CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF
CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF CTF
ii
Sri Lanka is one of the worst disaster prone areas of the global disaster map and South Asia as well. It is affected by different kinds of natural hazards e.g. floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides and costal erosion. Other Localized hazards includes lightening strikes, epidemics and mainly effects of the environmental pollution. With this scenario, I have prepared this Manual for a wide range of user; Researcher, scientists, students, academicians, NGOs and INGOs for future use and reference. This Disaster manual covering various aspects of disaster management and recommendations for policy level intervention and guides to sustainable disaster Management in Sri Lanka. This manual also provides an over all idea of global disaster time line1900-2005 (history) and Sri Lankan disaster profiles in glimpse. This Disaster Manual can give a clear picture about Sri Lankan; history, geography and topography to know the disaster profile and specially focus on the tsunami -2004 and its impact towards Sri Lankan development at a glimpse. This manual covering last 100 years disaster profile of Sri Lanka and its socio-economic impacts. With the evoke of tsunami, this manual mainly focuses various policy level recommendation for Sri Lanka to tackle future disaster in a sustainable way.
This Disaster Manual mainly gives more attention towards developing a holistic approach “Road Map” with the institutional arrangement /intervention for safe and sustainable disaster management in Sri Lanka. It is also covering famous Four–R Disaster actictivities, (Relief –Rehabilitation- Reconstruction and Recovery), as it is now widely accepted as an effective disaster management tool. Finally, This Manual covers Sri Lankan present DRM policy and new Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005, which was enacted in May 2005 and provides a legal basis for institutionalizing Disaster Risk Management (DRM) system in the Country. Also this manual is mainly focusing whole range of tsunami episode in Sri Lanka. And present strata of disaster management and initiative towards capacity building for it. Finally this Disaster manual can give an overall idea and disaster management practices of Sri Lanka and try to develop a roadmap from the Disaster phase to future DRM and sustainable development phase.
iii
First of all, I express my propound gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to Community Trust Fund (CTF, National Level NGO of Sri Lanka) for providing me such opportunity with all information, data/documents and relevant disaster materials to prepare this Disaster Manual, under the FK/FA special Tsunami project. I am also thankful to Mr. P. Razeek (Supervisor of my assignment) for his enthusiastic guidance, consistent encouragement, invaluable suggestions and constructive criticism for directing me to right track since its end. Without that support this work could hardly have taken the present shape. Despite his busy schedule, he spent a lot of time with patience in helping me in my preparing this Disaster Manual. I am really grateful and indebted to him throughout my life.
My sincere appreciation and thanks also are extended to Fredkropset -Norway and FORUM-ASIA for supports me (financial & technical) in this noble initiative. I am also thankful to Mr. S.S.M Nawas, and all CTF information Unit staffs for extending their supports to prepare and publish this report for wide range people. This Disaster Manual-2006 can be a useful guidebook for researcher, student, disaster specialist and scientist and NGOs and INGOs for future use and reference. At last, I am also grateful to CTF staffs, Special Tsunami team and coordinator Mr. Rafeek for extending necessary help, providing data, material and facilitating the completion of my Disaster Manual, Special reference to Tsunami, successfully.
Ashutosh Mohanty, MSc (AIT, Thailand), LLB, Ph.D. Documentation Officer, FK/FA, Special Tsunami Project, CTF, Sri Lanka Email:
[email protected]
Copy Right @Ashutosh Mohanty and CTF-Srilanka
iv
ADPC APELL CBDM CBDRM CBOs CCD CEA DEM DIA DM DMC DoM DRM DRR EWS FEMA GIS GN GO LA LG LHZ MC MoDM NBRO NDMC NEOC S&M SLRCS SLUMDMP ToR UNDP USAID USGS UDA
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Awareness and Preparedness for Emergency at Local Level Community Based Disaster Management Community Based Disaster Risk Management Community Based Organizations Cost Conservation Department Central Environmental Authority Digital Evaluation Model Disaster Impact Assessment Disaster Management Disaster Management Center Department of Metrology Disaster Risk Management Disaster Risk Reduction Early Warning System Federal emergency Management Agency Geographical Information System Grama Niladhari Government Organizations Local Authority Local Government Land slide Hazard Zoning Municipal Council Ministry of Disaster Management National Building Research Institute National Disaster Management Center National Emergency Operation Center Surveillance & Monitoring Sri Lanka Red Cross Society Sri Lanka Urban Multi-hazards Disaster Mitigation Project Terms of Reference United Nation Development Programme United States Agency for Disaster Management United States Geological Survey Urban Development Authority
v
Chapter Topic 1. DISASTER AS GLOBAL CHALLENGE
Page No. 1-15
1.1
Global phenomenon
1-1
1.2
Disaster with Asian Scenario –South Asian focus
2-2
1.3
Effective Disaster Management Leeds to Sustainable Development: (With reference to Disaster Cycle) 1.3.1 Preparedness 1.3.2 Humanitarian Action: 1.3. 3 Response 1.3.4 Recovery 1.3.5 Mitigation 1.3.6 Sustainable Development
2-4
History of the Most Destructive Natural Disaster in the recent pasts
6-7
DISASTER RISK IN SRI LANKA
13-21
2 2.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6
Sri Lanka –A Country Over View History Economy Land Area & Population Geography Topography Climate
13-16 13-13 14-14 14-14 14-15 15-16 16-16
2.2 2.2.1
Sri Lankan Disaster Scenarios Profile of Disaster Hazard Flood Landslides Droughts Cyclones Costal Erosion
16-17 16-16 17-17 17-17 17-17 17-17 17-17
2.3.
Underlying Vulnerabilities
18-18
2.4
Trends of Disaster Risk in Sri Lanka
18-19
1.4
2.
3-3 3-3 4-4 4-4 4-5 5-5
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Chapter 3.
Topic
Page No.
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN SRI LANKA
22-31
3.1
Outbreak of Tsunami Disaster
22-22
3.2
Tsunami havoc in Sri Lanka
22-22
Impact of Tsunami and Response Impact on Environment Territorial Environmental (Impact) Assessment Emergency response and Relief Funding the Recovery and Reconstruction Process Resettlements (especially IDPs) Livelihoods Restoration
26-29 26-26 26-28 28-28 28-28 28-29 29-29
3.4
Health, Education and Protection
30-30
3.5
Reconstruction and Up-gradation of Infrastrure
30-31
3.6
Cross-Cutting Issues
31-31
3.7
Guiding Principles for Reconstruction and Recovery process
31-31
3.8
Macro-Economy
31-31
3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6
ROAD MAP FOR SUSTAINABLE AND SAFER 32-41 SRI LANKA
4.
32-33 4.1
The DRM Framework
4.2
Institutional Arrangements for DRM in the Sri Lanka
33-34
4.3
Holistic Strategy (Road Map) for Sri Lanka with the DRM framework Policy, Institutional Mandates and Institutional Developments Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Multi hazard Early Warning System Preparedness and Responsive Plans Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into Development Planning Community Based Disaster Risk Management Public Awareness Education and Training
34-40
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7
34-34 34-34 34-35 35-36 37-37 37-38 38-39
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Chapter
Topic
Page No.
WAY FORWARD FROM DISASTER TO DEVELOPMENT
42-47
5.1
Recommendation for DRM
42-42
5.2
Specific Recommendations for NGOs/INGOs and Donor 43-45 agencies for best practices in Disaster Management leading to sustainable development and affected communities For NGOs / INGOs 43-44 For Governments of State 44-44 For Donors 44-45 Common for All 45-45
5.
5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.3
Conclusion and future Strategy for DRM
46-46
1.
Reference
47-47
2.
List of Figure Figure.No.1. The stages of the Disaster risk reduction process Figure. No.2. Growth Rate of Death tole in first half of the first decade of 21st Century Figure. No.3. The following points are important to Study/ Research Disaster Risk in-depth Figure. No.4. Institutional Framework for DRM in Sri Lanka Figure. No.5. Coordination Mechanism for Stakeholders in DRM
3.
List of Table Table No.1. Situational Updates Indian Ocean Tsunami -2004 Table No.2. Sri Lanka -Top Natural Disaster Table No.3. Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka (Period-1901-2000) Table No.4. Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka (Type-1901-2000) Table No.5. Data- Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka Decade Wise: (Period-type-1901-2000) Table No.6. Human, Social and Economic Impact of Tsunami in Sri Lanka Table No.7. Recovery of Educational Sector (Target-2005-07) Table No.8. Impact on Water and Sanitation System Table No.9. Preliminary Estimates of Losses and Financing Needs ($ Millions)
5 8 9 40 41
11 19 20 20 21 24 24 25 25
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Chapter
Topic
4.
List of Picture Picture No.1. Cyclonic Eye-Super Cyclone -99 Picture No.2. The Great Indian Ocean, Tsunami-2004 Picture No.3. Map of Sri Lanka at a Glance Picture No.4. Map of Sri Lanka (Link with India) Picture No.5. Map of Tsunami Affected Districts and Divisions of Sri Lanka
9 10 12 12 23
Annexes
48-52
5.
Page No.
Two Days Capacity Building cum Experience sharing 48-49 Workshop Based on Disaster Manual-2006, Community Trust Fund, Sri Lanka (1st –2nd , August-2006) Objective of Workshop
50-50
Learning from the Two Days Capacity Building cum Experience sharing Workshop Based on Disaster Manual-2006, (for effective Disaster Recovery and Management (DRM), in Sri Lanka.) A.
Community Based Disaster Management,(CBDRM) and key Concepts:
50-51
B.
Multi Hazards Early Warning System and Key concepts:
51-52
ix
CHAPTER ONE DISASTER AS GLOBAL CHALLENGE 1.Global Phenomena: Natural Disaster is the major global concern in the twenty-first century. Almost all countries from all around the globe are experiencing disaster, though the inencity and rates of destruction may vary. Natural disaster is intimately connected to the process of human development. Disaster triggered by natural hazards puts development at risk. At same time, the development choices made by individuals, communities and nations can pave way for unequal distributions of disaster risk. Meeting the millennium Development Goals (MGDs) is extremely challenged in many communities and countries by loses from disasters trigragred by natural hazards. The destruction of infrastructure, damage to the integrity of ecosystems and architectural heritage, loss of livelihood, injury, illness, and death are direct out comes of the disaster. But disaster loses interact with and can also aggravate other stresses and shocks such as a financial crisis, a political or social conflict, diseases (HIV/AIDS), and environmental degradation. There are also several instances such as set back to socio-economic development lead to ameliorate poverty and hunger, access to eduction, health services, safe housing, safe drinking water and sanitation or to protect the environment as well as economic investments that provides employment and income. At same time, it has clearly demonstrated how disaster risk accumulates historically through inappropriate development interventions. Every health center or school that collapses in the earthquake and every road or bridge that is washed away in a flood began as development activities. Urbanization and the concentration of the people in hazard prone areas and unsafe buildings increase in poverty that reduces the human capacity to absorb and recover from the impact of a hazard, and environmental degradation that magnifies hazards such as floods and droughts, are only a few examples of how development can lead to disaster risk. As time trend of natural disaster (1975-2005) and Disaster Risk Index (UNDP, DRI Report -2005) shows there is significant number of increase in the number of disaster all around the globe .As per the various study and research shows there is great deal of link rather can say relationship between disaster and development. About 75 percent of the world’s population lives in the areas affected at least once between 1980 and 2002 by earthquake, tropical cyclones, flood or drought. As a result of disaster triggered by these natural hazards, more than 180 deaths per day were recorded in the different part of the globe. Deaths indicate only the tip of the iceberg in the term of loses in the quality of life, livelihoods economic development and are unevenly distributed around the world. While 11 percent of the people exposed to natural hazards live in the low-income countries, they account for more than 53 percent of total recorded deaths. Development status and disaster risk are clearly closed linked as clearly shown. 1
1.2. Disaster with Asian Phenomenon (South Asia focus): Disaster is common phenomenon in Asian countries, there are largest number of disasters immensely occur in the Asian countries and particularly in the South Asian countries. Flood, Drought, tropical cyclone and earthquakes are happening every year and bring lot of destruction, loss of life and property in these regions. The Bangladesh Cyclone, 1991, Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004 and 2005 Kashmir earthquake is the burning examples in this regard. A disaster like this category can bend the economic growth and curb the backbone of the developing countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Maldives and Nepal etc. There is a great need of long term and sustainable disaster plan, policy and national strategies should be made to effectively manage this issue. There is also essential to preparing a database on most disaster occurred in every year and most of the disaster prone areas affected due to disaster and intensity of disaster in those areas affected with the application of GIS and remote sensing system. As per the study and research shows developing a multihazard warning system could be a milestone to effective management of future disaster in Asian counties particularly in Indian subcontinent. Main Goals of Disaster Management: a) To reduce, or avoid, losses from hazards; b) To assure prompt assistance to victims; c) To achieve rapid and effective recovery.
