ABSTRACT. Mosleh N, Shomali T, Hamedi S., The effects of green tea powder on performance parameters, D-xylose absorption and jejunum (histology) in.
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Online Journal of Veterinary Research © Volume 15 (2): 147-154, 2011
Effects of green tea on performance, feed conversion and jejunum (histology) in broilers Mosleh N1, Shomali T2,*, Hamedi S3 1DVM,
PhD. Division(s) of Avian Medicine, 2DVM, PhD, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University and 3DVM, PhD. Department of Basic sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University- Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Mosleh N, Shomali T, Hamedi S., The effects of green tea powder on performance parameters, D-xylose absorption and jejunum (histology) in broilers, Online J Vet Res., 15 (2): 147-154, 2011. Effects of green tea powder on performance parameters, D-xylose absorption and jejunal histological parameters of thirty 21-day old broiler chickens of both sexes were investigated. Birds in untreated controls gained significantly higher body weight than birds treated with green tea powder. No significant differences were observed in plasma D-xylose concentrations in any groups. Green tea consumption did not affect jejunum villus width, height/crypt depth ratio or epithelial cell area. However, villus height, area and crypt depth increased in treated birds. In conclusion, 1% green tea in diet appears to be able to lower body weight and increase FCR in broiler chickens at no apparent detriment to jejunal mucosa. Key words: Green Tea; Performance Parameters; Jejunal Histomorphometry; Broiler Chickens
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INTRODUCTION Green tea is the non oxidized and unfermented product from leaves of the ever green plant Camellia sinensis. Green tea is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds known as flavonoids. The predominant flavonoids in green tea are catechins Maron et al. (2003) and Jang et al. (2007). These components are known to have diverse beneficial effects such as antimutagenic Krul et al. (2001), antioxidant Henning et al. (2004), anticancer Sommer et al. (2010) and antiosteoporotic Shen et al. (2009) properties as well as antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral and antifungal effects Friedman (2007) in vivo or in vitro. Recently, beneficial effects of green tea or green tea catechins have also been demonstrated in avian species, for instance epigallocatechin gallate supplementation has improved antioxidant status in heat-stressed quails Tuzcu et al. (2008). Moreover, positive effects of green tea has been shown in poultry diseases such as avian influenza Song et al. (2007), Deryabin et al. (2008) and coccidiosis Jang et al. (2007). Although Jang et al. (2007) observed that dietary supplementation with 0.5% and 2% green tea powder for 2 weeks, does not significantly affect body weight gain in broiler chickens; however possible effect of higher doses or longer period of administration on performance parameters has not been clarified yet. On the other hand, there are no reports in the literature, regarding the effect of green tea on histological parameters of the intestinal tract of broiler chickens. Such data would extend the understanding of the effects of green tea on nutrient absorption capability of small intestine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of green tea as 1% and 4% of the diet of broiler chickens for 4 weeks, on performance parameters and to clarify whether these effects are accompanied with an adverse influence on jejunal histological parameters and absorption of D-xylose from the intestine. MATERIALS and METHODS Rearing of birds and experimental design Thirty 1-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acres) of both sexes, were kept in a floor pen at poultry station of School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran and randomly allocated into three equal groups (10 birds each), with a similar sex distribution among groups. All birds had free access to tap water and standard feed (table 1) and constant light was provided during the experiment. On day 21, chickens were moved into individual cages with 10 replicates for each group and fed for four weeks as follows: Group 1 (Control): standard diet; Group 2: standard diet supplemented with 1% green tea powder and Group 3: standard diet supplemented with 4% green tea powder. Green tea powder was prepared by coarsely grinding of dried green tea leaves purchased from an authentic local medicinal plant store, Shiraz, Iran.
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All birds were weighed individually and feed consumption was recorded in the course of the experiment for each treatment and FCR was calculated subsequently. The experimental procedure was in accordance with the institutional ethical guidelines of School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University for using animals in scientific experiments.
Table 1. Composition of the standard diet. Starter
Grower
Finisher
63.8 0 30.6 2.5 1 1.3 0 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.1 0
65.4 0 24.4 5 0.8 1 2.5 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.05
60 8 21.9 4 0.8 1 3.5 0.2 0.25 0.25 0.1 0
2912
3128
3209
20.7 2.9 0.93 0.45 0.45 1.1
19.65 5.7 0.90 0.45 0.51 1.1
18.2 6.5 0.84 0.42 0.43 0.97
0.8
0.84
0.73
Ingredients (%) Corn Wheat Soy bean meal 44 Fish meal Oyster Dicalcium phosphate Sun flower oil Sodium chloride Vitamin premixa Mineral premixb DL-Methionine L-Lysine Calculated nutrient composition Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) Crude protein (%) Fat (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Methionine (%) Lysine (%) Methionine+Cysteine (%)
The vitamin supplied per 2.5 kg premix: Vitamin A: 9500000 IU; Vitamin D3: 2000000 IU; Vitamin E: 18000 IU; Vitamin K3: 2000 mg; Vitamin B6: 3000 mg; Vitamin B9 1000 mg; Vitamin B12: 15 mg; Vitamin B1: 1800 mg; Biotin: 100 mg; Vitamin B2: 6600 mg; Vitamin B3: 10000 mg; Vitamin B5: 30000 mg; Cholin Chloride: 250000 mg. b The mineral supplied per 2.5 kg premix : Mn: 100000 mg; I: 1000 mg; Fe: 50000 mg; Se: 200 mg; Zn: 100000 mg; Cholin Chloride: 250000 mg; Cu: 10000 mg. a
Performing D-xylose absorption test On day 50, D-xylose absorption test was performed on all birds. D-xylose solution was prepared by dissolving D-xylose powder (Merck KGaA., 64271 Darmstadt, Germany) in deionized water (500 mg/ml). D-xylose absorption test was carried out by the method of Eberts et al. (1979), modified by Goodwin et al. (1984). Briefly, food and water were removed from each group of birds 12 h prior to the first sampling of blood. Birds were given D149
xylose solution at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, via oral gavages. One blood sample prior to, and 3 others after the oral administration of test material, were collected on 45 min basis for 135 min. The absorbance of all samples and standard solutions were measured, using a spectrophotometer, set at 554 nm. The standard solution of 0 mg/dl D-xylose and the plasma samples, obtained before D-xylose administration, were considered as blanks. Determination of histomorphometrical parameters of jejunum All birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after blood collection and 2cm segments from the middle part of jejunum were excised (part of the small intestine from pancreatic and bile ducts to Meckel's diverticulum was considered as jejunum). All segments were fixed in 4% Paraformaldehyde solution, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Transverse 5-µm sections were cut and stained with hematoxilin and eosin to be examined by light microscope. Histomorphometrical parameters measured in each section were as follows: villus height (from villus tip to the base), villus width (the width of the middle part of the villus), villus area (by assuming each villus a trapezoid and using villus apical width, basal width, and height), crypt depth (depth of the invagination between adjacent villi), villus height/crypt depth ratio and villus epithelial cell area (The number of nuclei fitted in a rectangle with known dimensions which was positioned in the middle part of a villus, were counted and the area of the rectangle was divided by this number). It should be mentioned that the criterion for villus selection was based on the presence of intact lamina propria. Three stained sections were prepared from each animal and eight calculations were made for each of the above parameters in every section. All parameters were measured by using a digital camera connected to the personal computer provided with Zeiss AxioVision software. Statistical analysis All data presented as mean±SE. Data analysis was carried out by using oneway ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test as the post hoc (SPSS 11.5 for windows software). Differences were considered significant at p
