Animals 2015, 5, 1136-1146; doi:10.3390/ani5040402
OPEN ACCESS
animals ISSN 2076-2615 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Article
Development of a Safety Management Web Tool for Horse Stables Jarkko Leppälä 1, *, Christina Lunner Kolstrup 2 , Stefan Pinzke 2 , Risto Rautiainen 1,3 , Markku Saastamoinen 4 and Susanna Särkijärvi 4 1
Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 23053 Alnarp, Sweden; E-Mails:
[email protected] (C.L.K.);
[email protected] (S.P.) 3 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mail:
[email protected] 4 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Opistontie 10 a 1, 32100 Ypäjä, Finland; E-Mails:
[email protected] (M.S.);
[email protected] (S.S.) 2
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Tel.: +358-29-532-6326. Academic Editor: Kirrilly Thompson Received: 17 August 2015 / Accepted: 4 November 2015 / Published: 12 November 2015
Simple Summary: A new web tool for equine activities, InnoHorse, was developed to support horse stable managers in business, safety, pasture and manure management. The aim of the safety section of the web tool was to raise awareness of safety issues in daily horse stable activities. This section contains a safety checklist, stable safety map and good practices to support human health and horse welfare and to prevent injuries in horse-related activities. Reviews of the literature and statistics, empirical horse stable case studies, expert panel workshops and stakeholder interviews were utilized in designing the web tool. Abstract: Managing a horse stable involves risks, which can have serious consequences for the stable, employees, clients, visitors and horses. Existing industrial or farm production risk management tools are not directly applicable to horse stables and they need to be adapted for use by managers of different types of stables. As a part of the InnoEquine project, an innovative web tool, InnoHorse, was developed to support horse stable managers in business, safety, pasture and manure management. A literature review, empirical horse stable case studies, expert panel workshops and stakeholder interviews were carried out to support the design. The InnoHorse web tool includes a safety section containing a horse stable safety map, stable safety checklists, and examples of good practices in stable safety,
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Animals 2015, 5 1137 were carried out to support the design. The InnoHorse web tool includes a safety section containing a horse stable safety map, stable safety checklists, and examples of good horse handling andsafety, rescuehorse planning. This and newrescue horse stable safety management tool can also practices in stable handling planning. This new horse stable safety help in organizing work processes in horse stables general. in horse stables in general. management tool can also help in organizing work in processes Keywords: horse horse stable; stable; safety; safety; management; management; web web tool tool Keywords:
1. Introduction Introduction 1. The equine grown strongly in recent years years in many countriescountries [1,2]. For[1,2]. example, The equinesector sectorhas has grown strongly in recent in European many European For the number horses has in Finland during the pastduring thirty years [3]. thirty In Sweden, turn, example, theof number of almost horses doubled has almost doubled in Finland the past years in [3]. In the number of horses per capita is the largest in Europe [1]. The equine sector, with diverse activities, Sweden, in turn, the number of horses per capita is the largest in Europe [1]. The equine sector, with providesactivities, an attractive lifestyle and rewarding experiences, but to experiences, be successful,but good safety management diverse provides an attractive lifestyle and rewarding to be successful, good skills and practices are needed. A problem that safety risks andisinjuries are high many horse-related safety management skills and practices areisneeded. A problem that safety risksinand injuries are high activities. Without awareness of Without the possible risks and knowledge horsemanship, in many horse-related activities. awareness of proper the possible risks and and skills properofknowledge and people engaged in horse-related activities will be exposed to many safety risks that may have serious skills of horsemanship, people engaged in horse-related activities will be exposed to many safety risks consequences example, in[4–6]. Finland, 170 injuries occur per 170 yearinjuries among occur horse that may have [4–6]. seriousFor consequences Forapproximately example, in Finland, approximately entrepreneurs andhorse aboutentrepreneurs 300 incidents among persons other professional sectorsinworking with horses per year among and about 300 in incidents among persons other professional (such asworking students,with farmers, relief workers, veterinarians) 1). In other professional(Figure sectors,1). most sectors horses (such as students, farmers,(Figure relief workers, veterinarians) In of the injuries involve students and stable workers (Figure 2) [6,7]. other professional sectors, most of the injuries involve students and stable workers (Figure 2) [6,7].
