Collections of nonhuman primate skeletal materials ...

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 57:77-97(1982)

Collections of Nonhuman Primate Skeletal Materials in the United States and Canada GENE H. ALBRECHT Department of Anatomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033

KEY WORDS Primates, Skull, Postcrania, Skeleton, Museums, United States, Canada ABSTRACT A mail survey was completed of the nonhuman primate skeletal collections (excluding tupaiids) housed in United States and Canadian museums, universities, and other institutions. Survey results are reported by genus for both skulls and postcrania without regard for age or sex. The survey emphasized specimens of wild-caught primates but institutional personnel were not always able to separate animals which died in captivity. Responses were received from 157 of the 212 institutions to which questionnaires were sent. Of those who returned the questionnaires, 75 institutions have wild-caught, nonhuman primate skeletal materials in their collections. Institutions that have either no nonhuman primate skeletal materials (50) or only the remains of captive animals (36) are listed separately. The total number of specimens reported exeeds 21,000 skulls and 6,400 postcrania. This report presents the results of a survey of the nonhuman primate skeletal materials (excluding tupaiids) available in the natural history collections of United States and Canadian museums, universities, and other institutions (hereafter, the term primate refers to members of the Order exclusive of humans and tupaiids). The results are derived from a mail survey that was completed between 1978 and 1981. For each institution, the numbers of skulls and postcrania are tabulated by genus without regard for age or sex. The survey published in this journal by Krogman and Schultz (1938) is the only previous work comparable to the present report. Their survey listed skeletal materials of Hy/abates, Pongo, Pan, and Gorilla held in 42 American institutions. Many of those same collections are reported here; differences between the two reports relate to the vagaries of survey work and changes over four decades. For those particularly interested in anthropoid apes, the earlier survey complements the present work by categorizing specimens according to sex and age. Publication of this survey provides the opportunity to solicit information from readers about primate collections not reported here. The intent is to publish new and/or revised results at

intervals depending on the amount and importance of the accumulated information. Contributions to an ongoing survey of primate collections in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Central and South America would be equally appreciated. The survey emphasized wild-caught primates because such specimens are usually of the greatest value for systematic, functional, and evolutionary studies of primates. Specimens of primates which experienced captivity (e.g., specimens obtained from zoos, pet shops, laboratories, or biological supply houseswhether originally wild-caught or captive born) are of lesser value because of possible pathologies or simple lack of information about their provenience. The numbers of wild-caught and captive specimens are given separately when known. However, those responding to the survey often provided no indication as to whether the reported numbers represent wildcaught specimens only, a mixture of wildcaught and captive specimens, or captive specimens only; these instances are annotated accordingly. In some cases, museum records indicated that individual specimens are lacking inReceived July 13, 1981; accepted August 12, 1981.

78

G. H. ALBRECHT

formation about their origin; as a conservative course of action, such specimens were counted with the captive specimens although many such animals were undoubtedly collected in the wild. Numerous sources were used to identify natural history collections that might include holdings of primate skeletal materials. The most inclusive and important of these sources were Krogman and Schultz (1938), Choate and Genoways (1975), Hudson and Nicholls (1975), Osborne and Bennett (1979), and the Registry of Taxonomic Resources and Services compiled and maintained by the Center for Biosystematics Resources of the Association of Systematics Collections (ASC; Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045). The latter source is a computer-assisted data base that contains information on biological collections in the United States and other countries; information in the ASC Registry is at or above the Ordinal level. Additionally, numerous colleagues who responded to the survey shared their knowledge about the possible, probable, or actual location of primate materials. The method used to collect the data consisted of mailing a survey form and explanatory letter to each institution. Selected phrases from that letter (several similar versions were used during the course of the survey) illustrate the type and level of information requested: "complete the survey form by listing the numbers of skulls and skeletons ... primary interest is in wildcaught animals but do not make any special effort to obtain this information if not readily available ... even the smallest numbers of specimens are of importance ... if you have no specimens of primates, please return the questionnaire marked accordingly." The accompanying three-page survey form provided space to record the numbers of skulls, the numbers of postcrania, and comments for each of 52 genera listed by Suborder and Family (excluding Tupaiidae); additional space was provided for generic names not listed on the survey form (numbers of specimens so listed were later incorporated into the appropriate synonymous taxa). Napier and Napier (1967) was used as the standard for taxonomy and nomenclature because it covers all primates and is widely available; such usage was a matter of convenience and not necessarily endorsement. The number of genera presented herein is reduced to 50 because of the exclusion of Homo and the inclusion of Cynopithecus with Macaca (see Fooden, 1969; and Albrecht, 1978); addi-

tionally, the generic name used by Napier and Napier (1967) for the lion-tamarins (Leontideus) is herein replaced by Leontopithecus (see Napier, 1976; and Hershkovitz, 1977). Information from the returned survey forms was processed and stored by specially written microcomputer programs. Inquiries were mailed to 212 institutions in the United States and Canada. Responses were received from 157 (74%) of these institutions. Of those who responded to the survey, 50 reported no primate specimens, 36 reported only specimens of captive animals, and 71 reported one or more specimens of wild-caught primates (two of the latter institutions were not able to provide information by genus). Additionally, four of the 56 institutions that did not respond to the survey are known to possess specimens of wild-caught primates. Table 1 shows that 16,794 skulls and 3,794 postcrania are available in the 69 institutions that reported their primate collections by genus; additionally, approximately 900 skulls and 540 postcrania are available from the two institutions (UMDA and CMNH) that were not able to report their collections by genus. A high, but unknown, percentage of these specimens represents wild-caught primates (probably greater than 80%). Also available are 3,384 skulls and 2,088 postcrania of captive specimens in those 48 institutions that separately reported this information; the total number of captive specimens would be considerably larger if data were available for all institutions. Four institutions-American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Field Museum of Natural History (FMNHl, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University (MCZH), and United States National Museum (USNM)-account for 72% of the skulls and 48% of the postcrania of wild-caught primate specimens available in the United States and Canada (Table 1 plus UMDA and CMNH). The remaining primate specimens are distributed among 71 different institutions. The importance of the smaller, seldom-used collections is in (1) the occasional specimen of a genus that is rarely present in primate collections and (2) the occasional long series of specimens collected from a particular locale. In the latter instance, for example, The Museum at Michigan State University (MSUM) has an excellent series of Saguinus oedipus from Panama (130 skulls/80 postcrania) and the Neil Tappen Collection at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWNT) has excellent series of Cercopithecus ascanius (84/84), Cer-