1.3 Effective Disaster Management Leeds to Sustainable Development: (With reference to Disaster Cycle) Mainly disaster management aims to reduce/avoid the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery. The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster has occurred. Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead to greater preparedness, better (early) warnings, reduced vulnerability or the prevention of disasters during the next iteration of the cycle. The complete disaster management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure. The mitigation and preparedness phases occur as disaster management improvements are made in anticipation of a disaster event. Developmental considerations play a key role in contributing to the mitigation and preparation of a community to effectively confront a disaster. As a disaster occurs, disaster management actors, in particular humanitarian organizations become involved in the immediate response and long-term recovery phases. The four disaster management phases illustrated here do not always, or even generally, occurs in isolation or in this precise order. Often phases of the cycle overlap and the length of each phase greatly depends on the severity of the disaster. 2
a. Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster. Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education. b. Preparedness - Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems. c. Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief. d. Recovery - Returning the community to normal. Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care. 1.3.1 Preparedness The goal of emergency preparedness programs is to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to respond to any emergency situation through programs that strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of governments, organizations, and communities. These measures can be described as logistical readiness to deal with disasters and can be enhanced by having response mechanisms and procedures, rehearsals, developing longterm and short-term strategies, public education and building early warning systems. Preparedness can also take the form of ensuring that strategic reserves of food, equipment, water, medicines and other essentials are maintained in cases of national or local catastrophes. During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to save lives, minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response operations. Preparedness measures include preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems; emergency communications systems; evacuations plans and training; resource inventories; emergency personnel/contact lists; mutual aid agreements; and public information/education. As with mitigations efforts, preparedness actions depend on the incorporation of appropriate measures in national and regional development plans. In addition, their effectiveness depends on the availability of information on hazards, emergency risks and the countermeasures to be taken, and on the degree to which government agencies, non-governmental organizations and the general public are able to make use of this information. 1.3.2 Humanitarian Action: During a disaster, humanitarian agencies are often called upon to deal with immediate response and recovery. To be able to respond effectively, these agencies must have experienced leaders, trained personnel, adequate transport and logistic support, appropriate communications, and guidelines for working in emergencies. If the necessary preparations have not been made, the humanitarian agencies will not be able to meet the immediate needs of the people.
3
1.3.3 Response The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health and support the morale of the affected population. Such assistance may range from providing specific but limited aid, such as assisting refugees with transport, temporary shelter, and food, to establishing semi-permanent settlement in camps and other locations. It also may involve initial repairs to damaged infrastructure. The focus in the response phase is on meeting the basic needs of the people until more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found. Humanitarian organizations are often strongly present in this phase of the disaster management cycle. 1.3.4 Recovery As the emergency is brought under control, the affected population is capable of undertaking a growing number of activities aimed at restoring their lives and the infrastructure that supports them. There is no distinct point at which immediate relief changes into recovery and then into long-term sustainable development. There will be many opportunities during the recovery period to enhance prevention and increase preparedness, thus reducing vulnerability. Ideally, there should be a smooth transition from recovery to on-going development. Recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or better. Recovery measures, both short and long term, include returning vital life-support systems to minimum operating standards; temporary housing; public information; health and safety education; reconstruction; counseling programs; and economic impact studies. Information resources and services include data collection related to rebuilding, and documentation of lessons learned. There is a great need of long term planning for Disaster Management and policy level adoption/implementation to achieve Sustainable Development in Asian regionon.This is only possible through country level cooperation and coordination for developing Early warning System, information dissemination, and disaster resistant technological development/integration exchange of disaster expert and resource persons. 1.3.5 Mitigation Mitigation activities actually eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters. Mitigation measures include building codes; vulnerability analyses updates; zoning and land use management; building use regulations and safety codes; preventive health care; and public education. Mitigation will depend on the incorporation of appropriate measures in national and regional development planning. Its effectiveness will also depend on the availability of information on hazards, emergency risks, and the countermeasures to be taken. The mitigation phase, and indeed the whole disaster management cycle, includes the shaping
4
of public policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure. 1.3.6 Sustainable Development Developmental considerations contribute to all aspects of the disaster management cycle. One of the main goals of disaster management, and one of its strongest links with development, is the promotion of sustainable livelihoods and their protection and recovery during disasters and emergencies. Where this goal is achieved, people have a greater capacity to deal with disasters and their recovery is more rapid and long lasting. In a development oriented disaster management approach, the objectives are to reduce hazards, prevent disasters, and prepare for emergencies. Therefore, developmental considerations are strongly represented in the mitigation and preparedness phases of the disaster management cycle. Inappropriate development processes can lead to increased vulnerability to disasters and loss of preparedness for emergency situations.
Fig.1. The stages of the Disaster risk reduction process are given bellow:
Selecting the most Vulnerable Community
Rapport building and Understanding
Participatory Disaster Risk Management
Community Based DRM Planning
Monitoring and Evaluation
N.B: A thorough assessment of the community‘s vulnerabilities, coping capabilities and the risk is needed to start any risk reduction activities. The active involvement of communities, Disaster/subject experts and elected authorities is important in the decisionmaking to promote ownership and sustainability.
5
1.4 History of the Most Destructive Natural Disaster in the recent pasts, as
follows: Dec 28, 1908 - A magnitude-7.2 earthquake kills 123,000 people in the Messina-Reggio Calabria area of eastern Sicily and southernmost Italy. Jan 13, 1915 - A 7.5-magnitude earthquake kills 29,980 in Avezzano, Italy. Dec 16, 1920 – Ningxia-Kansu, China is hit by an 8.6-magnitude earthquake that kills 200,000 people. Sept 1, 1923 - A temblor of 8.3 magnitudes in Japan destroys one-third of Tokyo (Kanto region) and most of Yokohama. More than 143,000 are killed. May 22, 1927 - An earthquake reaching 7.9 magnitudes hits Tsinghai near Xining, China and kills approximately 200,000. 1931, Flood- A devastative flood in Huang He River, China killed 3.7 Million people Dec 25, 1932 - Approximately 70,000 people were killed when an earthquake reaching 7.6 magnitude hits China's Gansu region. May 30, 1935 - A magnitude 7.5 temblor strikes Quetta, Pakistan, killing more than 30,000 people. Jan 24, 1939 - An earthquake of 8.3 magnitude in Chile kills roughly 28,000 people. Were destroyed Dec 27, 1939 - More than 32,000 die in the Erzincan province in eastern Turkey during a 7.9-magnitude quake. Oct 5, 1948 - An earthquake of 7.3 magnitudes in Turkmenistan kills over 110,000 people. Aug 15, 1950 - Up to 30,000 are estimated to have been killed in an earthquake of 8.6 magnitudes in Assam, India. May 31,1970 - An earthquake reaching a magnitude of 7.9 in Peru leaves over 60,000 dead. Nov 13,1970 - A cyclone in the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh kills at least 300,000 people. Feb 4, 1976 - A series of earthquakes reaching a magnitude of 7.5 in Guatemala leave over 23,000 dead.
6
July 28, 1976 - An earthquake with a magnitude estimated at between 7.5 and 8.2 strikes China's Tangshan region, killing more than 255,000. Sept 16, 1978 - An earthquake of 7.7 magnitudes in Tabas, Iran kills 25,000 people. Nov 24, 1978- A wind storm struck E Cost of Sri Lanka and killed 740 and affected 1,000,000 people Nov 14-16, 1985 - Volcanic eruption of Nevada del Ruiz near Bogota, Colombia, kills approximately 25,000 people. Dec 7, 1988 - A 6.9-magnitude earthquake in Armenia kills nearly 25,000. June 21, 1990 - An earthquake of 7.7 magnitudes in northwest Iran destroys cities and villages in Caspian Sea area and kills at least 50,000 people. 1991, Cyclone- killed more than 139,000 people in Bangladesh Sept 3, 1993 - As many as 10,000 are killed from an earthquake of 6.0 magnitudes that struck the state of Maharashtra in India. Aug 17,1999 - More than 17,000 are killed as a magnitude- 7.4 quake hits western Turkey. Oct 29-30, 1999-Super Cyclone struck Orissa (India) costal belt and more than 10, 000, killed and affected 15 million people. Dec 26, 2003 - More than 26,000 killed by a 6.5-magnitude earthquake that strikes the ancient historic city of Bam in southeast Iran. Dec 26, 2004 - A 9.0 earthquake off the western coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island launches tsunami waves that slam shorelines in Asia and Africa, leaving at least 216,000 people dead or missing. Oct 8, 2005 - A 7.6 magnitude earthquake strikes Kashmir, killing some 87,000 people on the Pakistani and Indian sides of the divided Himalayan region. May 27, 2006- The 6.3 magnitude quake's official death toll reached 5,136. The tremor early on Saturday was centred just off the Indian Ocean coast near Yogyakarta, the former Javanese royal capital Source: Washington Post, December, 30, 2004; US Geological Survey/UN/ISDR/CRED & EM-DAT, The OFDA/CRED, Web: www.em-dat.net), DT: 8/5/2006
7
Fig. 2. Growth Rate of Death tole in first half of the first decade of 21st Century
N.B.: Growth Rate of Death tole in first half of the first decade of 21st Century, which is big global concern and hot issues of the present phenomenon. It is also predicted and well assumes that, the rate of disaster in large scale may increase in coming days.
8
28th October 1999
29th O ctober 1999
The Super Cyclone hits Orissa coast on 28th & 29th October, 1999. The picture indicates the cloud spread area over coastal Orissa and the black dot in the eye of the cyclone
Pic: 1, Cyclonic Eye-Super Cyclone -99 Source: Super Cyclone -99 Project Report, Ashutosh Mohanty, Co-Principal Investigator Web: www.sc99ews.com, N.B: The Super Cyclone -99, one of the big Natural Calamities killed more than, 10,000 people (officially) and affected 15,000,000 costal Orissa, India. Fig.3.The following points are important to Study/Research Disaster Risk in-depth: Past Disaster Records in Local Area
Impact of Disaster (Socio-Economic-Environmental) Most Vulnerable Communities and Groups
Local Level Resources and Coping Mechanism
Challenges and Lesson Learned
9
Pic.2.
The Great Indian Ocean, Tsunami-2004
Source :Wikipedia
N.B: Countries affected by the 2004,26th December Indian Ocean Tsunami / Indian Ocean earthquake.Tsunami is one of the most deadliest/dangerous and powerful catastrophe in the earth as human being ever faced .It is mostly affect Indinesia,India,Sri Lanka and Thailand and killed more than 3,00,000 people and devastated whole reagion.There are more than 2-3 million people affected due to Tsunami. Sri Lanka is one of worst effected countries and killed more than 35,000 People alone due to Tsunami catastrophe.
