vii. Preface xvii. Content Changes xxiii. Before You Begin: Study Skills for
Success xxv part one. Introduction and Foundations chapter one. Introduction to ...
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Preface
Basic and Applied Areas in Modern Psychology 16
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Content Changes
Basic Areas of Modern Psychology 17 Applied Areas of Modern Psychology 17 Relationship between Psychology and Psychiatry 18
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Before You Begin: Study Skills for Success
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What We Know about Human Behavior: Some Starting Places 19
part one Introduction and Foundations chapter one Introduction to Psychology
SUMMARY
21
VISUAL REVIEW OF HISTORICAL TIME LINE
1
Psyche 1 Science 5 Psychology 1 Definition of Psychology 2 Goals of Psychology 3 Founding the Science of Psychology 4 Nature of Conscious Experience 5 Wundt, Titchener, and Structuralism 5 J. Henry Alston 5 Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Psychology 6 Functions of the Conscious Mind 6
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chapter two Research Methods in Psychology 24 Prologue 24 Basic Concepts of Research 25 Empirical Evidence and Operational Definitions 25 Theories and Hypotheses 26 Representativeness of Samples 26 Importance of Replication in Research 27 Research Methods 27 Descriptive Studies 27
William James and Functionalism 6 Studies of Memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus and Mary Whiton Calkins 7 Cognitive Psychology 8 Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory 8
Survey Method 27 Naturalistic Observation 28 Clinical Method 29 Correlational Studies 29 Formal Experiments 32
Ivan Pavlov 8 John B. Watson and Margaret Floy Washburn 9 Social Learning Theory 9 Nature of the “Unconscious Mind” 9
Elements and Logic of Formal Experiments 33 Placebo Control in Formal Experiments 35 Blind Formal Experiments 35 Describing and Interpreting Data 36
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis 9 Humanistic Psychology and the Unconscious Mind 10 Psychometrics: Alfred Binet 10 Neuroscience Perspective 10 Contemporary Perspectives and Specialty Areas in Psychology 13
Descriptive Statistics 36 Descriptive Statistics in Everyday Life 37 Reaching Conclusions from Data 38 Ethical Principles of Research 40 Ethics of Research with Human Participants 40 Ethics of Research with Nonhuman Animals 41
Sociocultural Perspective 13 Cultural Relativity 14 Sociocultural Factors in the History of Psychology 15
APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 44 SUMMARY
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APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 82 SUMMARY
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VISUAL REVIEW OF BRAIN STRUCTURES
chapter three Biological Foundations of Behavior 47 Prologue 47 Nervous System: Biological Control Center 48 Neurons: Primary Units of the Nervous System 49 Parts of Neurons 49 Neural Transmission 50 Myelin Sheath and Neural Transmission 51 Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission 52 Glial Cells 52 Divisions of the Nervous System 56
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chapter four Interplay of Nature and Nurture 90 Prologue 90 Nature: Genetic Influences on Behavior 91 Do Genes Influence Our Behavior and Mental Processes? 91 Genetic Studies of Nonhuman Animal Behavior 91
Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System 57
Genetic Studies of Human Behavior 92
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 58
Studies of Twins 93 Studies of Adopted Children 94 Molecular Genetic Mechanisms of Inheritance 94
Structures and Functions of the Brain 61 Hindbrain and Midbrain: Housekeeping Chores and Reflexes 61 Forebrain: Cognition, Motivation, Emotion, and Action 62 Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Limbic System 62 Cerebral Cortex: Sensory, Cognitive, and Motor Functions 64 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 64 1. Frontal Lobes 64 2. Parietal Lobes 67 3. Temporal Lobes 67 4. Occipital Lobes 68 Images of the Brain at Work 69 Functions of the Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex 70 Functions of the Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres 70 Split Brains 70 Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex and Emotion 71 Plasticity of the Cortex 73 The Brain Is a Developing System 74 Developmental Changes in White and Gray Matter 74 Neurogenesis 75 The Brain Is an Interacting System 75 Endocrine System: Chemical Messengers of the Body 77 Pituitary Gland 77 Adrenal Glands 77 Islets of Langerhans 79 Gonads 79 Thyroid Gland 80 Parathyroid Glands 80 Pineal Gland 80
