Detailed Table of Contents (838.0K) - McGraw-Hill

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vii. Preface xvii. Content Changes xxiii. Before You Begin: Study Skills for Success xxv part one. Introduction and Foundations chapter one. Introduction to ...
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Contents

Preface

Basic and Applied Areas in Modern Psychology  16

xvii

Content Changes

Basic Areas of Modern Psychology  17 Applied Areas of Modern Psychology  17 Relationship between Psychology and Psychiatry  18

xxiii

Before You Begin: Study Skills for Success

xxv

What We Know about Human Behavior: Some Starting Places  19

part one Introduction and Foundations chapter one Introduction to Psychology

SUMMARY

21

VISUAL REVIEW OF HISTORICAL TIME LINE

1

Psyche 1 Science 5 Psychology  1 Definition of Psychology  2 Goals of Psychology  3 Founding the Science of Psychology  4 Nature of Conscious Experience  5 Wundt, Titchener, and Structuralism  5 J. Henry Alston  5 Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Psychology  6 Functions of the Conscious Mind  6

23

chapter two Research Methods in Psychology 24 Prologue  24 Basic Concepts of Research  25 Empirical Evidence and Operational Definitions  25 Theories and Hypotheses  26 Representativeness of Samples  26 Importance of Replication in Research  27 Research Methods  27 Descriptive Studies  27

William James and Functionalism  6 Studies of Memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus and Mary Whiton Calkins  7 Cognitive Psychology  8 Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory  8

Survey Method  27 Naturalistic Observation  28 Clinical Method  29 Correlational Studies  29 Formal Experiments  32

Ivan Pavlov  8 John B. Watson and Margaret Floy Washburn  9 Social Learning Theory  9 Nature of the “Unconscious Mind”  9

Elements and Logic of Formal Experiments  33 Placebo Control in Formal Experiments  35 Blind Formal Experiments  35 Describing and Interpreting Data  36

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  9 Humanistic Psychology and the Unconscious Mind  10 Psychometrics: Alfred Binet  10 Neuroscience Perspective  10 Contemporary Perspectives and Specialty Areas in Psychology  13

Descriptive Statistics  36 Descriptive Statistics in Everyday Life  37 Reaching Conclusions from Data  38 Ethical Principles of Research  40 Ethics of Research with Human Participants  40 Ethics of Research with Nonhuman Animals  41

Sociocultural Perspective  13 Cultural Relativity  14 Sociocultural Factors in the History of Psychology  15

APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 44 SUMMARY

45 vii

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APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 82 SUMMARY

86

VISUAL REVIEW OF BRAIN STRUCTURES

chapter three Biological Foundations of Behavior 47 Prologue  47 Nervous System: Biological Control Center  48 Neurons: Primary Units of the Nervous System  49 Parts of Neurons  49 Neural Transmission  50 Myelin Sheath and Neural Transmission  51 Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission  52 Glial Cells  52 Divisions of the Nervous System  56

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chapter four Interplay of Nature and Nurture 90 Prologue  90 Nature: Genetic Influences on Behavior  91 Do Genes Influence Our Behavior and Mental Processes?  91 Genetic Studies of Nonhuman Animal Behavior  91

Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System  57

Genetic Studies of Human Behavior  92

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System  58

Studies of Twins  93 Studies of Adopted Children  94 Molecular Genetic Mechanisms of Inheritance  94

Structures and Functions of the Brain  61 Hindbrain and Midbrain: Housekeeping Chores and Reflexes  61 Forebrain: Cognition, Motivation, Emotion, and Action  62 Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Limbic System  62 Cerebral Cortex: Sensory, Cognitive, and Motor Functions  64 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex  64 1. Frontal Lobes  64 2. Parietal Lobes  67 3. Temporal Lobes  67 4. Occipital Lobes  68 Images of the Brain at Work  69 Functions of the Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex  70 Functions of the Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres  70 Split Brains  70 Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex and Emotion  71 Plasticity of the Cortex  73 The Brain Is a Developing System  74 Developmental Changes in White and Gray Matter  74 Neurogenesis  75 The Brain Is an Interacting System  75 Endocrine System: Chemical Messengers of the Body  77 Pituitary Gland  77 Adrenal Glands  77 Islets of Langerhans  79 Gonads  79 Thyroid Gland  80 Parathyroid Glands  80 Pineal Gland  80