10
Situational Updates Indian Ocean Tsunami -2004 Table: 1
Indonesia
No. Deaths 94,081
No. Injured >2,500
No. No. Missing Displaced 1,351 271,908
Sri Lanka
29,957
16,665
5,744
861,016
India
9,479
5,511
641,072
Thailand
5187
2862TamilNadu only 8,457
Maldives
82
1,313
26
12,162
Myanmar
59
43
3
3,205 homeless/ households (638)
Damage 172 sub-districts and 1550 villages destroyed Affected families (190,738), houses (117,358) Dwelling units (136,198)/ villages (883)/ 4,171ha. cropped areas
3,810
Special reports
Camps in place (827) 560 relief camps, 384,956 persons
47,708 rescue workers mobilized 8,500 evacuated to other islands 592 houses of 17 villages destroyed
Source: WHO, Web: www.who.int and http://w3.whosea.org/index.htm.
N.B: Total death toll exceeds 200,000 in the South East Asia region. Indonesia, province of Aceh is hardest hit. WFP estimates that two-thirds of people in Banda Aceh are not receiving aid at all. Australian troops are delivering water to Aceh region. BBC News, 19/1/2005
11
Pic-3 & 4
Source: FWI
Map of Sri Lanka at a Glance
Pic.4. ,
Sri Lanka Map (Link with India) 12
CHAPTER TWO DISASTER RISK IN SRI LANKA 2. Sri Lanka –A Country Over View 2.1.1 History: Sri Lanka possesses a written history of over 2,500 years and an unwritten history of over 125,000 years attested to by archaeological ruins and other evidence, of more than 125,000 years on the island of Heladiva ('Sri Lanka') Historical chronicles are found in stone writings (‘sel lipi’), leaf writings (‘Hela Atuva’) and also in great Indian chronicles as Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The main historical written evidence is the Mahavamsa, also including Dipavamsa & Chulavamsa . The island presently known as 'Sri Lanka' was originally known as ‘Sinhale’ or 'Heladiva' ('the island of the Hela(Comprising of naaga, yaksha, deva & raksha tribes) people') for over 30 millennia. Sri Lanka, the Resplendent Island at the southeast tip of India, has a population of about 19 million. The vast majority, 74 percent, are Sinhalese, the descendants of 4th century B.C. Buddhist immigrants from northwest India. About 18 percent of the population is Tamil, descendants of either the ancient migration from south India around 100 B.C. or the more recent importation of laborers for the tea plantations by the British in the 19th century. Another 7 percent of the population is Muslim, and 8 percent of Christians the Moors (as per 99 Census). There are a variety of other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. There are some descendants of the aboriginal tribes, the Veddhas, and some who trace their ancestry to the Portuguese who occupied Sri Lanka in the 16th century or the Dutch who displaced the Portuguese in the 17th century. The British took control of the southwestern Sinhalese coastal area and northern Tamil territory from the Dutch at the beginning of the 19th century and subsequently subdued the interior Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy. The British tried to reform the administration of the island to reduce the ethnic tensions not only between the Tamils and the Sinhalese but also between the lowland Sinhalese and the highland Kandyan Sinhalese. Dominion status followed in February 1948, with military treaties with Britain (the upper ranks of the armed forces were British) and British air and sea bases remaining intact. Under Bandaranaike the country became a republic, the Free Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka, the Senate was abolished and the position of Sinhala as the official language (with Tamil as a second language) was confirmed. Full independence was established as the last remaining ties of subjection to the UK were broken (e.g. the Privy Council was no longer a body of appeal above the Supreme Court). The British-owned plantations were nationalized in order to prevent the ongoing disinvestment by the owning companies.
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2.1.2 Economy: GDP/PPP (2005 est.): $87.15 billion; per capita $4,300. Real growth rate: 5%. Inflation: 11.2%. Unemployment: 8.4%. Arable land: 14%. Agriculture: rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, tea, rubber, coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef; fish. Labor force: 8.08 million; services 45%, agriculture 38%, industry 17% (1998 est.). Industries: processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining. Natural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower. Exports: $6.442 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): textiles and apparel, tea and spices; diamonds, emeralds, rubies; coconut products, rubber manufactures, fish. Imports: $8.37 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and transportation equipment. Major trading partners: U.S., UK, India, Germany, Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia (2003). Before independence Sri Lanka’s economy centered on the plantation crops of tea, rubber and coconut – a legacy of the colonial regime. While plantation crops (tea, rubber and coconut) remain important, the economy today is considerably more diverse. The top earner now is the garment sector, which accounts for more than 30% of manufacturing employment, and more than 45% of exports. The remittances of migrant workers are also significant and averages around US$ one billion a year. After Sri Lanka become independence in 1948, an attempt was made at economic independence, with a five-year plan to achieve industrial development. However, this was stymied due to a shortage of foreign exchange, which was exacerbated by the oil crisis of 1974, combined with an unprecedented drought which severely affected the harvest of rice, the staple food of the country's people. Strides forward were made in the fields of heavy industry, automotive spares and electronics. Presently Srilanka Government looking forward to make Sri Lanka as a economic giant in Asian Regions. After evoke of Tsunami in 26th December, 2006 the new Mahinda Rajapaksa Government preparing new Disaster road map for Sri Lanka as well as effectively mitigate natural disaster in coming days. 2.1.3 Land Area & Population: Land area: 24,996 sq mi (64,740 sq km); total area: 25,332 sq mi (65,610 sq km) and Population (2006 est.): 20,222,240 (growth rate: 0.8%); birth rate: 15.5/1000; infant mortality rate: 14.0/1000; life expectancy: 73.4; density per sq mi: 809, Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Colombo, 2,436,000 (metro. area), 2.1.4 Geography: Sri Lanka, a teardrop shaped island of approximately 65,610 sq.km lies in the Indian Ocean off the south western tip of the coast of India. Sri Lanka Lies practically in the center of the Indian Ocean and thus has climatic and cultural links with three continents. Monsoon winds, driving against Sri Lanka's peaks, support lush vegetation on the southern half of the island, but the northern half is a dry zone. The winds affect human culture as well, having brought wave after wave of immigrants and merchants following
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the southerly trade routes. Outsiders found a wide range of ecological niches on the coast, on the plains, or in the mountains, and they built a remarkably variegated civilization. Merchants long have sought Sri Lanka as the source of pearls, jewels, spices, and tea. Visitors for centuries have marvelled at the beauty and great diversity of the island. The island is fringed with a coastline giving way to a lowland plain growing rice and coconut. Rubber is grown in the mid country. The high mountainous center, with the highest pinnacle of 2,524 (8,200 ft) is where the majority of tea plantations provide scenic beauty of green carpeted mountains. 2.1.5 Sri Lanka - Topography Extensive faulting and erosion over time have produced a wide range of topographic features, making Sri Lanka one of the most scenic places in the world. Three zones are distinguishable by elevation: the Central Highlands, the plains, and the coastal belt. The south-central part of Sri Lanka--the rugged Central Highlands--is the heart of the country. The core of this area is a high plateau, running north south for approximately sixty-five kilometers. This area includes some of Sri Lanka's highest mountains. (Pidurutalagala is the highest at 2,524 meters.) At the plateau's southern end, mountain ranges stretch 50 kilometers to the west toward Adams Peak (2,243 meters) and 50 kilometers to the east toward Namunakuli (2,036 meters). Flanking the high central ridges are two lower plateaus. On the west is the Hatton Plateau, a deeply dissected series of ridges sloping downward toward the north. On the east, the Uva Basin consists of rolling hills covered with grasses, traversed by some deep valleys and gorges. To the north, separated from the main body of mountains and plateaus by broad valleys, lies the Knuckles Massif: steep escarpments, deep gorges, and peaks rising to more than 1,800 meters. South of Adams Peak lie the parallel ridges of the Rakwana Hills, with several peaks over 1,400 meters. The land descends from the Central Highlands to a series of escarpments and ledges at 400 to 500 meters above sea level before sloping down toward the coastal plains. Most of the island's surface consists of plains between 30 and 200 meters above sea level. In the southwest, ridges and valleys rise gradually to merge with the Central Highlands, giving a dissected appearance to the plain. Extensive erosion in this area has worn down the ridges and deposited rich soil for agriculture downstream. In the southeast, a red, lateritic soil covers relatively level ground that is studded with bare, monolithic hills. The transition from the plain to the Central Highlands is abrupt in the southeast, and the mountains appear to rise up like a wall. In the east and the north, the plain is flat, dissected by long, narrow ridges of granite running from the Central Highlands. A coastal belt about thirty meters above sea level surrounds the island. Much of the coast consists of scenic sandy beaches indented by coastal lagoons. In the Jaffna Peninsula, limestone beds are exposed to the waves as low-lying cliffs in a few places. In the northeast and the southwest, where the coast cuts across the stratification of the crystalline rocks, rocky cliffs, bays, and offshore islands can be found; these conditions
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have created one of the world's best natural harbors at Trincomalee on the northeast coast, and a smaller rock harbor at Galle on the southwestern coast. Sri Lanka's rivers rise in the Central Highlands and flow in a radial pattern toward the sea. Most of these rivers are short. There are sixteen principal rivers longer than 100 kilometers in length, with twelve of them carrying about 75 percent of the mean river discharge in the entire country. The longest rivers are the Mahaweli Ganga (335 kilometers) and the Aruvi Aru (170 kilometers). In the highlands, river courses are frequently broken by discontinuities in the terrain, and where they encounter escarpments, numerous waterfalls and rapids have eroded a passage. Once they reach the plain, the rivers slow down and the waters meander across flood plains and deltas. The upper reaches of the rivers are wild and usually unnavigable, and the lower reaches are prone to seasonal flooding. Human intervention has altered the flows of some rivers in order to create hydroelectric, irrigation, and transportation projects. In the north, east, and southeast, the rivers feed numerous artificial lakes or reservoirs (tanks) that store water during the dry season. During the 1970s and 1980s, large-scale projects dammed the Mahaweli Ganga and neighboring streams to create large lakes along their courses. Several hundred kilometers of canals, most of which were built by the Dutch in the eighteenth century, link inland waterways in the southwestern part of Sri Lanka. 2.1.6 Climate: The climate is equatorial and tropical but varies according to the elevation above sea level. Situated close to the equator the temperatures are high throughout the year, and day length remains relatively constant, with 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. Temperature in Colombo, at sea level varies from 25°C to 28°C and in the central region where there are high elevations it varies from 14°C to 16 °C. The monsoons give the country its only seasons. Southwest monsoon is expected from mid May – October and Northeast monsoon from December – March. The uneven rainfall divides the country into 3 climatic zones. The wet zone is in the southwestern quarter. The rest of the country is divided into a dry zone with an intermediary strand in between the wet and dry zones.
2.2 Sri Lankan Disaster Scenarios: 2.2.1
Profile of Disaster Hazard:
Sri Lanka is one of the Disaster prone areas of the global disaster map and in South Asia as well. It is frequently affected by different kinds of natural hazards e.g. floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides and costal erosion. Other Localized hazards includes lightening strikes, epidemics and mainly effects of the environmental pollution. Earth quakes have been recorded over the past 400 years and the country also exposed to various human induced hazards which result from deforestation, indiscriminate coral, sand and gem mining and industrial pollutants. More recently, the Indian Ocean Tsunami of decemeber-2004 has highlighted the country’s venerability picture in global disaster map. (See Pic.1.1)
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Floods: Major floods are associated with the two monsoon seasons. Typically, during the south West monsoon season (May-September) the western, southern and Sabaragamuwa provinces are venerable to floods. During the north east monsoons (December to February) the eastern, northern and north central provinces are prone to flooding River along the western slopes of the hilly central areas cause floods in the lower flood plains of Kalu Ganga and Kelani Ganga in particular during the these periods. Record show that major floods have occurred in the years 1913,1940,1947,1957,1967,1968,1978,1989,1992 and 2003 with severe loss of human lives, public and private property, and the environment. Landslides: Excessive rainfall, typical landform and geology, deforestation and unplanned land use practices combine to create this socio-natural hazard. The districts of Badulla, Nuwara Eliya, Ratnapura, Kegalle, Kalutara, Kandy and Matale are the most prone to Landslides. In 2003, landslides in Matara, Galle and Hambantota districts cause massive damages to human settlements and the environment as well. Paddy fields and forests were destroyed and there was immense loss of human lives and livelihood. Recent records shows Landslide activity peaking in January 1986, May – june1989, October 1998 and May 2003. Droughts: Droughts occur in the southeastern, north central and northwestern areas of Sri Lanka. Mainly due to low rainfall during monsoons. In some areas, consucative drought years have had lasting impact on livelihood options, often resulting in negative impacts on existing vulnerabilities. Droughts of serious nature occur every 34 years severe droughts of national significance occur in every 10 years or so. Severe droughts have been recorded during the years 1935-37,1947-49,1953-56,1965,197477,1981-83,1985,1993-94,200-01 and 2003-04. In 2004, the northwestern, north central and north central and southeastern part of the country experienced severe drought conditions. The drought also impact hydropower generation-the main source of energy in the country, thus affecting the economy. Massive deforestation and climate change also largely contributing toward the prolong drought in this peninsula. Cyclones: The eastern and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka are highly venerable to cyclones especially in the month of November and December. Some parts of northcentral and northwestern areas have also been subject to occasional cyclone impacts in the past decades. Major Cyclones have been experienced in the year 1907,1922,1964,1978 and 2000. Costal Erosion: The effects of costal erosion are largely felt in the west, southwest and southern costal belt. About 50% of the population lives in villages and towns in the costal areas. Costal erosion severely affects infrastructure facilities such as railway, road system, communications and other economic activities along the cost. Such erosions also results in damage to residential buildings, hotels and degradations of valuable land and also disrupts fishing, recreational and other cost related activities.