79

PRIMA TE SKELETAL MATERIALS

TABLE 1. Numbers of primate specimens (skulls/postcrania) in United States and Canadian institutions (listed alphabetically by state and province, respectively) 1

Lemur

Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phaner Lepilemur Indri Avahi Pro pi thee us Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Galago

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

17)

UAMF

ASUB

ucvz

16)

UAEE

UCBA

csuc

CPRC

1/1

1/2 111

111 111

111

111

1/1 Oil 111 111 111 1/1

Tarsi us

Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Ce bus Saimiri Ate/es Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandrillus Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis

111

710 3618 212 111

212

1/0

111 111 111 212 313 313

112

110 211 411

111

411 812

111

112 111

0/1

1/0 111

910 12/0 511 1214

311

512 1613

2/2

5215

8111 110 Oil

2/5

1/1 111 110

111 Oil 212

111 818 12/19

0/2 57175 416 5/6

90190

318

111

5110

Simias

Colo bus Hylobates Symphalangus Pongo Pan Gorilla TOTAL

510 Oil

6/7

111 111 1/1 15/16

26126

311

111 110 512 199/49

3/0 619 3/0 166/170

212 1/0

83/121

(Table 1 continued on next page)

G.H.ALBRECHT

80

TABLE 1. Numbers of primate specimens (skullslpostcrania) in United States and Canadian institutions (listed alphabetically by state and province, respectively) continued

Lemur

Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phaner Lepilemur lndri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Galago

19)

110)

111)

112)

CSLA

NHLA

UCLA

CSPP

1/0

1/1

1/0

TOTAL

cs us

1/0

lil

2/3

2/2 1/1

13/0

2/1

1/1

9/0

1/0 1/1

3/0

4/0 1/0 19/1 26/0 15/0 5/0

1/0 1/1

1/0 2/0

4/3 2/1

1/0

4/4

4/2

210

1/1

30/0

Oil 1/1 2/0 2/0 2/0 4/2 1/0

2/2 7/3

1/0

114)

CSSD

1/0

11/1 35/4 1/1 19/5

Oil

Tarsi us

Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Cebus Saimiri Ate/es Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandrillus Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis Simias Colobus Hy/abates Symphalangus Pon go Pan Gorilla

(13)

(8)

MHCD

1/1

4/1 3/1 2/1

2/1

5/0

1/1 1/1

1/0 1/1

6/4

612

1/1

1/0 1/0

1/0 4/1

1/1

9/0

222/26

7/3

3/3 1/1

2/1

5/5

41/23


81

PRIMATE SKELETAL MATERIALS

TABLE 1. Numbers of primate specimens (skullslpostcrania) in United States and Canadian institutions (listed alphabetically by state and province, respectively) continued (15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

SDNH

SDMM

ASSF

BMSJ

CPSL

UCBM

MNHD

Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus

3/0

1/0

Microcebus

Phaner Lepilemur Indri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia

Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Ga/ago

1/1

4/1 1/0 1/0 1/0

Tarsi us

Callithrix Cebuella

1/1 5/5

Saguinus

Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Ce bus Saimiri Ateles Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandrillus Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis

3/2

1/0 1/0

1/1

3/0

1/0

1/0

1/0

1/0 1/0

1/0 2/0

4/1

2/0

1/1

1/ l

1/1

2/0 2/1

1/0

1/0

1/1 1/0

Simias

Colo bus Hylobates Symphalangus Pongo Pan Gorilla TOTAL

2/0

1/0 2/0 1/0 2/0 4/1 4/1 27/3

1/0

1/0

1/1 1/1 15/9

5/1

1/0

1/0 8/1

13/7


G.H.ALBRECHT

82


Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phaner Lepilemur lndri Avahi Pro pi thee us Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Ga/ago Tarsi us

Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus

Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Cebus Saimiri Ate/es Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandrillus Thero pi thee us Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presbytis Rhinopi thee us Pygathrix Nasalis

122)

123)

124)

(25)

126)

127)

128)

PMNH

UCNH

DMNH

USNM

FSMG

USFB

BPBM

212 413

IIO

15110 110 III 211

2/0 3/1 1/1 212 3/3 2/1 615 5/5 5/2 9/7 111 515

3616 9/7 111 715

2/2 210 IIO 210

111 III

412 111 0/1 111

812 410

3/1 916 110 714

5/3 110

211 I 719 Ill I9112 312

410 110

III

III

24111 I/l 15/4

110

910 614

111

TOTAL

I2/6 14/7 1415 2261124

11219 32/6 912 51I 41I 645134 622131 78112 253113 IIO I818 428148 491I I 118143

2II

212 916 IIO 412 41I I318

2/0

210

llI 815 3/I 310

410

21I 1014 913 I 71IO 513

2/0 210

612 9/7 110 45/45

210 210

IIO

Simias

Colo bus Hy/abates Symphalangus Pon go Pan Gorilla

III I/O 313 I410 313 5/5 6219 411 68II2 470/I9 3514 3714 4214 29Il5I 6II

311I I

5/1

llI 646II59 19/3 383126 131I2 2Il9 44/3 1211 I 70143 158141 I416 IOOl4I 45124 70130 5,I65/754

27/7 2/1 110

110

IIO 21I

310 1/0

313

210

I941118

2510

21I

(Table I continued on next page)

83



Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phaner Lepilemur Jndri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia Loris

Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Galago Tarsius Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Cebus Saimiri Ateles Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandrillus Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

133)

(34)

(35)

FMNH

UIMN

LSIS

AEIS

MNHI

KMNH

LSUM

414

212 212

510

110

813 110 313 0/1 1/0 0/1 711 110 13/0 2215 110 7/0 7312 35111 4514 813 221118 310 4/3 10417 11413 3618 1713 2210 149/9 282/33 165/4 142/13 128/11 268112 1712 4211 8/0 1110 15418 210 192114 1010 10/4 7/4