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Genes, Chromosomes, and DNA 94 Polymorphic Genes 94 Dominant and Recessive Genes 96 Polygenic Traits 96 X and Y Chromosomes and Sex 96 Chromosome Abnormalities 97 Genes and Behavior 97 Nurture: Environmental Influences 98 Physical Environments 99 Social Environments 99 Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity 99 Culture and Parenting 100 Interplay of Nature and Nurture 101 Gene-Environment Correlation 101 Gene-Environment Interaction 102 Sex, Gender, and Human Diversity 104 Gender Identity and Gender Roles 104 Gender Similarities and Gender Differences 105 Gender Differences in Physical Characteristics 105 Gender Differences in Cognitive Ability and Achievement 106 Gender Differences in Emotion and Social Behavior 106 Gender Differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior 107 Origins of Gender Differences 108 Sex Differences in the Brain 108 Genetics and Psychological Theory 111 Darwin, James, and Functionalism 111
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Evolutionary Psychology 111
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Chemical Senses: The Flavors and Aromas of Life 144
Evolutionary Psychology and Gender Differences 112 Critique of Evolutionary Theory 113 Social-Role Theory of Gender Differences 114 Critique of Social-Role Theory 115
Taste 144 Smell 145 Pheromone Detection 145 Perception: Interpreting Sensory Messages 147
APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 117
Visual Perception 147
SUMMARY 117
Perceptual Organization 148 Perceptual Constancy 148 Depth Perception 150 Visual Illusions 153 Color Perception 156 Multisensory Integration 156
part two Awareness
Motivation, Emotion, and Perception 156 SUMMARY
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VISUAL REVIEW OF THE SENSE ORGANS
chapter five Sensation and Perception
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Prologue 120 Sensation: Receiving Sensory Messages 121 Transduction: Translating Messages for the Brain 122
chapter six States of Consciousness
Sensory Limits: How Strong Must Messages Be? 122
Prologue 162
Stimuli: What Messages Can Be Received? 121
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Sensory Adaptation 122 Psychophysics 123 Vision: Sensing Light 125
Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness 163
Light: What Is It? 125
The Concept of the Unconscious Mind 164
The Eye: How Does It Work? 126
Divided Consciousness: Being Two Places (Mentally) at the Same Time 164 Sleep and Dreams: Conscious while Asleep 166
Dark and Light Adaptation 127
Stages of Sleep 166
Color Vision 128
Hypnagogic State 166 Stages of Light and Deep Sleep 167 REM Sleep and Dreams 168
Color Blindness 130 Hearing: Sensing Sound Waves 132 Sound: What Is It? 132 The Ear: How Does It Work? 133 Outer Ear 133 Middle Ear 133 Inner Ear 134 Body Senses 137
Autonomic Storms 169 Time Spent Dreaming 169 Non-REM Sleep and Dreams 169 Circadian Rhythms 170 Sleep Deprivation, the Need for Sleep, and Health 171
Orientation and Movement 137
Dreams 173
Vestibular Organ 137 Kinesthetic Sense 138 Skin Senses 138
The Nature of Dreams 173 Sweet Dreams: The Emotional Content of Dreams 173 Creative and Bizarre Aspects of Dreams 174 Meaning of Dreams 174
Pressure and Sensitivity 139 Temperature 139 Pain 139 Pain Gates 140 Phantom Limbs 142
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Day Residue 174 Dream Interpretation 174 Nightmares and Other Sleep Phenomena 175 Sleep Disorders 175
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Altered States of Consciousness 177
Negative Reinforcement 207
Meditation 178
Punishment 209
Mindfulness 178
Dangers of Punishment 209 Guidelines for the Use of Punishment 210 Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning 211
Hypnosis 179 Mesmer and Mesmerism 179 Depersonalization 180
Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization 212 Extinction: Learning When to Quit 214
Drugs and Altered Consciousness 181 Drug Use: Basic Considerations 183
Removing the Source of Learning 215
Psychotropic Drugs 183
Spontaneous Recovery and Disinhibition 215 Theoretical Interpretations of Learning 217
Stimulants 183 Depressants 184 Sedatives and Tranquilizers 184 Narcotics 184 Inhalants 185 Hallucinogens 185 Marijuana 185 Designer Drugs 186 Drug Abuse and Dependence 186
