.22

0.21

-48.2%

Non-OECD Total ²

0.49

0.50

0.51

0.50

0.50

0.46

0.41

0.41

0.38

0.36

0.35

-29.8%

OECD Total ³

0.62

0.56

0.51

0.44

0.39

0.37

0.34

0.31

0.28

0.26

0.26

-34.7%


0.74 0.34 0.20 0.87 0.80

0.69 0.32 0.22 0.80 0.73

0.64 0.28 0.24 0.70 0.65

0.52 0.25 0.26 0.59 0.55

0.49 0.27 0.25 0.53 0.50

0.48 0.22 0.27 0.49 0.47

0.46 0.24 0.25 0.44 0.42

0.42 0.21 0.26 0.40 0.38

0.39 0.22 0.25 0.36 0.35

0.38 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.32

0.37 0.21 0.22 0.32 0.31

-24.4% -23.6% -11.9% -39.5% -37.3%


0.51 0.34 0.49 0.60 0.25 0.49

0.57 0.31 0.46 0.60 0.25 0.48

0.57 0.31 0.38 0.65 0.25 0.42

0.52 0.34 0.31 0.51 0.25 0.35

0.53 0.37 0.29 0.46 0.28 0.34

0.50 0.36 0.29 0.48 0.27 0.34

0.48 0.34 0.29 0.44 0.28 0.34

0.45 0.33 0.28 0.37 0.27 0.32

0.42 0.31 0.26 0.37 0.22 0.30

0.38 0.28 0.28 0.35 0.21 0.30

0.36 0.26 0.27 0.33 0.21 0.29

-32.7% -30.5% -7.8% -27.9% -26.6% -12.4%


0.35 0.66 1.12 0.50 .. 0.55 0.44 0.65 0.18 0.60 0.41 0.65 0.31 1.67 0.44 0.26 1.01 0.15 0.76 .. 0.24 0.48 0.18 0.18 0.65 0.50

0.31 0.56 0.99 0.44 .. 0.51 0.38 0.59 0.21 0.55 0.39 0.52 0.29 1.15 0.40 0.22 0.93 0.16 0.74 .. 0.25 0.41 0.17 0.20 0.57 0.45

0.29 0.52 0.97 0.47 .. 0.54 0.35 0.54 0.23 0.54 0.32 0.51 0.27 1.00 0.38 0.20 1.10 0.16 0.85 .. 0.27 0.35 0.16 0.21 0.50 0.43

0.26 0.40 0.96 0.39 .. 0.41 0.25 0.49 0.27 0.48 0.26 0.46 0.24 0.74 0.35 0.17 1.11 0.16 0.77 .. 0.23 0.26 0.16 0.22 0.43 0.37

0.24 0.36 0.76 0.31 1.67 0.39 0.21 0.39 0.33 0.38 0.26 0.42 0.23 0.53 0.31 0.16 0.92 0.19 0.72 0.37 0.22 0.20 0.14 0.23 0.36 0.32

0.23 0.35 0.65 0.31 1.06 0.41 0.19 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.27 0.36 0.22 0.34 0.31 0.15 0.80 0.22 0.60 0.40 0.23 0.21 0.14 0.23 0.31 0.29

0.21 0.31 0.59 0.23 0.71 0.31 0.18 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.23 0.28 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.13 0.53 0.22 0.45 0.32 0.23 0.16 0.13 0.25 0.27 0.25

0.23 0.27 0.47 0.21 0.59 0.28 0.16 0.26 0.29 0.25 0.19 0.23 0.22 0.30 0.24 0.13 0.47 0.22 0.36 0.30 0.23 0.14 0.12 0.22 0.24 0.24

0.20 0.25 0.39 0.20 0.66 0.30 0.15 0.23 0.26 0.22 0.16 0.20 0.19 0.25 0.23 0.13 0.39 0.17 0.26 0.27 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.23 0.21 0.21

0.18 0.21 0.36 0.17 0.58 0.24 0.13 0.23 0.26 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.21 0.21 0.12 0.34 0.16 0.23 0.26 0.16 0.09 0.10 0.21 0.19 0.19

0.17 0.20 0.33 0.15 0.53 0.22 0.12 0.21 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.11 0.31 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.16 0.09 0.09 0.22 0.17 0.18

-31.1% -45.6% -56.4% -52.5% -68.5% -43.1% -42.2% -45.5% -24.2% -53.8% -41.6% -62.3% -29.4% -63.5% -35.8% -28.3% -65.6% -15.9% -71.8% -39.3% -27.3% -55.4% -36.0% -3.2% -53.9% -43.2%


.. 0.68 .. ..

.. 0.62 .. ..

.. 0.55 .. ..

.. 0.46 .. ..

0.34 0.41 0.45 0.45

0.31 0.38 0.42 0.42

0.26 0.35 0.38 0.38

0.25 0.32 0.35 0.37

0.22 0.29 0.31 0.35

0.20 0.28 0.29 0.33

0.18 0.27 0.28 0.33

-46.8% -34.3% -37.1% -27.6%




© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

Non-OECD Total ¹

0.49

0.50

0.51

0.50

0.50

0.46

0.41

0.41

0.38

0.36

0.35

-29.8%


0.52 .. .. .. .. 1.86 .. 0.48 .. .. 0.18 .. .. .. .. .. 0.43 .. .. 1.08 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.01 0.37

0.46 .. .. .. .. 1.57 .. 0.38 .. .. 0.15 .. .. .. .. .. 0.29 .. .. 0.88 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.03 0.36

0.55 .. .. .. .. 1.35 .. 0.34 .. .. 0.21 .. .. .. .. .. 0.26 .. .. 0.77 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.00 0.30

0.51 .. .. .. .. 1.11 .. 0.28 .. .. 0.18 .. .. .. .. .. 0.28 .. .. 0.64 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.94 0.43

0.40 1.53 0.90 1.24 2.04 0.93 0.25 0.28 0.44 0.89 0.25 1.16 .. 1.52 0.55 0.58 0.41 1.31 .. 0.68 0.80 0.61 0.58 1.49 1.29 1.89 .. ..

0.15 0.49 1.29 1.08 0.49 0.75 0.27 0.29 0.54 0.76 0.45 1.36 .. 0.59 0.45 0.41 0.32 1.27 .. 0.53 0.92 0.89 0.34 1.75 1.55 1.91 .. ..

0.19 0.39 0.78 0.73 0.61 0.58 0.26 0.30 0.47 0.33 0.44 0.79 0.66 0.45 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.79 .. 0.39 0.81 0.76 0.30 1.55 1.27 1.91 .. ..

0.18 0.26 0.44 0.54 0.53 0.49 0.24 0.28 0.45 0.20 0.45 0.68 0.59 0.41 0.20 0.21 0.28 0.66 0.30 0.32 0.60 0.68 0.20 1.59 0.88 1.38 .. ..

0.15 0.21 0.17 0.41 0.60 0.40 0.22 0.26 0.35 0.19 0.52 0.71 0.63 0.41 0.22 0.20 0.23 0.57 0.30 0.22 0.52 0.57 0.15 1.15 0.76 0.83 .. ..

0.13 0.24 0.19 0.37 0.61 0.34 0.20 0.22 0.31 0.22 0.52 0.66 0.54 0.51 0.17 0.15 0.20 0.42 0.26 0.20 0.48 0.55 0.18 0.94 0.71 0.65 .. ..

0.14 0.23 0.20 0.36 0.61 0.36 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.24 0.55 0.57 0.48 0.46 0.16 0.14 0.20 0.44 0.25 0.19 0.46 0.46 0.22 0.87 0.68 0.61 .. ..

-65.0% -84.9% -78.0% -71.2% -70.1% -61.3% -24.7% -19.3% -34.9% -72.8% 122.8% -50.9% .. -69.7% -71.1% -75.5% -52.3% -66.6% .. -72.4% -42.8% -24.2% -61.7% -41.3% -47.1% -67.6% .. ..

0.97

0.98

0.93

0.88

0.88

0.95

0.79

0.60

0.51

0.47

0.44

-50.0%


0.09 0.06 0.08 .. 0.06 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.19 .. 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.16 0.03 0.10 0.17 0.52 .. .. 0.03 0.14 0.68 .. 0.13 0.07 0.12 0.21 0.23 0.54 0.08 0.20

0.09 0.07 0.11 .. 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.21 .. 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.08 0.12 0.20 0.50 .. .. 0.04 0.16 0.77 .. 0.10 0.06 0.09 0.21 0.26 0.46 0.09 0.23

0.14 0.09 0.08 .. 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.21 .. 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.22 0.48 .. .. 0.08 0.19 0.68 .. 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.25 0.20 0.47 0.11 0.23

0.17 0.09 0.07 0.24 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.24 .. 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.17 0.11 0.22 0.40 .. .. 0.12 0.17 0.68 .. 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.25 0.16 0.47 0.09 0.25

0.20 0.11 0.04 0.26 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.23 .. 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.23 0.15 0.20 0.22 .. .. 0.10 0.16 0.68 .. 0.12 0.05 0.11 0.27 0.14 0.63 0.09 0.25

0.21 0.14 0.03 0.23 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.21 0.16 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.30 0.16 0.25 0.20 0.19 .. 0.11 0.16 0.70 .. 0.08 0.06 0.12 0.26 0.11 0.55 0.11 0.26

0.20 0.12 0.13 0.23 0.07 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.20 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.32 0.18 0.23 0.13 0.17 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.66 .. 0.07 0.05 0.15 0.24 0.08 0.43 0.10 0.25

0.19 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.24 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.29 0.19 0.24 0.10 0.17 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.72 .. 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.22 0.07 0.49 0.09 0.25

0.21 0.13 0.28 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.05 0.22 0.08 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.27 0.19 0.22 0.11 0.17 0.10 0.07 0.20 0.68 .. 0.10 0.07 0.27 0.21 0.04 0.49 0.09 0.22

0.23 0.14 0.28 0.16 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.07 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.40 0.18 0.21 0.11 0.16 0.11 0.07 0.20 0.65 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.19 0.21 0.05 0.48 0.09 0.22

0.24 0.14 0.29 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.09 0.20 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.52 0.18 0.22 0.13 0.16 0.12 0.06 0.20 0.66 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.18 0.21 0.06 0.45 0.09 0.22

21.5% 32.1% 695.5% -19.7% 18.3% 92.1% 96.9% 29.7% -16.1% .. -5.1% 124.2% 39.0% -1.4% 128.3% 21.9% 8.6% -38.9% .. .. -37.9% 26.4% -2.7% .. -25.5% 85.7% 57.8% -20.8% -59.8% -28.1% -3.3% -14.8%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2010 prices

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


0.04 0.03 .. 2.05 0.27 0.12 0.25 .. 0.24 0.02 0.14 0.19 0.26 0.10 0.52 0.17 0.31 0.24 0.26

0.06 0.10 .. 1.48 0.29 0.13 0.23 .. 0.19 0.03 0.15 0.19 0.26 0.08 0.47 0.18 0.32 0.26 0.26

0.07 0.11 .. 1.18 0.30 0.16 0.23 .. 0.18 0.04 0.14 0.16 0.26 0.09 0.48 0.19 0.27 0.29 0.27

0.07 0.15 .. 0.89 0.33 0.15 0.25 1.29 0.16 0.03 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.07 0.34 0.19 0.23 0.17 0.27

0.09 0.17 .. 0.67 0.35 0.17 0.27 1.17 0.12 0.04 0.17 0.16 0.28 0.06 0.36 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.27

0.10 0.20 0.13 0.56 0.37 0.18 0.27 1.07 0.16 0.06 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.07 0.35 0.26 0.19 0.13 0.27

0.10 0.18 0.12 0.58 0.34 0.21 0.31 0.82 0.14 0.09 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.10 0.37 0.27 0.22 0.14 0.28

0.12 0.18 0.10 0.64 0.30 0.21 0.33 0.73 0.09 0.07 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.11 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.14 0.26

0.14 0.25 0.13 0.60 0.30 0.19 0.33 0.69 0.05 0.08 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.07 0.31 0.25 0.33 0.13 0.25

0.14 0.24 0.12 0.26 0.29 0.17 0.31 0.62 0.06 0.08 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.27 0.25 0.29 0.18 0.24

0.13 0.24 0.13 0.26 0.29 0.17 0.31 0.56 0.08 0.09 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.27 0.24 0.30 0.19 0.24

57.4% 43.5% .. -60.6% -16.6% 3.7% 15.7% -52.4% -29.5% 132.9% -4.9% -5.2% -62.1% 29.5% -24.7% 11.4% 67.7% 22.1% -11.5%


1.93 0.26 1.79

2.04 0.24 1.89

1.97 0.19 1.79

1.41 0.21 1.31

1.23 0.22 1.15

0.96 0.19 0.91

0.68 0.18 0.66

0.74 0.15 0.72

0.62 0.13 0.61

0.57 0.13 0.56

0.54 0.13 0.53

-56.2% -41.8% -53.8%

0.29 0.12 0.14 0.24 0.12 0.31 15.32 0.21 0.11 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.15 0.38 0.11 0.21 0.08 0.17 .. 0.43 0.23 0.23 0.47 0.21

0.27 0.15 0.14 0.21 0.13 0.30 9.51 0.23 0.13 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.15 0.47 0.11 0.23 0.07 0.17 .. 0.32 0.22 0.24 0.60 0.19

0.26 0.17 0.13 0.20 0.13 0.32 7.03 0.21 0.18 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.14 0.49 0.13 0.18 0.08 0.16 .. 0.34 0.18 0.32 0.44 0.19

0.27 0.19 0.12 0.20 0.11 0.22 3.45 0.19 0.18 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.13 0.34 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.15 .. 0.41 0.12 0.34 0.39 0.18

0.32 0.21 0.12 0.18 0.12 0.24 1.73 0.20 0.18 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.14 0.42 0.15 0.14 0.08 0.17 .. 0.54 0.12 0.33 0.41 0.18

0.27 0.23 0.13 0.18 0.15 0.23 1.53 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.20 0.40 0.19 0.17 0.11 0.16 .. 0.52 0.12 0.32 0.41 0.18

0.28 0.20 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.22 2.67 0.27 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.09 0.21 0.47 0.21 0.16 0.10 0.16 0.32 0.45 0.12 0.34 0.40 0.20

0.28 0.22 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.16 2.67 0.22 0.21 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.27 0.45 0.20 0.18 0.10 0.14 0.28 0.53 0.12 0.35 0.37 0.19

0.24 0.26 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.16 1.82 0.18 0.23 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.23 0.31 0.19 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.23 0.57 0.11 0.36 0.41 0.18

0.22 0.27 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.13 2.66 0.16 0.22 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.24 0.33 0.16 0.14 0.09 0.13 0.24 0.57 0.11 0.30 0.47 0.17

0.24 0.28 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.13 2.82 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.14 0.24 0.57 0.09 0.31 0.49 0.18

-24.6% 35.1% 27.5% -32.9% -8.2% -46.7% 62.8% -24.4% 28.7% 36.4% 109.1% 143.4% 69.4% -24.1% 9.6% -0.6% 22.7% -19.0% .. 5.4% -21.8% -7.5% 20.3% -1.9%

0.59 0.08 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.32 0.07 0.13 0.09

0.58 0.10 0.26 0.25 0.13 0.19 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.28 0.05 0.13 0.10

0.49 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.21 0.26 0.09 0.17 0.16 0.31 0.10 0.15 0.18

0.66 0.26 0.34 0.32 0.38 0.18 0.11 0.32 0.25 0.42 0.20 0.14 0.26

0.62 0.31 0.27 0.42 0.29 0.27 0.16 0.37 0.27 0.55 0.26 0.16 0.29

0.56 0.38 0.73 0.40 0.25 0.35 0.18 0.45 0.29 0.43 0.28 0.18 0.35

0.54 0.41 0.25 0.40 0.33 0.36 0.21 0.33 0.32 0.45 0.25 0.19 0.33

0.54 0.42 0.25 0.37 0.31 0.30 0.24 0.35 0.32 0.51 0.27 0.22 0.34

0.51 0.39 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.34 0.42 0.32 0.22 0.34

0.51 0.44 0.27 0.31 0.32 0.28 0.38 0.27 0.33 0.24 0.32 0.26 0.34

0.51 0.44 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.30 0.39 0.27 0.34 0.23 0.31 0.23 0.35

-17.4% 43.9% 8.3% -23.7% 13.8% 12.0% 139.8% -27.1% 26.5% -58.1% 19.6% 44.3% 21.6%



© OECD/IEA, 2016



CO2 emissions / population

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

3.71

3.81

3.99

3.77

3.88

3.75

3.79

4.16

4.40

4.49

4.47

15.0%

.. 12.16 20.15 8.58 7.50 .. ..

.. 12.12 19.79 8.48 8.12 .. ..

.. 12.47 19.89 8.99 8.10 .. ..

.. 11.69 18.56 8.23 7.88 .. ..

11.66 12.07 18.79 8.23 9.17 12.24 1.50

10.74 12.12 18.66 8.03 9.63 8.73 1.71

11.00 12.70 19.67 8.12 10.05 8.00 1.79

11.04 12.60 19.00 8.18 10.40 8.31 2.32

10.28 11.44 17.08 7.29 9.91 8.40 2.86

9.88 10.93 16.06 6.69 10.60 8.26 3.10

9.66 10.72 16.16 6.26 10.27 7.86 3.13

-17.1% -11.2% -14.0% -23.9% 12.0% -35.8% 108.8%

..

..

..

..

9.20

8.12

7.86

8.14

7.59

7.12

6.68

-27.3%

1.43

1.67

1.90

1.93

2.11

2.00

1.99

2.49

3.00

3.22

3.24

53.7%

OECD Total ³

10.40

10.39

10.74

10.08

10.27

10.31

10.79

10.74

9.95

9.55

9.36

-8.9%


15.49 2.16 1.75 20.65 16.20

16.29 1.64 2.21 20.16 15.74

17.22 1.92 2.91 20.18 15.71

15.24 1.62 3.06 18.92 14.55

15.15 2.23 2.95 19.20 14.57

15.32 2.57 3.08 19.03 14.45

16.82 3.16 3.56 19.98 15.29

16.60 3.35 3.83 19.26 14.84

15.46 4.01 3.83 17.26 13.43

15.64 4.65 3.78 16.11 12.67

15.61 4.25 3.60 16.22 12.67

3.0% 90.4% 22.0% -15.5% -13.0%


10.86 4.52 7.15 1.61 4.71 6.21

12.85 4.75 7.60 2.20 5.32 6.80

13.96 4.86 7.43 3.29 5.24 6.99

13.85 5.74 7.15 3.82 5.78 6.94

15.13 7.04 8.42 5.41 6.45 8.28

15.77 8.09 8.83 7.92 6.48 9.19

17.51 8.70 9.00 9.18 7.50 9.80

18.34 8.45 9.22 9.50 8.13 10.13

17.59 8.98 8.68 11.15 6.96 10.17

16.46 8.40 9.66 11.39 6.94 10.70

15.81 7.88 9.35 11.26 7.01 10.41

4.5% 11.9% 11.1% 108.3% 8.7% 25.8%


6.48 12.21 15.62 11.16 .. 8.64 8.07 12.49 2.81 5.82 6.81 7.27 5.35 48.10 9.67 5.89 8.76 1.65 8.53 .. 3.44 10.13 6.13 1.15 11.10 8.08

6.53 11.81 15.41 10.40 .. 9.38 7.84 12.37 3.73 6.66 7.40 6.65 5.72 35.45 9.66 5.89 9.96 1.96 9.11 .. 4.33 9.64 5.74 1.49 10.24 8.09

7.20 12.73 16.28 12.30 .. 11.47 8.25 13.39 4.64 7.72 7.66 7.61 6.29 34.18 10.27 6.66 11.69 2.41 11.21 .. 4.90 8.80 6.15 1.61 10.13 8.65

6.96 10.24 16.97 11.93 .. 9.85 6.21 12.93 5.43 7.54 6.75 7.47 6.04 28.14 9.55 6.36 11.36 2.37 10.55 .. 4.45 6.99 6.39 1.90 9.61 8.01

7.33 10.66 14.51 9.92 22.67 10.79 5.93 11.85 6.81 6.34 7.43 8.59 6.86 28.11 9.69 6.47 9.07 3.79 10.35 6.78 5.15 6.08 6.00 2.31 9.57 7.80

7.50 11.01 11.93 11.16 11.02 10.90 5.77 10.54 7.25 5.45 7.35 9.06 7.05 20.05 10.58 7.20 8.71 4.71 7.69 7.07 5.74 6.45 5.84 2.54 8.85 7.47

7.72 11.12 11.81 9.51 10.36 10.54 5.99 9.97 8.14 5.22 7.69 10.73 7.38 18.44 10.14 7.10 7.57 5.62 6.83 7.07 6.87 5.86 5.79 3.13 8.85 7.47

9.06 10.24 11.58 8.94 12.37 10.45 5.87 9.67 8.67 5.43 7.55 10.63 7.84 24.63 10.24 7.46 7.77 5.84 6.92 7.72 7.64 5.44 5.87 3.15 8.79 7.52

8.21 9.68 10.60 8.51 13.99 11.53 5.23 9.45 7.50 4.76 6.13 8.62 6.55 20.96 10.23 7.69 7.99 4.50 6.37 7.54 5.63 4.91 5.49 3.64 7.60 6.88

7.58 8.41 9.63 6.88 14.29 9.08 4.81 9.47 6.28 4.10 6.26 7.48 5.56 17.93 9.27 6.91 7.59 4.18 5.87 6.90 5.05 3.92 5.14 3.75 7.02 6.38

7.11 7.83 9.17 6.12 13.31 8.28 4.32 8.93 6.03 4.08 6.25 7.34 5.26 16.57 8.80 6.87 7.25 4.12 5.41 6.19 4.99 3.86 4.61 4.01 6.31 6.05

-2.9% -26.5% -36.8% -38.3% -41.3% -23.3% -27.2% -24.6% -11.5% -35.6% -15.9% -14.5% -23.4% -41.1% -9.2% 6.2% -20.0% 8.6% -47.7% -8.7% -3.0% -36.6% -23.2% 73.8% -34.0% -22.4%


.. 13.37 .. ..