111

1/1 110 110

111

1310

710 510 5/0

110

1/0 110

132/4 3611

111

89/6 110 210

1610 8/0 410 7/0

210

313 111 110 111

111

7/0

210

1/1

Simias

Colo bus Hylobates Symphalangus Pon go Pan Gorilla TOTAL

1/0

10714 89123 1115 19110 13111 2,572/244

111 Oil

Oil 5/3

110

313

111 211 110 211 12/6

274/20

80/4


G. H. ALBRECHT

84

TABLE 1. Numbers of primate specimens (skulls!postcrania) in United States and Canadian institutions (listed alphabetically by state and province, respectively) continued

Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phaner Lepilemur lndri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Ga/ago Tarsius Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Ce bus Saimiri Ate/es Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandril/us Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis Simias Colobus Hy/abates Symphalangus Pon go Pan Gorilla TOTAL

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

PMAC

MCZh

UMMZ

MSUM

UMBM

MONZ

15/15

1/1

4/0

1/1 1/0

1/0

64/9 18/9 9/2 1617 2/0 2017 3/2 8/4 40/5 4/3 2/1 9/6 1/0 24/5 10118 6/2 33/3 210 21/0 2/2 18/0 23/D 14/1

2/0 110

2/0

110 110

211 111/7 8716 25/3 47/5 1/0 1/0 201/117 34/5 46/7 1216 210 23618 7/0 227/154 3/3 41140

2/1 2/1 513 411 28/7

98/7 1651148 5/0 20/12 47128 29/16 1,887/649

2/1

310 1/0 1/0 2/7 710

5/3 4/1 2/0

36/14 1315 11/2 21/6

(42) MONT

1/0

130/80

1/1

212

13/2 1511 3/0 19/2

1/0 3/1 2/0

2/1

1/0 1/1 1/0

2/1 4/1

111 1/1

2/2 1/0

2/1

110 1/1 1/1 15/15 715 1/0 125/46

182/87

37/35

11/4

3/3


85


TABLE 1. Numbers of primate specimens (skulls!postcrania) in United States and Canadian institutions !listed alphabetically by state and province, respectively) continued

Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

MNHP

BNMS

BMSB

LLES

AMNH

NCSZ

OSUM

2/0

44/13 5/5

1/0

137/22

Microcebus

Phaner Lepilemur Indri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Ga/ago Tarsius Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Ce bus

26/18 1/0 1/0 1/1 2/1 1/1 1/0 1/1 111 1/1

1/0 4/0

1/0 1/0 1/0

Saimiri

Ate/es Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandrillus Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presbytis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis Simias Colo bus Hylobates Symphalangus Pongo Pan Gorilla TOTAL

1/0 4/0

2/1

2/0

4/1 1/0 2/0 1/0 3/2

1/0

2/0

1/1 1/1

1/0

1/0 2/1 3/2 3/1 4/1 41/14

310 1/1

3/2

12/2

7/0

7/5 2/1 5/5 12/3 2/2 43/10 269/17 5/3 125/3 31/1 465/10 8/3 2/1 22/0 26/0 32/8 4/0 34/2 90/14 133/8 38/1 38/1 2/0 122/4 120/27 127/10 83/15 16/7 9/3 450/35 19/9 101/13 6/6 5/3 6/3 3/2 252/21 57/33 5/1 27/26 71/53 41/24 3,128/451

1/1

2/0 310

17/2

1/0 1/0

1/0

2/2 1/1

1/1 24/0

2/1

4/1

1/0 1/1

6/2

1/1 15/8

54/5


G.H.ALBRECHT

86

TABLE 1. Numbers of primate specimens (skulls/postcrania) in United States and Canadian institutions (listed alphabetically by state and province, respectively) continued (50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

154)

(55)

(56)

ORPC

ANSP

CPPP

UMUP

WFIS

CARN

TAMU

Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phan er Lepilemur lndri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Ga/ago

1014

TOTAL

3212

1/0

110

Ill Oil 210

1/0 8/I

210 910 3912

IIO IOl5 210 4/2

Tarsius

Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Cebus Saimiri Ateles Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandril/us Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis Simias Colo bus Hylobates Symphalangus Pon go Pan Gorilla

211

2/2

I7/3 IIO

IIO

68/0

412

912

I8/I 6II 211 IIO

110

912 210

I/0 2/0

37/I2 46/I2 910 110 IIO

4/3 515

27/1 3914 3212 I213

22/3 12/0 1610 410

610 Ill I413 1/0 610 4919

llI

4313 210 612

OII

111

210 4714 3/2

4117

49147 311 I I/7

III

313 IIO 615

3/0

313

7514

916 718 6/3 7/10 512 713 344190

310

IIO

III

210 311

412

Ill

710 2II

512 IOl3 III 110/84

2II Ill 211 1217

111 l!II 1013 338140

6214


87



Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phaner Lepilemur lndri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Ga/ago

(57)

158)

159)

160)

161)

162)

163)

MUDB

CRCM

TBMM

PSMN

ZMUW

MPMW

UWNT

1/0

1/0

12/0

1/0

2/2

2/0

Tarsi us

Callithn'x Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajao Alouatta Ce bus Saimiri Ateles Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandrillus Theropithecus Cereo pi thee us Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis Simias Colobus Hylobates Symphalangus Ponga Pan Gorilla TOTAL

2/0

1/0

1/0

2/0

1/0 2/0

2/1 8/8

2/2

5/5 1/1 2/2

2/2

1/0 10/1

2/2

1/2 1/0

1/0

1/0

0/1

1/0

4/5

8/0

1/0

4/1 5/0

310

9/0

39/39

7/7 89/89 11110

127/127

1/1

2/3

39/39 95/95 13/13

2/2

2/1

2/2 2/0

1/1

18/14

521/410

1/1 1/1 32/0

9/2

23/25

1/1 31/4

17/2 20/4


G.H.ALBRECHT

88


Lemur Hapalemur Cheirogaleus Microcebus Phaner Lepilemur lndri Avahi Propithecus Daubentonia Loris Nycticebus Arctocebus Perodicticus Ga/ago Tarsi us Callithrix Cebuella Saguinus Leontopithecus Callimico Aotus Callicebus Pithecia Chiropotes Cacajaa Alouatta Ce bus Saimiri Ate/es Brachyteles Lagothrix Macaca Cercocebus Papio Mandril/us Theropithecus Cercopithecus Erythrocebus Presby tis Rhinopithecus Pygathrix Nasalis Simias Colobus Hylobates Symphalangus Pongo Pan Gorilla TOTAL

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

CVMV

ROMT

RMMU

BMUS

USAD

USDA

3/0

0/1

1/0

1/1 310

110 1/0

0/2 0/2

1/0 5/3

3/0

1/0 2/1

2/2 0/1 1/0

4/0 10/0

5/5

3/3 2/1 4/4

7/0 8/1 19/0 16/0 10/0 10/0

310

3/3 1/1

1/0

1/1 610

3/1

10/0

2/0

12/0

10/3 Oil 1/0 4/1

1/0 1/1 2/0

4/4 1/0

3/1

3/2

26/3

1/0

1/0 011 211 110

1/0 36/1

1/1 1/1 2/1 120/13

Oil 0/1 21/15

110

1/0

33/6

'Specimens of captive animals excluded when known. See text for abbreviations and annotations.