Figure 1.1.Statistics Statistics Farmers Social Insurance Finland occupational concerning Figure from from Farmers Social Insurance Institution,Institution, Finland concerning occupational among equine entrepreneursactivities in horse-related activities during injuries amonginjuries equine entrepreneurs in horse-related during 1990–2009 [7,8]. 1990–2009 [7,8]. Leisure time injury statistics are still largely unknown [6–8]. In Sweden, the exact number of horse-related injuries is uncertain because of underreporting. Nevertheless, in 2012, nearly 12,900
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Animals 2015, 5 1138 Leisure time injury statistics are still largely unknown [6–8]. In Sweden, the exact number of horserelated injuries is uncertain because of underreporting. Nevertheless, in 2012, nearly 12,900 persons persons went to an emergency centre after beingininjured riding accidents or other activities went to an emergency centre after being injured ridinginaccidents or other activities related torelated horse to horse handling. Nearly out of ten injured persons were andchildren 40% were children handling. Nearly nine out ofnine ten injured persons were females andfemales 40% were younger than younger 18 years than 18 Injuries years of were age. more Injuries were more frequent among 10 compared to 19 yearstocompared other of age. frequent among girls aged 10girls to 19aged years other agetogroups age groups [9,10]. toAccording to the statistics the Finnish Farmers’ Social InsuranceMela Institution, [9,10]. According the statistics of the FinnishofFarmers’ Social Insurance Institution, [8,11], Mela [8,11], of human injuries in horse activities have been serious incidents that almost 35% ofalmost human35% injuries in horse activities have been serious incidents that have resulted in have over resulted in sick over leave. 30 days of sick leave. 30 days of
Figure Statutory accident accident insurance insurance (TVL) (TVL) statistics statistics from from Finland Finland concerning concerning the the total total Figure 2. 2. Statutory numbers injuries to to horse horse stable stable workers workers and and other other persons persons related related to to occupational occupational horse horse numbers of of injuries activities activities during during 2003–2010 2003–2010 [12]. [12].
goodrisk riskmanagement managementtools toolsand andsafety safety practices needed in the equine business Consequently, good practices areare needed in the equine business and and activities. A project InnoEquine financed EU Central Baltic programme was horsehorse activities. A project titled titled InnoEquine financed by theby EUthe Central Baltic programme was carried carried out in Finland, Latvia and Estonia during 2010–2013. The overall of the project out in Finland, Sweden,Sweden, Latvia and Estonia during 2010–2013. The overall aim of aim the project was to was to enhance the competitiveness equine entrepreneurs in the Baltic and to promote enhance the competitiveness of equineofentrepreneurs in the Baltic region and region to promote sustainable sustainable the equine oneofofthe theInnoEquine results of project, the InnoEquine project, the managementmanagement in the equineinsector. As onesector. of the As results the InnoHorse safety InnoHorse toolwas for developed horse stables was developed order to identify new practical solutions web tool forsafety horseweb stables in order to identifyinnew practical solutions for risk and safety for risk and safety management [7]. management [7]. 2. Data and Methods The InnoEquine project Agrifood Research The InnoEquine project was was carried carried out out jointly jointly by by MTT MTT Agrifood Research Finland Finland (presently (presently the the Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) the Latvian University of Agriculture (LTU). A specific aim of was was to develop a web tool and the Latvian University of Agriculture (LTU). A specific aimthe ofproject the project to develop a web providing good good practices in environmental, humanhuman safety safety and horse activities for the for equine tool providing practices in environmental, and welfare horse welfare activities the sector. This paper focuses on the design and development of the safety web tool in the project. The equine sector. This paper focuses on the design and development of the safety web tool in the project. purpose of this safety web tool was to provide knowledge and practical tools to prevent injury incidents and occupational diseases in the equine sector.