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2.3 Underlying Vulnerabilities Unplanned patterns of human settlements, development and land-use have resettled in severe encroachments into flood plains and unstable slopes, creating unsafe conditions for the population inhabiting these areas. This trend of settlement is evident on the western slops of the central hill country and the lower catchments areas in the western, southern and sabaragamuwa provinces. Settlers in the Kalu Ganga flood plans are affected by floods that occure almost annually. These flood victims tend to return their former homes after the disaster but more often then not because victims once again due to such recurring events. Over the past couple of decades, depletion of forest cover has resulted in environmental degradation or imbalance. This result is increased runoff, soil erosion, unstable slops and silting of water bodies. Paddy fields, which serve as flood detention areas in the suburbs are being filled for commercial and residential purposes. The drainage system in these new settlements requires significant development. Despite the occurrence of three serious droughts during the last decade, irrigation schemes and water reservation measure still remain inadequate. The existing tanks in many areas are silted causing considerable reduction in storage capacity. 2.4 Trends of Disaster Risk in Sri Lanka: Though lot of general information available of the Sri Lankan disaster risk, still very little information available on trends of disaster risk according to seasonal variations and geographical locations. In 2004,the ministry for the Women empowerment and social welfare, with UNDP support initiated a systemic collection of disaster impact data of the last 30 years, preliminary analysis indicate the key trends: •
Physical venerability to floods is most pronounced in the wastern, eastern, south eastern, southern and Sabaragamuwa region of the country.
•
While wastern, southern, Sabaragamuwa and eastern region are more or less equally exposed to the annual floods, the nature of impact is quite different in each. In the western and southern provinces the floods cause considerable loss of industray, where as in the central and eastern provinces losses are associated with framing and damage to other means of livelihoods.
•
The capacity to cope with the impacts of seasonal flooding is also markedly different in the two regions. In the eastern and central provinces, communities take a lot longer to recover from the impact. The agrarian population is unable to engage in agricultural and cropping activities due to the high rate of silting and water logging which makes the soil infertile and uncultivable not only for
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the present and but also for the next seasons. In comprasion, communities in western and southern providences have access to diverse sources of livelihood, thus enabling faster recovery in the aftermath seasonal floods. Thus there is much need for a clearer understanding of the patterns of disaster risk and factors contributing to it in different parts of the country. This will help better target the disaster reduction (DRR) interventions in the country.
Sri Lanka -Top Natural Disaster Table 2 Disaster Wind Strom Flood Wind Strom Wind Strom Land Slide Flood Epidemic flood flood flood
Date 24-Nov-1978 30-May-1989 22-Dec-1964 25-Dec-1957 8-oct-1993 25-Dec-1969 Nov-1987 24-May-1984 Jan-1986 12-Dec-1982
Drought Drought Drought Flood Wind Strom flood Drought Drought flood flood Tsunami
1987 1982 1983 Dec-1983 24-Nov-1978 25-Dec-1969 August-2001 March-1989 30-May-1989 27-Nov1994 26-December-2004
Killed 740 325 206 200 65 62 53 45 43 34 Affected 2,200,000 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,250,000 1,005,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 806,000 501,000 478,150 1,000,000 Affected 35,000 Killed
Source: “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium”.
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Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka (Period-1901-2000) Table: 3 Period
Count of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Tot. Sum of Damage Dis No. Killed Injured Homeless Affected Aff USD$ (‘000s)
1951-1961
1
200
1961-1970
5
317
1971-1980
9
804
5,000
1981-1990
19
728
1,000
1991-2000
18
138
0
250,000
250,000
2,202,347
2,402,347
53,800
1,252,728
1,257,728
100,000
1,220,000
9,829,400
11,050,400
38,000
1,5557,441
1,925,410
3,482,851
283,010
200,000
Source: “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium”.
Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka (Type-1901-2000) Table: 4 Disaster
Count of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum Dis. No. Killed Injured Homeless Affected Tot.Aff
Drought
8
0
Epidemic
6
59
0
Flood
29
821
1,000
Land Slide
3
119
Wind Storm
6
1,188
of Sum of Damage USD$ (‘000s)
5,000
7,056,000
7,056,000
0
212,713
212,713
2,877,441
5,891,642
8,770,083
130
130
2,299,400
2,404,400
100,000
337,510
137,300
Source: “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium”.
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Data- Natural Disasters in Sri Lanka Decade Wise: (Period-type-1901-2000) Table: 5 Period
Dis. Types
1951-1961 Wind Storm
Count of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Sum of Tot. Sum of Dis. No Killed Injured Homeless Affected Aff. Damage (USD$) (‘000s) 1 200 250,000 250,000
1961-1970 Epidemic
1
2
3 1
109 206
3 1 2
0
Land Slide
2
54
Wind Strom
1
740
5
0
Epidemic
1
53
Flood Wind Strom
11 2
638 37
1,000
3 13 1
4 64 65
1
52
Flood Wind Strom 1971-1980 Drought Epidemic Flood
1981-1990 Drought
1991-2000 Epidemic Flood Land Slide Wind Strom
Grand Total
200,000
200,000
1,722,347 280,000
1,822,347 380,000
250,000 728 2,000
250,000 728 2,000
1,000,000
1,005,000
6,806,000
6,806,000
1,220,000
2,629,000 394,400
3,850,000 394,400
0 0
0 1,557,441
11,985 1,538,295 130
11,985 3,095,736 130
5
0
0
375,000
375,000
2,187
6,000
2,977,441
15,459,885
18,443,326
100.000 100,000
10
5,000
Sourse: “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium” http://www.cred.be./emdat/intro.htm http://www.cred.be./ 21
16,500 37,000
100,000
38,000
283,010
474,810
CHAPTER THREE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN SRI LANKA 3.1 Outbreak of Tsunami Disaster: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December 26, 2004. The earthquake originated in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island, off the western coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The resulting tsunamis devastated the shores of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and other countries with waves of up to 15 m (50 feet) high, even reaching the east coast of Africa, 4500 km (2,800 miles) west of the epicenter.The United States Geological Survey recorded the magnitude of the earthquake of Sumatra at 8.9 with the epicenter lying 10km below the seabed. Aftershocks struck in the magnitude 7 range. The quake occurred at a place where several massive geological plates push against each other with massive force. The survey said, a 1000 – kilometer section along the boundary of the plate shifted, a motion that triggered the sudden displacement of a huge volume of water. An interesting phenomenon of the seismic tidal waves in the different part of the world was that people saw sea water disappearing away from the beaches in the minutes before the giant wave lashed back with infernal fury devouring whatever come on the way of their lethal onslaught. Scientists say the effect is caused by tidal waves shocking shallow coastal waters out to see before returning them as a massive wall of water. The titanic tsunami that wrought unprecedented death and destruction in South and South-East Asia will go down in history as one of the greatest natural calamities of the modern times. The great disaster caught the people and the government off guard and in a matter of minutes, snuffed out more than 250,000 lives. Across the more than twelve countries. The number of people rendered homeless might run into millions, as no estimate is immediately available as to how many children have become orphans, how many women become widows and how many families have been wiped out in a single sweep.
3.2 Tsunami havoc in Sri Lanka: ‘The Indian Ocean tsunami hit Sri Lanka particularly hard, killing over 35,000. An estimated 40% of those killed in Sri Lanka were children. Between 441,410 and 504,440 were homeless, UNOCHA, 2005. Of these, an estimated 186,000 are thought to have been taken in by friends and family while some 250,000 were placed in welfare centers and makeshift camps. As 4,700 people were missing and Tsunami related damages have been estimated at $1.8 billion. Sri Lanka has requested some debt forgiveness and a twoyear hold on its $8.82 billion debt.’ (CRS). Due to tsunami life and livelihood of Sri Lankan People disrupted and whole economy is in jeopardy. The natural coastal structure and environment suffered significant changes up to one kilometer from the shore. The tsunami also triggered the displacement of up to 5, 00,000 persons, with the total affected population exceeding 1,000,000, (CHA, December, 2005). 22
Pic: 5.Map of Tsunami Affected Districts and Divisions of Sri Lanka
Source: Census and Statistical Department
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Human, Social and Economic Impact of Tsunami in Sri Lanka Table: 6 Human Number of people killed Number of People injured Number of Internally Displaced People (IDPs)
Number 35,322 21,441 516,150
Economic Value of assets Numbers of lost livelihoods Number of Houses damaged Proportion of fishing fleet destroyed Extent of Salinated agricultural Land Damage of Tourism infrastructure Large hotels Small hotels Retailed small enterprises
US $900 million 150,000 98,000 75% 23,449acres 53 out of 242 248 210
Social Widowed, orphaned and affected elderly and disabled 40,000 Health Facilities damaged by the Hospital Damaged -35 97 tsunami Preventive Health Care center ----------------62 Education facilities damaged Schools 182 Universities 4 Vocational training center 15 Schools used as camps for IDPs 446 School Children affected 200,000 Sourse: TAFREN, Central Bank, of-National Planning Department, Sectral Report Recovery of Educational Sector (Target-2005-07) Table: 7 Over all Target Reconstruction 182 fully/partially Damaged Schools Relocate 94 schools Upgrade 446 schools used as IDP camps Rehabilitate 15 vocational training centers Rehabilitate 4 Universities
Target-2005
Target-2007
10
Target2006 124
93(Land identified) 12
434
-
1
14
-
4
-
48
Source: TAFREN, Central Bank, of-National Planning Department, Sectral Report
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Table.8. Impact on Water and Sanitation System District Damage to Structure Replacement Cost) Indirect cost Total Pipe system Dug Well Sanitation Equip W/S to Survey damage cost camps Puttalam 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.9 Gampaha 2.7 5.6 3.6 0.9 1.8 0.2 14.6 Colombo 6.5 79.3 50.8 12.6 25.2 2.4 176.7 Kalutara 1.3 59.0 37.7 9.3 18.7 1.8 127.9 Galle 30.2 102.8 65.8 16.3 32.6 3.2 250.9 Matara 39 136.7 87.5 21.7 43.4 4.2 332.4 Hambantota 15.2 43.8 28.0 6.9 13.9 1.3 109.2 Ampara 67.2 553.4 354.2 87.7 175.5 17.0 1,255.0 Batticaloa 53 303.1 194.0 48.1 96.1 9.3 703.7 Trincomalee 104.8 113.6 72.7 18.0 36.0 3.5 348.7 Mulativu 201.3 128.9 31.9 63.8 6.2 432.1 Killinochchi 64.7 41.4 10.3 20.5 2.0 138.8 Jaffna 228.2 146.1 36.2 72.4 7.0 489.9 Total 319.9 1.892 1.211 300 600 58 4,380.9 US $ 39.8 mil Table .9
Preliminary Estimates of Losses and Financing Needs ($ Millions) Losses Financing Needs Asset Loss
Output Loss
306-341
Roads
3
Short Term
Medium Term
Total Need
-
50
387-437
437-487
60
-
25
175
200
Water and Sanitation
42
-
64
53
117
Railways
15
-
40
90
130
Education
26
-
13
32
45
60
-
17
67
84
3
-
2
2
4
97
200
69
49
118
Tourism
250
130
130
-
130
Power
10
-
27
40-50
67-77
10
-
6
12
18
-
-
30
-
30
90
-
30
120
150
Sector Housing
Health 1
Agriculture Fisheries
1
1
Environment Social Welfare
2
Excluded Items Plus 1
Includes estimates from livelihoods damage assessment of fishermen, small farmers, and small businesses 2
3
in tourism totaling $140 million. Targeted assistance to vulnerable groups. Refers to 2005 and 2006 Source: Government of Sri Lanka and UNDP estimates (2005).