.. 13.22 .. ..

.. 13.51 .. ..

.. 12.66 .. ..

8.42 12.99 13.29 4.59

7.89 12.92 12.47 4.55

7.77 13.49 12.90 4.64

7.92 13.29 12.80 5.14

7.17 12.10 11.88 5.51

6.60 11.66 11.50 5.68

6.22 11.47 11.27 5.67

-26.1% -11.7% -15.2% 23.7%

World ¹ Annex I Parties Annex II Parties North America Europe Asia Oceania Annex I EIT Non-Annex I Parties Annex B Kyoto Parties Non-OECD Total ²



© OECD/IEA, 2016

tonnes CO 2 / capita


CO2 emissions / population

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14

Non-OECD Total ¹

1.43

1.67

1.90

1.93

2.11

2.00

1.99

2.49

3.00

3.22

3.24

53.7%


1.77 .. .. .. .. 7.48 .. 2.83 .. .. 2.63 .. .. .. .. .. 2.16 .. .. 5.60 .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.98 3.02

1.80 .. .. .. .. 8.41 .. 3.28 .. .. 2.39 .. .. .. .. .. 2.14 .. .. 6.60 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.82 3.47

2.55 .. .. .. .. 9.60 .. 5.09 .. .. 3.34 .. .. .. .. .. 3.13 .. .. 7.97 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.12 3.81

2.34 .. .. .. .. 9.18 .. 5.14 .. .. 3.22 .. .. .. .. .. 3.45 .. .. 7.68 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.15 5.21

1.73 5.60 7.47 9.80 5.30 8.55 4.25 6.79 4.31 6.97 5.10 14.51 .. 5.18 7.05 8.71 6.54 8.26 .. 7.25 14.59 6.16 2.08 12.17 13.27 5.60 .. ..

0.58 1.04 4.21 5.59 0.85 6.27 3.17 7.82 4.26 1.72 9.68 10.78 .. 0.98 3.58 3.70 6.43 3.24 .. 5.19 10.43 4.35 0.43 7.94 7.68 4.15 .. ..

1.00 1.11 3.39 5.21 3.62 5.16 3.79 9.13 4.24 1.05 11.72 7.53 3.01 0.91 2.89 2.92 5.59 1.80 .. 3.84 10.06 5.30 0.35 8.14 6.00 4.62 .. ..

1.27 1.37 3.46 5.69 4.14 6.01 4.48 9.61 4.36 0.93 13.08 10.36 3.90 0.95 3.38 3.69 6.74 2.14 3.23 4.35 10.32 6.66 0.34 10.13 6.24 4.09 .. ..

1.35 1.37 2.60 6.31 5.34 6.00 4.13 8.86 4.04 1.12 15.29 13.55 4.90 1.11 3.85 3.94 6.19 2.20 4.08 3.69 10.70 6.29 0.30 11.29 5.80 3.40 .. ..

1.26 1.75 3.13 6.15 5.63 5.42 3.74 6.49 3.80 1.49 15.12 14.63 4.57 1.55 3.43 3.63 5.59 1.88 3.66 3.45 10.69 6.34 0.44 12.50 5.83 3.18 .. ..

1.42 1.74 3.23 6.06 5.66 5.83 3.57 6.72 3.58 1.71 16.25 12.94 4.06 1.43 3.38 3.52 5.49 2.04 3.57 3.42 10.20 5.35 0.56 12.62 5.21 3.18 .. ..

-17.5% -69.0% -56.8% -38.1% 6.8% -31.8% -15.9% -1.1% -16.9% -75.4% 218.9% -10.8% .. -72.4% -52.1% -59.6% -16.0% -75.3% .. -52.8% -30.0% -13.3% -73.0% 3.7% -60.7% -43.2% .. ..

7.40

9.04

10.26

10.36

11.46

7.64

6.97

7.34

7.50

7.52

7.14

-37.7%


0.57 0.25 0.10 .. 0.11 0.42 0.44 0.13 0.56 .. 0.04 0.79 0.22 0.28 1.68 0.31 0.40 0.31 .. .. 0.10 0.28 6.95 .. 0.22 0.10 0.16 0.71 0.78 1.35 0.12 0.67

0.81 0.28 0.14 .. 0.13 0.39 0.46 0.11 0.66 .. 0.04 1.16 0.23 0.26 3.31 0.47 0.54 0.23 .. .. 0.17 0.33 8.21 .. 0.20 0.09 0.13 0.86 0.87 1.16 0.13 0.78

1.43 0.32 0.11 .. 0.19 0.38 0.41 0.12 0.94 .. 0.04 1.77 0.20 0.27 5.51 0.59 0.68 0.20 .. .. 0.34 0.37 7.56 .. 0.19 0.08 0.13 1.24 0.55 1.09 0.15 0.84

1.86 0.29 0.11 1.27 0.23 0.36 0.30 0.11 1.31 .. 0.03 2.03 0.16 0.23 5.53 0.60 0.72 0.11 .. .. 0.38 0.33 7.12 .. 0.18 0.07 0.09 1.33 0.38 1.10 0.11 0.85

1.97 0.35 0.05 2.03 0.22 0.27 0.22 0.09 1.38 .. 0.05 0.96 0.17 0.24 5.87 1.10 0.79 0.08 .. .. 0.29 0.28 6.93 .. 0.21 0.07 0.15 1.50 0.31 1.55 0.11 0.84

1.91 0.30 0.04 2.02 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.03 1.31 0.25 0.04 1.21 0.19 0.21 6.75 1.38 0.96 0.07 1.08 .. 0.30 0.28 6.64 .. 0.14 0.08 0.14 1.57 0.22 1.29 0.11 0.80

1.97 0.31 0.20 2.32 0.18 0.16 0.38 0.02 1.46 0.17 0.05 1.19 0.26 0.25 6.89 2.05 1.02 0.07 1.00 0.06 0.36 0.36 6.38 .. 0.16 0.08 0.19 1.85 0.16 1.06 0.12 0.81

2.33 0.34 0.33 2.30 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.02 1.93 0.14 0.06 1.26 0.30 0.21 7.41 2.41 1.28 0.07 1.23 0.05 0.40 0.41 7.86 .. 0.25 0.13 0.17 1.94 0.18 0.79 0.13 0.93

2.66 0.71 0.48 1.60 0.25 0.45 0.31 0.03 2.15 0.10 0.07 1.72 0.43 0.28 7.67 2.93 1.43 0.10 1.40 0.08 0.35 0.42 8.01 .. 0.32 0.13 0.32 2.21 0.12 0.66 0.14 0.96

2.98 0.77 0.51 2.41 0.26 0.58 0.40 0.05 2.00 0.11 0.09 2.06 0.52 0.27 7.69 3.04 1.51 0.11 1.46 0.10 0.36 0.42 7.96 0.13 0.35 0.20 0.24 2.17 0.19 0.79 0.15 0.95

3.16 0.80 0.54 3.10 0.27 0.59 0.42 0.06 1.93 0.11 0.09 2.07 0.49 0.28 7.65 3.14 1.57 0.14 1.50 0.10 0.34 0.43 8.10 0.13 0.34 0.20 0.24 2.27 0.20 0.75 0.15 0.96

59.9% 126.1% 956.3% 52.3% 21.2% 118.8% 89.8% -27.3% 40.1% .. 108.2% 116.5% 182.2% 17.0% 30.3% 185.7% 98.8% 75.5% .. .. 15.5% 50.9% 16.9% .. 65.0% 205.0% 59.4% 52.1% -35.5% -51.4% 38.6% 13.3%



© OECD/IEA, 2016

tonnes CO 2 / capita


CO2 emissions / population tonnes CO 2 / capita

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

% change 90-14


0.04 2.93 .. 4.67 0.32 0.21 1.14 .. 0.16 0.02 0.27 0.62 2.87 0.22 2.00 0.43 0.37 0.38 0.40

0.06 8.74 .. 4.83 0.35 0.29 1.32 .. 0.13 0.02 0.30 0.70 3.73 0.20 2.53 0.50 0.35 0.42 0.44

0.08 13.67 .. 6.22 0.38 0.46 1.71 .. 0.15 0.03 0.31 0.70 5.24 0.25 4.01 0.71 0.28 0.54 0.53

0.08 13.21 .. 6.89 0.48 0.51 2.09 6.13 0.15 0.03 0.40 0.52 6.07 0.22 3.59 0.81 0.30 0.34 0.60

0.11 12.68 .. 5.79 0.61 0.74 2.72 5.89 0.09 0.05 0.52 0.61 9.50 0.22 5.49 1.43 0.26 0.31 0.74

0.14 15.26 0.14 3.52 0.74 1.04 3.84 4.46 0.15 0.08 0.65 0.82 10.66 0.30 7.28 2.36 0.38 0.31 0.90

0.16 13.37 0.16 3.06 0.85 1.21 4.91 3.75 0.19 0.13 0.69 0.87 10.46 0.55 9.77 2.43 0.57 0.33 1.03

0.22 13.32 0.20 3.16 0.94 1.41 6.04 4.35 0.21 0.12 0.76 0.83 8.87 0.68 11.16 3.04 0.96 0.38 1.16

0.33 17.46 0.32 2.68 1.30 1.56 6.75 5.22 0.15 0.15 0.77 0.83 8.72 0.60 11.07 3.35 1.45 0.48 1.40

0.38 16.67 0.34 1.34 1.45 1.59 7.09 6.53 0.25 0.17 0.75 0.92 8.57 0.67 10.61 3.67 1.45 0.79 1.49

0.39 16.06 0.40 1.51 1.56 1.72 7.37 6.24 0.37 0.21 0.74 0.97 8.29 0.81 10.68 3.60 1.58 0.82 1.58

263.1% 26.6% .. -73.9% 155.9% 132.5% 170.8% 6.0% 292.7% 340.9% 42.8% 57.2% -12.8% 275.5% 94.5% 151.5% 499.9% 163.4% 112.5%


0.93 2.28 0.93

1.12 2.44 1.13

1.39 2.88 1.40

1.55 4.09 1.56

1.83 5.84 1.85

2.40 5.93 2.41

2.44 6.05 2.46

4.11 6.07 4.12

5.76 5.98 5.76

6.62 6.41 6.61

6.66 6.62 6.66

264.2% 13.4% 260.3%


3.39 0.47 0.89 1.18 0.67 2.35 90.11 0.75 0.56 0.35 0.41 0.08 0.41 2.92 0.60 1.59 0.23 1.12 .. 5.61 1.81 3.84 3.14 1.47

3.27 0.64 1.20 1.14 0.83 2.56 60.30 1.01 0.85 0.46 0.48 0.08 0.43 3.70 0.66 1.77 0.25 1.20 .. 4.52 1.88 4.20 4.04 1.63

3.39 0.75 1.37 1.25 0.90 3.10 50.13 1.09 1.30 0.35 0.59 0.11 0.47 3.07 0.56 1.47 0.42 1.17 .. 5.87 1.83 5.43 3.65 1.80

2.89 0.69 1.14 1.27 0.71 3.19 24.57 0.96 1.29 0.33 0.39 0.12 0.39 2.02 0.49 1.20 0.39 0.92 .. 5.68 1.00 4.86 3.18 1.55

3.04 0.75 1.23 1.34 0.84 3.22 14.09 1.03 1.30 0.40 0.35 0.13 0.44 3.03 0.44 1.04 0.46 0.88 .. 6.46 1.16 4.71 4.11 1.61

3.35 0.91 1.40 1.45 1.27 2.06 13.23 1.42 1.46 0.82 0.57 0.12 0.64 3.39 0.54 1.49 0.73 0.97 .. 6.50 1.36 4.78 4.15 1.74

3.76 0.85 1.66 1.34 1.15 2.46 26.73 2.13 1.44 0.89 0.73 0.16 0.72 3.78 0.70 1.61 0.62 1.02 3.03 7.97 1.53 4.75 4.65 1.93

3.82 0.99 1.65 1.24 1.28 2.22 27.22 1.87 1.74 1.05 0.81 0.21 1.04 3.89 0.75 2.04 0.60 1.04 3.36 13.52 1.55 5.12 4.59 1.97

4.21 1.38 1.87 1.31 1.46 2.89 19.13 1.94 2.15 0.96 0.70 0.21 0.98 2.57 0.75 2.44 0.75 1.40 3.27 16.83 1.77 5.91 5.05 2.22

4.25 1.63 2.21 1.50 1.52 2.59 28.65 1.92 2.29 0.94 0.78 0.21 1.08 2.70 0.72 2.59 0.76 1.47 3.69 17.02 2.09 5.15 5.79 2.37

4.48 1.73 2.31 1.52 1.51 2.59 30.43 1.85 2.44 0.96 1.01 0.26 1.10 2.64 0.76 2.74 0.79 1.54 3.70 17.15 1.83 5.05 5.82 2.44

47.4% 130.6% 88.5% 13.6% 79.1% -19.7% 115.9% 79.7% 86.8% 139.9% 188.0% 98.6% 147.5% -13.0% 70.3% 163.9% 72.9% 75.9% .. 165.2% 58.4% 7.2% 41.8% 52.1%


13.09 1.33 1.01 0.86 17.37 1.95 0.34 18.82 2.08 0.82 8.95 0.19 1.49

19.58 2.08 1.33 1.19 14.37 2.22 0.82 30.04 3.03 1.09 9.26 0.26 2.11

20.10 2.29 1.92 1.98 19.09 2.55 1.95 31.16 10.03 1.38 18.90 0.43 3.44

21.71 3.07 2.44 2.83 21.18 2.47 3.76 28.79 8.81 1.83 26.39 0.50 4.07

21.53 3.05 3.00 2.93 13.50 2.04 5.61 26.11 9.23 2.19 28.64 0.53 4.22

23.85 4.05 4.71 2.92 19.76 4.22 6.70 33.59 10.16 2.17 29.63 0.62 5.18

23.75 4.74 2.99 3.01 24.00 4.32 9.12 35.84 10.97 2.26 26.17 0.75 5.45

23.71 5.96 2.71 3.35 28.59 3.63 9.84 39.67 12.04 2.95 24.79 0.92 6.35

20.26 6.71 3.35 3.12 25.16 4.20 14.39 32.33 14.92 2.70 18.22 0.95 7.26

20.97 6.94 4.00 3.48 23.40 4.59 14.46 34.64 15.60 1.37 19.19 0.94 7.54

21.80 7.12 4.05 3.65 22.94 4.92 14.14 35.73 16.40 1.24 19.31 0.81 7.72

1.3% 133.5% 35.1% 24.3% 69.9% 141.2% 152.2% 36.9% 77.6% -43.1% -32.6% 54.8% 82.8%


© OECD/IEA, 2016



Per capita emissions by sector in 2014 ¹ kilogrammes CO 2 / capita



4 467

1 880

232

859

1 041

781

455

256

9 662 10 722 16 157 6 264 10 267 7 863 3 134

4 030 4 162 6 267 2 084 4 930 4 210 1 407

542 647 1 050 326 589 323 164

1 145 1 221 1 451 812 1 789 1 058 797

2 648 3 237 5 371 1 870 2 029 1 317 498

2 284 2 837 4 544 1 774 1 789 990 450

1 297 1 455 2 017 1 172 930 956 269

757 812 1 085 727 413 692 146


6 682

2 581

403

912

1 696

1 587

1 090

683

Non-OECD Total

3 242

1 487

159

810

500

438

287

163

OECD Total

9 358

3 735

577

1 094

2 706

2 399

1 245

696


15 609 4 251 3 600 16 218 12 672

2 744 1 662 1 151 6 659 4 856

3 301 166 435 799 869

1 880 794 484 1 404 1 192

4 963 1 321 1 263 5 416 4 225

3 984 1 199 1 227 4 606 3 616

2 721 308 266 1 939 1 530

1 211 192 151 1 071 826


15 812 7 878 9 350 11 261 7 007 10 410

7 717 4 812 4 540 5 923 1 281 5 160

1 511 544 425 888 379 658

1 817 353 1 793 1 538 1 524 1 675

3 913 2 056 1 640 1 833 3 150 1 984

3 297 2 056 1 471 1 756 2 854 1 792

856 113 952 1 079 672 933

382 44 429 611 122 445


7 114 7 830 9 174 6 116 13 310 8 283 4 317 8 931 6 029 4 083 6 250 7 338 5 259 16 570 8 796 6 874 7 251 4 116 5 413 6 188 4 993 3 859 4 608 4 008 6 314 6 048

1 491 1 472 5 146 2 395 10 294 3 603 437 4 046 3 109 1 127 10 2 399 1 700 1 380 3 459 379 3 853 1 480 1 216 2 199 1 510 647 314 1 725 2 249 2 208

826 552 229 369 99 592 159 283 394 145 75 170 574 2 127 179 212 876 3 358 289 114 147 398 290

1 258 1 619 1 287 610 644 1 383 678 1 111 548 637 1 823 775 589 1 533 1 294 1 105 745 531 1 332 819 713 672 629 586 606 787

2 605 2 242 1 562 2 013 1 686 1 977 1 831 1 908 1 496 1 109 2 501 2 358 1 733 11 075 1 746 2 732 1 136 1 511 1 118 2 572 1 763 2 056 2 066 795 1 796 1 648

2 519 2 172 1 522 1 853 1 617 1 852 1 767 1 845 1 302 1 082 2 321 2 315 1 642 11 053 1 683 2 063 1 104 1 445 1 062 2 550 1 616 2 002 2 032 720 1 693 1 563