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Genes, Chromosomes, and DNA  94 Polymorphic Genes  94 Dominant and Recessive Genes  96 Polygenic Traits  96 X and Y Chromosomes and Sex  96 Chromosome Abnormalities  97 Genes and Behavior  97 Nurture: Environmental Influences  98 Physical Environments  99 Social Environments  99 Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity  99 Culture and Parenting  100 Interplay of Nature and Nurture  101 Gene-Environment Correlation  101 Gene-Environment Interaction  102 Sex, Gender, and Human Diversity  104 Gender Identity and Gender Roles  104 Gender Similarities and Gender Differences  105 Gender Differences in Physical Characteristics  105 Gender Differences in Cognitive Ability and Achievement  106 Gender Differences in Emotion and Social Behavior  106 Gender Differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior  107 Origins of Gender Differences  108 Sex Differences in the Brain  108 Genetics and Psychological Theory  111 Darwin, James, and Functionalism  111

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Evolutionary Psychology  111

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Chemical Senses: The Flavors and Aromas of Life  144

Evolutionary Psychology and Gender Differences  112 Critique of Evolutionary Theory  113 Social-Role Theory of Gender Differences  114 Critique of Social-Role Theory  115

Taste  144 Smell  145 Pheromone Detection  145 Perception: Interpreting Sensory Messages  147

APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 117

Visual Perception  147

SUMMARY 117

Perceptual Organization  148 Perceptual Constancy  148 Depth Perception  150 Visual Illusions  153 Color Perception  156 Multisensory Integration  156

part two Awareness

Motivation, Emotion, and Perception  156 SUMMARY

158

VISUAL REVIEW OF THE SENSE ORGANS

chapter five Sensation and Perception

160

120

Prologue  120 Sensation: Receiving Sensory Messages  121 Transduction: Translating Messages for the Brain  122

chapter six States of Consciousness

Sensory Limits: How Strong Must Messages Be?  122

Prologue  162

Stimuli: What Messages Can Be Received?  121

162

Sensory Adaptation  122 Psychophysics  123 Vision: Sensing Light  125

Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness  163

Light: What Is It?  125

The Concept of the Unconscious Mind  164

The Eye: How Does It Work?  126

Divided Consciousness: Being Two Places (Mentally) at the Same Time  164 Sleep and Dreams: Conscious while Asleep  166

Dark and Light Adaptation  127

Stages of Sleep  166

Color Vision  128

Hypnagogic State  166 Stages of Light and Deep Sleep  167 REM Sleep and Dreams  168

Color Blindness  130 Hearing: Sensing Sound Waves  132 Sound: What Is It?  132 The Ear: How Does It Work?  133 Outer Ear  133 Middle Ear  133 Inner Ear  134 Body Senses  137

Autonomic Storms  169 Time Spent Dreaming  169 Non-REM Sleep and Dreams  169 Circadian Rhythms  170 Sleep Deprivation, the Need for Sleep, and Health  171

Orientation and Movement  137

Dreams  173

Vestibular Organ  137 Kinesthetic Sense  138 Skin Senses  138

The Nature of Dreams  173 Sweet Dreams: The Emotional Content of Dreams  173 Creative and Bizarre Aspects of Dreams  174 Meaning of Dreams  174

Pressure and Sensitivity  139 Temperature  139 Pain  139 Pain Gates  140 Phantom Limbs  142

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Day Residue  174 Dream Interpretation  174 Nightmares and Other Sleep Phenomena  175 Sleep Disorders  175

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Altered States of Consciousness  177

Negative Reinforcement  207

Meditation  178

Punishment  209

Mindfulness  178

Dangers of Punishment  209 Guidelines for the Use of Punishment  210 Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning  211

Hypnosis  179 Mesmer and Mesmerism  179 Depersonalization  180

Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization  212 Extinction: Learning When to Quit  214