21/21

TOTAL 233/54 34121 16/9 166/39 2/0 49/27 913 1419 72114 15113 41/25 158/58 13/5 189/42 1,124/106 105/31 311/38 102/20 1,262/227 35/11 7/5 349/47 234/15 114/21 40/6 66/5 1,441/121 1,442/168 556/147 708/86 6/1 303/39 1,2921381 345/136 647/181 45/16 31/4 1,989/501 54/17 994/243 34119 41/20 105155 1613 679190 545/306 34/11 223/129 2701161 234/108 16,794/3,794


copithecus aethiops (43/43), and Cercocebus albigena (89/89) from Uganda and Zaire. Moreover, especially for those who study the postcranial anatomy of primates, the proportion of postcrania held in the smaller collections gives added importance to these seldomused resources. An estimate of the coverage provided by the primate survey can be obtained by comparison with the data of Choate and Genoways (1975) on collections of recent mammals in North America. Their survey-the fourth in a series (Howell, 1923; Doutt et al., 1945; Anderson et al., 1963)-was conducted for the American Society of Mammalogists. A total of 824 inquiries were mailed and 565 responses were received; by including 65 institutions that responded only to previous surveys, the number of institutions that possess mammal collections totals 388 (384 in the United States and Canada). The total mammalian holdings reported by United States and Canadian institutions approximated 2,521,000 specimens in 1973 (includes all types of specimens such as skins, fluidpreserved animals, and skeletons). By comparison to this number, responses to the primate survey were received from institutions that account for 87% of the mammalian holdings. Responses were received from 32 of the 37 institutions in the United States and Canada that have mammal collections exceeding 10,000 specimens (questionnaires were not sent to two of these institutions); additionally, 102 responses were received from those institutions with mammal collections of less than 10,000 specimens. Twenty-two other institutions which responded to the primate survey were not included in the mammal survey. Note that many institutions included in the mammal survey have collections limited to regional faunas of North America; these institutions were not included in the primate survey because of the small probability of a positive response with respect to wild-caught primates. The results of the survey are separated into four categories: (1) institutions that have skeletal materials of wild-caught primates; (2) institutions that have skeletal materials of wild-caught primates but were not able to either list their holdings by genus or respond to the survey; (3) institutions that have skeletal materials of only captive primates; and (4) institutions that have no skeletal materials of primates. Within each category, institutions in the United States are listed alphabetically by state followed by institutions in Canada listed alphabetically by province. The following

89

information is provided for each institution: a unique four-letter acronym, the name and address of the institution, the person responding to the survey when known (in parentheses), and comments including the numbers of captive specimens listed by genus (skulls/ postcrania) when this information was provided by the responding institutions. Table 1 lists the number of known or presumed wildcaught specimens. SKELETAL COLLECTIONS OF WILD-CAUGHT PRIMATES

The following institutions reported specimens of wild-caught nonhuman primates. The numbers of specimens are listed in Table 1. For ease of reference, institutions listed below and in Table 1 are consecutively and identically numbered. The phrase "wild-caught specimens only" refers to the numbers reported in Table 1 when such designation is reasonably known to apply; the numbers reported in Table 1 for institutions not so annotated may or may not include captive specimens. Numbers of captive specimens are given when this information was separately provided by the responding institution. 1) UAEE Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (Yar Petryszyn). 2) UAMF University Museum, University of Arkansas, 338 Hotz Hall, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 (Nancy Glover McCartney). Includes specimens in the Department of Anthropology. 3) ASUB Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University; Arkansas 72467 (V. Rick McDaniel). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Saguinus (1/1). 4) UCVZ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 2593 Life Sciences Building, Berkeley; California 94720 (William Z. Lidicker, Jr.). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Lemur (3/2), Cebuella (3/2), Aotus (1/1), Pithecia (3/3), Chiropotes (1/0), Cacajao (111), Cebus (3/0), Saimiri (2/ 2), Ateles (4/4), Macaca (35/23), Cercocebus (1/1), Papio (8/4), Cercopithecus (4/3), Presbytis (7/3), Colobus (4/0), Hylobates (6/6), Pongo {3/3), Pan (3/2), Gorilla (1/1). 5) UCBA Department of Anthropology, University of Californiu, Berkeley; California 94720 (F. C. Howell).

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6) CSUC Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, California 95926. Wild-caught specimens only.

California 92112 (Amadeo M. Rea). Wildcaught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Papio (110), Presbytis (1/1).

7) CPRC California Primate Research Cen16) SDMM San Diego Museum of Man, ter, University of California, Davis, California 1350 El Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego, Cali95616 (Roy V. Henrickson). Response states fornia 92101 (Rose A. Tyson). Many specimens "assume most of our material is from wild- are assumed to be wild-caught; some specimens caught animals" but most specimens probably retain catalogue numbers of USNM from represent animals which experienced captivity. which they were obtained in 1915. 8) MHCD Milton Hildebrand Collection, Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Milton Hildebrand). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Loris (2/1), Nycticebus (1/0), Galago (6/4), Tarsius (1/1), Cebuella (1/1), Aotus (1/0), Saimiri (1/1), Ateles (1/0), Lagothrix (110), Macaca (1/0), Papio (0/1), Cercopithecus (1/1), Erythrocebus (111), Hylobates (1/1), Pan (3/2), Gorilla (111). 9) CSLA Department of Biology, California State University, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, California 90032 (Margaret J. Hartman). 10) NHLA Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007 (Donald R. Patten). 11) UCLA Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 (Jane Peterson). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Lemur (3/0), Cebus (4/0), Ateles (2/0), Macaca (4/0), Papio (4/0), Cercopithecus (5/0), Hylobates (5/0), Pongo (2/0) Gorilla (2/0). Data summarized from photocopies of systematic index cards.