933 1 946 950 730 587 728 1 213 1 583 482 1 066 1 917 1 730 1 067 2 582 1 723 531 1 337 381 872 596 650 195 1 486 756 1 264 1 114

603 1 272 574 363 137 222 676 1 019 346 612 28 1 246 691 1 766 897 60 889 180 466 319 333 17 969 367 924 679


6 219 11 474 11 271 5 672

2 300 4 514 4 716 2 534

290 657 626 285

799 1 263 1 262 1 151

1 713 3 461 3 172 1 120

1 634 3 015 2 701 973

1 117 1 580 1 495 583

696 886 875 324


Transport



1. This table shows per capita emissions for the same sectors which are present throughout this publication. In particular, the emissions from electricity and and heat production are shown separately and not reallocated to end use sectors. 2. Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. 3. World includes international bunkers in the transport sector.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

World ³

Other Manufacturing energy ind. industries and own use ² construction


Per capita emissions by sector in 2014 kilogrammes CO 2 / capita



3 242

1 487

159

810

500

438

287

163

1 424 1 736 3 228 6 064 5 664 5 832 3 573 6 717 3 580 1 714 16 255 12 938 4 061 1 433 3 379 3 521 5 488 2 038 3 571 3 423 10 204 5 346 562 12 624 5 214 3 183

516 1 284 3 091 3 811 3 901 771 3 334 2 140 250 4 501 5 546 3 050 369 898 621 3 747 917 2 393 1 371 5 778 3 627 22 3 537 2 493 1 251

42 207 375 195 125 366 7 6 2 639 1 468 190 458 84 3 986 113 100

316 192 241 567 554 471 533 787 539 360 2 425 242 282 425 393 79 258 236 624 1 257 499 9 443 1 223 435

853 483 791 1 244 778 1 137 1 307 2 036 773 723 11 753 790 567 397 1 449 1 625 1 268 502 844 768 1 658 828 188 2 217 595 218

813 483 725 1 051 778 1 074 1 252 2 036 767 714 11 753 739 565 390 1 333 1 536 1 187 496 829 742 1 052 820 188 1 483 465 119

214 545 705 788 326 197 597 553 123 380 1 537 203 384 607 415 394 359 98 470 1 053 308 340 5 442 790 1 179

80 407 545 471 151 97 330 347 19 271 1 008 52 247 226 220 75 236 24 298 816 163 87 636 891

and Eurasia

7 137

3 693

407

979

1 112

805

946

634


3 157 796 542 3 099 265 586 422 62 1 934 110 94 2 069 490 275 7 653 3 139 1 566 142 1 495 103 339 428 8 099 128 339 200 242 2 274 203 753 153 956

838 142 12 1 690 53 103 170 808 62 645 118 35 3 976 1 926 600 27 6 24 71 156 4 663 35 51 47 3 823 17 444 41 406

388 11 33 7 166 27 1 2 96 36 2 61 3 803 4 5 59 2 5 4 77

263 62 33 313 19 16 63 2 294 4 32 691 62 65 316 262 213 22 135 15 41 79 1 019 1 44 31 23 485 95 68 21 121

1 114 350 366 995 143 448 131 60 436 34 44 489 271 146 3 008 799 452 81 826 61 120 167 976 83 201 115 187 576 71 168 71 248

1 066 315 366 978 137 362 117 50 410 34 42 489 252 144 3 007 757 451 74 780 61 120 158 910 81 199 115 187 551 68 155 67 237

554 232 131 101 18 19 51 231 10 18 217 38 28 257 152 266 11 528 3 45 24 639 5 38 7 30 332 18 69 17 105

479 80 130 49 17 19 24 163 9 9 108 26 23 257 114 179 6 3 3 9 21 298 1 13 6 30 169 2 11 7 62

Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus ¹ FYR of Macedonia Georgia Gibraltar Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Malta Republic of Moldova Montenegro Romania Russian Federation Serbia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Non-OECD Europe

Transport





© OECD/IEA, 2016

Non-OECD Total



Per capita emissions by sector in 2014 kilogrammes CO 2 / capita



391 16 056 398 1 510 1 559 1 716 7 375 6 239 366 210 743 965 8 286 811 10 677 3 596 1 580 818 1 581

206 6 760 79 243 808 661 3 283 3 974 74 4 242 471 3 980 329 6 383 1 362 551 171 744

1 4 825 2 28 98 702 9 15 8 13 877 2 645 314 54

64 811 11 928 412 316 957 739 90 69 177 140 2 061 48 1 710 751 533 122 369

56 3 239 253 54 179 529 2 191 695 134 93 215 269 1 257 387 1 528 889 352 486 288

43 3 239 210 54 166 464 2 122 481 111 93 199 230 1 215 381 1 493 856 344 455 266

65 421 55 284 133 112 242 822 54 45 101 72 110 44 412 280 143 39 126

42 213 23 5 66 77 57 420 17 81 23 36 22 182 68 82 15 63

6 661 6 620 6 660

3 213 4 381 3 220

267 266

2 112 1 108 2 107

573 907 574

463 905 466

495 223 494

252 110 251


4 477 1 733 2 310 1 517 1 506 2 588 30 426 1 851 2 435 962 1 008 261 1 099 2 636 755 2 737 792 1 543 3 702 17 145 1 833 5 050 5 823 2 444

1 294 343 460 271 156 1 310 3 928 978 539 269 205 76 450 932 244 845 374 1 518 4 528 164 1 013 3 070 582

408 84 148 137 7 57 16 077 15 105 7 14 157 35 6 124 119 782 2 205

755 199 476 278 207 774 2 592 215 323 115 345 64 107 942 92 667 23 270 136 3 842 234 1 395 173 489

1 082 705 1 034 625 1 035 111 6 988 488 1 015 463 403 110 434 640 315 997 737 622 1 245 2 362 1 014 1 633 1 750 904

973 671 932 601 1 032 106 6 988 385 965 463 402 110 434 640 283 996 732 552 762 2 087 999 1 632 1 665 837

937 401 193 206 102 336 841 155 453 114 48 11 107 122 89 227 32 120 769 289 302 227 828 265

558 133 87 87 35 54 841 124 152 93 47 10 52 37 20 139 32 71 72 273 118 169 246 133


21 797 7 116 4 051 3 648 22 936 4 919 14 140 35 733 16 402 1 244 19 308 815 7 715

15 088 1 993 2 291 1 809 12 179 2 816 3 773 8 855 7 179 527 7 787 215 2 999

2 450 451 344 104 3 276 1 677 13 851 884 26 229 42 588

1 583 1 185 320 358 3 833 239 5 283 6 355 3 953 168 7 129 121 1 579

2 494 1 774 834 1 066 3 501 1 201 2 938 6 518 4 251 298 4 062 282 1 811

2 398 1 617 834 1 060 3 501 1 201 2 938 6 518 4 172 294 3 972 282 1 740

182 1 713 262 312 146 664 468 155 135 224 101 155 738

182 1 334 262 192 146 664 107 155 135 108 101 103 578



Transport



© OECD/IEA, 2016




CO2 emissions and drivers (Kaya decomposition) ¹

1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

avg. ch. ref-14 ²

World ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

68 71 72 123 108

76 77 78 117 107

86 84 87 112 105

89 92 91 105 101

100 100 100 100 100

104 108 103 94 99

113 116 115 86 99

132 123 131 82 100

149 131 148 76 101

157 136 158 72 101

158 137 162 70 101

1.9% 1.3% 2.0% -1.5% 0.0%

Annex I Parties CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

95 103 101 94 96

99 105 116 85 96

101 107 129 78 94

96 109 133 72 92

94 111 137 68 91

92 111 139 66 91

-0.3% 0.4% 1.4% -1.7% -0.4%

Annex II Parties CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

89 88 62 141 115

92 91 68 133 111

98 94 78 124 107

94 97 87 109 102

100 100 100 100 100

104 103 107 97 97

112 107 121 90 97

115 110 130 84 96

108 114 131 78 93

104 115 134 72 93

103 116 135 71 93

0.1% 0.6% 1.3% -1.4% -0.3%

Annex II North America CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

89 83 66 149 109

91 86 70 141 106

96 91 80 130 102

94 95 89 109 102

100 100 100 100 100

106 106 106 96 98

118 113 124 85 99

119 118 134 77 98

112 124 133 71 96

108 127 137 66 94

110 128 139 66 93

0.4% 1.0% 1.4% -1.7% -0.3%

Annex II Europe CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

98 94 63 132 125

99 96 70 123 120

106 97 80 118 116

98 98 86 111 105

100 100 100 100 100

99 102 107 96 95

102 103 121 88 92

105 106 129 85 91

96 109 131 79 86

89 110 131 74 84

84 110 132 70 83

-0.7% 0.4% 1.2% -1.5% -0.8%

Annex II Asia Oceania CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

69 84 54 134 113

79 89 60 130 114

83 94 70 121 105

84 97 82 104 101

100 100 100 100 100

107 102 106 103 96

114 104 111 103 95

120 106 119 96 99

116 107 121 92 97

124 108 126 83 111

121 108 126 80 110

0.8% 0.3% 1.0% -0.9% 0.4%

Annex I EIT CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

71 100 70 105 97

64 98 79 89 94

65 95 106 72 90

65 94 125 63 88

64 94 135 59 85

61 94 136 56 84

-2.1% -0.2% 1.3% -2.4% -0.7%

Non-Annex I Parties CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

125 110 114 94 106

142 119 132 85 106

198 128 162 85 113

262 137 209 79 116

295 143 235 74 118

303 145 243 73 118

4.7% 1.6% 3.8% -1.3% 0.7%

Annex B Kyoto Parties CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

89 101 103 91 94

87 101 118 80 91

91 103 131 76 89

86 104 137 70 86

81 105 139 65 86

77 106 140 62 84

-1.1% 0.2% 1.4% -2.0% -0.7%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. Total World includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

reference year for indices = 1990 unless otherwise specified



1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

avg. ch. ref-14 ²

Non-OECD Total CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

46 68 68 105 94

59 74 79 102 99

74 82 89 100 101

83 91 92 102 98

100 100 100 100 100

103 109 103 91 101

111 118 116 81 100

149 126 145 77 106

192 135 188 70 108

214 140 212 66 110

218 142 219 64 110

3.3% 1.5% 3.3% -1.8% 0.4%

OECD Total CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

85 84 64 138 114

89 88 70 129 111

96 92 80 122 107

94 96 88 108 103

100 100 100 100 100

105 104 107 97 97

113 108 122 89 97

117 112 132 83 96

112 116 134 77 94

109 118 138 72 93

108 118 139 71 93

0.3% 0.7% 1.4% -1.4% -0.3%

Canada CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

81 79 68 124 121

90 84 77 122 114

101 89 87 118 111

94 93 94 104 103

100 100 100 100 100

107 106 103 102 97

123 111 119 91 103

128 116 129 85 99

125 123 130 79 100

131 127 134 75 102

132 128 136 76 100

1.2% 1.0% 1.3% -1.2% -0.0%

Chile CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

71 74 77 109 115

58 79 62 112 107

73 85 82 98 107

67 92 79 95 97

100 100 100 100 100

126 109 139 86 96

165 117 163 95 92

185 123 192 85 91

233 130 220 77 106

279 134 247 83 101

258 135 249 76 100

4.0% 1.3% 3.9% -1.1% -0.0%

Mexico CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

36 61 75 76 105

52 70 87 79 110

80 81 103 92 104

94 90 102 95 107

100 100 100 100 100

113 109 99 99 106

140 116 121 86 115

160 123 125 94 111

170 131 129 83 121

174 136 137 83 112

168 137 139 80 110

2.2% 1.3% 1.4% -0.9% 0.4%

United States CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

89 83 66 152 108

91 86 70 144 105

96 91 79 131 102

94 95 89 109 101

100 100 100 100 100

106 107 107 95 98

117 113 124 85 99

119 118 134 76 98

111 124 133 70 96

106 127 137 65 93

108 128 140 65 93

0.3% 1.0% 1.4% -1.8% -0.3%

OECD Americas CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

86 77 69 147 109

89 82 74 138 106

95 88 83 126 103

94 94 91 108 102

100 100 100 100 100

106 107 106 96 98

119 114 123 85 100

122 119 133 78 98

116 126 132 71 98

112 129 137 67 95

113 130 139 66 94

0.5% 1.1% 1.4% -1.7% -0.2%

Australia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

55 77 75 103 92

69 81 79 109 99

80 86 86 108 99

85 93 93 98 101

100 100 100 100 100

110 105 111 91 102

129 111 127 88 103

143 118 142 78 109

150 129 149 77 101

148 136 154 70 101

144 138 155 68 99

1.5% 1.3% 1.8% -1.6% -0.0%

Israel CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

42 65 70 109 84

50 74 81 102 82

57 83 83 99 84

74 91 89 82 112

100 100 100 100 100

137 119 116 98 101

167 135 133 88 105

179 149 134 80 111

209 164 152 82 103

206 173 160 73 102

197 176 161 70 100

2.9% 2.4% 2.0% -1.5% -0.0%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified.


© OECD/IEA, 2016




1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

avg. ch. ref-14 ²

Japan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

72 85 51 142 118

82 90 57 136 117

84 95 67 124 106

83 98 80 106 101

100 100 100 100 100

106 101 106 105 95

110 103 109 106 93

113 103 115 100 96

107 104 117 94 94

118 103 120 84 114

114 103 121 81 113

0.6% 0.1% 0.8% -0.9% 0.5%

Korea CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

23 77 23 103 125

34 82 31 102 127

54 89 44 114 122

67 95 64 94 117

100 100 100 100 100

154 105 142 104 99

186 110 178 104 92

197 112 220 92 87

238 115 262 89 88

247 117 281 86 87

245 118 289 85 85

3.8% 0.7% 4.5% -0.7% -0.7%

New Zealand CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

62 85 84 75 117

76 92 92 79 113

76 93 91 83 108

87 97 101 89 100

100 100 100 100 100

110 109 107 99 95

133 115 118 99 100

155 123 133 80 118

140 129 137 81 97

142 132 143 80 94

144 132 148 82 90

1.5% 1.2% 1.6% -0.8% -0.5%

OECD Asia Oceania CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

61 82 52 128 113

72 87 58 125 114

78 92 68 118 106

81 97 80 102 103

100 100 100 100 100

115 103 110 104 97

126 106 118 105 95

132 108 129 98 97

136 110 136 95 95

144 111 142 87 104

140 112 144 85 103

1.4% 0.5% 1.5% -0.7% 0.1%

Austria CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

86 98 60 128 114

88 99 69 119 109

97 98 81 116 104

94 99 87 108 101

100 100 100 100 100

106 104 108 97 98

110 104 124 89 96

132 107 132 96 98

122 109 138 91 90

114 110 142 85 85

108 111 141 82 84

0.3% 0.4% 1.4% -0.8% -0.7%

Belgium CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

111 97 63 136 134

109 98 71 126 123

118 99 83 119 121

95 99 87 107 103

100 100 100 100 100

105 102 106 103 94

107 103 121 97 88

101 105 130 89 83

99 109 134 86 79

88 111 134 78 76

82 112 135 73 75

-0.8% 0.5% 1.3% -1.3% -1.2%

Czech Republic CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

102 95 73 132 112

103 97 81 111 117

112 100 88 108 118

117 100 93 107 117

100 100 100 100 100

82 100 96 87 98

81 99 106 79 98

79 99 129 71 87

74 101 142 62 83

67 101 142 59 80

64 102 145 56 77

-1.8% 0.1% 1.6% -2.4% -1.1%

Denmark CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

109 97 70 159 102

103 98 72 141 103

124 100 82 135 112

120 99 94 119 108

100 100 100 100 100

115 102 110 100 102

100 104 125 82 93

95 105 132 78 87

93 108 129 80 83

76 109 129 72 75

68 110 130 66 73

-1.6% 0.4% 1.1% -1.7% -1.3%

Estonia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

44 91 77 76 83

40 88 107 51 84

47 86 155 40 88

52 84 156 44 90

52 83 180 42 84

49 83 186 40 79

-3.0% -0.8% 2.6% -3.8% -1.0%



© OECD/IEA, 2016




1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

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2014

avg. ch. ref-14 ²

Finland CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

74 92 56 123 116

82 94 66 111 118

102 96 77 118 118

90 98 86 108 99

100 100 100 100 100

103 102 95 104 102

101 104 121 91 89

102 105 135 85 84

115 108 138 87 89

92 109 136 79 78

84 110 135 81 70

-0.7% 0.4% 1.3% -0.9% -1.5%

France CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

122 90 64 123 173

122 93 72 111 166

132 95 83 109 154

102 97 87 107 112

100 100 100 100 100

99 102 104 99 94

106 105 118 91 94

107 108 123 91 89

98 112 124 84 84

92 113 126 79 81

83 114 126 76 76

-0.8% 0.5% 1.0% -1.2% -1.1%

Germany CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

104 99 62 141 120

104 99 68 133 116

111 99 81 128 110

107 98 87 120 105

100 100 100 100 100

91 102 108 87 95

86 103 118 79 90

84 102 122 77 87

81 101 132 70 87

81 102 137 65 90

77 102 138 62 88

-1.1% 0.1% 1.4% -2.0% -0.5%

Greece CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

36 87 74 63 88

49 89 86 72 89

65 95 98 75 93

78 98 96 87 95

100 100 100 100 100

109 103 103 99 104

126 105 121 99 100

136 107 144 92 97

119 108 140 85 93

99 107 116 88 91

94 106 117 87 87

-0.2% 0.3% 0.6% -0.6% -0.6%

Hungary ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

76 98 60 108 120

89 100 75 102 116

105 102 88 105 111

101 100 97 101 102

83 98 102 96 87

71 98 91 97 83

67 97 106 81 81

69 96 133 72 75

60 95 133 68 70

51 94 137 58 69

51 94 142 57 67

-2.4% -0.2% 1.3% -2.0% -1.4%

Iceland CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

74 81 58 85 186

85 85 66 87 175

92 89 85 86 140

86 95 91 91 110

100 100 100 100 100

104 105 97 96 107

114 110 117 106 83

118 116 137 87 86

103 125 136 141 43

107 127 143 143 41

108 128 144 140 42

0.3% 1.0% 1.5% 1.4% -3.6%

Ireland CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

72 85 54 149 106

70 91 62 120 105

86 97 72 119 103

88 101 79 110 101

100 100 100 100 100

108 103 122 86 101

136 109 187 69 97

147 119 221 56 100

131 130 209 53 90

114 131 216 46 87

112 132 227 43 87

0.5% 1.2% 3.5% -3.4% -0.6%

Italy CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

74 95 58 130 103

81 98 65 126 102

91 99 79 113 102

88 100 86 103 100

100 100 100 100 100

103 100 106 102 95

108 100 117 99 92

117 103 120 103 92

101 105 115 98 85

87 107 109 91 82

82 107 108 86 82

-0.8% 0.3% 0.3% -0.6% -0.8%

Luxembourg CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

153 90 55 244 128

119 94 59 202 107

116 95 65 170 110

96 96 73 130 106

100 100 100 100 100

77 107 113 77 82

75 114 143 60 76

107 122 155 68 83

99 133 161 58 80

91 143 159 52 78

86 146 161 48 76

-0.6% 1.6% 2.0% -3.0% -1.1%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. The reference year for Hungary corresponds to its base year under the Convention (the average of 1985-1987).