Drugs and Altered Consciousness  181 Drug Use: Basic Considerations  183

Removing the Source of Learning  215

Psychotropic Drugs  183

Spontaneous Recovery and Disinhibition  215 Theoretical Interpretations of Learning  217

Stimulants  183 Depressants  184 Sedatives and Tranquilizers  184 Narcotics  184 Inhalants  185 Hallucinogens  185 Marijuana  185 Designer Drugs  186 Drug Abuse and Dependence  186

Cognition or Connection?  218 Place Learning  218 Latent Learning  218 Insight Learning and Learning Sets  219 Modeling: Learning by Watching Others  221 Biological Factors in Learning  223 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 226

Drug Abuse  186 Drug Dependence  186 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY

SUMMARY

226

189

SUMMARY 191

part three Learning and Cognition

chapter eight Memory 228 Prologue  228 Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View  230 Sensory Register  230 Short-Term Memory  231

chapter seven Basic Principles of Learning

193

Prologue  193 Definition of Learning  194 Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association  195 Association: The Key Element in Classical Conditioning  196 Terminology of Classical Conditioning  197 Definition of Classical Conditioning  198 Importance of Classical Conditioning  201 Operant Conditioning: Learning from the Consequences of Your Behavior  203 Positive Reinforcement  204 Primary and Secondary Reinforcement  205 Schedules of Positive Reinforcement  205 Shaping  206

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Rehearsal in Short-Term Memory: Overcoming STM’s Limited Life Span  231 Chunking in Short-Term Memory: Overcoming STM’s Limited Capacity  232 Long-Term Memory  234 Types of Long-Term Memory: Procedural, Episodic, and Semantic  234 Organization in Long-Term Memory  236 Retrieval of Long-Term Memories  237 Serial Learning  239 Levels of Processing: An Alternative to the Stage Model  240 Deep Processing and Survival Value  240 Elaboration and Deep Processing  241 Forgetting and Why It Occurs  243 Decay Theory  243 Interference Theory  244 Reconstruction (Schema) Theory  245 Motivated Forgetting  248

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Biological Basis of Memory  251

xi

Synaptic Theories of Memory: Search for the Engram  251

Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence  285 Measuring Intelligence: The IQ Test  286

Consolidation  252 DNA and Memory  252 Stages of Memory and the Brain  252

Construction of Intelligence Tests  286 Characteristics of Good Intelligence Tests  288 Tacit Intelligence  289

Amnesia: Disorders of Memory  254

Individual Differences in Intelligence: Contributing Factors  290

Retrograde Amnesia  254 Anterograde Amnesia  254 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 257 SUMMARY 261

The Importance of Intelligence in Modern Society  291 Are People Becoming More Intelligent?  292 Race-Ethnic Differences in Intelligence and Achievement: The Narrowing Gap  294 The Bell Curve: Policy Implications of Differences in Intelligence  295 Extremes in Intelligence: Mental Retardation and Giftedness  296

chapter nine Cognition, Language, and Intelligence 263 Prologue  263 Definition of Cognition  265 Concepts: The Basic Units of Thinking  265 Simple and Complex Concepts  266

APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 299 SUMMARY 301

part four Developmental Psychology

Natural Concepts  266 Natural Concepts Are Basic  266 Natural Concepts Are Good Prototypes  268 Thinking and Problem Solving: Using Information to Reach Goals  269 Formulating the Problem  270 Understanding and Organizing the Elements of the Problem  271

chapter ten Developmental Psychology

Generating and Evaluating Alternative Solutions  271

Prologue  303

Emotional Factors in Decision Making  272

Basic Processes of Development  304

Creative Problem Solving: Convergent and Divergent Thinking  273 Language: Symbolic Communication  277 Semantics: The Meaning of What Is Said  277 Generative Property of Language: Elements and Rules  277 Phonemes  278 Morphemes  278 Syntax  278 Language and Thought: The Whorfian Hypothesis  279 Animal Languages: Can We Talk to the Animals?  280 Intelligence: The Sum Total of Cognition  282 Differing Views of Intelligence  283 Intelligence: General or Specific Abilities?  283 The Biological Basis of General Intelligence  284 Cognitive Components of Intelligent Behavior  284