Cognition or Connection? 218 Place Learning 218 Latent Learning 218 Insight Learning and Learning Sets 219 Modeling: Learning by Watching Others 221 Biological Factors in Learning 223 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 226
Drug Abuse 186 Drug Dependence 186 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY 191
part three Learning and Cognition
chapter eight Memory 228 Prologue 228 Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View 230 Sensory Register 230 Short-Term Memory 231
chapter seven Basic Principles of Learning
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Prologue 193 Definition of Learning 194 Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association 195 Association: The Key Element in Classical Conditioning 196 Terminology of Classical Conditioning 197 Definition of Classical Conditioning 198 Importance of Classical Conditioning 201 Operant Conditioning: Learning from the Consequences of Your Behavior 203 Positive Reinforcement 204 Primary and Secondary Reinforcement 205 Schedules of Positive Reinforcement 205 Shaping 206
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Rehearsal in Short-Term Memory: Overcoming STM’s Limited Life Span 231 Chunking in Short-Term Memory: Overcoming STM’s Limited Capacity 232 Long-Term Memory 234 Types of Long-Term Memory: Procedural, Episodic, and Semantic 234 Organization in Long-Term Memory 236 Retrieval of Long-Term Memories 237 Serial Learning 239 Levels of Processing: An Alternative to the Stage Model 240 Deep Processing and Survival Value 240 Elaboration and Deep Processing 241 Forgetting and Why It Occurs 243 Decay Theory 243 Interference Theory 244 Reconstruction (Schema) Theory 245 Motivated Forgetting 248
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Biological Basis of Memory 251
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Synaptic Theories of Memory: Search for the Engram 251
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 285 Measuring Intelligence: The IQ Test 286
Consolidation 252 DNA and Memory 252 Stages of Memory and the Brain 252
Construction of Intelligence Tests 286 Characteristics of Good Intelligence Tests 288 Tacit Intelligence 289
Amnesia: Disorders of Memory 254
Individual Differences in Intelligence: Contributing Factors 290
Retrograde Amnesia 254 Anterograde Amnesia 254 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 257 SUMMARY 261
The Importance of Intelligence in Modern Society 291 Are People Becoming More Intelligent? 292 Race-Ethnic Differences in Intelligence and Achievement: The Narrowing Gap 294 The Bell Curve: Policy Implications of Differences in Intelligence 295 Extremes in Intelligence: Mental Retardation and Giftedness 296
chapter nine Cognition, Language, and Intelligence 263 Prologue 263 Definition of Cognition 265 Concepts: The Basic Units of Thinking 265 Simple and Complex Concepts 266
APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 299 SUMMARY 301
part four Developmental Psychology
Natural Concepts 266 Natural Concepts Are Basic 266 Natural Concepts Are Good Prototypes 268 Thinking and Problem Solving: Using Information to Reach Goals 269 Formulating the Problem 270 Understanding and Organizing the Elements of the Problem 271
chapter ten Developmental Psychology
Generating and Evaluating Alternative Solutions 271
Prologue 303
Emotional Factors in Decision Making 272
Basic Processes of Development 304
Creative Problem Solving: Convergent and Divergent Thinking 273 Language: Symbolic Communication 277 Semantics: The Meaning of What Is Said 277 Generative Property of Language: Elements and Rules 277 Phonemes 278 Morphemes 278 Syntax 278 Language and Thought: The Whorfian Hypothesis 279 Animal Languages: Can We Talk to the Animals? 280 Intelligence: The Sum Total of Cognition 282 Differing Views of Intelligence 283 Intelligence: General or Specific Abilities? 283 The Biological Basis of General Intelligence 284 Cognitive Components of Intelligent Behavior 284
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Nature and Nurture 305 Maturation 305 Early Experience and Critical Periods 306 Imprinting 306 Early Social Deprivation 307 Stage Theories of Development 310 Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development 311 Stage Theories of Moral Development 311 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development 311 Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development 313 Erikson’s Stage Theory of Personality Development 314 Normal Development across the Life Span 315 Prenatal Development 317 Development in Infancy and Childhood 318