© OECD/IEA, 2016




1971

1975

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1990

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2014

avg. ch. ref-14 ²

Netherlands CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

88 88 70 126 114

91 91 76 129 101

100 95 85 122 102

96 97 88 109 103

100 100 100 100 100

113 103 108 100 100

111 107 130 83 97

115 109 136 84 93

117 111 142 81 92

108 112 140 75 91

102 113 141 70 92

0.1% 0.5% 1.5% -1.5% -0.3%

Norway CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

84 92 56 122 132

86 94 66 112 124

99 96 81 112 114

96 98 94 103 101

100 100 100 100 100

114 103 117 93 103

116 106 136 87 93

126 109 147 80 99

137 115 145 96 85

128 120 147 88 83

129 121 148 76 94

1.1% 0.8% 1.7% -1.1% -0.2%

Poland ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

66 87 78 96 102

78 90 96 90 101

96 94 96 106 100

98 98 92 104 104

80 100 89 87 102

77 101 98 76 102

67 101 127 52 100

69 101 149 46 98

71 102 186 40 94

67 102 201 36 91

64 102 207 34 91

-1.7% 0.1% 2.8% -4.1% -0.4%

Portugal CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

38 87 56 77 102

48 92 62 81 104

63 99 74 82 105

63 101 75 86 97

100 100 100 100 100

125 100 108 111 104

153 103 129 110 104

162 105 132 114 103

126 106 135 98 90

115 105 127 96 90

113 104 129 94 90

0.5% 0.2% 1.1% -0.3% -0.5%

Slovak Republic CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

71 86 79 98 106

79 89 87 101 100

102 94 92 108 109

99 97 96 104 102

100 100 100 100 100

75 101 90 91 90

67 102 107 77 81

68 102 136 64 77

63 102 170 48 75

58 102 181 43 73

54 102 185 39 72

-2.6% 0.1% 2.6% -3.8% -1.4%

Slovenia ⁴ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

92 101 112 86 95

96 100 109 94 93

96 100 135 81 87

105 101 160 77 85

105 103 170 71 84

97 104 164 69 83

87 104 169 65 76

-0.5% 0.1% 1.9% -1.5% -1.0%

Spain CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

59 88 62 86 124

77 91 74 94 120

92 97 78 100 122

85 99 81 98 108

100 100 100 100 100

113 101 107 104 101

137 103 128 103 102

165 111 140 101 105

129 118 139 87 91

116 118 131 84 89

115 118 133 81 90

0.6% 0.7% 1.2% -0.9% -0.4%

Sweden CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

158 95 71 114 206

152 96 79 110 184

140 97 83 107 164

112 98 91 113 112

100 100 100 100 100

109 103 100 103 103

100 104 119 82 99

94 106 133 78 86

88 110 139 71 82

72 112 141 66 69

72 113 142 63 70

-1.4% 0.5% 1.5% -1.9% -1.4%

Switzerland CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

95 93 79 91 142

90 94 78 96 128

96 94 85 102 117

102 96 90 105 113

100 100 100 100 100

102 104 96 98 103

103 107 106 91 100

108 110 110 88 101

106 116 117 79 98

102 119 119 77 93

93 120 120 71 90

-0.3% 0.8% 0.8% -1.4% -0.4%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. The reference year for Poland corresponds to its base year under the Convention (1988). 4. The reference year for Slovenia corresponds to its base year under the Convention (1986).


© OECD/IEA, 2016




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avg. ch. ref-14 ²

Turkey CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

33 66 65 87 89

47 73 74 95 92

56 81 75 99 94

75 91 84 98 101

100 100 100 100 100

119 108 108 100 102

158 117 123 101 110

170 124 144 89 106

209 132 158 97 103

223 137 176 91 101

242 139 180 92 105

3.7% 1.4% 2.5% -0.3% 0.2%

United Kingdom CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

113 98 64 161 112

105 98 68 144 109

104 98 76 129 108

99 99 85 116 102

100 100 100 100 100

94 101 107 97 89

95 103 124 85 88

97 106 138 74 90

87 110 136 66 88

82 112 140 59 88

74 113 143 54 85

-1.2% 0.5% 1.5% -2.5% -0.7%

OECD Europe CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

93 90 66 130 121

96 92 73 122 117

105 95 82 118 114

100 97 88 111 105

100 100 100 100 100

98 102 106 95 95

100 104 121 86 92

103 107 130 82 90

97 110 134 76 87

91 112 135 71 85

87 112 137 68 84

-0.6% 0.5% 1.3% -1.6% -0.7%

European Union - 28 CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

95 101 105 94 95

94 102 121 84 91

97 104 132 80 89

90 105 136 73 86

83 106 137 68 84

79 106 139 64 83

-1.0% 0.3% 1.4% -1.8% -0.8%

Albania CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

68 67 80 121 106

76 73 91 111 103

120 81 108 130 104

122 90 108 104 120

100 100 100 100 100

33 97 91 57 65

54 94 120 59 81

67 92 164 54 83

69 89 218 41 87

64 88 230 43 74

73 88 236 42 83

-1.3% -0.5% 3.6% -3.5% -0.8%

Armenia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

17 91 58 40 80

17 87 78 39 66

21 85 142 27 64

20 84 174 22 63

26 84 200 22 70

26 85 206 22 69

-5.4% -0.7% 3.1% -6.1% -1.6%

Azerbaijan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

61 107 39 147 99

51 112 52 85 102

54 117 95 53 92

44 126 187 22 86

55 132 195 24 90

58 133 196 24 91

-2.3% 1.2% 2.8% -5.7% -0.4%

Belarus CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

57 100 65 83 105

52 98 90 61 97

55 95 134 46 94

60 93 194 33 99

58 93 211 31 97

58 93 215 31 94

-2.3% -0.3% 3.2% -4.8% -0.2%

Bosnia and Herzegovina CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

14 86 66 38 64

57 84 229 32 92

66 85 299 28 92

85 85 344 32 92

90 84 353 31 97

90 84 357 37 81

-0.4% -0.7% 5.4% -4.1% -0.9%



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Bulgaria ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

77 95 40 161 126

88 97 53 145 119

102 99 70 131 113

99 100 82 120 101

90 97 91 102 100

63 94 82 96 86

51 91 87 75 85

56 86 122 60 88

53 82 149 47 94

47 81 156 43 88

51 80 160 45 89

-2.6% -0.8% 1.8% -3.1% -0.5%

Croatia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

73 98 70 121 88

83 93 87 110 93

98 93 108 102 95

90 92 111 96 91

78 89 112 90 88

75 89 112 86 88

-1.2% -0.5% 0.5% -0.6% -0.5%

Cyprus ⁴ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

45 108 24 164 104

43 88 35 133 103

66 88 62 116 104

71 94 76 94 105

100 100 100 100 100

130 113 111 100 104

162 120 125 104 104

181 128 141 90 111

187 143 142 88 104

144 151 124 75 102

148 150 123 79 103

1.7% 1.7% 0.9% -1.0% 0.1%

FYR of Macedonia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

97 98 80 128 96

99 101 90 118 92

104 102 98 112 92

97 103 118 95 83

91 104 123 85 84

86 104 128 80 82

-0.6% 0.2% 1.0% -0.9% -0.8%

Georgia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

24 99 29 106 81

14 92 41 62 60

12 91 59 43 53

15 93 74 37 59

20 93 86 39 64

23 94 90 42 65

-5.9% -0.3% -0.4% -3.6% -1.8%

Gibraltar CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

48 93 69 80 94

43 93 75 78 80

66 100 76 74 116

63 100 85 74 100

100 100 100 100 100

197 104 105 168 108

238 104 129 167 107

284 111 139 171 108

332 111 142 191 110

350 118 140 193 109

376 118 143 202 110

5.7% 0.7% 1.5% 3.0% 0.4%

Kazakhstan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

72 97 63 116 101

47 91 76 70 97

66 93 123 61 95

93 100 154 61 99

105 104 177 60 95

94 106 182 54 90

-0.2% 0.2% 2.5% -2.5% -0.4%

Kosovo ⁵ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

130 100 145 87 103

170 104 171 90 105

163 107 186 77 106

145 107 188 71 101

2.7% 0.5% 4.6% -2.4% 0.1%

Kyrgyzstan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

20 104 49 63 61

20 112 60 47 63

21 118 68 43 63

27 124 80 37 72

39 130 90 45 74

37 133 91 42 72

-4.1% 1.2% -0.4% -3.6% -1.3%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. The reference year for Bulgaria corresponds to its base year under the Convention (1988). 4. Please refer to the chapter Geographical Coverage. 5. Serbia includes Kosovo from 1990 to 1999 and Montenegro from 1990 to 2004. The reference year for Kosovo is the first year of available data (2000).


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Latvia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

47 93 61 103 81

36 89 82 67 75

40 84 129 53 70

43 79 135 54 75

37 76 160 46 67

36 75 166 45 65

-4.2% -1.2% 2.1% -3.3% -1.8%

Lithuania CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

42 98 59 94 77

32 95 77 61 71

38 90 117 52 69

38 84 133 39 86

33 80 159 34 77

32 79 165 33 73

-4.6% -1.0% 2.1% -4.5% -1.3%

Malta CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

28 86 32 111 93

28 86 46 76 93

43 90 76 67 94

50 95 78 67 101

100 100 100 100 100

103 105 125 78 101

92 108 156 58 95

118 114 154 72 93

111 117 168 61 93

102 119 174 53 92

101 121 176 53 91

0.1% 0.8% 2.4% -2.6% -0.4%

Republic of Moldova CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

39 99 40 119 82

21 98 36 82 73

25 97 52 71 71

26 96 61 60 73

22 96 71 46 71

24 96 74 47 71

-5.8% -0.2% -1.3% -3.1% -1.4%

Montenegro ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

127 101 123 88 116

115 101 128 71 125

112 101 130 68 126

1.3% 0.1% 2.9% -4.2% 2.6%

Romania ⁴ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

60 88 46 151 99

74 92 66 123 99

93 96 91 107 99

92 98 105 91 98

89 100 94 95 99

62 98 87 79 92

45 97 86 63 87

49 92 120 50 87

39 87 146 40 78

36 86 156 34 79

36 86 161 33 78

-4.0% -0.6% 1.9% -4.3% -1.0%

Russian Federation CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

72 100 62 117 99

68 99 68 105 97

68 97 94 82 92

71 96 112 73 90

71 97 122 70 86

68 97 122 68 84

-1.6% -0.1% 0.8% -1.6% -0.7%

Serbia ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

72 102 49 141 103

69 81 69 125 100

80 74 97 113 98

74 73 110 100 93

73 71 114 93 97

61 71 114 83 91

-2.0% -1.4% 0.6% -0.8% -0.4%

Tajikistan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

22 109 35 110 53

20 117 33 106 49

21 128 47 73 48

21 143 58 49 51

32 153 68 47 65

42 157 71 48 80

-3.5% 1.9% -1.4% -3.0% -0.9%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. Serbia includes Kosovo from 1990 to 1999 & Montenegro from 1990 to 2004. The reference year for Montenegro is the first year of available data (2005). 4. The reference year for Romania corresponds to its base year under the Convention (1989).


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Turkmenistan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

74 114 55 124 95

82 123 64 108 97

108 129 78 109 98

127 137 120 78 98

147 143 162 65 98

150 145 177 60 98

1.7% 1.6% 2.4% -2.1% -0.1%

Ukraine CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

57 99 48 135 88

43 95 46 122 81

43 91 69 90 75

39 88 75 79 74

39 88 79 66 84

34 87 74 65 82

-4.4% -0.6% -1.2% -1.8% -0.8%

Uzbekistan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

82 111 73 114 89

99 120 82 112 90

93 128 100 80 92

84 139 138 48 91

84 147 165 38 90

85 150 175 36 90

-0.7% 1.7% 2.4% -4.2% -0.4%

Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

56 86 59 110 100

70 89 71 106 104

84 93 85 102 104

88 97 91 102 97

100 100 100 100 100

67 100 62 113 96

60 99 68 97 92

63 98 95 76 89

64 98 114 65 89

65 99 124 61 87

62 100 124 59 85

-2.0% -0.0% 0.9% -2.2% -0.7%

Algeria CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

17 58 65 41 108

26 64 87 44 106

54 75 102 66 107

82 87 111 83 103

100 100 100 100 100

108 112 91 108 99

120 120 98 103 99

151 128 120 95 104

187 139 125 104 104

223 147 129 113 104

240 150 132 118 103

3.7% 1.7% 1.2% 0.7% 0.1%

Angola CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

41 58 133 85 63

50 64 122 90 71

68 74 106 99 87

72 88 97 99 85

100 100 100 100 100

100 117 68 136 92

118 135 80 113 97

157 161 110 81 109

386 191 165 66 187

461 211 170 66 195

492 218 171 67 197

6.9% 3.3% 2.3% -1.7% 2.9%

Benin CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

119 59 92 121 179

180 65 91 126 241

154 74 98 112 189

184 86 106 102 199

100 100 100 100 100

86 120 103 90 78

556 139 113 76 466

1044 164 116 79 694

1775 190 121 96 807

2040 206 128 92 834

2241 212 133 92 868

13.8% 3.2% 1.2% -0.4% 9.4%

Botswana CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

53 86 67 123 76

100 100 100 100 100

114 114 109 95 96

144 126 128 92 98

152 135 142 80 99

117 148 162 74 66

187 158 185 70 92

245 161 190 73 110

3.8% 2.0% 2.7% -1.3% 0.4%

Cameroon CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

28 58 69 136 51

39 64 82 115 63

63 74 97 102 86

90 86 131 79 101

100 100 100 100 100

93 115 79 122 84

105 132 87 111 83

111 150 92 103 78

191 171 93 88 137

222 184 99 80 152

229 189 102 79 150

3.5% 2.7% 0.1% -1.0% 1.7%



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Congo CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

90 58 63 178 139

95 65 76 142 135

108 76 83 126 138

119 87 116 96 122

100 100 100 100 100

84 114 90 100 82

78 130 88 78 86

132 147 96 98 96

287 170 106 117 135

397 184 109 166 119

413 189 114 155 124

6.1% 2.7% 0.5% 1.8% 0.9%

Côte d'Ivoire CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

89 45 135 93 157

112 54 140 90 165

125 68 137 88 152

113 83 113 90 132

100 100 100 100 100

121 118 91 110 102

234 136 92 124 150

215 149 84 176 97

230 165 85 167 98

319 178 91 192 103

346 182 97 182 108

5.3% 2.5% -0.1% 2.5% 0.3%

Dem. Rep. of the Congo CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

86 59 158 61 152

88 66 151 64 138

106 75 122 78 148

109 86 117 84 129

100 100 100 100 100

38 121 57 159 35

29 137 41 210 24

43 160 42 208 30

63 189 47 190 37

116 208 53 211 50

156 214 56 203 64

1.9% 3.2% -2.4% 3.0% -1.8%

Egypt CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

26 63 51 75 106

33 68 54 83 108

52 77 76 80 112

83 88 93 98 104

100 100 100 100 100

105 111 107 92 96

128 121 126 83 102

186 133 136 105 97

227 145 168 92 101

225 155 167 90 97

223 159 167 87 96

3.4% 1.9% 2.2% -0.6% -0.2%

Eritrea ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

178 100 141 80 157

141 112 147 49 175

133 133 141 47 153

110 148 121 47 130

127 158 134 43 139

129 162 134 43 139

1.2% 2.2% 1.3% -3.8% 1.5%

Ethiopia ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

60 61 129 77 99

54 68 119 83 81

62 73 113 88 86

64 85 92 108 76

100 100 100 100 100

107 119 88 113 90

147 138 95 105 107

207 159 112 90 129

274 182 165 62 148

392 197 204 51 191

421 202 219 48 199

6.2% 3.0% 3.3% -3.0% 2.9%

Gabon CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

52 63 70 205 58

83 68 132 122 76

142 77 109 139 122

185 87 108 122 161

100 100 100 100 100

145 114 102 98 127

161 129 91 106 129

190 145 89 198 75

292 162 85 312 68

373 173 95 273 83

384 177 97 251 89

5.8% 2.4% -0.1% 3.9% -0.5%

Ghana CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

75 60 136 69 133

91 67 115 90 131

86 74 109 94 113

83 87 91 104 100

100 100 100 100 100

126 115 108 99 103

196 129 118 78 165

252 146 133 57 227

412 166 161 52 294

538 179 200 47 318

517 183 203 46 303

7.1% 2.6% 3.0% -3.2% 4.7%

Kenya CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

59 50 76 130 119

63 58 86 114 111

80 69 97 103 116

83 84 91 107 103

100 100 100 100 100

104 117 93 105 91

141 133 91 109 108

136 151 95 104 91

203 172 107 99 111

212 186 116 92 107

224 191 119 97 102

3.4% 2.7% 0.7% -0.1% 0.1%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. Data for Ethiopia include Eritrea until 1991. The reference year for Eritrea is the first year of available data (1992).


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Libya CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

14 50 242 12 102

34 60 165 33 102

68 73 214 41 108

82 87 127 82 91

100 100 100 100 100

128 111 87 130 102

142 121 84 138 100

166 132 100 121 105

186 142 112 117 100

187 142 75 163 107

185 142 57 197 116

2.6% 1.5% -2.3% 2.9% 0.6%

Mauritius CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

22 79 41 167 41

36 84 52 137 60

49 91 61 116 76

53 96 73 95 79

100 100 100 100 100

133 106 120 92 114

209 112 150 90 138

254 116 168 89 146

315 118 206 81 159

329 119 227 77 159

340 119 234 75 162

5.2% 0.7% 3.6% -1.2% 2.0%

Morocco CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

33 66 62 96 86

49 72 68 107 95

70 80 79 111 98

83 91 86 104 102

100 100 100 100 100

133 109 99 114 108

150 116 114 109 104

198 122 139 115 102

234 129 166 105 104

257 134 181 101 104

270 136 183 100 108

4.2% 1.3% 2.6% 0.0% 0.3%

Mozambique CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

270 71 161 102 232

219 78 124 117 194

216 89 110 115 190

139 98 78 140 129

100 100 100 100 100

106 119 99 90 100

121 137 148 60 100

140 158 196 46 97

219 182 244 38 130

272 198 276 34 148

357 204 287 34 182

5.4% 3.0% 4.5% -4.4% 2.5%

Namibia ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

158 113 99 121 117

168 129 102 111 114

220 138 122 113 115

271 150 140 105 122

303 160 153 102 121

317 164 159 100 122

5.1% 2.2% 2.0% -0.0% 0.9%

Niger ⁴ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

113 120 101 97 96

209 145 108 97 138

274 164 114 104 140

303 170 117 98 154

4.7% 2.2% 0.7% -0.1% 1.8%

Nigeria CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

20 60 131 63 41

39 66 136 64 66

90 77 142 67 123

113 88 108 90 132

100 100 100 100 100

117 113 90 108 105

156 129 94 108 120

201 146 136 80 127

199 167 169 64 110

220 181 180 62 109

214 186 186 59 106

3.2% 2.6% 2.6% -2.2% 0.2%

Senegal CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

57 58 113 113 77

75 65 113 112 92

96 74 105 119 103

100 86 104 104 108

100 100 100 100 100

116 116 96 100 105

165 131 103 105 116

217 150 113 97 131

256 172 117 112 113

281 189 118 99 128

295 195 119 101 126

4.6% 2.8% 0.7% 0.0% 1.0%

South Africa CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

64 64 100 78 129

83 70 105 80 140

85 78 110 84 119

91 89 104 103 96

100 100 100 100 100

107 111 94 109 94

115 125 96 100 96

153 135 107 98 108

167 144 117 93 107

174 151 120 85 113

179 153 120 88 111

2.5% 1.8% 0.8% -0.5% 0.4%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. The reference year for Namibia is the first year of available data (1991). 4. Other Africa includes Niger until 1999. The reference year for Niger is the first year of available data (2000).