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Animals 2015, 5 1139 The purpose of this safety web tool was to provide knowledge and practical tools to prevent injury incidents and occupational diseases in the equine sector. The methods and and processes processes of the stable stable safety safety web web tool, tool, as well as as the the tasks tasks and and timetables timetables The design, design, methods of the as well are presented presented in in Figure Figure 33 [13]. [13].Basic Basicinformation informationrelated relatedto to management activities safety needs are management activities andand safety needs in in horse stables in Finland and Sweden were gathered through a customer survey (N = 1325) [14]. horse stables in Finland and Sweden were gathered through a customer survey (N = 1325) [14]. An An expert workshop on horse was (at held (at MTT) in December to with assistthewith the expert workshop on horse stablestable safetysafety was held MTT) in December 2012 to2012 assist design design of the webThe tool. The workshop identified major risk categories and specific risks associated with of the web tool. workshop identified major risk categories and specific risks associated with horse horse stable activities and functions. participants = 10) includedhorse horsesector sectorexperts, experts, horse horse farm farm stable activities and functions. The The participants (n =(n10) included managers, farm security, and and risk management expertsexperts from Finland Sweden, Innoequine managers, farmsafety, safety, security, risk management from and Finland andand Sweden, and project representatives. The workshop utilized existing Farm Risk Map [15] tools and procedures as Innoequine project representatives. The workshop utilized existing Farm Risk Map [15] tools and the starting as point. Participants a wallpaper writing their ideas wallideas notes,onbased procedures the starting point.used Participants usedtechnique, a wallpaper technique, writingontheir wall on their perspectives and experiences. The identified horse stable risks and themes were documented, notes, based on their perspectives and experiences. The identified horse stable risks and themes were photographed,photographed, grouped, and grouped, arranged and under redefined riskredefined categories. documented, arranged under risk categories.
Figure The design, design, methods, methods, processes, processes, analysis analysis tasks tasks and and timetables timetables for for preparing preparing the the Figure 3. 3. The InnoHorse InnoHorse safety safety web web tool tool [13]. [13]. Ten case studies on horse farms were analyzed for the safety section both in Finland and in Sweden. The case farms included enterprises enterprises in in different different size size categories categories and and different different types types ofof stables. stables. All interviews were documented. Information on current legislation, standards, and various horse safety and management guidebooks was data were analyzed andand integrated to produce the was gathered gathered from from the theparticipating participatingcountries. countries.These These data were analyzed integrated to produce background for safety risk identification in horse stablestable activities. In theseIncases, usedwe broader the background for safety risk identification in horse activities. these we cases, used recommendations based on standards, research, International Labour Organization (ILO) broader recommendations based on standards, research, International Labour Organization (ILO) recommendations or EU EUdirectives directives[7,16]. [7,16].The Thecomprehensive comprehensivecollection collectionofof photos and documentation recommendations or photos and documentation to
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illustrate good practices was gathered through numerous farm visits, equine fairs and equine companies in the three participating countries. In addition, we conducted literature reviews, analyses of insurance claims involving horse injuries, Internet searches, comparison of various farm safety risk tools, discussions with equine organizations and stakeholders, and interviews and visits to horse farms. Results from these investigations have been reported elsewhere [13,16,17]. All collected data were processed in an iterative development cycle and constructive analysis, which included content analysis and designing the preliminary horse stable safety checklists and risk map. The iterative development cycle process is a standardized method that uses control stages to analyze data before going further in the interactive system design process. The process includes stages like (1) understand and specify context of use; (2) specify user requirements; (3) produce design solutions to meet these requirements; (4) evaluate design against requirements [18,19]. This method is widely used in technical and management sciences. Constructive research method is a problem solving method for construction and testing of models to reach a certain objective in a system or context [20]. The final content of the safety web tool was tested during 2013 prior to making it public online (Figure 3). Feedback and data from the safety web tool were gathered by case farmer phone interviews and by the email. The final content was edited by MTT for the InnoHorse web site in English and Finnish and thereafter also translated into Swedish and Latvian [7,16]. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. The Innohorse Web Tool In this project, the new InnoHorse web tool was designed to assist in horse stable management practices. The web tool was published by the National Equine Competence Association of Finland (Hippolis). The InnoHorse web site includes management tools for horse stable activities such as safety, manure, pasture, and innovation management. The web tool has been published in English, Finnish, Swedish and Latvian. The layout and information are the same in the different language versions but with minor country-specific differences [7]. All major areas of the web tool include an introduction section followed by good practices applied to the particular horse stable management sections. The horse stable safety management section in InnoHorse provides safety information, safety checklists, safety management practices and a horse stable safety map, which is presented in Figure 4. All tools were designed to improve health, reduce safety risks and prevent injuries among horse stable workers, stable managers, clients, visitors and horses. 3.2. Safety Section of the Web Tool The section on safety provides information for horse stable managers in the Baltic Sea region related to various aspects of safety and health management. The web pages of the InnoHorse safety section include a stable safety checklists, one-page horse stable safety map, and examples of good practices for stable safety, horse handling and rescue planning. The safety web site content begins by introducing injury statistics, mainly in Finland, and the characteristics of horse-related injuries in the equine sector. In Finland, injury statistics for all farm
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Animals 2015, 5 1141 The safety web site content begins by introducing injury statistics, mainly in Finland, and the characteristics of horse-related injuries in the equine sector. In Finland, injury statistics for all farm owners, including horse farm owners, are maintained by the Farmers’ Social Insurance Institution (Mela). owners, including horse farm owners, are maintained by the Farmers’ Social Insurance Institution Statistics on horse-related injuries in the other participating project member countries are scarce. The (Mela). Statistics on horse-related injuries in the other participating project member countries are Finnish statistics indicate that the risk of injuries is nearly three times higher on horse farms compared scarce. The Finnish statistics indicate that the risk of injuries is nearly three times higher on horse to grain farms [8]. farms compared to grain farms [8].
Figure 4. The horse stable safety map.
3.3. Safety Safety Checklists Checklists and and the the Horse Horse Stable Stable Safety Safety Map Map 3.3. Systematic risk risk checklists checklists are are practical practical self-assessment self-assessment tools tools for for identifying identifying and and managing managing risks risks in in Systematic various tasks tasks [15,21,22]. [15,21,22]. Based and information information from from statistics, statistics, the the stable stable safety safety expert expert various Based on on the the findings findings and workshop, horse horse farmer farmer interviews interviews and and literature literature search, search, we we developed developed aa stable stable safety safety checklist, checklist, which which workshop, addresses potential potentialsafety safety issues in walkways and corridors, built facilities, work ergonomics, addresses issues in walkways and corridors, built facilities, work ergonomics, equipment equipment and machinery (Figure 4). Personal protective equipment (PPE), fire safety and rescue and machinery (Figure 4). Personal protective equipment (PPE), fire safety and rescue planning, planning, employee client well as some otherissues safetysuch issues as the transportation of employee and clientand safety, as safety, well asassome other safety as such the transportation of horses horses and horsemanship skills were also included. The questions in the safety checklists the and horsemanship skills were also included. The questions in the safety checklists enable theenable screening screening possible risk factors with the to potential to causeininjuries in and stable of possibleofrisk sources orsources factors or with the potential cause injuries and around thearound stablethe facilities facilities and around horses. The respondents asked whether to estimate whether particular working and around horses. The respondents were asked were to estimate particular working conditions or conditions or activities in a stable were in order. The checklist also includes some guidance or activities in a stable were in order. The checklist also includes some guidance or recommendations for reducing potential safety risks. The differences between countries or regions in legislation and safety