17) ASSF California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 (Laurence C. Binford). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Nycticebus (1/1), Callithrix (3/3), Saguinus (2/0), Cacajao (1/0), Cebus (1/1), Saimiri (2/1), Ateles (3/2), Lagothrix (1/0), Macaca (6/3), Cercocebus (2/2), Papio (1/2), Mandrillus (2/2), Theropithecus (1/1), Cercopithecus (5/3), Presbytis (1/1), Pygathrix (2/2), Colobus (2/2), Hylobates (2/1), Symphalangus (1/1), Pongo (2/3), Pan (2/1), Gorilla (1/2). 18) BMSJ Museum of Birds and Mammals, Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192 (Jean Geary). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Nycticebus (2/1), Galago (1/1), Saguinus (1/1), Saimiri (4/0), Ateles (2/0), Lagothrix (1/1), Macaca (8/3), Presbytis (1/0), Hylobates (2/2). 19) CPSL Mammal Collection, Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407 (Aryan I. Roest). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Perodicticus (110), Callithrix (1/0), Saguinus (7/0), Aotus (1/0), Cebus (1/0), Saimiri (2/0), Brachyteles (1/0), Macaca (1/0), Papio (2/0), Pan (1/0).

12) CSPP Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, California 20) UCBM Museum, University of Colo91768 (Glenn R. Stewart). rado, Campus Box 218, Boulder, Colorado 13) CSUS Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 80309 (Shi-Kuei Wu). Wild-caught specimens Department of Biological Sciences, California only. Additional captive specimens: Tarsius State University, Sacramento, California 95819 (1/1), Saguinus (1/0), Ateles (1/0), Macaca (3/0), (James D. Tilley). Wild-caught specimens only. Papio (1/0), Presbytis (2/0), Pongo (111). UnidenAdditional captive specimens: Loris (1/1), Ga- tified specimens: Cercopithecidae (1/0), Celago (1/1), Tarsius (1/1), Saguinus (1/1), Cebus boidea from Venezuela (1/0). (2/1), Saimiri (4/4), Ateles (2/1), Macaca (9/9), 21) MNHD Denver Museum of Natural Cercocebus (1/1), Papio {4/4), Theropithecus History, City Park, Denver, Colorado 80205 (111), Cercopithecus (2/2), Presbytis (2/2), Hylo- (Betsy Webb). Wild-caught specimens only. Adbates (3/3), Pan (1/1). ditional captive specimens: Nycticebus (111), 14) CSSD Department of Zoology, San Pithecia (1/1), Cacajao (1/1), Cercopithecus (1/1), Diego State University, San Diego, California Hylobates (1/1). 92182. 22) PMNH Peabody Museum of Natural 15) SDNH San Diego Natural History Mu- History, Yale University, New Haven, Connectseum, Balboa Park, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, icut 06520 (Mary Ann Turner).


23) UCNH Museum of Natural History, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268 (Dr. Dubos). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Galago (2/2), Callithrix (1/0), Saguinus (2/1), Macaca (2/ 2).

24) DMNH Delaware Museum of Natural History, Kennett Pike, Route 52, Box 3937, Greenville, Delaware 19807 (John E. duPont). Wild-caught specimens only. 25) USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 (Gary S. Morgan). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Lemur (1/3), Loris (1/1), Nycticebus (4/1), Perodicticus (3/4), Galago (37/36), Callithrix (38/27), Cebuella (15/8), Saguinus (168/78), Leontopithecus (10/8), Callimico (4/3), Aotus (165/189), Callicebus (7/3), Pithecia (7/5), Cacajao (5/5), Alouatta (4/2), Cebus (57/27), Saimiri (300/178), Ateles (26/8), Lagothrix (4/1), Macaca (354/165), Cercocebus (13/3), Papio (42/20), Theropithecus (8/3), Cercopithecus (94/ 57), Erythrocebus (1214), Presbytis (27/10), Pygathrix (1/1), Nasalis (2/2), Colbus (6/3), Hylobates (9/4), Symphalangus (4/3), Pongo (7/6), Pan (3/1), Gorilla (2/1). Data summarized from computerized inventory of all primate specimens in collection. 26) FSMG Florida State Museum, University of Florid°' Museum Road, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (William R. Maples). Includes specimens in the Department of Natural Sciences, Department of Social Sciences, and the personal collection of William R. Maples at the University of Florida. 27) USFB Department of Biology, University of South Florid°' Tampa, Florida 33620 (L. N. Brown). 28) BPBM Bernice P Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 19000-A, Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 (Carla H. Kishinami). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Nycticebus (1/0), Galago (111), Saguinus (2/2), Alouatta (1/1), Cebus (2/2), Ateles (2/1), Macaca (5/5), Pan (1/1), Gorilla (1/1). Includes personal collection of Alan C. Zeigler. 29) FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605 (Robert M. Timm). Wildcaught specimens only. Additional numbers of uncatalogued Ceboidea recently collected in South America by Philip Hershkovitz. 30) UIMN Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Matthew and Green

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Streets, Urbana, Illinois 61811 (Donald F. Hoffmeister). 31) LSIS Vertebrate Collections, Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana 47809 (John 0. Whitaker). Wild-caught specimens only. Data from Prascal et al. (1976).

32) AEIS Department of Animal Ecology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 (William L. Franklin). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Indri (110), Propithecus (2/1), Loris (2/0), Callithrix (1/0), Pithecia (1/0), Alouatta (1/0), Ateles (1/0), Papio (1/0), Pongo (1/1), Pan (1/1), Gorilla (2/2). 33) MNHI Museum of Natural History, University of low°' Iowa City. Iowa 52240. 34) KMNH Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 (Gary McGrath). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Ateles (0/1), Macaca (3/2), Papio (3/3), Cercopithecus (1/1). Data summarized from hand-written inventory of all primate specimens in collection. 35) LSUM Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Lou· isiana 70803 (George H. Lowery). 36) PMAC Pratt Museum of Geology and Natural History, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 (Margery Combs). 37) MCZH Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (A. W. Crompton). 38) UMMZ Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (Philip Myers). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Nycticebus (4/4), Galago (9/9), Tarsius (212), Callithrix (1/1), Saguinus (1/0), Leontopithecus (1/1), Pithecia (1/1), Cebus (3/2), Saimiri (6/4), Ateles (1/1), Lagothrix (1/1), Macaca (14/7), Cercocebus (1/0), Papio (3/0), Cercopithecus (2/1), Hylobates (1/1). Includes Frederick H. Test Collection (FHTC) listed by Choate and Genoways (1975), which has been incorporated into the collections of UMMZ. Data summarized from computerized inventory of all primate specimens in collection. 39) MSUM The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (Donald P. Christian). 40) UMBM Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, 10 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 (Gerda E. Nordquist). Wild-caught specimens