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South Sudan ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

103 104 108 93 98

106 108 108 93 97

0.2% 0.3% 0.3% -0.3% -0.1%

Sudan ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

61 55 102 117 92

61 63 111 101 86

69 74 105 101 88

75 87 93 110 84

100 100 100 100 100

81 117 110 88 72

104 135 127 73 83

186 156 151 60 132

283 179 185 47 180

256 149 219 42 186

252 153 221 42 179

3.9% 1.8% 3.4% -3.6% 2.4%

United Rep. of Tanzania CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

84 55 95 148 108

84 63 100 126 107

89 73 98 114 108

88 86 88 119 97

100 100 100 100 100

149 117 93 104 132

156 134 101 102 113

303 153 125 93 171

367 179 143 83 173

615 197 158 79 249

621 204 164 76 243

7.9% 3.0% 2.1% -1.1% 3.8%

Togo CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

60 58 103 97 104

55 64 112 86 90

64 72 125 78 91

52 86 103 88 66

100 100 100 100 100

101 113 89 123 81

165 129 96 135 99

167 147 89 143 89

361 169 91 160 146

291 183 98 141 115

299 188 101 138 115

4.7% 2.7% 0.0% 1.3% 0.6%

Tunisia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

31 64 60 87 91

40 69 75 85 90

65 78 90 94 98

79 89 97 97 94

100 100 100 100 100

115 110 110 97 98

145 117 136 93 98

160 123 156 87 95

191 129 186 87 92

194 134 189 83 92

205 135 192 82 97

3.0% 1.3% 2.8% -0.8% -0.1%

Zambia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

132 53 148 82 203

169 61 145 81 235

128 73 124 93 153

105 86 107 99 115

100 100 100 100 100

78 114 87 109 73

65 130 91 99 55

83 148 108 86 61

64 171 141 64 41

111 187 156 61 62

125 193 161 60 67

0.9% 2.8% 2.0% -2.1% -1.7%

Zimbabwe CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

45 51 101 113 76

44 59 103 105 69

49 70 93 107 70

60 85 95 100 75

100 100 100 100 100

93 111 95 100 88

82 119 100 90 76

63 124 65 128 61

57 133 55 141 55

72 142 67 124 62

71 145 68 121 59

-1.4% 1.6% -1.6% 0.8% -2.1%

Other Africa CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

67 61 122 73 124

76 67 117 75 129

105 77 114 76 158

86 86 106 80 116

100 100 100 100 100

112 110 91 110 103

129 118 102 95 114

155 136 121 78 120

200 158 136 69 135

236 172 141 65 149

245 177 143 64 150

3.8% 2.4% 1.5% -1.8% 1.7%

Africa CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

47 59 99 83 96

61 66 102 84 108

75 76 111 83 108

88 87 104 95 102

100 100 100 100 100

109 115 93 106 96

124 130 98 99 99

162 147 113 92 106

188 166 129 82 107

203 180 132 80 106

209 184 133 80 106

3.1% 2.6% 1.2% -0.9% 0.3%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. Data for Sudan include South Sudan until 2011. The reference year for South Sudan is the first year of available data (2012).


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Bangladesh CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

25 63 94 76 56

39 67 82 96 73

58 77 88 98 87

67 88 95 94 86

100 100 100 100 100

144 112 112 100 116

183 124 128 91 128

280 135 150 88 156

437 143 190 88 182

522 148 220 82 196

545 150 231 80 196

9.3% 2.2% 4.5% -1.2% 3.6%

Brunei Darussalam CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

12 53 114 17 119

43 63 118 58 101

81 75 160 65 104

90 87 115 104 88

100 100 100 100 100

138 115 102 111 106

136 129 97 111 98

148 141 98 93 115

210 153 93 131 112

210 160 92 120 119

205 162 88 144 100

3.0% 2.0% -0.5% 1.5% -0.0%

Cambodia ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

133 114 125 85 111

180 125 179 54 149

314 134 229 61 168

352 141 269 55 167

415 143 283 55 185

6.1% 1.5% 4.4% -2.4% 2.6%

DPR of Korea CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

59 73 26 301 101

67 81 38 220 100

93 86 61 174 101

111 93 90 129 102

100 100 100 100 100

66 108 73 84 99

60 113 62 85 101

64 118 57 95 100

56 121 52 91 99

28 123 59 45 87

32 124 66 44 90

-4.6% 0.9% -1.7% -3.4% -0.4%

India CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

34 65 68 113 69

41 71 70 113 73

49 80 73 112 76

71 90 83 108 88

100 100 100 100 100

133 110 116 95 110

168 121 142 84 116

204 131 181 71 121

301 141 251 64 133

349 147 289 60 138

381 149 307 59 141

5.7% 1.7% 4.8% -2.2% 1.4%

Indonesia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

19 65 42 131 53

28 72 51 113 68

50 81 66 105 89

63 91 78 94 94

100 100 100 100 100

152 109 135 91 115

191 117 130 104 121

238 125 153 96 131

281 133 189 85 131

298 138 216 74 135

326 140 224 73 143

5.0% 1.4% 3.4% -1.3% 1.5%

Malaysia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

26 61 45 100 93

33 68 55 89 99

48 76 74 97 88

66 87 83 99 93

100 100 100 100 100

160 114 138 101 101

232 129 154 113 104

314 142 177 120 104

383 154 202 108 114

422 162 224 111 105

445 164 234 107 108

6.4% 2.1% 3.6% 0.3% 0.3%

Mongolia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

92 88 95 110 100

100 100 100 100 100

80 105 83 91 101

70 110 91 70 99

86 116 118 64 97

110 124 150 62 95

145 131 210 56 94

141 133 222 53 90

1.4% 1.2% 3.4% -2.6% -0.5%

Myanmar CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

115 66 88 127 156

100 73 89 121 128

130 82 107 100 147

147 92 122 92 142

100 100 100 100 100

172 106 125 83 155

237 113 176 60 197

270 119 307 38 194

202 123 431 25 154

343 126 518 24 221

500 127 557 26 276

6.9% 1.0% 7.4% -5.5% 4.3%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. The reference year for Cambodia is the first year of available data (1995).


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Nepal CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

21 65 78 125 34

36 71 79 124 51

58 79 79 125 74

62 89 90 110 70

100 100 100 100 100

197 114 113 90 170

346 127 128 86 247

343 136 141 82 218

460 143 167 74 261

543 149 182 72 280

662 150 189 71 328

8.2% 1.7% 2.7% -1.4% 5.1%

Pakistan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

28 55 62 115 71

36 62 65 118 75

43 73 75 106 75

65 86 88 100 87

100 100 100 100 100

142 114 110 100 113

171 128 115 101 115

209 143 132 95 117

235 158 141 89 118

242 168 146 84 117

246 172 150 81 117

3.8% 2.3% 1.7% -0.9% 0.7%

Philippines CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

60 59 84 106 113

76 67 95 101 120

88 77 111 92 112

75 88 90 104 91

100 100 100 100 100

150 113 99 105 128

179 126 105 105 129

188 139 119 82 139

203 150 141 67 144

236 158 159 62 151

252 160 166 63 152

3.9% 2.0% 2.1% -1.9% 1.7%

Singapore CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

21 69 32 106 88

29 74 42 102 90

44 79 60 94 98

57 90 74 89 98

100 100 100 100 100

130 116 131 108 79

145 132 151 81 90

131 140 180 74 70

153 167 210 63 69

160 177 226 57 70

157 180 230 59 64

1.9% 2.5% 3.5% -2.2% -1.8%

Sri Lanka CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

75 75 59 158 109

72 79 65 145 96

99 87 77 124 120

95 93 91 107 105

100 100 100 100 100

148 107 122 84 136

286 112 148 91 190

364 115 175 81 223

338 121 227 64 191

374 120 280 54 206

456 121 290 55 235

6.5% 0.8% 4.5% -2.4% 3.6%

Chinese Taipei CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

27 74 25 114 128

37 79 35 108 122

64 88 54 122 110

62 95 69 106 89

100 100 100 100 100

139 105 136 94 104

193 108 169 97 109

228 112 194 98 106

231 114 234 87 99

223 115 250 79 98

225 116 258 77 97

3.4% 0.6% 4.0% -1.1% -0.1%

Thailand CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

20 67 38 129 62

26 75 43 129 63

42 84 56 112 80

52 92 67 96 88

100 100 100 100 100

173 105 142 100 117

188 111 139 112 109

247 116 172 118 105

276 118 204 117 98

306 119 225 121 95

301 120 226 119 94

4.7% 0.8% 3.5% 0.7% -0.3%

Uzbekistan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

82 111 73 114 89

99 120 82 112 90

93 128 100 80 92

84 139 138 48 91

84 147 165 38 90

85 150 175 36 90

-0.7% 1.7% 2.4% -4.2% -0.4%

Other Asia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

102 84 81 122 125

124 91 82 127 131

161 94 94 128 144

99 91 99 104 106

100 100 100 100 100

91 92 122 90 91

110 105 115 99 92

150 124 136 82 109

214 139 181 70 120

384 151 216 83 143

408 155 216 85 143

6.0% 1.8% 3.3% -0.7% 1.5%



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Asia (excl. China) CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

34 65 56 123 77

42 71 61 119 82

57 80 72 112 88

72 90 82 106 93

100 100 100 100 100

134 110 120 94 108

167 121 133 92 112

205 131 161 84 116

265 141 204 77 121

294 146 230 71 123

315 148 240 70 126

4.9% 1.7% 3.7% -1.5% 1.0%

People's Rep. of China CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

38 74 32 187 84

50 81 37 186 89

66 86 47 167 96

78 93 74 116 99

100 100 100 100 100

139 106 168 67 116

149 111 243 48 114

258 115 374 49 124

371 118 622 41 124

433 120 779 37 125

438 120 831 35 125

6.3% 0.8% 9.2% -4.3% 0.9%

Hong Kong, China CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

28 71 33 147 80

33 78 39 139 78

44 89 59 103 82

67 96 72 111 88

100 100 100 100 100

110 108 120 95 89

121 117 126 107 77

124 119 152 80 85

126 123 178 72 79

138 126 192 67 85

144 127 195 67 87

1.5% 1.0% 2.8% -1.7% -0.6%

China (incl. Hong Kong, China) CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

37 74 32 187 84

49 81 37 185 89

65 86 49 163 95

78 93 74 116 98

100 100 100 100 100

139 106 164 69 116

148 111 233 50 113

256 115 356 51 123

367 118 586 43 123

428 120 731 39 125

433 120 779 37 124

6.3% 0.8% 8.9% -4.0% 0.9%

Argentina CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

83 74 124 79 114

86 80 127 77 110

96 86 136 78 106

88 93 110 88 98

100 100 100 100 100

118 107 128 85 101

140 113 138 86 105

150 120 144 84 103

175 126 181 75 102

182 130 197 70 101

194 131 196 73 103

2.8% 1.1% 2.8% -1.3% 0.1%

Bolivia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

42 67 106 55 108

63 73 122 64 110

82 82 121 95 87

84 91 99 108 87

100 100 100 100 100

134 110 111 118 93

138 122 119 130 73

176 133 127 118 88

266 145 146 116 109

328 152 164 120 110

355 154 171 121 111

5.4% 1.8% 2.3% 0.8% 0.4%

Brazil CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

47 65 64 119 95

70 72 85 106 108

91 81 104 96 112

85 91 98 103 92

100 100 100 100 100

124 108 107 99 108

159 117 110 104 119

169 125 119 103 110

201 132 141 102 106

245 136 149 103 117

258 137 148 107 119

4.0% 1.3% 1.6% 0.3% 0.7%

Colombia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

58 66 66 131 102

62 72 75 118 97

76 81 87 104 104

86 90 87 105 104

100 100 100 100 100

119 109 112 93 104

118 118 110 82 111

117 126 123 72 105

132 134 145 66 102

155 138 163 62 111

158 139 169 60 113

1.9% 1.4% 2.2% -2.1% 0.5%

Costa Rica CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

49 61 79 100 102

67 68 89 98 113

83 77 101 96 111

75 88 89 97 99

100 100 100 100 100

171 113 115 107 121

173 127 131 103 101

209 137 148 113 91

254 147 174 109 92

274 152 191 100 95

275 154 195 98 94

4.3% 1.8% 2.8% -0.1% -0.3%



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Cuba CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

61 84 57 127 101

71 89 64 118 105

89 93 72 125 106

94 95 106 87 107

100 100 100 100 100

66 103 67 90 105

80 105 82 84 110

73 106 104 55 120

96 107 135 49 135

86 107 146 42 130

86 108 151 41 128

-0.6% 0.3% 1.7% -3.6% 1.0%

Curaçao ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

545 85 72 610 145

383 89 78 378 145

326 92 88 336 121

169 97 88 144 138

100 100 100 100 100

99 105 106 80 110

211 111 123 106 146

225 116 125 98 157

164 121 129 90 118

166 81 132 115 134

178 83 133 124 132

2.4% -0.8% 1.2% 0.9% 1.2%

Dominican Republic CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

47 64 68 132 81

70 72 85 125 92

85 81 98 108 100

84 90 96 97 100

100 100 100 100 100

152 110 118 101 116

247 119 151 100 137

234 129 167 80 136

259 138 211 65 138

266 143 224 59 140

260 145 238 55 137

4.1% 1.6% 3.7% -2.4% 1.3%

Ecuador CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

26 61 69 84 74

45 68 91 80 90

78 78 99 102 99

88 89 99 102 99

100 100 100 100 100

125 112 103 107 101

136 124 99 114 98

180 134 115 95 122

241 146 125 102 129

269 153 142 96 129

291 156 145 99 130

4.5% 1.9% 1.6% -0.0% 1.1%

El Salvador CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

62 72 120 82 87

91 79 132 88 100

76 87 119 98 74

78 94 96 118 73

100 100 100 100 100

217 106 127 101 160

246 111 142 102 153

297 113 156 104 163

277 115 164 91 161

272 116 173 81 168

279 116 176 81 169

4.4% 0.6% 2.4% -0.9% 2.2%

Guatemala CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

71 61 92 111 114

94 68 102 109 124

131 78 118 94 153

99 89 98 99 116

100 100 100 100 100

183 113 109 98 151

268 128 117 107 168

331 144 121 102 187

322 161 129 111 139

381 171 135 118 140

504 175 138 124 168

7.0% 2.4% 1.3% 0.9% 2.2%

Haiti CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

41 68 109 131 42

44 72 108 140 40

66 80 129 129 50

85 90 113 119 71

100 100 100 100 100

97 110 83 119 89

148 120 86 124 115

212 130 77 217 97

224 141 74 233 92

232 147 81 222 88

296 149 82 219 111

4.6% 1.7% -0.8% 3.3% 0.4%

Honduras CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

52 56 86 121 88

61 63 88 116 94

78 74 106 100 99

77 86 99 98 91

100 100 100 100 100

164 114 104 100 138

206 127 109 91 164

329 140 124 100 190

337 153 135 93 176

388 160 144 95 178

402 162 146 95 179

6.0% 2.0% 1.6% -0.2% 2.4%

Jamaica CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

76 79 107 85 106

103 84 108 106 107

90 89 86 107 110

64 97 81 79 104

100 100 100 100 100

116 104 117 95 101

135 108 110 115 99

142 111 118 102 106

96 113 113 75 100

101 114 114 80 98

99 114 115 77 98

-0.0% 0.5% 0.6% -1.1% -0.1%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. Please refer to the chapter Geographical Coverage.


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Nicaragua CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

81 60 192 53 134

101 67 210 51 138

98 78 146 66 129

98 89 132 81 103

100 100 100 100 100

137 111 98 102 122

193 121 115 89 155

219 130 126 87 155

233 138 133 79 159

232 143 150 81 133

247 145 155 80 136

3.8% 1.6% 1.9% -0.9% 1.3%

Panama CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

97 63 101 174 87

121 71 104 155 106

114 80 109 109 120

104 90 115 101 99

100 100 100 100 100

160 111 118 103 119

190 123 134 105 110

264 134 151 97 135

345 147 202 82 143

385 154 254 68 145

413 157 265 68 146

6.1% 1.9% 4.2% -1.6% 1.6%

Paraguay CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

30 60 50 148 66

36 66 60 120 76

70 75 89 101 103

74 87 86 98 100

100 100 100 100 100

181 113 110 103 142

170 126 101 99 136

180 138 101 92 140

241 147 121 88 154

256 153 136 77 159

269 156 141 77 160

4.2% 1.9% 1.4% -1.1% 2.0%

Peru CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

80 63 125 120 86

95 70 138 111 90

107 80 139 105 92

94 90 123 98 87

100 100 100 100 100

122 110 117 87 108

138 119 124 86 110

150 126 143 78 107

215 135 188 76 112

234 140 215 69 112

250 142 217 79 102

3.9% 1.5% 3.3% -1.0% 0.1%

Suriname ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

113 102 129 76 113

116 108 151 70 102

135 111 164 60 123

137 112 165 59 125

1.3% 0.5% 2.1% -2.2% 0.9%

Trinidad and Tobago CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

68 78 110 51 154

58 83 118 40 149

81 89 144 50 126

84 96 117 76 99

100 100 100 100 100

103 103 104 96 101

128 104 150 106 78

222 106 216 118 82

283 109 247 125 84

290 110 251 118 89

294 111 252 117 90

4.6% 0.4% 3.9% 0.7% -0.4%

Uruguay CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

142 91 82 144 132

148 91 88 135 136

148 94 107 117 126

84 97 85 107 94

100 100 100 100 100

122 104 117 94 107

141 107 131 98 103

143 107 132 93 109

166 108 174 96 91

197 110 196 95 97

174 110 202 94 83

2.3% 0.4% 3.0% -0.3% -0.8%

Venezuela CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

49 60 119 63 109

60 67 121 71 103

89 77 119 90 108

91 88 100 104 99

100 100 100 100 100

113 112 106 100 96

124 123 100 105 96

147 135 104 102 103

183 146 115 109 100

167 152 122 93 96

166 155 116 95 97

2.1% 1.8% 0.6% -0.2% -0.1%

Other Non-OECD Americas ³ CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

66 86 67 164 69

88 89 68 196 74

83 93 82 148 73

75 97 82 90 105

100 100 100 100 100

108 107 101 91 109

110 97 117 86 112

115 103 124 79 115

133 108 123 90 111

160 114 123 99 115

163 115 118 106 114

2.0% 0.6% 0.7% 0.2% 0.5%

1. For methodological notes, please see the chapter Indicator sources and methods. 2. Average annual percentage change between the reference year and 2014. The reference year is 1990 unless otherwise specified. 3. Other non-OECD Americas includes Suriname until 1999. The reference year for Suriname is the first year of available data (2000).