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recommendations for reducing potential safety risks. The differences between countries or regions in activities pose a challenge in integrating risk management information in a single safety tool. The horse legislation and safety activities pose a challenge in integrating risk management information in a single stable safety map introduces the content of the safety web tool as a one page figure (Figure 4). The safety tool. The horse stable safety map introduces the content of the safety web tool as a one page idea is the same as in the Farm Risk Map, which was previously designed in Finland by MTT and the figure (Figure 4). The idea is the same as in the Farm Risk Map, which was previously designed in Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) [15]. Finland by MTT and the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) [15]. 3.4. Good Practices 3.4. Good Practices The section on safety management introduces good practices for persons working or visiting horse The section on safety management introduces good practices for persons working or visiting horse stables and riding facilities. According to Mela statistics, a large number of injuries and accidents occur stables and riding facilities. According to Mela statistics, a large number of injuries and accidents when moving and transporting horses (Figure 1). This is why it is important to have spacious and well-lit occur when moving and transporting horses (Figure 1). This is why it is important to have spacious corridors with sufficiently wide doorways and sliding stable doors for safe passage with the horse, as and well-lit corridors with sufficiently wide doorways and sliding stable doors for safe passage with well as good ventilation and natural light used together with electric lighting to provide a good work the horse, as well as good ventilation and natural light used together with electric lighting to provide environment for horses and people (Figure 5). The Good Practices section was designed in line with the a good work environment for horses and people (Figure 5). The Good Practices section was designed safety checklist questions, providing further information on stable safety management activities. The in line with the safety checklist questions, providing further information on stable safety management section contains practical tools, illustrative photos figures, andphotos examples good safety activities. The information, section contains information, practical tools,andillustrative andoffigures, and practices for horse stable safety management. Overall, practical and efficient stable safety tools can be examples of good safety practices for horse stable safety management. Overall, practical and efficient useful management aids horsemanagement stables. stable safety tools can befor useful aids for horse stables.
Figure Spacious and and bright bright corridors corridors are An example example of of good good safety Figure 5. 5. Spacious are important. important. An safety management practice in horse facilities presented in the InnoHorse web tool. © Christina management practice in horse facilities presented in the InnoHorse web tool. © Christina Lunner Lunner Kolstrup. Kolstrup.
The stable safety management section in the InnoHorse web tool presents practices and guidelines including safety aspects related to stable work, ergonomics, buildings, equipment and machinery use; stable work work environment. environment. Musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic all important safety factors in the stable problems are very very common common in in horse horse stables stables [23]. [23]. For example, traditional hand tools are not always adapted for for the theusers, users,which whichincreases increasesthethe risk musculoskeletal disorders in upper the upper extremities adapted risk of of musculoskeletal disorders in the extremities and and lower back. shafts in some hand tools help create a moreupright uprightposture posturefor forthe theback back(Figure (Figure 6). 6). lower back. BentBent shafts in some hand tools help create a more
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Good handles andand lightweight toolstools reduce the workload. Ergonomic tools reduce Good handles provide providebetter bettergrip grip lightweight reduce the workload. Ergonomic tools the workload and the risk and lower backlower musculoskeletal problems. The cleaning of reduce the workload and of theupper risk limb of upper limb and back musculoskeletal problems. The stalls, manure transport and feeding of horses are typical routines. are time consuming as cleaning of stalls, manure transport and feeding of horses areThey typical routines. They as arewell time physically demanding tasks in a stable that require attention. Feeding special and theattention. handling consuming as well as work physically demanding work tasksspecial in a stable that require of feeds and takestheabout five toofseven per horse perseven day, minutes and the cleaning stalls Feeding handling feeds minutes takes about five to per horseofper day,(mucking, and the replacement of bedding materials) takes approximately 10 minutes per approximately horse daily if no is cleaning of stalls (mucking, replacement of bedding materials) takes 10 machinery minutes per used [24,25]. Good workingisclothes, proper Good equipment and clothes, the use proper of personal protective horse daily if no machinery used [24,25]. working equipment and equipment the use of (PPE), combined with good working conditions, form a good basis for an improved safety in personal protective equipment (PPE), combined with good working conditions, form a goodculture basis for horse stables.safety culture in horse stables. an improved