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only. Additional captive specimens: Lemur (1/1), Propithecus (110), Nycticebus (110), Galago (4/2), Chiropotes (1/0), Alouatta (2/2), Cebus (6/3), Saimiri (1/0), Ateles (2/0), Lagothrix (1/1), Macaca (5/4), Cercocebus (1/1), Papio (1/1), Cercopithecus (9/3), Erythrocebus (1/1), Hylobates (6/3), Pan (3/2), Gorilla (4/4). Data summarized from photocopies of systematic index cards. 41) MONZ BirdandMammalMuseum, Department of Zoology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 (Christine Hass). Wild-caught specimens only. 42) MONT Montshire Museum, 45 Lyme Road, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 (Robert G. Chaffee). Includes former collection of Dartmouth College Museum. 43) MNHP Museum of Natural History, Department of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 (Donald Baird). 44) BNMS Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 (C. S. Thaeler, Jr.). 45) BMSB Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt Park, Buffalo, New York 14211 (Robert F. Andele). 46) LLES Langmuir Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 (R. G. Bauer). 47) AMNH American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024 (Daniel H. Russell). Specimens from Department of Mammalogy; does not include specimens from Department of Anthropology. 48) NCSZ Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650 (Roger A. Powell). 49) OSUM Museum of Natural and Cultural History, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 7 407 4 (Bryan Glass). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Saguinus (1/0), Callicebus (110), Alouatta (1/1), Cebus (2/0), Saimiri (3/1), Ateles (111), Macaca (5/3), Papio (2/1), Theropithecus (1/1), Hylobates (2/2), Pongo (1/0), Gorilla (1/1). 50) ORPC Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97005. Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Lemur (9/7), Loris (4/8), Nycticebus (12/20), Arctocebus (2/2), Perodicticus (8/11), Galago (30/30), Tarsius (4/5), Cebuella (6/0), Saguinus (15/0), Alouatta (32/0), Cebus (12/0), Saimiri (25/0), Lagothrix (5/0), Macaca (400/200), Cercopithecus

(18/18), Hyl.obates (3/3), Symphalangus (2/2), Pan (111). Data summarized from personal inventory of primate collection. 51) ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 (Milton Wahl). 52) CPPP College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 19 S. 22nd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 (W. F. Chaveas). 53) UMUP University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 33rd and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 (Janet M. Monge). Includes specimens in the Department of Anthropology. 54) WFIS Wagner Free Institute of Science, 17th Street and Montgomery Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19121. 55) CARN Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Carnegie Institute, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 (Stephen L. Williams). An additional 50 skulls and seven postcrania of uncurated specimens. 56) TAMU Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (David J. Schmidly). 57) MUDB Department of Biology, Midwestern University, Wichita Falls, Texas 76308 (Dr. Dalquest). Wild-caught specimens only. 58) CRCM Charles R. Conner Museum, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (R. E. Johnson). 59) TBMM Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105 (John Rozdilsky). 60) PSMN Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington 98416 (E. Kritzman). 61) ZMUW Zoological Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (Frank A. Iwen). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Lemur (1/0), Loris (113), Galago (2/2), Cebuella (111), Saguinus (2/2), Cebus (6/6), Saimiri (3/3), Ateles (1/2), Macaca (14/20), Papio (2/2), Cercopithecus (5/5), Hylobates (4/4), Pan (111). Zoological Museum serves as animal depository for the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center so specimens (probably, mostly Macaca) are constantly being added to the collection. 62) MPMW Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street. Milwaukee, Wisconsin

PRIMA TE SKELETAL MATERIALS

53233 (Merlin D. Tuttle). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Lemur (7/4), Callithrix (2/0), Cebus (5/1), Ateles (0/1), Macaca (9/3), Papio (8/5), Mandrillus (1/1), Pan (3/3). Additional 12 skulls and postcrania of unidentified wild-caught Cercopithecidae from Tanzania. Data summarized from computerized inventory of all primate specimens in collection. 63) UWNT Neil Tappen Collection, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201. Wild-caught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Cercopithecus (3/3). Data summarized from personal inventory of primate collection. 64) CVMV Cowan Vertebrate Museum, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1W5 (N. A. Din). 65) ROMT Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6 (Judith L. Eger). 66) RMMU Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6 (Delise Alison). Six additional unidentified specimens of Cebidae and Cercopithecidae. 67) EMUS Biological Museum, Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWO (W. H. Maher). Wild-caught specimens only. 68) USAD Department of Anatomy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWO (H. Butler). Wildcaught specimens only. Additional captive specimens: Leontopithecus (1/1), Cebus (2/1), Ateles (1/0), Lagothrix (1/0), Macaca (5/2), Hylobates (1/1), Pongo (1/0), Pan (2/1). 69) USDA Department of Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWO (Dr. Walker). Wild-caught specimens only. Additional large collection of captive specimens. SKELETAL COLLECTIONS OF WILD-CAUGHT PRIMATES NOT REPORTED BY GENUS

The following institutions either (1) reported specimens of wild-caught primates but were not able to provide a listing by genus, or (2) are known to have primate materials but did not respond to the survey. UMMP Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (Philip D. Gingerich). Unknown number of primate skulls.