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Non-OECD Americas CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

61 67 81 108 105

74 73 95 100 106

92 82 108 97 108

88 91 100 100 97

100 100 100 100 100

118 109 108 96 104

141 118 112 99 109

155 126 121 95 106

185 134 144 92 104

203 138 155 89 107

212 140 155 90 109

3.2% 1.4% 1.8% -0.4% 0.3%

Bahrain CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

27 45 64 95 101

49 54 98 78 120

68 73 118 63 126

85 84 94 100 107

100 100 100 100 100

126 114 122 88 103

148 134 128 89 97

193 175 126 90 97

239 254 114 84 99

265 272 119 81 101

278 275 123 80 103

4.4% 4.3% 0.9% -0.9% 0.1%

Islamic Republic of Iran CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

23 52 172 27 95

40 58 199 33 103

52 69 117 68 94

85 84 116 79 109

100 100 100 100 100

143 107 108 126 98

182 117 117 129 103

244 125 144 139 98

291 132 172 129 99

313 137 157 147 98

325 139 162 151 95

5.0% 1.4% 2.0% 1.7% -0.2%

Iraq CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

20 59 37 93 98

30 67 45 100 98

50 78 82 76 103

72 89 64 128 99

100 100 100 100 100

182 116 57 254 108

135 135 106 91 104

140 155 95 90 106

198 177 110 96 106

258 193 131 97 105

269 199 125 99 109

4.2% 2.9% 0.9% -0.0% 0.4%

Jordan CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

15 50 81 37 97

23 57 69 58 100

46 69 119 57 100

80 83 127 76 100

100 100 100 100 100

132 132 106 93 100

155 151 109 90 104

195 171 132 91 95

203 191 159 71 94

241 204 162 72 102

259 208 163 74 104

4.0% 3.1% 2.1% -1.3% 0.2%

Kuwait CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

50 39 382 45 75

54 51 243 57 76

95 67 195 88 83

132 84 121 151 86

100 100 100 100 100

116 80 170 120 72

167 94 159 138 81

233 110 201 131 81

277 149 158 150 79

303 175 159 139 79

310 182 149 137 83

4.8% 2.5% 1.7% 1.3% -0.8%

Lebanon CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

83 87 173 63 88

104 95 155 75 93

121 96 130 101 95

120 99 177 68 101

100 100 100 100 100

232 112 158 127 103

254 120 160 132 101

262 148 158 110 102

330 160 210 97 101

374 166 214 102 103

406 168 215 106 106

6.0% 2.2% 3.2% 0.2% 0.2%

Oman CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

3 41 60 8 125

7 49 67 17 126

22 64 66 64 81

55 83 104 58 111

100 100 100 100 100

145 121 110 109 100

201 124 127 114 112

243 138 119 143 103

417 162 134 204 94

556 216 111 242 96

590 234 105 234 102

7.7% 3.6% 0.2% 3.6% 0.1%

Qatar CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

18 25 409 14 127

40 34 301 30 127

56 47 256 42 111

86 78 130 85 99

100 100 100 100 100

135 105 107 111 108

171 125 153 88 102

267 176 161 90 105

459 371 178 64 108

586 441 187 75 95

624 456 188 79 92

7.9% 6.5% 2.7% -1.0% -0.3%



© OECD/IEA, 2016




1971

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2013

2014

avg. ch. ref-14 ²

Saudi Arabia CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

8 37 113 30 66

15 45 170 20 99

66 61 176 50 123

78 82 103 94 98

100 100 100 100 100

127 115 100 126 87

155 131 100 129 92

197 151 110 127 93

277 172 125 149 87

312 185 139 130 94

335 189 140 139 91

5.2% 2.7% 1.4% 1.4% -0.4%

Syrian Arab Republic CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

20 53 65 66 88

30 61 96 50 104

45 72 112 53 106

72 86 109 80 96

100 100 100 100 100

114 115 127 79 99

136 131 125 90 92

196 146 143 95 99

206 166 159 78 99

110 175 141 45 99

101 178 136 43 98

0.1% 2.4% 1.3% -3.5% -0.1%

United Arab Emirates CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

5 15 116 28 96

9 29 154 21 100

37 56 168 38 105

69 75 118 76 102

100 100 100 100 100

134 130 93 113 99

154 168 94 98 100

214 247 83 106 98

293 460 50 131 97

334 499 54 127 98

338 502 56 122 98

5.2% 7.0% -2.4% 0.8% -0.1%

Yemen CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

19 52 46 122 65

28 57 60 81 101

55 67 88 85 109

77 82 104 82 112

100 100 100 100 100

150 128 106 101 110

212 149 117 109 112

299 171 124 123 114

355 197 129 122 114

379 213 108 142 116

339 219 107 126 115

5.2% 3.3% 0.3% 1.0% 0.6%

Middle East CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

18 51 114 35 88

29 58 139 36 100

57 69 130 60 105

82 85 105 90 102

100 100 100 100 100

139 113 101 127 96

164 127 112 117 98

214 142 127 123 97

278 162 144 127 94

309 173 149 125 96

322 176 150 129 94

5.0% 2.4% 1.7% 1.1% -0.2%

G7 CO2 emissions Population GDP per population (GDP per capita) Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) Carbon intensity: ESCII (CO2/TPES)

91 88 62 146 114

93 91 67 137 111

98 94 77 126 106

94 97 87 110 102

100 100 100 100 100

103 104 107 97 96

111 107 120 90 96

113 110 129 83 95

106 113 129 77 93

103 115 133 72 94

102 116 134 70 93

0.1% 0.6% 1.2% -1.5% -0.3%


.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

97 103 102 96 96

102 105 115 87 96

104 108 126 80 95

98 110 129 75 93

97 112 133 70 93

95 112 135 68 92

-0.2% 0.5% 1.3% -1.6% -0.4%


.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. ..

100 100 100 100 100

106 106 105 94 100

114 113 119 85 100

132 118 136 81 102

148 123 154 76 102

157 126 166 72 103

158 127 171 70 103

1.9% 1.0% 2.3% -1.5% 0.1%



© OECD/IEA, 2016


© OECD/IEA, 2016


6. INDICATOR SOURCES AND METHODS

The estimates of CO2 emissions in this publication are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and represent the total emissions from fuel combustion. This is in contrast to estimates presented prior to the 2015 edition of this publication which were based on the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For details on the impact of this change in methodologies see the chapter IEA estimates: Changes under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. National totals do not include emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers. See the Country Notes in the chapter Understanding the IEA CO2 emissions estimates for further details.

Population The main source of the 1970 to 2014 population data for the OECD member countries is the OECD National Accounts Statistics database [ISSN: 2074-3947 (online)], last published in book format as National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 2015, Issue 1: Main Aggregates, OECD 2015. Data for 1960 to 1969 have been estimated using the growth rates from the population series published in the OECD Factbook 2015 (online database version). Growth rates from the OECD Factbook 2015 were also used to estimate data for Chile (before 1986), Estonia (prior to 1993), Israel (prior to 1995), the Slovak Republic (prior to 1990) and Slovenia (prior to 1995). The main source of the population data for the OECD non-member countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C., 2016. Population data for Former Soviet Union (before 1990), Chinese Taipei, Former Yugoslavia (before 1990) and for a few

GDP and GDP PPP For OECD countries, the main source of the 1970 to 2014 GDP series for the is the OECD National Accounts Statistics database [ISSN: 2074-3947 (online)], last published in book format as National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 2015, Issue 2: Main Aggregates, OECD 2015. GDP data for Australia, France, Greece, Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom for 1960 to 1969, and Denmark for 1966 to 1969, as well as the Netherlands for 1969 were taken from the same source. GDP data for 1960 to 1969 for the other OECD countries have been estimated using the growth rates from the series in the OECD Economic Outlook No. 98 and other data previously published by the OECD. Growth rates from these sources were also used to estimate data for the Czech Republic (prior to 1990), Hungary (prior to 1991), Poland (prior to 1990) and the Slovak Republic (prior to 1992). All data for Chile (prior to 1986) and Estonia (prior to 1992) are IEA Secretariat estimates based on GDP growth rates from the World Bank.

1. Due to lack of complete time series for Other Non-OECD Americas, figures for GDP do not include British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Martinique, Montserrat, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Turks and Caicos Islands. Figures for population do not include British Virgin Islands, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Figures for population and GDP of Other Asia do not include Cook Islands. 2. Please refer to the chapter Geographical coverage.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

CO2 emissions

countries within the regions1 Other Africa, Other Non-OECD Americas and Other Asia are based on the CHELEM-CEPII online database, Bureau van Dijk, Paris, 2016. Population data for Cyprus2 are taken from the Eurostat online database. Population data for Gibraltar are taken from the Ministry of Gibraltar Key Indicators publication available online.


For the OECD member countries, the PPPs selected to convert the GDP from national currencies to US dollars were aggregated using the Èltetö, Köves and Szulc (EKS) Eurostat-OECD method and rebased on the United States. For a more detailed description of the methodology please see OECD-Eurostat Methodological Manual on Purchasing Power Parities, 2012 edition, European Union / OECD, 2012. The main source of the GDP series for the non-OECD member countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C., 2016. GDP figures for Angola, Cuba, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Eritrea, Gibraltar, Kuwait, Myanmar, Oman, Serbia, Former Soviet Union (before 1990), Syrian Arab Republic (after 2007), Chinese Taipei, Former Yugoslavia (before 1990) and a few countries within the regions1 Other Africa, Other Non-OECD Americas and Other Asia are based on the CHELEM-CEPII online database, Bureau van Dijk, Paris, 2016. For Curaçao, GDP figures are based on historical CHELEM-CEPII GDP data for Netherlands Antilles before the country’s dissolution, and on Curaçao/Sint Maarten nominal GDP ratios calculated based on information received from Curaçao Central bank. For South Sudan, GDP figures are based on data from the International Monetary Fund The GDP data have been compiled for all individual countries at market prices in 2006 US dollars , and scaled to the price levels of 2010 using current US dollars. The main source of the GDP PPP data for the nonOECD member countries is World Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2015. However, this source is only available for GDP PPP (constant 2011 US dollars scaled to the levels of 2010 using current PPP US dollars) from 1980. Therefore,

1. Purchasing power parities are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. A given sum of money, when converted into different currencies at the PPP rates, buys the same basket of goods and services in all countries. In other words, PPPs are the rates of currency conversion which eliminate the differences in price levels between different countries.


prior to 1980, GDP PPP data have been calculated based on the PPP conversion factor (GDP) to market exchange rate ratio. GDP PPP figures for Angola, Argentina, Cuba, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Eritrea, Gibraltar, Jamaica, Kosovo, Libya, Malta, Myanmar, Serbia, Former Soviet Union (before 1990), Syrian Arab Republic, Chinese Taipei, Yemen, Former Yugoslavia (before 1990), Zimbabwe and a few countries within the regions1 Other Africa, Other Non-OECD Americas and Other Asia are based on the PPP conversion factor (GDP) to market exchange rate ratio. For Gibraltar, GDP PPP figures are based on historical CHELEM-CEPII GDP PPP data and Ministry of Gibraltar national accounts. For Curaçao, GDP PPP figures are based on historical CHELEM-CEPII GDP data for Netherlands Antilles before its dissolving, and for 2012-2014 GDP PPP is calculated based on historical GDP PPP / GDP ratio. For South Sudan, GDP PPP figures are based on International Monetary Fund data. GDP PPP figures for Bosnia and Herzegovina (up to 1993) and Croatia (up to 1994) have been estimated based on the growth rates of the CHELEM-CEPII online databases, Bureau van Dijk, Paris, 2016. The GDP PPP data have been converted from GDP using purchasing power parity rates. These data have been scaled to the price levels of 2010. The GDP PPP reflect the changes to purchasing power parity rates based on the 2011 International Comparison Program (ICP), published in 2014. The ICP has worked for six years to better estimate the value of the PPP ‘basket of goods’ for all countries for which the World Bank calculates GDP PPP. For many countries this value has significantly changed in comparison to previous ICP exercises. This leads to significant revisions to GDP PPP for many countries compared to previous publications. Please note that the regional totals shown for OECD and other regions were calculated by summing individual countries’ GDP data. This calculation yields slightly different results to the GDP totals published by OECD in its national accounts which are derived from chained-linked indices. GDP data from the World Bank have also been summed rather than using chain-linked indices.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

The GDP data have been compiled for individual countries at market prices in local currency and annual rates. These data have been scaled up/down to the price levels of 2010 and then converted to US dollars using the yearly average 2010 exchange rates or purchasing power parities (PPPs).1


Total output (shown in the summary tables section) includes electricity generated using fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biofuels, etc. Both main activity1 producer and autoproducer2 plants have been included where available. Data include the total amount of electricity in TWh generated by both electricity plants and CHP plants. Heat production from CHP plants is not included.

CO2 / TPES This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per terajoule. It has been calculated using the CO2 fuel combustion emissions and total primary energy supply (including biofuels and other non-fossil forms of energy).

CO2 / TFC This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per terajoule. It has been calculated using the CO2 fuel combustion emissions and total final consumption (including biofuels and other non-fossil forms of energy).

CO2 / population This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2 per capita. It has been calculated using CO2 fuel combustion emissions.

Per capita CO2 emissions by sector These ratios are expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per capita. They have been calculated in two different ways. In the first ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat production are shown separately. In the second ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed by those sectors.

Key categories It is good practice for each inventory agency to identify its national key source categories in a systematic and objective manner, by performing a quantitative analysis of the relationships between the level and the trend of each source category’s emissions and total national emissions. In this publication, a Tier 1 Level Assessment based on CO2 emissions from fuel combustion is presented in Table 3 for each country and region for the most recent year of data. The contribution of each category to the total national inventory level is calculated as follows:

CO2 / GDP This ratio is expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per 2010 US dollar. It has been calculated using CO2 fuel combustion emissions and is shown with both GDP calculated using exchange rates and GDP calculated using purchasing power parities.

1. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid. 2. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

Category Level Assessment = Category Estimate / Total Estimate Lx = Ex / E Where: Lx is the Level Assessment for category x in the most recent year of data Ex is the Category estimate - the CO2 emissions estimate of category x in in the most recent year of data E is the Total estimate - the total estimated inventory GHG in the most recent year of data. The value of the source category Level Assessment is calculated separately for each category, and the cumulative sum of all the entries is calculated. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Electricity output


Macroeconomic drivers of CO2 emissions trends Tables and graphs for drivers refer to the decomposition of CO2 emissions into four driving factors (Kaya identity)1, which is generally presented in the form: Kaya identity C = P (G/P) (E/G) (C/E) where: C = CO2 emissions; P = population; G = GDP; E = primary energy consumption. The identity expresses, for a given time, CO2 emissions as the product of population, per capita economic output (G/P), energy intensity of the economy (E/G) and carbon intensity of the energy mix (C/E). Because of possible non-linear interactions between terms, the sum of the percentage changes of the four factors, e.g. (Py-Px)/Px, will not generally add up to the percentage change of CO2 emissions (Cy-Cx)/Cx. However, relative changes of CO2 emissions in time can be obtained from relative changes of the four factors as follows: Kaya identity: relative changes in time Cy/Cx = Py/Px (G/P)y/(G/P)x (C/E)y/(C/E)x

Indices of all terms (1990 = 100 unless otherwise specified) are shown for each country and regional aggregate, both in the Summary tables and in the individual country/region pages (Table 1, Key indicators, and Figure 6, CO2 emissions and drivers). Note that in its index form, CO2/TPES corresponds to the Energy Sector Carbon Intensity Index (ESCII)3. The Kaya identity can be used to discuss the primary driving forces of CO2 emissions. For example, it shows that, globally, increases in population and GDP per capita have been driving upwards trends in CO2 emissions, more than offsetting the reduction in energy intensity. In fact, the carbon intensity of the energy mix is almost unchanged, due to the continued dominance of fossil fuels - particularly coal - in the energy mix, and to the slow uptake of low-carbon technologies. However, it should be noted that there are important caveats in the use of the Kaya identity. Most important, the four terms on the right-hand side of equation should be considered neither as fundamental driving forces in themselves, nor as generally independent from each other.

Drivers of electricity generation emissions trends

where x and y represent for example two different years.

CO2 emissions and drivers CO2 = P (GDP/P) (TPES/GDP) (CO2/TPES) where: CO2 P GDP2/P TPES/GDP42 CO2/TPES

= = = =

CO2 emissions; population; GDP/population; Total Primary Energy Supply per GDP; = CO2 emissions per unit TPES.

1. Yamaji, K., Matsuhashi, R., Nagata, Y. Kaya, Y., An integrated system for CO2/Energy/GNP analysis: case studies on economic measures for CO2 reduction in Japan. Workshop on CO2 reduction and removal: measures for the next century, March 19, 1991, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. 2. GDP based on purchasing power parities (PPP).


In this edition, new graphs present the change in CO2 emissions from electricity generation over time decomposed into the respective changes of four driving factors4: CO2 emissions from electricity generation C = (C/E) (E/ELF) (ELF/EL) (EL) where: C = CO2 emissions; E = fossil fuel inputs to thermal generation; ELF = electricity output from fossil fuels; EL = total electricity output;

3. See the IEA publication Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2016. 4. M. Zhang, X. Liu, W. Wang, M. Zhou. Decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions from electricity generation in China. Energy Policy, 52 (2013), pp. 159–165.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

In this publication, the Kaya decomposition is presented as:


CO2 emissions from electricity generation C = (CF) (EI) (EFS) (EL) where: C CF EI

= CO2 emissions; = carbon intensity of the fossil fuel mix; = the reciprocal of fossil fuel based electricity generation efficiency; EFS = share of electricity from fossil fuels; EL = total electricity output.

This decomposition expresses, for a given time, CO2 emissions from electricity generation as the product of the carbon intensity of the fossil fuel mix (CF), the reciprocal of fossil fuel based thermal electricity generation efficiency (1/EF), the share of electricity from fossil fuels (EFS) and total electricity output (EL). However, due to non-linear interactions between terms, if a simple decomposition is used, the sum of the percentage changes of the four factors, e.g. (CFy-CFx)/CFx may not perfectly match the percentage change of total CO2 emissions (Cy-Cx)/Cx. To avoid this, a more complex decomposition method is required. In this case, the logarithmic mean divisia (LMDI) method proposed by Ang (2004)1 has been used. Using this method, the change in total CO2 emissions from electricity generation (∆CTOT)between year t and a base year 0, can be computed as the sum of the changes in each of the individual factors as follows: CTOT = ∆CCF + ∆CEI +∆CEFS +∆CEL where: CCF CEI CEFS CEL and:

= 𝐿(𝐶 𝑡 , 𝐶 0 )𝑙𝑙 �

𝐶𝐶𝑡

𝐶𝐶0 𝐸𝐸 𝑡

�

= 𝐿(𝐶 𝑡 , 𝐶 0 )𝑙𝑙 �𝐸𝐸0 �

𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑡

= 𝐿(𝐶 𝑡 , 𝐶 0 )𝑙𝑙 �𝐸𝐸𝐸 0 � 𝐸𝐸𝑡

= 𝐿(𝐶 𝑡 , 𝐶 0 )𝑙𝑙 �𝐸𝐸0 �

L(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 − 𝑥)/�𝑙𝑙 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑙 𝑥�

This decomposition can be useful when analysing the trends in CO2 emissions from electricity generation.

1. B. W. Ang, Decomposition analysis for policymaking in energy: which is the preferred method?, Energy Policy, 32 (9) (2004), pp. 1131–1139.

For instance, it shows that globally, since 1990, the main driver of increased CO2 emissions from electricity generation has been increased electricity output, with improvements in the overall thermal efficiency, and the CO2 intensity of the electricity generation mix being offset by an increase in the share of electricity derived from fossil fuel sources. However, as is the case with the Kaya decomposition, it should be noted that the four terms on the righthand side of equation should be considered neither as fundamental driving forces in themselves, nor as generally independent from each other. For instance, substituting coal with gas as a source of electricity generation would likely affect both the CO2 intensity of the electricity generation mix and the thermal efficiency of generation.

CO2 emissions per kWh The indicator: definition In the total CO2 emissions per kWh, the numerator presents the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity generation, while the denominator presents the total electricity generated, coming from fossil fuels, but also from nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, biofuels, etc. As a result, the emissions per kWh vary a lot across countries and from year to year, depending on the generation mix. In the CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel: • Coal includes primary and secondary coal, and coal gases. Peat and oil shale have also been aggregated with coal, where applicable. • Oil includes oil products (and crude oil for some countries). • Gas represents natural gas. Note: Emissions per kWh should be used with caution due to data quality problems relating to electricity efficiencies for some countries.

Methodological choices: electricity-only versus combined electricity and heat In previous editions of this publication, the IEA had published a combined electricity and heat CO2 emissions per kWh indicator. The indicator was useful as an overall carbon intensity measure of a country’s electricity and heat generating sectors, and it was easy to calculate. However, there were a number of drawbacks. As the efficiency of heat generation is almost always higher than electricity generation, countries INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

This can be rewritten as:


with large amounts of district heating (generally colder countries) tended to have a higher efficiency (therefore lower CO2 intensity) than warmer countries with less district heating. Further, the applications of a combined indicator for electricity and heat are limited; many users have been searching for an electricity-only CO2 emissions per kWh indicator. Unfortunately, it is not possible to obtain such an electricity-only indicator directly from IEA energy balance data without any assumption. In fact, for combined heat and power (CHP) plants, there is only one combined input available. While various methods exist to split this input into separate amounts for electricity and heat generation, none has previously been used by the IEA for the purposes of calculating a CO2 emissions per kWh indicator. It would be possible to calculate an electricity-only indicator using data for electricity-only plants, which would not encounter the problem of assigning CHP

inputs between electricity and heat. However, this would not allow a fair cross-country comparison; some countries get a majority of their electricity from CHP, while others from electricity-only plants. As nonthermal renewables are solely electricity-only plants, and over 99% of non-emitting global nuclear generation is from electricity-only plants, then calculating this electricity-only plants indicator would significantly understate the electricity carbon intensity for many countries.