Figure 6. Ergonomically designed designed long-shafted long-shafted tools. tools. Reproduced Reproduced with with permission permission by by Figure 6. Ergonomically Lite-Lift Ltd. Ltd. (http://www.lite-lift.com/, (http://www.lite-lift.com/, 23 23 June June 2015). 2015). Lite-Lift
3.5. 3.5. Case Case Study Study Interviews Interviews The horse stable stablesafety safetymap mapcontent contentwas was tested with farmers. All case farmers also The horse tested with the the casecase farmers. All case farmers were were also horse horse managers. Thefarmers case farmers thought that the horse mapa was a comprehensive stablestable managers. The case thought that the horse stable stable safetysafety map was comprehensive safety safety management liststable for management. the stable management. They not find any missing safety management list for the They could not findcould any missing safety management areas management should addedsafety to the horse safety map. The structure theduring map that should beareas addedthat to the horsebestable map. Thestable structure of the map worked well of also worked well alsovisit during actual stable visit and stable that safety It is possible thatinterested the case the actual stable and the stable safety check. It is possible thecheck. case farmers were more farmers more interested in safety management than stable managers average. Theirand stables in safetywere management than stable managers on average. Their stables were inongood condition well were in good and well managed. some minor all shortcomings were almost all managed. Yet condition some minor shortcomings wereYet found in almost stables during thefound safetyincheck. Most stables during the safety check.slippery Most of the (winter shortcomings areas (winter on of the shortcomings concerned areas time) onconcerned corridors, slippery uneven walkways, lacktime) of lights corridors, uneven walkways, lackand ofthe lights in theown stable and the stable yard, check and thethefarmer’s own in the stable and the stable yard, farmer’s welfare. After the safety case farmers welfare. Aftersafety the safety check the in case farmers several safety improvements in their and made several improvements their stable made and safety management practices. They hadstable started to safety management practices. They had started toand use ergonomics rubber matsinon corridors, improve use rubber mats on the corridors, improve lighting thethe stalls, and they started lighting to think and ergonomics in the stalls, and they started to think more about their own welfare. They tried to find more about their own welfare. They tried to find free time to rest or have a vacation. freeAccording time to rest a vacation. to or thehave interviewed horse stable managers, the most challenging task is to improve people’s According to the interviewed horse in stable managers, most task is management to improve safety skills and to get them to behave a safe manner. the Thus, thechallenging web tool includes people’s safety skills and to as getfirethem to and behave inskills, a safecustomer manner.and Thus, the safety web tool includes information on activities such safety rescue worker management, management information onissues activities as fire safety and horsemanship rescue skills, customer and workerofsafety and other behavioral safety suchsuch as examples of good and the importance rules management, and other behavioral safety issues such as examples of good horsemanship and the in stable safety. It is known that poor safety habits are easy to adopt in organizations, so an initial importance rules in stable It and is known that poor safety habitshabits are easy to adopt in and essentialofmanagement task issafety. to show train workers in safe working and communicate organizations, so an initial and essential management task is to show and train workers in safe working why safety is important [26]. Thus, the implementation of good safety practices needs to be easy and habits and communicate why safety is important [26]. Thus, the implementation of good safety
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understandable, and every worker needs to be trained beginning from the first day in a stable. The stable manager’s own self-commitment to safe behavior in stable work is also important as a role model for employees and consumers. 