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Neonatal Period: The Newborn 318
Primary Motives: Biological Needs 351
Infancy: 2 Weeks to 2 Years 318 Physical Development 318 Cognitive Development (Sensorimotor Stage) 319 Emotional and Social Development 320 Early Childhood: 2 to 7 Years 322 Cognitive Development (Preoperational Stage) 322 Emotional and Social Development 322 Middle Childhood: 7 to 11 Years 323 Cognitive Development (Concrete Operational Stage) 323 Emotional and Social Development 324 Adolesecent Development 325 Physical Development 325 Cognitive Development (Formal Operational Stage) 326 Emotional and Social Development 328 Adolescent Social Development 328 Adolescent Emotions 328 Adulthood: Young Adulthood through Older Adulthood 330
Homeostasis: Biological Thermostats 352 Hunger: The Regulation of Food Intake 352 Body Weight and the “Set Point” 354 Psychological Factors in Hunger 354 Thirst: The Regulation of Water Intake 355 Biological Regulation of Thirst 355 Psychological Factors in Thirst 356 Psychological Motives 357 Stimulus Motivation: Seeking Novel Stimulation 357 Optimal Arousal Theory 357 Arousal and Performance: The Yerkes-Dodson Law 358 Affiliation Motivation 358 Achievement Motivation 360 Solomon’s Opponent-Process Theory of Acquired Motives 361
Physical Development 330
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation 362
Cognitive Development 330
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives 364
Emotional and Social Development 331
Sexual Motivation and Sexuality 366
Stages of Adult Life 332 Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation (17 to 45 Years) 332 Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 Years) 332 Climacteric 334 Later Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair (65 Years On) 334 Evaluation of Stage Theories of Adulthood 335 Causes of Aging and Predictors of Longevity 336 Death and Dying: The Final “Stage” 337 Variations in Development that Make US Unique 339 Getting There at Different Times 340 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY
Similarity of Sexual Motivation to Other Primary Motives 368 Differences Between Sexual Motivation and Other Primary Motives 369 Hormones and Other Biological Factors in Sexual Behavior 369 Patterns of Sexual Behavior 370 Sexual Orientation 372 Stigmatization, Stress, and Sexual Orientation 373 Origins of Sexual Orientation 374
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Emotions 375
VISUAL REVIEW OF STAGE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Sexual Response Cycle 366
Three Theories of Emotion 377
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James-Lange Theory 377 Cannon-Bard Theory 378 Cognitive Theory 379 Role of Learning and Culture in Emotions 381
part five The Self
The Pursuit of Happiness 382 Does Money Buy Happiness? 383 Aggression: Emotional and Motivational Aspects 385
chapter eleven Motivation and Emotion
Freud’s Instinct Theory: The Release of Aggressive Energy 386 Frustration-Aggression Theory 386
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Social Learning Theory 387
Prologue 349
Cognitive Theory of Aggression 387
Definitions of Motivation and Emotion 351
Violent Youth Gangs 388
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APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 390
Objective Personality Tests 420
SUMMARY 391
Evaluation of Personality Tests 420
VISUAL REVIEW OF THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
392
chapter twelve Personality 394
SUMMARY
422
VISUAL REVIEW OF PERSONALITY THEORY
423
part six Health and Adjustment
Prologue 394 Definition of Personality 395 Trait Theory: Describing the Consistencies of Personality 396 Allport’s Trait Theory 396 Five-Factor Model of Personality 397 Importance of Personality Traits 398 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud 401 Freud’s Mind: Three Levels of Consciousness 402 Freud’s Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego 402 Id: The Selfish Beast 403 Ego: The Executive of Personality 403 Superego: The Conscience and Ego Ideal 403 Displacement and Identification: Becoming a Member of Society 404 Growing Up: The Stages of Psychosexual Development 404 Oral Stage (Birth to 1 Year) 405 Anal Stage (1 to 3 Years) 405 Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years) 405 Latency Stage (6 to 11 Years) 406 Genital Stage (11 Years On) 406 Theories Derived from Psychoanalysis 407 Carl Jung 407 Alfred Adler 408 Karen Horney 408 Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura 410 Role of Learning in Personality 410 Role of Cognition in Personality 411 Situationism and Interactionism 412 Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers 414 Inner-Directedness and Subjectivity 414 The Self-Concept 414 Self-Actualization 415 Humanism Compared with Classic Psychoanalysis and Social Learning Theory 416 Personality Assessment: Taking a Measure of the Person 418 Interviews and Observational Methods 419 Projective Personality Tests 419