Electricity-only indicator: allocation of emissions from CHP plants To allocate the CHP input to electricity and heat separately, the simplest method would be a proportionality approach, allocating inputs based on the proportion of electricity and heat in the output, also used by the IEA electricity questionnaire. This is equivalent to fixing the efficiency of electricity and

Fixed-heat-efficiency approach

where:

and:

CO2kWh =

CO2 ELE + (CO2 CHP x % from elec.) + OWNUSEELE ELoutputELE + ELoutputCHP

% from elec. =

CHPinputs – ((HEoutputCHP x 0.02388)÷ EFFHEAT) CHPinputs

OWNUSEELE = OWNUSE x

ELoutput ELoutput + (HEoutput ÷ 3.6)

CO2 ELE = CO2 emissions from electricity only plants in ktCO2 CO2 CHP = CO2 emissions from CHP plants in ktCO2 OWNUSE = CO2 emissions from own use in electricity, CHP and heat plants in ktCO2 ELoutput = total electricity output from electricity and CHP plants in GWh ELoutputELE = electricity output from electricity only plants in GWh ELoutputCHP = electricity output from CHP plants in GWh HEoutput = total heat output from CHP and heat plants in TJ

CHPinputs = energy inputs to CHP plants in ktoe EFFHEAT = efficiency of heat generation - assumed to be 0.9 (i.e. 90%) except when the observed efficiency of CHP generation is higher than 90%, in which case emissions are allocated using the proportionality approach (EFFHEAT = EFFELEC = EFFCHP).


© OECD/IEA, 2016

HEoutputCHP = heat output from CHP plants in TJ


An alternative method to avoid unrealistic efficiencies is a fixed-heat-efficiency approach, fixing the efficiency of heat generation to compute the input to heat, and calculating the input to electricity as a residual from the total input. The standard heat efficiency was set to that of a typical heat boiler, 90%. Implementation problems arise in two cases: i) when the observed efficiency is over 100% (i.e. there are problems in data quality), and ii) when the observed efficiency is between 90% and 100% (the total efficiency may be correct or it may be overstated).

Implied carbon emission factors from electricity generation (CO2 / kWh) for selected products Average implied carbon emission factors from electricity generation by product are presented below, for selected products. The values below represent the average amount of CO2 per kWh of electricity produced in OECD member countries between 2010 and 2014. As they are very sensitive to the quality of underlying data, including net calorific values, and of reported input/output efficiencies, they should be taken as indicative; actual values may vary considerably. Product

gCO2 / kWh

Anthracite*

875

Coking coal*

820

Other bituminous coal

870

Sub-bituminous coal

940

Lignite

1030

In the second case, where the total CHP efficiency was between 90% and 100% (which may or may not indicate a data quality problem), assuming a 90% efficiency for heat generation would incorrectly imply that the efficiency of power generation was equal to or higher than that of heat generation. However, as the real heat efficiency cannot be determined, the proportionality approach was used also here by default.

Gas works gas*

335

Coke oven gas*

390

Blast furnace gas*

2425

Other recovered gases*

1590

Oil shale*

1155

Peat*

765

In general, the fixed-heat-efficiency approach attributes larger emissions to electricity than the proportionality approach, with values much closer to those of electricity-only plants. The IEA has used the fixedheat-efficiency approach for several editions of its World Energy Outlook.

Natural gas

405

Crude oil*

590

Refinery gas*

450

Liquefied petroleum gases*

525

Kerosene*

625

Gas/diesel oil*

715

Fuel oil

670

Petroleum coke*

930

Municipal waste (non-renew.)*

1200

In the first case, when the total efficiency is over 100% because the data are not reported correctly, it is not possible to use the fixed-heat-efficiency approach and by default the proportionality approach was used to allocate the inputs based on the output shares.

Comparison between electricity-only and combined electricity and heat ratios For the majority of OECD countries, the electricityonly indicator is not significantly different from the combined electricity and heat indicator, shown in previous editions of this publication and in the online database. For the OECD total in 2014, the electricityonly indicator is 4% higher, while 19 of the OECD’s 34 countries saw a difference of 5% or less. Of the 15 countries with differences of more than 5%,

* The electricity output from these products represents less than 1% of electricity output in the average of OECD member countries for the years 2010-2014. Values will be less reliable and should be used with caution.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

heat to be equal. With the advantage of simplicity and transparency, the proportionality approach however tends to overstate electricity efficiency and to understate heat efficiency. For example, for CHP generation in OECD countries, total efficiency is around 60%. However, total electricity-only plant efficiency is around 41% in OECD countries. Similarly, 60% is quite low for heat generation (given typical heat-only plant efficiencies of 80-95%).


The countries in the OECD with larger differences are generally coal-intensive countries with large amounts of heat generation. As mentioned, in general, heat plants are more efficient than electricity-only or CHP plants; therefore, excluding heat plants from the calculation increases CO2 intensity. The same is true if we allocate a high efficiency to the heat part of CHP generation; this decreases the efficiency of the electricity part and thus increases electricity’s carbon intensity. Further, CHP and heat plants are more likely to be powered by CO2-light natural gas while electricity-only plants tend to be powered by CO2-heavy coal, making the new ratio more CO2 intensive for these countries.

Specific country examples The country with the largest difference between the two ratios within the OECD was Sweden; in 2014, the electricity only indicator was 64% lower than the combined electricity and heat indicator. This is due to the high share of non-emitting sources such as hydro (42%) and nuclear (also 42%) in Sweden’s electricity generation mix. Similarly, the electricity only indicator for Norway in 2013 was 36% lower than the combined indicator, as the vast majority of the electricity output (96%) is from non-emitting hydroelectric generation. Conversely, for Estonia in 2014 the electricity-only indicator was 36% higher than the combined electricity and heat indicator. This can be explained by the fact that the majority of electricity-only generation comes from oil shale, a fuel with a relatively high


carbon emission factor, while heat plants (with a relatively large share of output) are largely fuelled by natural gas and primary solid biofuels. Another OECD country with a higher electricity-only ratio was Denmark (25% higher in 2014). The majority of fossil generation in Denmark is from CHP and the output from these plants is approximately half electricity and half heat. In addition, CHP plants in Denmark have efficiencies of 60-70%. When the heat part of CHP is set to be 90%, the efficiency of the electricity generation is lowered and the indicator is increased. In many non-member countries, heat data are either zero or not available, which leads to changes of less than 1% in almost 80% of the non-member countries in 2013. The majority of countries which do change are the European and former Soviet Union countries (where district heating is often present). As China has no (reported) CHP generation, the current IEA energy balance shows electricity-only and heat-only plants, not CHP plants. Heat-only plants are in general much more efficient per unit of energy than electricity-only plants and this explains why the electricity-only ratio is 4% higher in 2014. In the Russian Federation, a large amount (25-35% of total power output) comes from heat-only plants, whose relatively efficient generation is excluded from the new ratio. The large amount of heat output generated by CHP plants also explains why the electricityonly ratio is 19% higher in 2014. The electricity-only indicators calculated for the following non-member countries are also lower than the combined electricity and heat indicator: Croatia, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia and Tajikistan. This is because their electricity production is mainly or exclusively clean hydro, while their CHP and heat-only production is fossil based. Implementing the electricity-only indicator using the fixed-heat-efficiency approach increased hydro's weight (therefore decreasing the carbon intensity).

© OECD/IEA, 2016

7 countries had large amounts of non-emitting electricity generation, giving them a small ratio to begin with (thus more prone to change). In addition, nonemitting generation is generally electricity-only, and so when the heat-only and heat CHP emissions are removed from the calculation, greater weight is attached to the non-emitting generation, with a lower level for the final indicator.


7. IEA ESTIMATES: CHANGES UNDER THE 2006 IPCC GUIDELINES

This section briefly presents the Tier 1 methodology to estimate CO2 emissions from fuel combustion based on the 2006 GLs, outlining the main differences with the 1996 GLs - used for previous editions of this publication. The focus is on the key points relevant to the IEA estimation. For the complete methodology, the reader should refer to the full IPCC documents.1 Generally, the Tier 1 estimation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for a given fuel can be summarised as follows: CO2 emissions from fuel combustion CO2 = AD * NCV * CC * COF where: CO2 AD NCV CC COF

= CO2 emissions from fuel combustion; = Activity data; = Net calorific value; = Carbon content; = Carbon oxidation factor.

Emissions are then summed over all fuels. While the basic concept of the calculation - the conservation of carbon - is unchanged, the 2006 GLs differ from the 1996 GLs in the: • default net calorific values by product; • default carbon content by product;

1. Both the 1996 GLs and the 2006 GLs are available from the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp).

• default carbon oxidation factors; • treatment of fuels used for non-energy purposes; • allocation of fuel combustion emissions across the Energy and IPPU categories.

2006 Guidelines: overview of changes This section describes the key methodological changes 2006 GLs for a Tier 1 estimation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, with a short assessment of their impact on results.

Net calorific values Net calorific values (NCVs) are used to convert the activity data for all the different fuels from "physical" units (e.g. tonnes) to "energy" units (e.g. Joules). In the 1996 GLs, country-specific net calorific values were given for primary oil (crude oil and NGL), for primary coal and for a few secondary coal products. These NCVs were based on the average 1990 values of the 1993 edition of the IEA Energy Balances. In the 2006 GLs, those country-specific NCVs were removed, and one default is provided for each fuel (with upper and lower limits, as done for the carbon content). Large differences were therefore observed for products whose quality varies a lot from country to country, such as primary oil and coal products. Replacing country-specific values with one default value would significantly affect emissions calculations if the default values were used. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© OECD/IEA, 2016

The 2006 IPCC Guidelines methodology: key concepts


Carbon content Carbon content is the quantity of carbon per unit of energy of a given fuel. Some of the fuel-specific default values for carbon content, called “carbon emission factors” in the 1996 GLs, were revised in the 2006 GLs. In addition, values were added for some fuels not directly mentioned in the 1996 GLs. As the carbon content may vary considerably for some fuels, the 2006 GLs introduced ranges of values, i.e. providing for each fuel a default value with lower and upper limits. The IEA CO2 emissions are calculated using the IPCC default values. A summary of the default carbon content values in the two set of guidelines is shown in Table 1. Relative changes between the 2006 GLs and the 1996 GLs range between -13.7% (refinery gas) and + 7.3% (blast furnace gas), although for many fuels the variation is minimal, or zero. Such systematic changes are reflected in Tier 1 CO2 emissions estimates.

Carbon oxidation factors A small fraction of the carbon contained in fuels entering the combustion process (typically less than 1-2%) is not oxidised. Under the 1996 GLs, this amount was subtracted from emissions in the calculations by multiplying the calculated carbon content of a fuel by a “fraction of carbon oxidised”. The fraction of carbon oxidised had a value of less than 1.0, which had the effect of reducing the emissions estimate. However, in most instances, emissions inventory compilers had no “real” information as to whether this correction was actually applicable. Therefore, in the 2006 GLs, it was decided that all carbon is assumed to be emitted by default, unless more specific information is available. Therefore, under the 2006 GLs, the default carbon oxidation factor is equal to 1 for all fuels. A summary of the default carbon oxidation factors in the two set of guidelines is shown in Table 2. Relative changes from the 1996 GLs and the 2006 GLs are +0.5% for natural gas; +1% for oil, oil products and peat; and +2% for coal. Such changes are reflected in systematic increases in Tier 1 CO2 emissions estimates. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Table 1. Comparison of default carbon content values* Kilogrammes / gigajoule Fuel Type Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Patent Fuel Coke oven coke Gas Coke Coal Tar BKB Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Other recovered gases Peat Oil shale Natural Gas Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids Refinery Feedstocks Orimulsion Refinery Gas Ethane Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) Motor Gasoline excl. bio Aviation Gasoline Gasoline type jet fuel Kerosene type jet fuel excl. bio Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil excl. bio Fuel Oil Naphtha Lubricants Bitumen Petroleum Coke Non-specified oil products Other hydrocarbons White Spirit & SBP Paraffin Waxes Industrial Waste Municipal Waste (non-renewable)

1996 Guidelines

2006 Guidelines**

Percent Change

26.8 25.8 25.8 26.2 27.6 25.8 29.5 29.5 .. 25.8 .. 13.0 66.0 .. 28.9 29.1 15.3 20.0 17.2 20.0 22.0 18.2 16.8

26.8 25.8 25.8 26.2 27.6 26.6 29.2 29.2 22.0 26.6 12.1 12.1 70.8 49.6 28.9 29.1 15.3 20.0 17.5 20.0 21.0 15.7 16.8

0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% +3.1% -1.0% -1.0% x +3.1% x -6.9% +7.3% x 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% +1.7% 0.0% -4.5% -13.7% 0.0%

17.2

17.2

0.0%

18.9 19.1 19.1 19.5 19.6 20.2 21.1 20.0 20.0 22.0 26.6

0.0% +1.1% +1.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -3.3%

20.0

0.0%

..

20.0 20.0 39.0

0.0% 0.0% x

..

25.0

x

18.9 19.5 19.6 20.2 21.1 20.0 20.0 22.0 27.5 20.0

* “Carbon content” was referred to as the “carbon emission factor” in the 1996 GLs. ** The 2006 GLs also give the lower and upper limits of the 95 percent confidence intervals, assuming lognormal distributions.

Table 2. Comparison of default carbon oxidation factors* Fuel Type Coal Oil and oil products Natural gas Peat **

1996 Guidelines

2006 Guidelines**

Percent Change

0.980 0.990 0.995 0.990

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

+2.0% +1.0% +0.5% +1.0%

* “Carbon oxidation factor” was referred to as “fraction of carbon oxidised” in the 1996 GLs. ** The 1996 GLs specified a carbon oxidation factor for peat used for electricity generation only.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

The IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion estimates are based on the IEA energy balances, computed using time-varying country-specific NCVs. Therefore, they are not affected by changes to the default net calorific values of the 2006 GLs.


Many hydrocarbons are used for non-energy purposes e.g. petrochemical feedstocks, lubricants, solvents, and bitumen. In some of these cases, the carbon in the fuel is quickly oxidised to CO2, in other cases, it is stored (or sequestered) in the product, sometimes for as long as centuries. In the 1996 IPCC GLs, Tier 1 Sectoral Approach emissions included emissions from fuels used for nonenergy purposes. The share of carbon assumed to be stored (not emitted) was estimated based on default “fractions of carbon stored” (shown for reference in Table 3). Table 3. Fraction of carbon stored in the 1996 GLs Fuel Type

1996 Guidelines

Naphtha*

0.8

Lubricants

0.5

Bitumen

1.0

Coal Oils and Tars (from coking coal)

0.75

Natural Gas*

0.33

Gas/Diesel Oil*

0.5

LPG*

0.8

Ethane*

0.8

Other fuels for non-energy use

To be specified

* When used as feedstocks. Note: this table is included only for reference. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in this publication do not include emissions from non-energy use of fuels.

In the 2006 GLs, all deliveries for non-energy purposes are excluded. Numerically, excluding all nonenergy use of fuel from energy sector emissions calculations is equivalent to applying a fraction of carbon stored equal to 1 to all quantities delivered for nonenergy purposes. In the case of a complete greenhouse gas inventory covering all IPCC Source/Sink categories, any emissions associated with non-energy use of fuels would be accounted in another Source/Sink category. However, as this publication only deals with CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, emissions associated with non-energy use of fuels are not any longer included in the IEA CO2 emissions estimates.

Within the IEA estimates, the effect of this change is mainly noticeable for countries whose petrochemical sectors are large in comparison to the size of their economies, e.g. the Netherlands.

Allocation of fuel combustion emissions across the Energy and the IPPU sectors To avoid possible double counting, the 2006 GLs state that combustion emissions from fuels obtained directly or indirectly from the feedstock for an Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) process will be allocated to the source category in which the process occurs, unless the derived fuels are transferred for combustion in another source category. In the case of a complete inventory, this reallocation would not affect total emissions. Still, the effect on individual source categories could be quite significant, especially in countries with large IPPU sectors (e.g. the iron and steel, and non-ferrous metals industries). To provide continuity with previous editions of this publication and to fully account for fuel combustion emissions, the IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion include all emissions from fuel combustion, irrespective of the category of reporting (Energy or IPPU) under the 2006 GLs. To ensure comparability with submissions from Parties, an additional online database provides a summary of CO2 emissions calculated according to the IPCC Reference and Sectoral Approaches, and a breakdown of the fuel combustion emissions which would be reallocated to IPPU under the 2006 GLs.1

Assessing the overall impact of methodological changes on IEA estimates Table 4 shows IEA estimates of total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion for OECD countries, for the most recent year of available data (2014). Emissions are calculated using: i) the 1996 GLs Sectoral Approach, methodology as in previous publications, and ii) the 2006 GLs2 - which correspond to the data published in this edition.

1. Note that the data available to the IEA do not allow assessing whether fuels derived from IPPU processes are transferred for combustion in another source category. 2. Including the emissions which may be reallocated from Energy to IPPU under the 2006 GLs.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

Treatment of fuels used for non-energy purposes


Most countries show a decrease in CO2 emissions levels under the new methodology, as the reductions due to the removal of non-energy use emissions are generally larger than the systematic increase due to changes in the oxidation factor. For the year 2014, reductions of 1% or greater are observed for sixty-five countries, with thirteen showing a decrease of 5% or more. The largest relative decreases are observed in countries with high non-energy use of fuels (mainly oil products and natural gas) relative to their total energy consumption: Trinidad and Tobago (-39%), Gibraltar (-17%), Lithuania (-14%), and Singapore, the Netherlands, Belarus and Brunei Darussalam (all -11%). As emissions from non-energy use of fuels are not included in


energy sector emissions under the 2006 GLs, emissions previously attributed to non-energy use of oil products and natural gas are no longer included in IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion estimates for these countries. One country, Curaçao presented a large increase (27%) in 2014. This was due to the inclusion of emissions from reported energy use of bitumen, which had been excluded (considered carbon stored / non-energy use) under the 1996 GLs. Within the IEA databases, these changes will also be reflected in all indicators derived from CO2 emissions totals (e.g. CO2/TPES, CO2/GDP). Impacts on trends should be visible when the relative weight of the nonenergy use of fuels changes in time. However, as mentioned, most of the methodological changes would not have significant impact in the case of a complete inventory covering all IPCC source/sink categories; in particular, the reallocation of emissions between categories would not affect total emissions estimates, nor the overall trends.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

The overall impact of the change in methodology on the IEA estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion varies from country to country, mainly depending on the underlying fuel mix and on the relative importance of non-energy use of fuels in the total.