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Nature and Nurture  305 Maturation  305 Early Experience and Critical Periods  306 Imprinting  306 Early Social Deprivation  307 Stage Theories of Development  310 Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development  311 Stage Theories of Moral Development  311 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development  311 Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development  313 Erikson’s Stage Theory of Personality Development  314 Normal Development across the Life Span  315 Prenatal Development  317 Development in Infancy and Childhood  318

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Neonatal Period: The Newborn  318

Primary Motives: Biological Needs  351

Infancy: 2 Weeks to 2 Years  318 Physical Development  318 Cognitive Development (Sensorimotor Stage)  319 Emotional and Social Development  320 Early Childhood: 2 to 7 Years  322 Cognitive Development (Preoperational Stage)  322 Emotional and Social Development  322 Middle Childhood: 7 to 11 Years  323 Cognitive Development (Concrete Operational Stage)  323 Emotional and Social Development  324 Adolesecent Development  325 Physical Development  325 Cognitive Development (Formal Operational Stage)  326 Emotional and Social Development  328 Adolescent Social Development  328 Adolescent Emotions  328 Adulthood: Young Adulthood through Older Adulthood  330

Homeostasis: Biological Thermostats  352 Hunger: The Regulation of Food Intake  352 Body Weight and the “Set Point”  354 Psychological Factors in Hunger  354 Thirst: The Regulation of Water Intake  355 Biological Regulation of Thirst  355 Psychological Factors in Thirst  356 Psychological Motives  357 Stimulus Motivation: Seeking Novel Stimulation  357 Optimal Arousal Theory  357 Arousal and Performance: The Yerkes-Dodson Law  358 Affiliation Motivation  358 Achievement Motivation  360 Solomon’s Opponent-Process Theory of Acquired Motives  361

Physical Development  330

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation  362

Cognitive Development  330

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives  364

Emotional and Social Development  331

Sexual Motivation and Sexuality  366

Stages of Adult Life  332 Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation (17 to 45 Years)  332 Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 Years)  332 Climacteric  334 Later Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair (65 Years On)  334 Evaluation of Stage Theories of Adulthood  335 Causes of Aging and Predictors of Longevity  336 Death and Dying: The Final “Stage”  337 Variations in Development that Make US Unique  339 Getting There at Different Times  340 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY

Similarity of Sexual Motivation to Other Primary Motives  368 Differences Between Sexual Motivation and Other Primary Motives  369 Hormones and Other Biological Factors in Sexual Behavior  369 Patterns of Sexual Behavior  370 Sexual Orientation  372 Stigmatization, Stress, and Sexual Orientation  373 Origins of Sexual Orientation  374

341

Emotions  375

VISUAL REVIEW OF STAGE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT

Sexual Response Cycle  366

Three Theories of Emotion  377

347

James-Lange Theory  377 Cannon-Bard Theory  378 Cognitive Theory  379 Role of Learning and Culture in Emotions  381

part five The Self

The Pursuit of Happiness  382 Does Money Buy Happiness?  383 Aggression: Emotional and Motivational Aspects  385

chapter eleven Motivation and Emotion

Freud’s Instinct Theory: The Release of Aggressive Energy  386 Frustration-Aggression Theory  386

349

Social Learning Theory  387

Prologue  349

Cognitive Theory of Aggression  387

Definitions of Motivation and Emotion  351

Violent Youth Gangs  388

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APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 390