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chapter thirteen Stress and Health
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Prologue 424 Stress: Challenges to Coping 425 Sources of Stress 425 Life Events 426 Frustration 428 Conflict 428 Pressure 430 Environmental Conditions 431 General Aspects of Stress Reactions 431 Psychological Reactions to Stress 431 Physical Reactions to Stress and Health 432 The General Adaptation Syndrome 432 Depression, Anxiety, and Health 435 Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress 436 Prior Experience with the Stress 436 Developmental Factors 437 Predictability and Control 437 Social Support 438 Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Cognition and Personality 438 Cognitive Factors in Stress Reactions 439 Personality Characteristics and Stress Reactions 439 Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Gender and Ethnicity 440 Gender Differences in Response to Stress 440 Gender Differences in the Benefits of Marriage 441 Fight-or-Flight and Tend-and-Befriend 441 Ethnic Differences in Stress 442 Coping with Stress 443 Effective Coping 443 Ineffective Coping 444 Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns 447 Learning to Relax 447
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Eating Right, Exercising, and Doing Just What the Doctor Ordered 448 Improved Eating Habits 448 Regular Aerobic Exercise 449 Not Smoking 450 Medical Compliance 450 Become an Advocate for Sustainable Energy 450 Safety Management 452 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY
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Cognitive Factors in Depression 476 Bipolar Disorder 479 Schizophrenia 480 Causes of Schizophrenia 481 Subtypes of Schizophrenia 481 Paranoid Schizophrenia 481 Disorganized Schizophrenia 482 Catatonic Schizophrenia 482 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 482 Personality Disorders 483
SUMMARY 456
Schizoid Personality Disorder 484 Antisocial Personality Disorder 484 Other Personality Disorders 485
chapter fourteen Abnormal Behavior
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders 487 Transvestism and Gender Identity Disorder 487
458
Fetishism 488
Prologue 458
Sexual Sadism and Masochism 488
Definition of Abnormal Behavior 459
Voyeurism and Exhibitionism 489
Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior 460 Supernatural Theories 460 Biological Theories 461 Psychological Theories 462 Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior 462
Forced Sexual Behavior 489 Rape 489 Sexual Abuse of Children 489 Sexual Harassment 490 Sexual Dysfunction and Sexual Health 492
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 462
Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire 492
Public Health Burden of Abnormal Behavior 463
Orgasm Dysfunctions 494
Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal 493
The Problem of Stigma 463 The Concept of Insanity 464
SUMMARY
495
Anxiety Disorders 466 Phobias 466 Generalized and Panic Anxiety Disorders 466 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 468 Stressors That Cause PTSD 468 Terrorism and PTSD 469 Who Develops PTSD? 469 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders 470 Somatoform Disorders 470 Somatization Disorders and Hypochondriasis 471 Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders 471 Dissociative Disorders 472 Depersonalization 472 Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue 472 Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality) 473 Mood Disorders 475 Major Depression 475 Causes of Major Depression 476
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chapter fifteen Therapies 497 Prologue 497 Definition of Psychotherapy 498 Ethical Standards for Psychotherapy 499 Psychoanalysis 500 Techniques of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 500 Free Association 500 Dream Interpretation 501 Interpretation of Resistance 501 Interpretation of Transference 501 Catharsis 502 Excerpt from Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 502 Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression 502