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3.3 Impact of Tsunami and Response: The 2004, December Indian Ocean Tsunami Killed 35,322 People, displaced 1,000,000 persons and affected over two third of the Island’s cost line and outlying 13 districts in Sri Lanka peninsula. Overall damage is estimated to be approximately $1 billion (4.5% of GDP). Many of these assets were concentrated in the private sector and the largest share of output losses emerge in the fisheries and tourism sectors. The livelihoods of many coastal fishermen and small-scale farmers were impacted by the tsunami, causing greater vulnerability to poverty. Additionally, many people working in the informal sector, who service the fisheries and tourism sectors, have also temporarily lost their livelihoods. Besides the tremendous loss of life and injuries, the tsunami caused extensive damage to property and disruptions of fisheries and other livelihood activities and business assets. Social network also were severely disrupted .In many cases, lives become complicated due to the loss of legal documents. The socio economic impact was of greater concesequences as the tsunami compounded previously existing vulnerabilities. 3.3.1 Impact on Environment: The tsunami causes lot of damages to flora & fauna and total costal ecosystem of the Sri Lankan island as well. As it will be remained as greatest natural disaster ever human being ever faced. Total environment is disrupted due to massive tsunami weaves. It will be take long time to recover its previous form. The water supply, sanitation, drainage and swage and waste management system still in jeopardy, needs lots of attention to improve as it was before. There are some areas in Galle, Matera, Hambantota, Ampara, Trincomalee people still staying in temporary shelter, camps, unaltered waterlog areas or down to mountain slope and proper attention, even after one year the environmental condition in terms of water & sanitation waster management, drainage and swage is in worse condition, not changed. It causes lots of health hazards and loss of working days within the communities. People already feeling about the climate change and lot of impact on both flora and fauna.There great need of cooperation between GOs, NGOs and affected people to over come from this national problem. There should be much need of Government intervention for proper national disaster policy and planning for management of this issue successfully. 3.3.2 Territorial Environmental Assessment: Tsunami brings tremendous impact on territorial eco-system on Sri Lankan peninsula .I studied as the climate of the Costal Sri lanka and people facing lot of problem like unsystematic rainfall, frequent low-pressure humidity and thick fug. Some researcher predict in future many natural disaster like; flood, landslide, drought, cyclone, ternado will be occur frequently and subsequent problem will be happen as well. The water level also changed and salinited after the tsunami occurrence. Some of the major territorial changes in Sri Lanka as follows:
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¾ Human settlements have generally suffered most damage and reported greatest loss of life when these were located between 25-200 m from the HWL and the landscape was flat and of low elevation. ¾ Wells in all tsunami-affected area have been uniformly contaminated by saltwater intrusion and in some cases by human wastes. ¾ Soil in agricultural and other types of lands within the tsunami-inundated areas has been severely affected due to increased salinity conditions, forming a dry crust on the surface of the soil in many areas. ¾ Beaches in general have suffered extensive erosion and sand migration, with some beaches suffering over 50% loss of beach width and up to one-meter loss in height. Much of the gentle seashore Pandanus and creeper vegetation have been significantly damaged. ¾ There is also a large amount of organic and inorganic debris on most beaches. ¾ Palmyrah trees have suffered extreme and widespread damage, even when located in far inland areas, indicating their low resistance to high soil salinity conditions. Coconut has been relatively less affected. ¾ The invasive alien prickly pear cactus has been found to be regenerating in some inland areas. ¾ Damage to home gardens has varied depending on distance from the sea and on the salt tolerance of individual species. ¾ Trees like Neem, Mango, Tamarind, Indian Willow, Banyan, Temple tree, Oleander and ¾ Tulip tree located in the tsunami-inundated areas were found to be relatively less damaged, particularly in the distal areas. Banana was found to be stressed in several cases. In general, the species-richness of fauna in severely affected home gardens was found to be very low. ¾ Lagoons assessed under this study were not found to be significantly affected other than through the deposition of sand and debris in some of them. ¾ Narrow mangroves stands immediately adjacent to the sea or along the banks of lagoons close to the sea were observed to be severely damaged by the tsunami waters. However, in the case of dense broad mangroves, only the frontline trees growing in the first 2-3 m were found to be affected with less damage caused to the inner stands.
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¾ A number of environmental impacts of post-tsunami activities were also observed. These included the following: i. Haphazard burning of debris ii. Haphazard disposal of debris iii. Deterioration of environmental health conditions in urban areas iv. Location of temporary relief camps in ecologically-sensitive areas v. Intensive use of timber in temporary settlements vi. Damage to unaffected agricultural crops by free-roaming goat and cattle
3.3.3 Emergency response and Relief: There is tremendous and combined response by the government, local communities, local NGOs, private sector and the international community, so it reduced additional health or death casualty related to tsunami. The government, with international support, carried out immediate repairs basic infrastructure, such as water pipelines and water sources, road, bridges, electricity and telephone lines and other means of communication.National and International military and Red cross personnel helped in the rescue operations identification and burial dead, and debris clearance. As per information nearly 600 schools and places of worship provided emergency shelter. Food aid was provided 910,000 people and compensation schemes for victims was put in place. The government and LTTE coordinated in order to ensure that humanitarian assistance reached to those are in need.
3.3.4 Funding the Recovery and Reconstruction Process: With the present situation, government has projected it would take more than 3-5 yeas to complete the rehabilitation and reconstruction tasks and recover and restore the services and livelihoods in to normal. This effort will be cost approximately US$2.2 billion. The international community has committed US$2.1 billion and an US $0.6 billion has been disbursed. In addition, debt relief /morterium and balance payments support have also been received. Based on clear assessment of the experience so far remaining gaps will be identified and corrective action will be taken to ensure the speediest recovery.
3.3.5 Resettlements (especially IDPs): Tsunami displaced peoples were sheltered in emergency accommodations/camps. It was recognized that the construction of more than 1, 00,000 permanent houses would take time, and transitional shelters were required interm.The government declared a buffer zone of 100 meters from the high water line in the south and southwest 200 Meters in north and east, where reconstruction of permanent houses was restricted. The buffer Zone has been critical issue in the recovery process. Out of targeted 60,000 transitional shelters, some 54,102 have been completed allowing internally displaced persons (IDPs) to move out of tents. This significance achievement is the result of a concerned effort of the government and development partners. However,
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the quality of these transitional shelters some times may not have been to one’s expectations. Upgrading has been underway and a programme for care and maintenance is being implemented. Simultaneously, two programmes for implement housing to repair or rebuild damaged houses were also introduced. For people living outside the buffer zone, under a home owner driven programme and financial support is being provided to 66,525 families. Thus for the first four installments has been realized to 83.5% of these families. Subsequent installments are being progressively disturbed. For people previously living within the buffer zone, a donor-built housing settlement programme is underway. Some 32,000 families will be assigned housing in new locations with the necessary facilities.As of 13, December ,some 10,707 units were under construction,and 4,299 completed (December -2005).There are also many private organizations and NGOs built Buddhist temple, community centers and large number of shelter and houses in the affected areas. Though there are some constraint like buffer zone regulations, construction capacity, time constraint and rising prices of construction materials.
3.3.6 Livelihoods Restoration: More than 150,000 people lost their main source of income. About 50% of them were in the fishereries sector and rests were in agriculture, turism, public specter, micro and small enterprises etc.While the available government information suggest that 70-85% of the affected families have regained their main source of income, restoring livelihoods by the help of international community, still there are lots of effort need for sustained and to bring back normalcy. Families were assisted through cash grants, food assistance, cash for work and micro fiancé programmes. Over 250,000 house holds received two installments (of a planned four installments) of Rs.5,000 plus food worth of Rs.375 per week and about 165,000 received the third installment as well. Cash for work programmes have been spent an estimated Rs.700million.Under the two main microfinance and SME support scheme; more than 13,000 subsidized lones amounting to Rs 3.8 billion have been disbursed. Towards restoration in the livelihood of fisheries sector, about 90% of all boats destroyed have been repaired or replaced. For those engaged in agriculture, seeds and fertilizer were distributed to approximately 805 of the effected areas. Desalinization of the affected lands has been also undertaken. In tourism, 41 out of 52 damaged hotels are back into business. However tourism is yet to fully recover as evident from the decline in total emerging by 105 as of September despite an increase in the number of arrivals. A number of small hotels, guesthouses and related services in the formal sector are facing problem of finding necessary funding. Restoring livelihoods is best with issues relating to a better balance between supply and demand; unaavaliability of comparative information, trenspercy on the targeting of benificieries, consultation with effected community meambers, clarifaying decision making mechanism, and improving operational integration particularly at the community level.
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3.4 Health, Education and Protection: The displacement of thousands of supervisers from their homes coupled with lack of safe water and sanitation; increased venerability to the spread of communicable diseases. In addition to the destroying education and health facilities. The tsunami made a deep psychological impact and created a void to the loss of parents and relatives, schoolmates, teachers, doctors and health and educational personel.Anyway thanks to international community, local official for the concerned and coordinated effort, response was quick to protect the vulnerable groups. Health: There is no outbeark of water borne diseases or additional death was recorded. primary health care facilities and routine immunization nutrition surveillance system were established. In mental Health, 500 community support officers have been trained and deployed. Some significant policy changes have been introduced in terns of disaster preparedness, mental health and nutration.Funds have been allocated for the rehabilitation of 97 damaged institutions and construction is in progress. Education: Over 95% of school-aged children in tsunami-affected areas have returned to school. Progress has been made in integrating psychosocial care into the education System. A child friendly school approach for rehabilitation /construction has been adopted. Funds have been provided for the rehabilitation of 180 damaged schools and their construction work is in progress. Protection: Numerous initiatives were undertaken to protect and prevent the vulnerable, particularly women and children from being subject to abuse and voulence.Probation officers assessed 6,538 affected children orphaned or without one of their parents. Community based approaches were successfully adopted. The human Right Commission mentioned the operation of laws, policies and practices relating to tsunami displacement and has been received and acted upon more than 19,000 complaints. Several legal documentation clinics in affected areas were conducted, but continuously sustained effort is required in this area to ensure community of this improve service. Still there is lot of effort and action should be taken for sustained this social services, still the situation not fully recovered or initial process.
3.5 Reconstruction and Up-gradation of Infrastrure: After attending to emergency repairs the government has entered into the phase of rehabilitation and reconstruction of national infrastructure in the affected areas with the support of many development partners. There are significant progress has been taking place in terms of necessary infrastructure like road/highway, railways, ports, bridge, water supply & sanitation, hospital, schools, community center, telephone line and electricity provision etc. Still national construction industry does not have number of contracters, equipments, skilled workforce, modern management practice and access to fiancé needed to maintain the required speed up the tsunami reconstruction work. There
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are also other challenges like procurement delays, ensuring environmental safeguard, security concerns in the uncleared areas and capacity constraints.