Objective Personality Tests  420

SUMMARY 391

Evaluation of Personality Tests  420

VISUAL REVIEW OF THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

392

chapter twelve Personality 394

SUMMARY

422

VISUAL REVIEW OF PERSONALITY THEORY

423

part six Health and Adjustment

Prologue  394 Definition of Personality  395 Trait Theory: Describing the Consistencies of Personality  396 Allport’s Trait Theory  396 Five-Factor Model of Personality  397 Importance of Personality Traits  398 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud  401 Freud’s Mind: Three Levels of Consciousness  402 Freud’s Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego  402 Id: The Selfish Beast  403 Ego: The Executive of Personality  403 Superego: The Conscience and Ego Ideal  403 Displacement and Identification: Becoming a Member of Society  404 Growing Up: The Stages of Psychosexual Development  404 Oral Stage (Birth to 1 Year)  405 Anal Stage (1 to 3 Years)  405 Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years)  405 Latency Stage (6 to 11 Years)  406 Genital Stage (11 Years On)  406 Theories Derived from Psychoanalysis  407 Carl Jung  407 Alfred Adler  408 Karen Horney  408 Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura  410 Role of Learning in Personality  410 Role of Cognition in Personality  411 Situationism and Interactionism  412 Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers  414 Inner-Directedness and Subjectivity  414 The Self-Concept  414 Self-Actualization  415 Humanism Compared with Classic Psychoanalysis and Social Learning Theory  416 Personality Assessment: Taking a Measure of the Person  418 Interviews and Observational Methods  419 Projective Personality Tests  419

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chapter thirteen Stress and Health

424

Prologue  424 Stress: Challenges to Coping  425 Sources of Stress  425 Life Events  426 Frustration  428 Conflict  428 Pressure  430 Environmental Conditions  431 General Aspects of Stress Reactions  431 Psychological Reactions to Stress  431 Physical Reactions to Stress and Health  432 The General Adaptation Syndrome  432 Depression, Anxiety, and Health  435 Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress  436 Prior Experience with the Stress  436 Developmental Factors  437 Predictability and Control  437 Social Support  438 Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Cognition and Personality  438 Cognitive Factors in Stress Reactions  439 Personality Characteristics and Stress Reactions  439 Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Gender and Ethnicity  440 Gender Differences in Response to Stress  440 Gender Differences in the Benefits of Marriage  441 Fight-or-Flight and Tend-and-Befriend  441 Ethnic Differences in Stress  442 Coping with Stress  443 Effective Coping  443 Ineffective Coping  444 Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns  447 Learning to Relax  447

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Eating Right, Exercising, and Doing Just What the Doctor Ordered  448 Improved Eating Habits  448 Regular Aerobic Exercise  449 Not Smoking  450 Medical Compliance  450 Become an Advocate for Sustainable Energy  450 Safety Management  452 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY

455

Cognitive Factors in Depression  476 Bipolar Disorder  479 Schizophrenia  480 Causes of Schizophrenia  481 Subtypes of Schizophrenia  481 Paranoid Schizophrenia  481 Disorganized Schizophrenia  482 Catatonic Schizophrenia  482 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder  482 Personality Disorders  483

SUMMARY 456

Schizoid Personality Disorder  484 Antisocial Personality Disorder  484 Other Personality Disorders  485

chapter fourteen Abnormal Behavior

Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders  487 Transvestism and Gender Identity Disorder  487

458

Fetishism  488

Prologue  458

Sexual Sadism and Masochism  488

Definition of Abnormal Behavior  459

Voyeurism and Exhibitionism  489

Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior  460 Supernatural Theories  460 Biological Theories  461 Psychological Theories  462 Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior  462

Forced Sexual Behavior  489 Rape  489 Sexual Abuse of Children  489 Sexual Harassment  490 Sexual Dysfunction and Sexual Health  492

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  462

Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire  492

Public Health Burden of Abnormal Behavior  463

Orgasm Dysfunctions  494

Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal  493

The Problem of Stigma  463 The Concept of Insanity  464

SUMMARY

495

Anxiety Disorders  466 Phobias  466 Generalized and Panic Anxiety Disorders  466 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  468 Stressors That Cause PTSD  468 Terrorism and PTSD  469 Who Develops PTSD?  469 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders  470 Somatoform Disorders  470 Somatization Disorders and Hypochondriasis  471 Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders  471 Dissociative Disorders  472 Depersonalization  472 Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue  472 Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality)  473 Mood Disorders  475 Major Depression  475 Causes of Major Depression  476

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chapter fifteen Therapies 497 Prologue  497 Definition of Psychotherapy  498 Ethical Standards for Psychotherapy  499 Psychoanalysis  500 Techniques of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy  500 Free Association  500 Dream Interpretation  501 Interpretation of Resistance  501 Interpretation of Transference  501 Catharsis  502 Excerpt from Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy  502 Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression  502