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Humanistic Psychotherapy 505
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Attitudes and Persuasion 538
Client-Centered Psychotherapy 505
Origins of Attitudes 538
Excerpt from Client-Centered Psychotherapy 506
Persuasion and Attitude Change 538
Gestalt Psychotherapy 507
Excerpt from Social Skills Training 510
Characteristics of the Speaker 538 Characteristics of the Message 539 Characteristics of the Listeners 540 Techniques of Social Influence 541 Behavior and Attitude Change: Cognitive Dissonance Theory 541
Cognitive Restructuring 512
Prejudice and Stereotypes 543
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 508 Fear Reduction Methods 509 Behavioral Activation and Social Skills Training 509
Excerpt from Cognitive Restructuring 513 Group and Family Therapy 515 Group Therapy 515 Family Therapy 516
Automatic Prejudice 544 Causes of Stereotypes and Prejudice 544 Combating Prejudice 545 Processes of Person Perception 549 Attribution Processes in Person Perception 549
Medical Therapies 518
Negative Information: The Bad Outweighs the Good 549 Primacy Effects: The Importance of First Impressions 550 Interpersonal Attraction: Friendship and Love 551
Drug Therapy 518 Dietary Therapies 519 Electroconvulsive Therapy 519
“Chemistry” of Love and Social Bonding 552
Transcranial Stimulation 520
Characteristics of the Other Person in Interpersonal Attraction 552
Psychosurgery 520 APPLICATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 523 SUMMARY 525
Similar and Complementary Characteristics 552 Competence and Our “Ideal Self” 553 Self-Disclosure 553 Physical Attractiveness 553 Characteristics of the Perceiver 555 Personality and Interpersonal Attraction 555 Emotions and Person Perception 555 Gender Differences in Interpersonal Attraction 555 Proximity 556 Mutual Liking 556 Maintaining Relationships 556
part seven Social Context
Expectations Versus Reality in Relationships 556 Equity in Relationships 557
chapter sixteen Social Psychology
SUMMARY
559
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Prologue 526 Definition of Social Psychology 527 Groups and Social Influence 527 Deindividuation 528 Uninvolved Bystanders 528 Working and Solving Problems in Groups 529 Group Problem Solving 530 Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience 532 Conformity 532 Social Roles and Social Norms 533 Obedience: Direct Influence by Authority Figures 534 The Positive Side of Groups 536
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chapter seventeen Psychology Applied to the Environment and to Professions
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Prologue 561 Applied Fields of Psychology 563 Environmental Psychology and Sustainability 563 Architectural Design of Workspace and Living Units 563
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Sustainability and Environmental Protection 564 Overpopulation 565 Resource Depletion 566 Pollution and Climate Change 566 Psychological Aspects of Sustainability 568 Psychology and Work 571 Employee Selection and Evaluation 571 Interviews 572 Tests of Intelligence 572 Tests of Specific Abilities, Skills, and Job Knowledge 573 Performance Tests 574 Ratings of Job Performance 574 Assessment Centers 575 Evaluation of Organizational Citizenship 575 Validity of Job Selection Measures 576
Psychology and Law 587 Characteristics of Defendants and Plaintiffs 587 Characteristics of Jury Members 588 Psychological Factors in Presenting Evidence 590 Interrogating Criminal Suspects 590 Interrogation Techniques 590 False Confessions 591 Psychology and Education 592 Direct Instruction 592 Mastery Learning and Intelligent Tutoring Systems 593 Motivating Learning in the Classroom 594 Criterion-Referenced Testing 594 Mainstreaming: Education for Persons with Special Needs 595
Fairness in Employee Selection 578 Gender Biases in Employee Selection 578 Race-Ethnic Biases in Employee Selection 578 Job Satisfaction, Happiness, and Productivity 580 Management Strategies to Improve Job Satisfaction, Happiness, and Productivity 580 Management Strategies to Minimize Social Loafing 581 Human Factors Engineering 582
SUMMARY
596
Glossary G-2 References R-2 Credits C-1 Name Index NI-1 Subject Index SI-2
Health Psychology in the Workplace 585
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