3.6 Cross-Cutting Issues: Capacity building or Strengthening of capacity has emerged as a critical element of the recovery and reconstruction process. It is required at all levels –i.e. the government, the NGOs, the private secter, local communities, and developmental partners. Gender sensitivity is critical for the recovery process. Whereas protection issues have been addressed and basic training and awareness provided, significant challenges remain in areas such as ownership on housing programmes, protection of IDPs and their participation in the recovery process. Regarding environmental concerns, the tsunami showed that where sand dunes, mangroves and coral were maintained, the impacts are limited. Any costal protection project to be cost effective should be treated as a medium to long-term issue. A more effective environmental protection strategy during the recovery process is needed.
3.7. Guiding Principles for Reconstruction and Recovery process: While the guiding principles of recovery and reconstruction were laid-dawn in consultation with the development parteners, implementation of these may have been uneven across regions as well as across sectors due to practical difficulties. Developing a sustainable CBDRM/Disaster management and multi hazard early warning system with support of international community, professionals, researchers, and institutional bodies is making god progress in this regard. Equity among the regions, ethnic groups and sectors remain critical and should be closely monitored. Where as progress on issue such as soliderety, consultation, transparency and accountability can be noted, significant challenges remain specifically in regard to communication and coordination.
3.8 Macro-Economy: The macroeconomic impact of tsunami manifested in reduced GDP by about 0.5-0.6 percentage points from the expected 6 percent growth, reflected in the first quarter of 2005.The economy has started to rebound and is poised to register 5.6 percent in 2005,while the tourism and fisheries sectors are yet to fully recover. Central Bank of Sri Lanka took immediate steps to arrest any tsunami-related adverse impacts on the financial markets, and the foreign assistance in post tsunami relief and recovery including debt relief provided the necessary fiscal space for prudent macro-economic management. Despite the severe cost impact, the government was able to reduce inflation to below 10 percent by November 2005.The post –tsunami rehabilitation programme will be largely financed through foreign grants and concessionary financial assistance. Overall budget deficit will be kept at manageable level aiming at macro-economic stability.
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CHAPTER FOUR ROAD MAP FOR SUSTAINABLE AND SAFER SRI LANKA 4.1 The DRM Framework: Disaster Risk Management (DRM) has been defined as the ‘systematic process of using administrative decisions, organizations, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities of the society and communities to lessen the impact of natural hazards and related environmental and technological disasters. This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effect of hazards’ (ISDR Secretariat, 2004). DRM systems must be the responsibility of the government. However, coordinating such systems successfully also depends on the participation of all involved stakeholders from the bread range of households, volunteers, local governments, disaster specialists and policy makers including the international community in managing community and natural disaster risks. Policy direction and legal foundations assure legitimacy but professional and human resources have an important role to play. With rigorous discussion and consultations with different stakeholders and experts, Sri Lankan DRM mainly focusing following components: Strattegic Policy and Institutional Context: The DRM framework will enable the different partners to identify why the disaster risks are increasing ,who can lead the responsibility to asses and manage the future situation, and through what strategic measures can this system be consolidated to form a suitable institutional basis for DRM in Sri Lanka. Risk Identification: The broad objective in Sri Lanka’s context will be to identify the probability of occurrence of specific hazards such as floods, landslides, drought, Tsunamis, seismic activities, cyclones in a specific future time period, as well as the intensity and area of impacts. Risk assessment includes detailed quantitative and qualitative information and understanding of risk and its physical, social, economic, environmental factors and consequences. Risk Evaluation: This requires the improvement of broad stakeholder’s capacity to receive timely early Warning (EW) massage act immediately and respond more effectively when warning is provided. Risk communication is closely related to capacities for timely evaluation of risk. Multi hazard early warning systems have thus been identified as an urgent requirement in Sri Lanka .The Key objectives of EWs are to generate advance warnings and thus improve the capacity of decision makers to take required and immediate action even prior to the occurrence of a disaster. It consists of the collection, consolidation, analysis and dissemination of the information to the right
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decision makers and vulnerable communities at the right time to minimize the possible adverse impact s of a hazard event. Risk Management: Priority measures that the stake holders have considered to reduce disaster risks center around are: ¾ Planning for preparedness and emergency response ¾ Mainstreeming disaster reduction into development process ¾ Community –based DRM. Risk Communication: Programmes and activities that sustain public awareness and stakeholder commitment to disaster reduction. A Mechanism for Monitoring and Evaluation: It must include agreement on specific risk reduction indicators, means of gathering information, measurement of progress, evaluation and feedback to above-mentioned elements.
4.2 Institutional Arrangements for DRM in the Sri Lanka: There have been efforts made by individual agencies in the different aspects of disaster management in the past decades or so. However, in the absence of legal framework for disaster management, so far there has been no coordinated mechanism for a holistic approach to DRM in Sri Lanka. Specialized institutions such as the National Building Research Organization (NBRO), Center for Housing Planning and building (CHPB), Urban Development Authority (UDA), National Physical Planning Department (NPPD), Cost Conservation Department (CCD), Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation (SLLRDC), Irrigation Department (ID), Central Environmental Authority (CEA), Department of Metrology (DoM), Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) and some other agencies of the Government have also been playing important role s in different aspect of DRM in Sri Lanka. Apart from Lands Slide mitigation work by NBRO and Urban disaster mitigation work by CHPB and UDA, most of the focus was on post –disaster response. There were no legislative arrangements specific to disaster that could integrate the work of different players at all levels, DRM efforts reminded largely disconnected from the development from the Development processes. The Government of Sri Lanka has taken important steps for strengthening legislative and institutional arrangements for DRM in the country as; in May 2005, Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 (DM act). This provides the legal basis for a DRM system in the country. This Act establishes the National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM), chaired by the H.E, president, vice chaired by the Hon. Prime Minister with participation of the leader of opposition, ministers, Provincial Council Chief Ministers and five member of the Opposition. This high-level over sight body, provides direction to DRM efforts in the country. The Disaster Management Center (DMC) was established in July 2005, to implement the directives of NCDM. The
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ministry of Disaster Management was established in November 2005 under the priminister to take the lead role in directing the strategic planning for disaster management.
4.3 Holistic Strategy (Road Map) for Sri Lanka with the DRM framework: A comprehensive DRM framework for Sri Lanka will unify the efforts of all agencies the efforts of all agencies working in various sectors across all regions and all levels of development activity. The Ministry for Disaster Management processes such a framework to identify and coordinate multi stakeholder efforts in the next 10 years through a holistic strategy or ‘Road Map’ towards building a safer Sri Lanka. The Road map is focused on seven thematic components, which are consistent with on going and past efforts in the field of disaster risk management and Development and development planning. Under strategy of DRM framework for Sri Lanka cover the following areas:
4.3.1Policy, Institutional Mandates and Institutional Developments: It includes components like preparation of a national policy for disaster management, reviewing and formalizing mandates and identifying capacity development needs of agencies to perform their disaster management functions, and steps to implement policies already in place. Main strategies are; (a.)Implementing provision of the Sri Lanka DM Act, (b) Reviewing and Formalizing Institutional Mandates, (c) Institutional Mandates, Capacities Development,(d)Community–based DRE Policy, (e) Incorporation of National Planning Policies.
4.3.2 Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment: It comprises activities ringing from flood; simulation modeling in key river basins to the development of a vulnerability atlas for Sri Lanka.This will enable development planning which is sensitive to multiple Hazards and different kinds of vulnerabilities. Main strategies to intervene regarding this are;(a) Strategic policy and Institutional Context, (b) Risk Identification (most probability hazards), (c) Risk Evaluation (developing capabilities of the stake holders/communities with the help of Multi Hazards Early Warning System (EWS) and Community Based Disaster Management programme for most occurrence disaster in Sri Lanka,(d)Risk Communication(Programme sans activities that sustain public awareness and stake holders commitment to disaster reduction),(e) A mechanism for Monitoring and Evaluation(include agreement on specific risk reduction indicaters,means of gathering information, measurement progress, evaluation and feedback to above mentioned elements).
4.3.3 Multi hazard Early Warning System: It incorporates elements to generative rainfall, droughts, landslides, and thus take much-needed action even prior effective multi hazard EW system
advance Warning for floods, cyclones, abnormal enable (improve the capacity) decision makers to to the occurrence of a disaster. Setting up an requires concerned planning, organizing and 34
controlling of relevant information. It also requires influencing all concerned stakeholders to ensure that information is disseminated to the right decision makers and valuable communities, at the right time. The proposed multi hazard system should be integrated with tsunami warning system to make the system more sustainable. The multi hazard EW system needs to end-to end, linking hazard detection systems with warning communication, with a feed back mechanism that’s allows post-event assessments. Strategy of EWS is to focus on hazards that frequent Sri Lanka the most, like floods, landslides, cyclones and droughts. While also providing for measures to tackle a low frequency but high impact hazard like 2004 Tsunami. It follows that the costal areas, which are venerable to not just a tsunami, but also cyclones, storm surges, and flood would be the priority geographical areas. Key interventions regarding EWS programme with the various agencies in Sri Lanka: a. Establishment of the EW Center b. Improvement of Metrological Observation and prediction capabilities c. Flood Monitoring and Forecasting d. Improvement of Landslide prediction and EW capabilities e. Development of Effective Cyclone Tracking, Storm Surge and Costal Flood Warning System f. Development of Long and Medium term Drought Forecasting and Monitoring system for Agriculture and Associated Sectors g. Development of Unified Seismic Monitoring Data processing and Archival Network h. Development of Oceanographic Monitoring System i. Establishment of an EW System for Nuclear Accident and Monitoring of Environmental Radiation.
4.3.4 Preparedness and Responsive Plans: It is for minimize the adverse impacts of a hazard through effective precautionary action timely and timely, adequate responses. Prioritized activities include development of a national emergency preparedness and responsive plan and establishment emergency operation centers at national, provincial and district levels. Preparedness involves the development and regular testing of warning systems (Linked to Multi hazard EW system) and plans for evacuation or other measures to be taken during a disaster alert period. It also involves the education and training of officials, intervention teams and communities. Establishment of policies, standards, organizational arrangements and operational plans
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to be applied following a disaster are also crucial. Effective plans also consider securing resources; possibility including stockpiling supplies earmarking funds. The plans are being supported through the provisions of the DM act. Some of the Key issue arising from the interactions and planning arrangements for response and preparedness plan center around organizing funding capacities for immediate response; and systematically building capacity across all levels. They also include clearly defining the roles for involved agencies in order to avoid mismanagement, overlaps and gaps in response to Disasters and emphasizing the coordination of all such recognized agencies.
Strategy: The identified issues and needs for this theme can be addressed through the following suggested strategies in the short and medium term: • • • • • • •
Provisions in annual budgets respective line ministry/agency through DM Plan. Identification of skill/knowledge required and developing an HRD Plan. Provide equipment and train staff/volunteers to use them. Mapping of available resources and material with public and private sector. Develop and enforce/gazette standard operating procedure for all activities. Declaration and disseminations of disaster situation at various levels. Inclusion of NGOs/I-NGOs for specific duties/responsibilities under standing orders/response Plans.
Key Interventions for developing a comprehensive plan for disaster preparedness at the national, subnational and Local Levels: • • • • • • •
Development of Disaster Management (preparedness and response) plan by each ministry/departments districts/divisions; Developing emergency response capacities at provincial, municipalities and Urban council level; Establishment of competent cadre of emergency response and DM coordinators at all levels to extend support DMC/District Emergency Operation Rooms and Hospital emergency preparedness mechanism Resource network for emergency response Procedure for sharing information, manpower and resources Developing and maintaining a national emergency preparedness and response plan Establishing National Emergency Operation Center and District Emergency Operation Rooms
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4.3.5 Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into Development Planning: This encompasses activities relating to reducing impacts of droughts, preventing floods, landslides, protection against storm sourges, sea and costal flooding by incorporating disaster risk considerations in development plans. The primary aim is to reduce the risk of death and injury to the population, secondary aims include reducing damage and economic loses to public sector infracture and reducing private sector losses in as far as they are likely to affect the community as a whole. The objectives are likely to include DRR into development plan in (a) Organizational and Legal interventions,(b)Demonstration projects,(c)Physical interventions through projects and programme,(d)Research and developments,(e)Awareness and Training programmes. In this regard DRR committee can play a potential role to develop, regular review and updates DRM plans.