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Humanistic Psychotherapy  505

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Attitudes and Persuasion  538

Client-Centered Psychotherapy  505

Origins of Attitudes  538

Excerpt from Client-Centered Psychotherapy  506

Persuasion and Attitude Change  538

Gestalt Psychotherapy  507

Excerpt from Social Skills Training  510

Characteristics of the Speaker  538 Characteristics of the Message  539 Characteristics of the Listeners  540 Techniques of Social Influence  541 Behavior and Attitude Change: Cognitive Dissonance Theory  541

Cognitive Restructuring  512

Prejudice and Stereotypes  543

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy  508 Fear Reduction Methods  509 Behavioral Activation and Social Skills Training  509

Excerpt from Cognitive Restructuring  513 Group and Family Therapy  515 Group Therapy  515 Family Therapy  516

Automatic Prejudice  544 Causes of Stereotypes and Prejudice  544 Combating Prejudice  545 Processes of Person Perception  549 Attribution Processes in Person Perception  549

Medical Therapies  518

Negative Information: The Bad Outweighs the Good  549 Primacy Effects: The Importance of First Impressions  550 Interpersonal Attraction: Friendship and Love  551

Drug Therapy  518 Dietary Therapies  519 Electroconvulsive Therapy  519

“Chemistry” of Love and Social Bonding  552

Transcranial Stimulation  520

Characteristics of the Other Person in Interpersonal Attraction  552

Psychosurgery  520 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 523 SUMMARY 525

Similar and Complementary Characteristics  552 Competence and Our “Ideal Self”  553 Self-Disclosure  553 Physical Attractiveness  553 Characteristics of the Perceiver  555 Personality and Interpersonal Attraction  555 Emotions and Person Perception  555 Gender Differences in Interpersonal Attraction  555 Proximity  556 Mutual Liking  556 Maintaining Relationships  556

part seven Social Context

Expectations Versus Reality in Relationships  556 Equity in Relationships  557

chapter sixteen Social Psychology

SUMMARY

559

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Prologue  526 Definition of Social Psychology  527 Groups and Social Influence  527 Deindividuation  528 Uninvolved Bystanders  528 Working and Solving Problems in Groups  529 Group Problem Solving  530 Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience  532 Conformity  532 Social Roles and Social Norms  533 Obedience: Direct Influence by Authority Figures  534 The Positive Side of Groups  536

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chapter seventeen Psychology Applied to the Environment and to Professions

561

Prologue  561 Applied Fields of Psychology  563 Environmental Psychology and Sustainability  563 Architectural Design of Workspace and Living Units  563

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Sustainability and Environmental Protection  564 Overpopulation  565 Resource Depletion  566 Pollution and Climate Change  566 Psychological Aspects of Sustainability  568 Psychology and Work  571 Employee Selection and Evaluation  571 Interviews  572 Tests of Intelligence  572 Tests of Specific Abilities, Skills, and Job Knowledge  573 Performance Tests  574 Ratings of Job Performance  574 Assessment Centers  575 Evaluation of Organizational Citizenship  575 Validity of Job Selection Measures  576

Psychology and Law  587 Characteristics of Defendants and Plaintiffs  587 Characteristics of Jury Members  588 Psychological Factors in Presenting Evidence  590 Interrogating Criminal Suspects  590 Interrogation Techniques  590 False Confessions  591 Psychology and Education  592 Direct Instruction  592 Mastery Learning and Intelligent Tutoring Systems  593 Motivating Learning in the Classroom  594 Criterion-Referenced Testing  594 Mainstreaming: Education for Persons with Special Needs  595

Fairness in Employee Selection  578 Gender Biases in Employee Selection  578 Race-Ethnic Biases in Employee Selection  578 Job Satisfaction, Happiness, and Productivity  580 Management Strategies to Improve Job Satisfaction, Happiness, and Productivity  580 Management Strategies to Minimize Social Loafing  581 Human Factors Engineering  582

SUMMARY

596

Glossary  G-2 References  R-2 Credits  C-1 Name Index  NI-1 Subject Index  SI-2

Health Psychology in the Workplace  585

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