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UMDA Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201 (James A. Gavan). Fifty to 100 skeletons of necropsied wild-caught primates from Colombia. CMNH Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Wade Oval, University Circle, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 (W. H. Kimbel). Collection currently being inventoried and recatalogued. Numbers of specimens by Family (skulls/ postcrania): Lemuridae (31/15), Indriidae (3117), Daubentoniidae (1/1), Lorisidae (11/7), Tarsiidae (2/3), Callitrichidae (11/6), Cebidae (47/ 18), Cercopithecidae (Cercopithecinae 123/32; Colobinae 41/9), Hylobatidae (52/41), Pongidae (Pongo 19/18; Pan 141/123; Gorilla 309/178). GEBU George Erickson Collection, Division of Biological and Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. Large collection of wild-caught Callitrichidae and Cebidae; possibly other primate taxa. UTPA Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712. Unknown number of specimens of Papio as reported by Choate and Genoways (1975). DA UT Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lAl. Previous correspondence with Judith L. Egger (ROMT) and John T. Mayhall (DAUT) indicates at least a collection of some specimens of Cebidae and about 80 skulls and postcrania of Macaca. SKELETAL COLLECTIONS OF CAPTIVE PRIMATES ONLY

The following institutions reported only specimens of primates which experienced captivity (e.g., zoo, pet shop, laboratory, or biological supply house). ASUZ Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281 (Kevin D. Roberts). Macaca (1/1). HSVM Department of Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California 95521 (T. E. Lawlor). Unspecified numbers of captive specimens. AUCD Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California 90024 (Henry McHenry). Ateles (1/1), Macaca (303/ 183), Cercocebus (50/24), Papio (5/3), Cercopithecus (22/22), Presbytis (62/63). Captive specimens from the California Regional Primate Research Center.

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UCDM Museum of Zoology, Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Edward C. Blecly). Gorilla (111). CSUF Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, California 93740 (Dave Grubbs). Limited number of captive specimens. RHMC Ross Hardy Mammal Collection, Department of Biology, California State University, Long Beach, California 90840 (David G. Huckaby). Lemur (1/0), Galago (1/1), Callithrix (110), Cebuella (4/0), Saguinus (9/1), Aotus (3/2), Cebus (3/0), Saimiri (3/1), Ateles (110), Lagothrix (3/0), Macaca (7/1), Colobus (111), Hylobates (3/1), Symphalangus (1/0), Pongo (l/l), Pan (111). CSZE Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521. Papio (1/1), Pan (1/1). UGDA Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Robert N. Tyzzer). Saimiri (2/2), Macaca (1/4), Papio (1/1), Pan (2/0). UGDS Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Irwin Bernstein): Callithrix or Saguinus (6/0), Alouatta (110), Saimiri (3/0), Ateles (1/0), Macaca (30/0), Cercocebus (3/0), Papio (1/0), Mandrillus (3/0), Theropithecus (4/0), Cercopithecus (4/0), Erythrocebus (110), Pan (2/0). IMNH Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209 (David T. Wright). Cebus (1/1), Macaca (1/1), unidentified Old World monkeys (2/1). SIUZ Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 (Ronald A. Brandon). Perodicticus (111), Callithrix (1/2), Saguinus (111), Callicebus (0/1), Cebus (0/1), Saimiri (2/1), Lagothrix (1/1), Macaca (4/4), Pan (1/1). ISMS Illinois State Museum, Spring and Edwards Streets, Springfield, Illinois 62706 (Milton D. Thompson). Two unidentified captive specimens. PMDI Putnam Museum, 1717 W. 12th Street, Davenport, Iowa 52804. Galago (2/2), Cebuella (1/0), Saguinus (1/1), Alouatta (1/1), Ateles (110), Macaca (1/0), unidentified (4/4). LTUZ Department of Zoology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270. Unspecified numbers of captive specimens. UMSM Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Maine, Farmington, Maine 04938 (R. L. Martin). Unspecified numbers of captive specimens.

ZDUM Zoology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (David Klingener). Limited numbers of captive specimens. DA UM Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (Edward L. Hughes). Macaca (0/20). WSUM Museum of Natural History, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 (W. L. Thompson). A few captive specimens. DBUM Department of Biology, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota· 55812 (Donald P. Christian). Hylobates (1/1). MSDB Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 (R. J. Esher). Probably a few captive specimens. UNSM State Museum, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508 (Harvey L. Gunderson). Unspecified numbers of captive specimens including Gorilla (1/1). UNHZ Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 (E. A. Franq). Macaca (111). CUDE Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346 (R. E. Goodwin). Probably a few captive specimens. DUPC Duke University Center for the Study of Primate Biology and History, 3705 Erwin Road, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (Elwyn L. Simons). Unspecified numbers of captive specimens of Lemuridae, Indriidae, and Lorsidae. ZMMU Zoology Museum, Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056 (R. A. Hefner). Macaca (3/0), Gorilla (1/1). OUSM Stovall Museum of Science and History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019. Lemur (3/3), Arctocebus (1/1), Perodicticus (4/2), Callithrix (111), Cebuella (6/5), Saguinus (111), Aotus (2/2), Callicebus (1/1), Pithecia (1/1), Alouatta (7/7), Cebus (5/4), Saimiri (9/6), Lagothrix (111), Macaca (20/20), Cercocebus (3/3), Papio (39/37), Cercopithecus (58/56), Erythrocebus (1/1), Colobus (5/5), Hylobates (5/5), Symphalangus (2/2), Pongo (1/1), Pan (3/3), Gorilla (2/2). VMSS vertebrate Museum, Shippensburg State College, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257. Cebus (1/0), Saimiri (2/0), Ateles (1/0), Lagothrix (1/1). CHMC Charleston Museum, 360 Meeting Street, Charleston, South Carolina 29403 (Albert E. Sanders). Lemur (1/1), Alouatta (1/1),


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UDEE Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711 (Dr. Roth). ASCM Albert Schwartz Collection, MiamiDade Junior College, 10000 S.W. 84th Street, Miami, Florida 33173 (Albert Schwartz). FSUB Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 (Ralph W. Yerger). GMNH Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Joshua Laerm). CASC Chicago Academy of Sciences, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois 60614 (George E. Iannarone). WIUB Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois 61455 (Ben Stidd). !NHS Illinois Natural History Survey, Natural Resources Building, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (Wallace E. La Berge). UMIU University Museum, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 (Wesley R. Hurt). WLCP Wildlife Laboratory Collection, Department of Forestry and Conservation, Purdue University, Lafayette Indiana 47907 (Dr. Mumford). UIDA Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. KUMA Museum of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 (Al Johnson). KSUB Division of Biology, Kansas State INSTITUTIONS WITH NO PRIMATE COLLECTION University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506. The following institutions reported no specSLUE Department of Biological Sciences, imens of primates in their collections. Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402 (Harold G. Leggett). A UMA Auburn University Museum, AuUSLB Department of Biology, University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiburn, Alabama 36849 (J. L. Dusi). MNHA Museum of Natural History, Uni- ana 70501 (Marshall B. Eyster). versity of Alabama, University, Alabama, NSUL Department of Biological Sciences, 35486 (Joseph 0. Vogel). Northwestern State University of Louisiana, ASMT Arizona State Museum, University Natchitoches, Louisiana 71457 (Dick T. Stallof Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (Raymond ing). H. Thompson). ORON Department of Zoology, University MNAF Museum of Northern Arizona, of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473 (Franklin L. Roberts). Route 4, Box 720, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001. MNHS Natural History Society of MaryUALR Department of Biology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204 (Dr. land, 2643 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21200 (Haven Kolb). Watson). B UBD Department of Biology, Boston UniOCML Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041 versity, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 (John T. Albright). (M. L. Morton).