4.3.6 Community Based Disaster Risk Management: It involves activities that recognize the fact that communities though affected in disasters are also the first line of defense against disaster if they are well prepared. Interventions proposed include mobilization of community teams, creation of local network of trained volunteers, establishing resource centers, and small grant to fund priority by community teams. Having a well-resourced and sustainable programme to advance Community based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is therefore a key strategy to achieve a safer Sri Lanka. However, so far there has been insufficient coordination between the efforts of the government at district and divisional level action planning and the interventions of NGOs at the Community Level. After the devastating tsunami, there is sufficient grater acceptance within the country (and among international donors) of the country’s relatively high vulnerability to disaster. A result of this is a grater willingness to invest resources in pre-disaster preparedness and mitigation, especially at the community level. Actually this process boosting the initial process of full phased CBDRM programme in a Sri Lanka. Strategy for CBDRM: Whole Sri Lanka (25 districts, 325 divisions and 14016 Grama Niladhari Divisions, GNDs and 40,000 villages) facing different types of hazards some are multi hazard risks. Over 50 percent of these communities are prone to more natural disaster risks. This CBDRM programme aim to establish a sustained national programme build the resilience and community level capacity for response to each community risk from hazards in the country. The holistic CBDRM will be achieved in a phased wise over the coming 10yearss through establishing:
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• • • • • • • •
Community DRM teams in 20,000 villages over 2500GN divisions An effective national network of local volunteers of DRM Effective coordination mechanism between government and NGOs at the national, provincial, district, division and GN division level CBDRM resource center in 25 districts Share methodologies for CBDRM implementation and training Small Grant programme for community terms to support community level DRM projects Development of Micro finance schemes for vulnerability reduction and mitigation Applied research grants for community level programme
Priority programmes to be taken up in the first two years (2006-2007) are: • • •
Community DRM teams in 5,000 villages over 500GN divisions with a network of volunteers; Established budget: 5 Million US Dollar CBDRM resource centers in 10 districts; Estimated budget : 2 Million Small grants programme awarding up to 500 grants to community teams to support community level DRM projects: Estimated budget: 6 Million USD
Mainly CBDRM programme will be mainly lies with the CBOs, NGOs and the SLRCS, who are working closely with local agencies. There is also strategy are made to integrate between CBDRM and SAMUDRI programme for poverty alleviation through community based infrastructure project, micro credit schemes and cash for work programme. Key Intervention for CBDRM Projects: a. b. c. d. e.
Community DRM Teams in 20,000 Villages over 2500 GN Divisions An effective National Network of Local Level Volunteers for DRM Establishment of CBDRM resource centers in Each district Small Grant programme Applied Research grant schemes for governmental Agencies to implement community Level Risk Management Programme f. Develop a Microfinance Scheme to reduce Vulnerability at Household Level and promote Alternative Livelihood Options (ALO)
4.3.7 Public Awareness Education and Training: It focuses on empowering the public with ways and means to reduce disaster loses, and includes a national awareness campaign, designating a “National Disaster Safety Day”, promoting disaster awareness among professionals through training and among children through school curriculum. A t present, many government organizations, NGOs and CBOs conduct DRM related training. More often these organizations are duplicated and training is conducted without appropriate resources (in terms of training materials
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and tools), so there is no proper and appropriate coordination with regard to the relevance of training and consistency of content. There is no proper needs analysis and systematic target audience segmentation, and hence no customized training to bring out relevant learning outcomes amongst people who serve in different capacities. There is currently no local capacity enhancement initiative for trainers in DRM and general lack of coordinated allocation of available regional training opportunities to sustain capacity enhancement of trainers. Strategy foe probable solution in short –medium term areas follows: (a). There is a need to formulate a policy, which brings together all DRM trainings under the supervisory role of the DMC and creates a corresponding need for MOUs with partner organizations to implement training. (b). A mechanism for quality assurance of DRM training can be ensured and the evaluation of effectiveness could be made mandatory as an institutional endeavor to be achieved by partners undertaking this activity for the sector. Key Interventions: Most importantly establishment of the “National Disaster Safety Day” annual commemoration as a high level event in the annual government calendar is one of the approaches that can bring about a coordinated and effective public awareness campaign. It can be an annual event organized by the DM ministry and all stake holders including school children and community members can actively participate in such an event. The main programme identified under the theme of public Awareness, training and Education are: • • • • • • • •
Promote public awareness at National Level Promote Awareness among School Children Promote awareness and Train University Graduates through integration of DRR in University Curriculum Increased Awareness of DM related Subjects among school Children Increased awareness among professional groups, Key Decision Makers through training and Short courses Increase Capacity among Key Institutions through Training of Officials and Training Adds/tools. Integrate DM training Curriculum in Continuing Education A National Event under the Patronage of the President and Council Members of the NCDM to Lunch Countrywide awareness programme.
Finally, most import steps taken by Sri Lankan Government regarding Disaster Management is, application of DRM Act; in May 2005, Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No.13 of 2005 (DM act). This provides the legal basis for a DRM 39
system in the country. This Act considered as milestone in the Sri Lankan Disaster History for long term and sustainable Disaster Management in Sri Lanka.
Fig.4. Institutional Framework for DRM in Sri Lanka Minister in Charge of
Ministers in Charge of
Social Service
Rehabilitation & Reconstruction
Home Affairs
Police
National Council for Disaster Management Chairman: H.E.President Vice Chair: Hon. Prime Minister Leader of Opposition
Health
Science & Technology
Chief Ministers
Opposition MPs
Finance Land Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Foreign Affairs
Water Supply
Housing
Ministry of Disaster Management Coast Conservation
Highways
Irrigation Urban Development
Power
Education
Defense Environment
Disaster Management Center
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FIG.5: Coordination Mechanism for Stakeholders in DRM Department of Metrology Geological Survey & Mines bureau National Building Research Organization
National Council for Disaster Management
National Science Foundation
Ministry of Disaster Management
Coast Conservation Department National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency Colombo Municipal Council & Fire Brigade
Disaster Management Center
Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lnaka Irrigation Department National Water supply and Drainage Board Atomic Energy Authority Central Environmental Authority
Personal Council
District Sectaries
District NGOs & CBOs
Line Depts.
Divisional Secretary Ceylon Electricity Board
Local Authorities Grama Niladaries
Department of Social Science Villages Marine Pollution &Prevention Authority Medical Research Institute Department of Agriculture Department of Health Road Development Authority National Institute of Education Urban Development Authority Sri Lanka Telecom
Reconstruction & Development Agency
Disaster Relief Service Unit
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CHAPTER FIVE WAY FORWARD FROM DISASTER TO DEVELOPMENT 5.1 Recommendation for DRM: More than one year after the Tsunami, and despite some setbacks and difficulties, Sri Lanka has made tremendous development in tsunami reconstruction and recovery process. Althouth there is great response from all sectors (local communities and Government) of Sri Lanka for the relief and rescue operation of tsunami affected people without any discrimination of religion or caste or race- really remarkable. The enomerity of the event created immense international goodwill stimulated a large pledging of external assistance, and even signified hope for the revival of the peace process. Now the tsunami reconstruction process entered into second phase (Recovery & development).Still there are shortcomings like improper coordination and mismanagements, which is lesion for future preparedness to disaster management. As per the research/study and discussion with the local community; I got impression that there is a great degradation of environment and costal ecosystem after occurrence any Disaster. It is clear that further coordination and cooperation on environmental matters depends on the global community's ability to set an environmental agenda for disaster management, and in particular, to pay attention to the environmental conditions that lead to disasters, and to natural resource management for disaster prevention and reduction. There is a clear need to reinforce the importance of environmental concerns in the entire disaster management cycle of prevention, preparedness, assessment, mitigation and response and to integrate environmental concerns into planning for relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development. This will also require the enhancement of capacities to undertake short and medium-term activities in disaster management based on long-term environmental considerations. For effective interventions in disasters like 2004-Tsunami, it is important to recognize some critical aspects for disaster mitigation and management to be effective and lead to community development. Certain definitions of the roles of the actors – NGOs and INGOs, State and local government, Donors, and all actors civil society and local community, are required for effective recovery process. Towards this goal I have deliberated and put forth the following recommendations and best practices in disaster management, leading to sustainable development of affected communities, based on the my study and observation during Tsunami assignments with CTF, Sri Lanka.
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5.2 Specific Recommendations for NGOs/INGOs and Donor agencies for best practices in Disaster Management leading to sustainable development and affected communities: 5.2.1
For NGOs / INGOs
It has become apparent that there is little or no coordination and cooperation between NGOs during disaster relief and recovery operations with resultant excesses, duplication, and wastage of material, activities and resources, and consequent damage to the social fabric of the communities involved. It is therefore recommend that; 1. A Forum of NGOs working in Disaster Management should be created to avoid such duplication, and wastage of material, activities and resources. 2. Such a Forum must, of necessity, be outside Governments of State or UN organizations that are mandated to work only with governments of State, in order to avoid getting bogged down in bureaucratic tangles, but must at the same time ensure co-ordination with Governments of State and UN organizations, and comply with Government policies and procedures wherever possible to ensure effective disaster response delivery. 3. The forum should aim to: a) Help members to plan, implement, monitor, evaluate and follow-up all activities in Disaster Management. (District/ State/ National). b) Promote communication and transparency between its members for effective coordination and cooperation. c) promote the following guiding principles in all programs by its members: i. Equity ii. Subsidiarity iii. Community consultation iv. Vulnerability reduction v. Analysis of individual interventions vi. Debt relief d) Identify and help to develop NGOs already working in the area of disaster management, with long term plans, and equip them with skills, capacities and knowledge adhering to international standards and best practices. e) Develop guidelines/ bench marks/ standard procedures for NGO functionaries. f) Ensure sharing of information including results of evaluations. g) Promote joint assessment at all levels. h) Help disseminate training on sphere standards for all stakeholders. i) Develop a database of NGO activity in disaster management for dissemination of information among its members. j) Ensure that all members’ organizations adhere to National procedures and codes in their project actives.
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4. The Forum must ensure co-ordination among all member stakeholders and the government, using the existing networks, and media as an effective means of dialogue and descimination of information on a regular basis. 5. The focus of NGO/INGO preparation and interventions should be to coordinate and utilize available resources in order to promote capacity building and sustainable development at the community level. 5.2.2 For Governments of State: The onus is on Governments of state to ensure proper and effective disaster management and disaster preparedness to benefits the citizens. It had become apparent that there are lacunae in disaster management policies, and also in the effective implementation of policies and procedures by governments of state and local governments. We therefore recommend that Governments must: 1) Integrate and promote social justice and equity in village / community developmental plans to prevent discrimination during relief and rehabilitation. 2) Sensitize all staff must be sensitized at the district / block levels. 3) Include resource planning in policies for the vulnerable districts, with specific focus on coping mechanisms. 4) Insist on the minimum standards (ISO or others) in relief and developmental work. 5) Review policies frequently and ensure their efficient implementation at the ground level. 6) Ensure that their interventions are free from prejudice 7) Utilize the knowledge and expertise of NGOs with experience in effective disaster management, in making policies for disaster management. 8) Evolve contingency plans for different disasters. 9) Form a National Coordinating Body for coordinating all relief and development work. 10) Build plans to strengthen the community in all disaster planning and intervention. 5.2.3
For Donors:
It has become apparent that inflexible and insensitive policies of donor organizations are reflected by project proposals by implementing partners that result in the creation of dependant communities that have little or no chance for sustainable development. We therefore recommend that Donor organizations must 1) Incorporate flexibility in their policies to permit implementing agencies, to make course corrections in project activities based on need assessment, in order to ensure that disaster response or disaster preparedness projects by implementing agencies do not cause social damage and fit better in to sustainable community development.