Table 4. Comparison of IEA CO2 emissions estimates (2014) MtCO2 1996 GLs CO2 Sectoral Approach

2006 GLs CO2 Fuel Combustion

Percent Change

World

32903.3

32381.0

-1.6%

Annex I Parties Non-Annex I Parties

12852.2 18932.1

12628.4 18622.2

-2% -2%

OECD Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States OECD Total

375.2 60.8 95.0 574.6 76.4 98.4 34.7 17.5 46.4 295.8 734.6 66.4 41.3 2.0 33.7 66.3 325.7 1193.3 589.5 9.2 432.1 166.6 33.2 36.9 281.3 43.2 29.9 12.6 234.8 38.7 37.7 304.8 409.0 5235.9 12033.5

373.8 60.8 87.4 554.8 75.8 96.6 34.5 17.5 45.3 285.7 723.3 65.9 40.3 2.0 33.9 64.7 319.7 1188.6 567.8 9.2 430.9 148.3 31.2 35.3 279.0 42.8 29.3 12.8 232.0 37.4 37.7 307.1 407.8 5176.2 11855.6

-0.4% 0.0% -8.0% -3.4% -0.8% -1.8% -0.6% 0.0% -2.4% -3.4% -1.5% -0.8% -2.4% 0.0% 0.6% -2.4% -1.8% -0.4% -3.7% 0.0% -0.3% -11.0% -6.0% -4.3% -0.8% -0.9% -2.0% 1.6% -1.2% -3.4% 0.0% 0.8% -0.3% -1.1% -1.5%

Country

Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Albania Croatia Cyprus1 Georgia Gibraltar Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania FYR of Macedonia Malta Republic of Moldova Montenegro Romania Russian Federation Serbia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia

1996 GLs 2006 GLs Percent Change CO2 Sectoral CO2 Fuel Approach Combustion

4.3 5.2 31.3 64.3 21.2 42.2 15.8 5.7 8.0 0.6 220.3 7.3 8.3 6.7 12.0 7.3 2.3 7.2 2.2 69.0 1525.3 37.9 4.6 66.6 239.6 101.0

4.1 5.2 30.8 57.4 21.6 42.1 15.1 5.8 7.7 0.5 223.7 7.4 8.4 6.7 10.3 7.4 2.3 7.2 2.2 68.2 1467.6 38.1 4.7 67.0 236.5 97.9

-4.7% 0.0% -1.6% -10.7% 1.9% -0.2% -4.4% 1.8% -3.8% -16.7% 1.5% 1.4% 1.2% 0.0% -14.2% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -1.2% -3.8% 0.5% 2.2% 0.6% -1.3% -3.1%

2516.4

2446.1

-2.8%

1. Please refer to the chapter Geographical coverage.


© OECD/IEA, 2016

Country


Table 4. Comparison of IEA CO2 emissions estimates for Non-OECD Countries (2014) MtCO2

Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Cameroon Congo Cote d'Ivoire Dem. Rep. of Congo Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Libya Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Senegal South Africa South Sudan Sudan United Rep. of Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Other Africa Africa Asia (excl. China) Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia DPR of Korea India Indonesia Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Viet Nam Other Asia Asia (excl. China)

Percent 1996 GLs 2006 GLs Change CO2 Sectoral CO2 Fuel Approach Combustion

126.4 19.5 5.7 6.8 6.0 2.7 4.6 9.3 181.1 0.6 9.2 3.5 13.3 12.3 48.1 3.9 53.0 3.8 3.6 2.0 61.9 6.4 442.3 13.9 1.5 10.4 1.7 25.0 3.3 11.4 32.3 1125.6

63.9 7.5 6.0 37.0 2038.9 442.3 227.5 17.8 19.6 5.8 141.0 94.5 50.9 16.5 260.9 263.1 143.7 41.7 3878.8


122.9 19.3 5.7 6.9 6.0 2.6 4.7 9.4 173.3 0.6 9.1 3.5 13.1 12.4 47.9 4.0 53.1 3.9 3.6 2.0 60.2 6.3 437.4 13.3 1.5 10.4 1.7 25.0 3.2 11.5 31.0 1105.3

62.3 6.7 6.1 37.8 2019.7 436.5 220.5 18.2 19.6 5.9 137.4 95.7 45.3 16.7 249.7 243.5 143.3 42.1 3807.0

-2.8% -1.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% -3.7% 2.2% 1.1% -4.3% 0.0% -1.1% 0.0% -1.5% 0.8% -0.4% 2.6% 0.2% 2.6% 0.0% 0.0% -2.7% -1.6% -1.1% -4.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -3.0% 0.9% -4.0% -1.8%

-2.5% -10.7% 1.7% 2.2% -0.9% -1.3% -3.1% 2.2% 0.0% 1.7% -2.6% 1.3% -11.0% 1.2% -4.3% -7.4% -0.3% 1.0% -1.9%

Country

China People's Republic of China Hong Kong (China) China (incl. Hong Kong)

Percent 1996 GLs 2006 GLs Change CO2 Sectoral CO2 Fuel Approach Combustion

9199.1 47.3 9246.4

9087.0 47.9 9134.9

-1.2% 1.3% -1.2%

Non-OECD Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Other Non-OECD Americas Non-OECD Americas

195.3 18.2 492.6 73.0 7.1 29.6 3.7 19.5 38.7 5.9 16.1 2.7 8.7 7.1 4.5 10.6 5.2 48.4 2.0 38.0 6.5 155.5

192.4 18.3 476.0 72.5 7.2 29.4 4.7 19.3 38.7 5.9 16.1 2.8 8.7 7.2 4.5 10.6 5.2 47.8 2.0 23.2 6.3 155.0

-1.5% 0.5% -3.4% -0.7% 1.4% -0.7% 27.0% -1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.7% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -1.2% 0.0% -38.9% -3.1% -0.3%

19.9 1209.0

20.1 1173.9

1.0% -2.9%

Middle East Bahrain Islamic Republic of Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates Yemen Middle East

31.8 576.1 140.2 23.9 88.4 22.1 63.1 82.7 521.4 28.1 175.8 21.1 1774.7

29.7 556.1 141.0 24.1 86.1 22.4 59.9 77.6 506.6 27.6 175.4 21.3 1727.8

-6.6% -3.5% 0.6% 0.8% -2.6% 1.4% -5.1% -6.2% -2.8% -1.8% -0.2% 0.9% -2.6%

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Country


8. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS General conversion factors for energy TJ

To: From:

Gcal

Mtoe

2.388x102

2.388x10-5

MBtu

GWh

9.478x102

2.778x10-1

multiply by:

terajoule (TJ)

1 -3

gigacalorie (Gcal)

4.187x10

1

1.000x10

3.968

1.163x10-3

million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe)

4.187x104

1.000x107

1

3.968x107

1.163x104

million British thermal units (MBtu)

1.055x10-3

2.520x10-1

2.520x10-8

1

2.931x10-4

3.600

8.598x102

8.598x10-5

3.412x103

1

st

lb

gigawatt hour (GWh)

-7

Conversion factors for mass To: From:

kg

t

lt

1.000x10-3

9.842x10-4

multiply by:

kilogramme (kg)

1 3

tonne (t)

1.000x10

long ton (lt)

1.016x103 2

short ton (st)

9.072x10

pound (lb)

4.536x10-1

1.102x10-3

2.205

9.842x10

1.102

2.205x103

1

1.120

2.240x103

-1

1 1.016 -1

-1

9.072x10

8.929x10

1

2.000x103

4.536x10-4

4.464x10-4

5.000x10-4

1

Conversion factors for volume To:

ft3

gal U.K.

bbl

8.327x10-1

2.381x10-2 -2

l

m3

1.337x10-1

3.785

3.785x10-3

-1

4.546x10-3

multiply by:

U.S. gallon (gal U.S.) U.K. gallon (gal U.K.) barrel (bbl) 3

cubic foot (ft )

1 1.201

1

2.859x10

1.605x10

4.546

4.200x101

3.497x101

1

5.615

1.590x102

1.590x10-1

1

2.832x10-2

7.481

litre (l) 3

cubic metre (m )

-1

6.229

2.642x10-1

2.200x10-1

2

2

2.642x10

2.200x10

1.781x10

1

6.290x10-3

3.531x10-2

6.290

3.531x10

2.832x10 1

1.000x10-3

1 1.000x10

3

1


© OECD/IEA, 2016

From:

gal U.S.


Tonne of CO2

101

deca (da)

10-1

deci (d)

102

hecto (h)

10-2

centi (c)

103

kilo (k)

10-3

milli (m)

106

mega (M)

10-6

micro (µ)

109

giga (G)

10-9

nano (n)

1012

tera (T)

10-12

pico (p)

1015

peta (P)

10-15

femto (f)

1018

exa (E)

10-18

atto (a)


The 2006 GLs and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions be reported in Gg (gigagrammes) of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with national inventories expressed in Gg, multiply the IEA emissions by 1 000. Other organisations may present CO2 emissions in tonnes of carbon instead of tonnes of CO2. To convert from tonnes of carbon, multiply by 44/12, which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C.

© OECD/IEA, 2016

Decimal prefixes

Energy Data Manager/Statistician Possible Staff Vacancies International Energy Agency, Paris, France

The IEA The International Energy Agency, based in Paris, acts as energy policy advisor to 29 member countries in their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizens. Founded during the oil crisis of 1973-74, the initial role of the IEA was to co-ordinate measures in times of oil supply emergencies. As energy markets have changed, so has the IEA. Its mandate has broadened to incorporate the “Three E’s” of balanced energy policy making: energy security, economic development and environmental protection. Current work focuses on climate change policies, market reform, energy technology collaboration and outreach to the rest of the world, especially major consumers and producers of energy like China, India, Russia and the OPEC countries. The Energy Data Centre, with a staff of around 30 people, provides a dynamic environment for young people just finishing their studies or with one to two years of work experience.

Job description The data managers/statisticians compile, verify and disseminate information on all aspects of energy including production, transformation and consumption of all fuels, energy efficiency indicators, CO2 emissions, and energy prices and taxes. The data managers are responsible for the production of data sets through receiving, reviewing and inputting data submissions from member countries and other sources. They check for completeness, correct calculations, internal consistency, accuracy and consistency with definitions. Often this entails proactively investigating and helping to resolve anomalies in collaboration with national administrations. The data managers/statisticians also design and implement computer macros used in the preparation of their energy statistics publication(s) alongside analysis of the data.

Principal qualifications • University degree in a topic relevant to energy, or statistics. We currently have staff with degrees in Mathematics, Statistics, Information Technology, Economics, Engineering, Physics, Environmental Studies, etc. • Experience in the basic use of databases and computer software. Experience in Visual Basic is an advantage. • Ability to work accurately, pay attention to detail and work to deadlines. Ability to deal simultaneously with a wide variety of tasks and to organise work efficiently. • Good communication skills; ability to work well in a team and in a multicultural environment, particularly in liaising with contacts in national administrations and industry. Ability to understand, and communicate data. • Very good knowledge of one of the two official languages of the Organisation (English or French). Knowledge of other languages would be an advantage. • Some knowledge of energy industry operations and terminology would also be an advantage, but is not required. Nationals of any OECD member country are eligible for appointment. Basic salaries start at 3 284 euros per month. The possibilities for advancement are good for candidates with appropriate qualifications and experience. Tentative enquiries about future vacancies are welcomed from men and women with relevant qualifications and experience. Applications in French or English, accompanied by a curriculum vitae, should be sent to: Office of Management and Administration International Energy Agency 31-35 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

S T AT I ST I C S PU B L I C A T I O N S

Online Data Services Users can instantly access not only all the data published in this book, but also all the time series used for preparing this publication and all the other statistics publications of the IEA. The data are available online, either through annual subscription or pay-per-view access. More information on this service can be found on our website: http://data.iea.org

Eight Annual Publications n World Energy Statistics 2016 A new publication from the IEA presenting comprehensive world energy statistics, previously presented in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries,

World Energy Statistics contains detailed data on all energy sources – coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste. It covers energy supply and consumption for 150 countries and regions, including all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world and regional totals. The book includes detailed tables by country in original units for the year 2014, and summary time series on production, trade, and final consumption by sector. It also presents provisional 2015 supply data for OECD countries, and initial 2015 estimates for nonOECD countries’ production and trade of natural gas, primary coal and oil. Published August 2016 - Price €120

n World Energy Balances 2016 A new release from the IEA presenting comprehensive energy balances for all the world’s largest energy producing and consuming countries, World Energy Balances is formed by merging Energy

Balances of OECD Countries and Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, previously published separately. The volume contains detailed data on the supply and consumption of energy for all OECD countries, over 100 other key energy producing and consuming countries, as well as world and regional totals. The book includes graphs and detailed data by country for all energy sources – coal, gas, oil, electricity, renewables and waste - expressed in balance format, for the year 2014. Alongside this, there are summary time series on production, trade, final consumption by sector, as well as key energy and economic indicators. The volume also presents provisional 2015 supply data for OECD countries, and initial 2015 estimates for non-OECD countries’ production and trade of natural gas, primary coal and oil. Published August 2016 - Price €120


n Coal Information 2016 Coal Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the world coal sector, including 2015 provisional data. It provides a review of the world coal market in 2015, alongside a statistical overview of developments, which covers world coal production and coal reserves, coal demand by type, coal trade and coal prices. A detailed and comprehensive statistical picture of historical and current coal developments in the 34 OECD member countries, by region and individually is presented in tables and charts. Complete coal balances and coal trade data for selected years are presented on 22 major non-OECD coal-producing and -consuming countries, with summary statistics on coal supply and end-use statistics for about 40 countries and regions worldwide. Published August 2016 - Price €165

n Electricity Information 2016 Electricity Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in the OECD electricity sector, including 2015 provisional data. It provides an overview of the world electricity developments in 2014 covering world electricity and heat production, input fuel mix, supply and consumption, and electricity imports and exports. More detail is provided for the 34 OECD countries with information covering production, installed capacity, input energy mix to electricity and heat production, consumption, electricity trades, input fuel prices and end-user electricity prices. It provides comprehensive statistical details on overall energy consumption, economic indicators, electricity and heat production by energy form and plant type, electricity imports and exports, sectoral energy and electricity consumption, as well as prices for electricity and electricity input fuels for each country and regional aggregate. Published August 2016 - Price €150

n Natural Gas Information 2016 Natural Gas Information is a detailed reference work on gas supply and demand covering not only the OECD countries but also the rest of the world; this publication contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed supply and demand balance for each country and for the three OECD regions: Americas, Asia-Oceania and Europe, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination. Published August 2016 - Price €165

n Oil Information 2016 Oil Information is a comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. This publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. Its core consists of a detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported extensively by origin and destination. Published August 2016 - Price €165


n Renewables Information 2016 Renewables Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in OECD countries, including 2015 provisional data. It provides an overview of the development of renewables and waste in the world over the 1990 to 2014 period. A greater focus is given to the OECD countries with a review of electricity generation and capacity from renewable and waste energy sources, including detailed tables. However, an overview of developments in the world and OECD renewable and waste market is also presented. The publication encompasses energy indicators, generating capacity, electricity and heat production from renewable and waste sources, as well as production and consumption of renewables and waste. Published August 2016 - Price €110

n CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2016 In recognition of the fundamental importance of understanding energy related environmental issues, the IEA’s CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion provides a full analysis of emissions stemming from energy use. This annual publication has become an essential tool for analysts and policy makers in many international fora such as the Conference of the Parties, which will be meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, from 7 to 18 November 2016. The data in this book are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2014 for 150 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using IEA energy databases and the default methods and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

Published November 2016 - Price €165

Two Quarterlies n Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity, Quarterly Statistics This publication provides up-to-date, detailed quarterly statistics on oil, coal, natural gas and electricity for OECD countries. Oil statistics cover production, trade, refinery intake and output, stock changes and consumption for crude oil, NGL and nine selected oil product groups. Statistics for electricity, natural gas and coal show supply and trade. Import and export data are reported by origin and destination. The gas trade data from 1st quarter 2011 onwards corresponds to physical flows (entries/exits). Moreover, oil as well as hard coal and brown coal production are reported on a worldwide basis.

Published Quarterly - Price €120, annual subscription €380

n Energy Prices and Taxes This publication responds to the needs of the energy industry and OECD governments for up-todate information on prices and taxes in national and international energy markets. It contains crude oil import prices by crude stream, industry prices and consumer prices. The end-user prices for OECD member countries cover main petroleum products, gas, coal and electricity. Every issue includes full notes on sources and methods and a description of price mechanisms in each country. Time series availability varies with each data series.

Published Quarterly - Price €120, annual subscription €380


Electronic Editions n CD-ROMs and Online Data Services To complement its publications, the Energy Data Centre produces CD-ROMs containing the complete databases which are used for preparing the statistics publications. Built-in software allows you to access and manipulate all these data in a very user-friendly manner and includes graphic facilities. These databases are also available on the internet from our online data service.

Annual CD-ROMS / Online Databases World Energy Statistics 2016 n World Energy Balances 2016

Price: €800 (single user) Price: €800 (single user)

n World

Price: €1 400 (single user)

n

Price: €550 (single user) Price: €550 (single user) Price: €550 (single user) Price: €550 (single user) Price: €400 (single user) Price: €550 (single user)

n

Energy Statistics and Balances 2016 (Combined subscription of the above two series)

Coal Information 2016 Electricity Information 2016 n Natural Gas Information 2016 n Oil Information 2016 n Renewables Information 2016 n CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2016 n

Quarterly CD-ROMs / Online Databases n

Energy Prices and Taxes

Price: (four quarters) €900 (single user)

A description of these services is available on our website: http://data.iea.org

Other Online Services n The Monthly Oil Data Service The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service provides the detailed databases of historical and projected information which is used in preparing the IEA’s monthly Oil Market Report (OMR). The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service comprises three packages available separately or combined as a subscriber service on the Internet. The data are available at the same time as the official release of the Oil Market Report. The packages include: n Supply, Demand, Balances and Stocks n Trade n Field-by-Field Supply n Complete Service

Price: €6 150 (single user) Price: €2 050 (single user) Price: €3 080 (single user) Price: €9 200 (single user)

A description of this service is available on our website: www.iea.org/statistics/mods


n The Monthly Gas Data Service The service provides monthly natural gas data for OECD countries:  Supply balances in terajoules and cubic metres;  Production, trade, stock changes and levels where available, gross inland deliveries, own use and losses;  Highly detailed trade data with about 50 import origins and export destinations;  LNG trade detail available from January 2002,  From 2011 onwards, transit volumes are included and trade data corresponds to entries/exits. The databases cover the time period January 1984 to current month with a time lag of two months for the most recent data. n

Monthly Gas Data Service: Natural Gas Balances & Trade Historical plus 12 monthly updates

Price: €800 (single user)

For more information consult: www.iea.org/statistics/mgds

Moreover, the IEA statistics website contains a wealth of free statistics covering oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, renewables, energy-related CO2 emissions and more for 150 countries and regions and historic data for the last 20 years. It also contains Sankey flows to enable users to explore visually how a country’s energy balance shifts over up to 40 years, starting with production and continuing through transformation to see important changes in supply mix or share of consumption. The IEA Energy Atlas offers panoramas on every aspect of energy on a global basis and for 150 individual countries, with interactive maps and customisable charts that detail and compare a host of data based on the Agency’s authoritative statistics. The website also includes free headline energy data in excel format for all OECD countries and global regions from 1971 onwards. The IEA statistics website can be accessed at www.iea.org/statistics/

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World Energy Outlook series

Energy Policies of IEA Countries series

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MediumTerm Market Renewable Reports Energy series Gas

Energy Efficiency Market Report

This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. IEA/OECD possible corrigenda on: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm

IEA Publications, 9, rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15 Typesetted by the IEA, October 2016

This annual publication contains graphs and tables for World and the main regional aggregates and, for 150 countries and regions: e stimates of CO 2 emissions from 1971 to 2014; s elected indicators such as CO 2 /GDP, CO 2 /capita and CO 2 / TPES; d ecompositions of total emissions and emissions from electricity generation into driving factors. Emissions were calculated using the 2016 IEA World Energy Balances and the default methods and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

2016

s t a t i s t i c s

In recognition of the fundamental importance of energy related environmental issues, the latest information on CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion - level, growth, source and geographic distribution - will be essential for analysts and policy makers in many international fora. To provide input to and support for the UN Conference of the Parties, which will be meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, from 7 to 18 November 2016, the IEA is making available for free download the “Highlights” version of its 2016 CO 2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion publication.