Ateles (111), Macaca (2/2), Papio (2/2), Cercopithecus (2/2), Erythrocebus (1/1), Presbytis (1/1), Pan (111). UTZD Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916 (Gary F. McCracken). Saimiri (1/1). FWMS Fort Worth Museum of Science and History, 1501 Montgomery Street, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 (William J. Voss). Cebus (1/0), Lagothrix (1/0), Pan (l/0). SMBU Strecker Museum, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76703 (David Lintz). Chiropotes (1/1), Cebus (111), Macaca (413), Papio (1/ 1), Mandrillus (1/1), Nasalis (3/3), Pan (1/1). MTTU The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409. Saimiri (2/1), Ateles (2/1), Macaca (1/1), Presbytis (1/0). USUB Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322 (E. C. Oaks). A few unspecified captive specimens. VPIB Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (Dr. Jack Cranford). Probably a few captive specimens. DA UW Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (Kenneth A. Bennett). Macaca (6/6), Gorilla (2/2). MMMN Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, 190 Rupert Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B ON2 (R. Wrigley). Saguinus (2/2), Alouatta (110), Presbytis (1/1), Colobus (111), Hylobates (1/0).

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MMNS Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, 111 N. Jefferson Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39202 (B. E. Gandy). BSUM Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (Luci Sullivan). NMSU Department of Biology, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri 64468 (B. W. Scott). NSMN Nevada State Museum, 600 North Carson Street, Carson City. Nevada 89701 (George T. Austin). NYSM Anthropological Survey, New York State Museum and Science Service, State Education Department, Albany. New York 12234 (Charles C. Gillette). NCSM North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 27647, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611 (Mary Kay Clark). NDSU Department of Zoology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102 (William J. Bleier). DAYM Dayton Museum of Natural History, 2629 Ridge Avenue, Dayton, Ohio 45414 (E. J. Koestner). UODA Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73068 (Jane B. Lancaster). UTNS Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tulsa, 600 South College Avenue, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104 (James R. Stewart). MOSU Museum of Natural History, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 (Robert M. Storm). RPMA Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery, 500 Museum Road, Reading, Pennsylvania 19611. HMBU Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, Rhode Island 02809 (Jane P. Dwyer). SRSU Department of Biology, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas 79830 (James F. Scudday). SMUB Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275 (John E. Ubelaker). SHSU Department of Life Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341 (Dr. Moldenhauer). TAIU Department of Biology, Texas A & I University, Kingsville, Texas 78363 (A. H. Chaney).

BYLS Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 (Clyde L. Pritchett). FMSJ Fairbanks Museum of Natural History, St. Johnsbury. Vermont 05819. WVMS West Virginia Mammal Survey Collection, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25701 (Michael Seidel). VMUW Vertebrate Museum, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (M. S. Boyce). BCPM British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8V 1X4 (Grant Keddie). ZMUM Zoology Museum, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 (W. 0. Pruitt, Jr.). NSMH Nova Scotia Museum, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. NMMC National Museum of Man, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KlA OM8 (Jerome C. Cybulski). NMNS National Museum of Natural Sciences, Metcalfe and McLeod streets, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (L. Lemieux). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report was made possible by the considerable assistance so kindly provided by all those who responded to the survey. I thank these colleagues and their institutions with the knowledge that my debt to them is impossible to repay. Jerry Choate (Fort Hays State University) provided initial suggestions about how to locate primate collections. Carol Terry (Association of Systematics Collections) provided information from the ASC Registry. Too numerous to mention individually are my colleagues who share an interest in primates and who provided their own clues, hints, and suggestions as to the location of primate collections. I thank Charles Oxnard, Douglas Kelly, and Mikel Snow (University of Southern California) for their comments on the manuscript. Research support was provided by a National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Support Grant (#5-S07-RR05356) to the School of Medicine of the University of Southern California. LITERATURE CITED Albrecht, GH (1978) The craniofacial morphology of the Sulawesi macaques: Multivariate approaches to biological problems. Contrib. Primatol. 13: 1-151.

PRIMATE SKELETAL MATERIALS Anderson, S, Doutt, JK, and Findley, JS (1963) Collections of mammals in North America. J. Mammal. 44:471-500. Choate, JR, and Genoways, HH (1975) Collections of recent mammals in North America. J. Mammal. 56:452-502. Doutt, JK, Howell, AB, and Davis, WB (1945) The mammal collections of North America. J. Mammal. 26:231-272. Fooden, J (1969) Taxonomy and evolution of the monkeys of the Celebes (Primates: Cercopithecidae). Bibli. Primatol. 10:1-148. Hershkovitz, P (1977) Living New World Primates (Platyrrhini) With an Introduction to Primates. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Howell, AB (1923) The mammal collections of North America. J. Mammal. 4: 113--120. Hudson, K. and Nicholls, A (1975) The Directory of World Museums. New York: Columbia University Press.

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Krogman, WM, and Schultz, AH (1938) Anthropoid ape materials in American collections. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 24: 199-234. Napier, Jr, and Napier, PH (1967) A Handbook of Living Primates. New York: Academic Press. Napier, PH (1976) Catalog of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I: Families Callitrichidae and Cebidae. London: British Museum (Natural History). Osborne, RH, and Bennett, KA (1979) Centers for Training in Physical Anthropology. American Association for Physical Anthropologists. Pascal, DD, Jones, GS, and Whitaker JO ( 1976) Mammals in the Indiana State University Vertebrate Collections. Terra Haute, Indiana: Publication No. 1, Indiana State University Vertebrate Collections, Department of Life Sciences.