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2) Permit flexibility in utilization of funds by implementing agencies in order to avoid duplication of relief material or recovery activities already undertaken by other agencies in the area. 3) Ascertain credibility of the implementing agencies before approving proposals, in order for proper utilization of funds. 4) Ensure that Relief and Rehabilitation packages are in proportion to the damage caused. 5) Ensure that livelihood and permanent shelters are given priority 6) Encourage long-term sustainable development projects by implementing agencies and avoid focusing only on the immediate aftermath of the disaster, giving preference to comprehensive recovery plans over sector specific plans. 7) Understand and be sensitive to cultural values and human rights perspectives and democratic processes, in all disaster management activities and planning. 5.2.4
Common for All:
It has become apparent that all players whether Governments of State, Local governments, international NGOs (including UN organizations), and NGOs (including implementing agencies) have demonstrated shortsightedness in implementing disaster relief and recovery programs. We therefore recommend that the following be taken into consideration by all while planning and implementing programs for disaster relief and recovery: 1) Emphasis in disaster recovery should be on capacity building, including development of Human Resources. 2) When developing human resources the first preference must be from the community. 3) Quality assurance systems must be put in place to ensure sphere standards. 4) A centralized database management system should be put into place for the benefit of all. 5) Accountability and transparency must be ensured at all levels. 6) There must be regular self-assessment and course correction. 7) Disaster management project should aim at sustainable development. 8) While addressing present disasters, we must prepare the community for the future disasters. 9) Disaster management projects must take into account not only the directly affected communities, but also the indirectly affected communities 10) Project policies and plans must be flexible enough to adapt to the needs of 11) The affected community. 12) Sharing, openness and joint learning for mutual international development of skills and resources available in disaster management must be acknowledged and implemented as a joint responsibility by all in disaster management activities. 13) Last, but not the least, in order for all the above to be implemented effectively, there is a need for cooperation among INGOs and NGOs, an inclusive decisionmaking process at all levels, and freedom from ethno-political issues when it comes to disaster management.
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5.3 Conclusion and future Strategy for DRM: In conclusion, Government Organizations, Non Government Organizations, civil society and international community should work together to meet the need of the suffering people and working towards sustainable Environmental Development. Tsunami is one of the greatest tragedies in the earth, which human being ever faced and Sri Lanka is one of the worst affected countries as well. There should be great need of cooperation and coordination between the government and NGOs and affected community for bring back the normalcy. The assistance should be reach to the people timely and it should be manage properly. Tsunami brings lots of Destruction and opportunity as well, Destruction in terms of damage in infrastructure and environmental system and opportunity in terms of development as lot of funds comes to the area and opportunity for preparedness for future disaster management and march forward towards prosperity. The whole range of Disaster scenario can be divided in to three phases, (i) devastation, (ii) reconstruction and development. As I studied and discussed with the various communities and affected people NGOS and Government has done some tremendous work mainly restoring the water and sanitation in the affected areas of Sri Lankan pensunsula. There is great need from the all parts of the community, Nongovernmental Organizations, INGOs, donor agencies and government organizations to coordinate, cooperation for effective management the disaster related issues in the area. Government also already started some short of long term planning as they prepared “Towards a safer Sri Lanka Road map for Disaster Risk Management”, which can be milestone for developing long term multi hazard disaster preparedness/management system in Sri Lanka. There is also great need of assistance from Government and International Community to College and university researcher, scientests and student to study and research various aspect disasters, Environmental impacts like climate change and best practices with different Asian countries and develop disaster management models and strategy as well for future preparedness. Finaly, Long term disaster planning brings sustainable Development in the Asian Region, particularly for the vulnerable disaster prone countries like Sri Lanka.
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References: 1. Minister of Disaster Management Report, Towards a Safer Sri LankaRoad Map for Disaster Risk Management, 2006. 2. Community-Based Disaster Risk Management for Local Authorities, (PDRSEA-3), ADPC, Bangkok, Thailand, 2006. 3. Academy for Disaster Management, Education Planning & Training, (ADOPT), Report and recommendation for DRM.(http://adeptasia.org ) 4. Joint Report of the Government of Sri Lanka and Developmental Parteners, December-2005, Post Tsunami, Recoverry and Reconstruction 5. Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: A practical guide. WHO, 2002. 6. Disaster Help, US Department of Homeland Security. 7. Green Paper on Disaster Management, Department of Provincial and Local Government, South Africa 8. Mohanty Ashutosh, NCAR Report-2005, Super Cyclone-99: With Special Reference to Early Warning System, www.sc99ews.com 9. Introduction to Disaster Management: Disaster Mitigation and Management http://www.gdrc.org/uem/disasters/1-introduction.html, Date 4 May 2006 10. “EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium” http://www.cred.be./ emdat/ intro.htm http://www.cred.be./ 11. Building Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia: A Way Forward ADPC Looks Ahead To 2015-www.adpc.net 12. Reducing the Risk of Disasters –Helping to Achieve Sustainable Poverty Reduction in a Vulnerable World: A DFID policy paper: Website: www.dfid.gov.uk
13. Disaster Preparedness and Prevention (DPP): State of play and strategic orientations for EC policy
14. IUCN – The World Conservation Union 15. UNDP, Sri Lanka Report on People consultation on Post Tsunami Relief, Reconstruction and rehabilitation in Sri Lanka, July-September 2005 16. National Rapid Environmental Assessment - Sri Lanka 17. UNICEF on February 11, 2005.
18. CRS Report, 2005, USAID 19. Observation and study during my field visit to Ampara, Galle and Trincomalee- 2005/ 06. 20. CBDRM, SEA- Work Shop-8-10, Banngkok, Thailand 21. Lessons Learned From Tsunami Relief, Geneva Global, http://www.genevaglobal.com/tsunami_relief
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Two days Capacity Building cum Experience sharing Workshop Based on Disaster Manual-2006 Community Trust Fund, Sri Lanka (1st –2nd , August-2006)
Session/Time Session .1.
Subject /Topic Day-One :01/08/2006 Community Based Disaster Management,(CBDRM)
8.00 onwards
Registration of Participants and Introduction
09-10.00
Opening Session: # Welcoming remarks by Mr.P.Razeek, Chief Trustee, CTF # Welcoming remarks by Mr.Ashutosh Mohanty, Documentation officer, FA/FK, Tsunami Programme
10.00-11.30
Concept of CBDRM and Relevance of CBDRM to Asian Region, Mr.P.Razeek,CTF,Sri Lanka
11.30-12.00
Tea Break
12.00-13.15
Application CBDRM in Sri Lanka, Ways and Means: Mr.Ashutosh Mohanty ,MSC,LLB,PhD.
13.15-14.30
Lunch
Session.2. 14.30-15.30
CBDRM-Model Presentation by NGOs (RDF, Sri Lanka)
15.30-16.00
Tea Break
16.00-17-00
Open Discussion
17-18.00
Lesson Learned and feed Back
Session.1
Day Two:02/08/2006 Multi Hazards Early Warning System
9.00-10.30
Multi Hazards Early Warning System-Concept note with Global Prospective: Mr. Ashutosh Mohanty, MSc., LLB, PhD cond (Documentation Officer Tsunami Project, FA/FK)
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10.30-11.00 Session/Time
Tea Break Subject/Topic
11.00-12.30
Multi Hazard Early Warning System –Sri Lankan Experience –(Need for Policy level Change)-Ashutosh Mohanty, FA/FK, Tsinami programme
12.30-13.45
Lunch Break
Session.2. 13.45-14.30
New Government Policy on Disaster Reduction and Management –(CBDRM/Multi Hazard EWS System) by GA, Puttalum (with reference to DRM Act-No.13, 2005)
14.30-15.00
Tea Break
15.00-16.00
CTF initiatives, towards Disaster Management and future plans and policy toward Disaster Management: Mr.P.Razeek
16.00-16.45
Open Discussion and Lesson Learned /Feed back
16.45 Onwards
Concluding remarks on “Disaster to Development” by -Mr.Musthafa Nihmath,(Head of CTF,Sri Lanka)
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Number of Participants: 42 (GOs, NGOs and Affected communities) Objective of the Workshop: At the End of the Workshop, Participant should able to: • Discuss the Concept of Natural Dishazards, vulnerabilities, Kinds & nature of Disaster in Sri Lanka and Capabilities at the Local Level. • Know the Warning system and with the information and communication system, well prepared for the future disaster reduction and management. • Describe the Administrative, political, social and economic structure of the area for effective DRM. • Explain the rational and process of community based Disaster Management. • Define the Key terms and concepts like hazards, Vulnerability, Capacity, risk, disaster, Disaster risk reduction, Early warning system, Disaster preparedness and Management etc. • Discuss the Disaster Risk Management system and Early warning system within the country and its effectiveness. • Potential Risk and Risk prone areas and ways to adopting the upcoming disaster. • Identifying the existing warning mechanism within the community. • Assess the need of the disaster affected people and during hazard situation. • Know the Sri Lankan New DRM Act No.13-2005 and its structure and function. • Disaster prevention and migration plan and Policy necessity of community level approach in Sri Lanka.
Learning from the CTF-Workshop for effective Disaster Recovery and Management (DRM), Sri Lanka: A. Community Based Disaster Management (CBDRM), Learning Objectives; At the end of the session, the participants should be able to: • Enlist major disasters that occurred in his districts, municipality, Grama Niladaries community over the last 10 years; • Describe the impact of such Disasters upon life, livelihoods, economy and environment in Locality; • Define the most vulnerable social groups in the local areas, and describe the region for their vulnerability; • Discuss the Local resources and capabilities to cope with and recover from the disasters; • Enumerate challenges faced and lessons learnet by the different stake holders.
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Key Concepts • •
•
•
A local area might be exposed to a number of disaster risk. It will be necessary to understand the nature ,and impact of these disasters in order to better prepare for future; A range of social groups may exist in a district, municipality, village or community. The vulnerability of different groups may differ from each other. It is important for local authorities to understand the reasons for vulnerability of different groups; The communities, local authorities and civil society groups may have multiple resources and capacities to deal with disasters; e.g. indigenous knowledge, policies, disaster reduction programs, technical institutions (know how), machinery & equipments and social networks; Local authorities must identify the challenges faced and lesion learned from the past experiences of responding to disaster;
B. Multi Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS), Learning Objectives; At the end of the session, the participants should be able to know: • • • • • •
• •
Kind and necessity of Warning system for Sri Lanka. Warning trough Communication (Telephone, Radio, TV, News paper, Loud Speaker etc). The most natural hazards and disaster prone areas of Sri Lanka. Global multi hazard warning system and lesson from the warning system. Early warning Center and Community Based Warning System Wide spectrum of Multi –hazard Early Waning System; 1. Metrological observation and forecasting 2. Flood monitoring and forecasting 3. Landslide prediction and Early Warning 4. Drought Monitoring and foresting 5. Cyclone/Tornado / Hurricane Tracking, Storm Surge 6. Seismic Monitoring 7. Tsunami Warning System (Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning Center) 8. Early Warning System for Major Dams 9. Oceanographic Monitoring System 10. Nuclear/Radiological Monitoring Early Warning Training Public and vulnerable community Application/inclusion of Early warning System study curriculum/ awareness/ mukdrill (e.g. Earth quake etc).
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Key Concept: •
Lesson sharing among the Participants and develop knowledge on Multi Hazard Warning System and necessity for Sri Lanka. • Developing Interest among the Participant to set up warning center in the must hazard prone areas from their working areas. • Develop interest for starting research and training module in their respective Organizations. • Provide basic knowledge and information and identifying the existing/prevailing indigenous warning system within their communities. • Providing information and sharing lessons from the different Organization on Early Warning System within the country • Giving information and potential funding agencies and prevails institution for developing Warning system and making collaboration for future research and effective Disaster reduction and preparedness and management within their working periphery.
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