4. Conclusions The differences between countries in legislation and safety activities pose a challenge in designing safety or environmental management guidelines. For this reason, some recommendations are provided on a general level. However, some standards, research studies or directives may help stable managers in acquiring more practical information. Another challenge is human safety behaviour in the horse stable environment. Without good management, poor safety habits may spread in the organization. Thus, the application of good safety practices needs to be as easy as possible and every worker needs to be trained beginning from the first day in the stable. The stable manager’s own commitment to safe behaviour in stable work is also important. The InnoHorse safety web tool aims to help in organizing and managing safety activities in horse stables and facilities. This tool provides a practical context model for identifying risks in horse stable activities. It contains physical and behavioral risks, which are listed in a compact horse stable safety map. This holistic approach provides a new comprehensive model for risk identification and risk management for the equine sector. The horse stable safety map and other safety check tools in the Innohorse web tool may not solve all the safety problems in horse stables, but hopefully they help some horse stable managers to improve their stable safety management. It is intended to provide tools for the equine sector to inspire, motivate and encourage people to act and behave more safely around horses in order to prevent horse-related injuries. Acknowledgments The InnoEquine project was led by MTT Agrifood Research Finland (currently the Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke) and carried out in collaboration with the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and Latvia’s University of Agriculture. The horse stable safety management section in the web tool was designed by MTT and SLU. The InnoEquine project was funded by the European Union Central Baltic Interreg IVA Programme. We would like to thank all horse stables owners and employees who participated in the InnoEquine project. Some of the Finnish or Swedish references may be hard to find. All the references are available on request from the authors. Author Contributions Jarkko Leppälä was the main author of this article and designed the horse stable safety map, injury figures and most parts of the InnoHorse safety section. He also conducted several interviews on horse farms in Finland and arranged the workshop on the horse stable safety map content. Christina Lunner Kolstrup co-authored the article and conducted interviews on horse farms in Sweden, worked with the Swedish statistics, good safety practices and horse stable management, and participated in the workshop on the horse stable safety map. Associate Stefan Pinzke studied horse stable ergonomics and good safety practices and participated in the workshop on the horse stable safety map. Risto Rautiainen worked with
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the injury statistics, good safety practices and participated in the workshop on the horse stable safety map. Markku Saastamoinen took part in editing the safety checklist and web tool and wrote the general introduction parts on the horse industry in Finland, as well as commenting on the article results and conclusions. Susanna Särkijärvi participated in collecting information for the web tool and editing the safety checklists and the InnoHorse web tool in general. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. EU Equus 2001—The Horse Industry in the European Union. 2001. Available online: http://www.horse-web.net/docs/EU_Equus_2011.pdf (accessed on 2 June 2015). 2. European Pari Mutuel Association. The Economic and Social Contribution of Horse Racing in Europe. 2009. Available online: http://www.parimutuel-europe.org/ Download/ EPMA_Economic_impact_of_horse_racing_03Sept09.pdf (accessed on 2 June 2015). 3. The Finnish Trotting and Breeding Association (Suomen Hippos). Available online: http://www.hippos.fi/ (accessed on 2 June 2015). 4. Swedish Board of Agriculture (SJV). Hästhållning i Sverige 2010 (Horse Keeping in Sweden 2010); Report 1; Swedish Board of Agriculture: Jonkoping, Sweden, 2012. 5. Thompson, K.; McGreevy, P.; McManus, P. A critical review of horse-related risk: A research agenda for safer mounts, riders and equestrian cultures. Animals 2015, 5, 561–575. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Riley, C.B.; Liddiard, J.R.; Thompson, K. A Cross-Sectional Study of Horse-Related Injuries in Veterinary and Animal Science Students at an Australian University. Animals 2015, 5, 951–964. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 7. The National Equine Competence Association (Hippolis). InnoHorse—Web Tool. Available online: www.hippolis.fi/innohorse/home/ (accessed on 2 June 2015). 8. Farmers’ Social Insurance Institution (Mela). MATA—Vahinkotilasto (Finnish Statistics on Farmer Injuries); Farmers’ Social Insurance: Espoo, Finland, 2012. 9. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Injury Data Base (IDB); Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare: Stockholm, Sweden, 2015. 10. Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. Olyckor Med Häst (Accidents with Horses). FAKTA 6 December 2013. Available online: http://www.dinsakerhet.se/Global/pdf/ Fritid_resor/ Olyckor%20med%20h%C3%A4st.pdf?epslanguage=sv (accessed on 2 June 2015). 11. Leppälä, J.; Myllymäki, M.; Saastamoinen, M.; Rautiainen, R. Target group safety intervention and safety check tests on horse farms. In Proceedings of the Nordic Meeting on Agricultural Occupational Health and Safety (NMAOHS), Porvoo, Finland, 25–27 August 2014; p. 18. 12. Tapaturmavakuutuslaitosten liitto TVL. Frequencies of Accidents at Work. Statutory Accident Insurance; Tapaturmavakuutuslaitosten liitto TVL: Helsinki, Finland, 2012.
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