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Development of BIM Execution Plan for BIM Model Management during the Pre-Operation Phase: A Case Study Yu-Cheng Lin *, Yen-Pei Chen, Wan-Ting Huang and Chia-Chun Hong Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No.1, Sec.3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; [email protected] (Y.-P.C.); [email protected] (W.-T.H.); [email protected] (C.-C.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-2771-2171 (ext. 2673); Fax: +886-2-8773-0102 Academic Editor: Wolfgang Kastner Received: 2 September 2015; Accepted: 4 February 2016; Published: 17 February 2016

Abstract: Building information modeling (BIM) technologies use precise geometry and relevant data to enhance and improve the maintenance performance of facilities integrated with 3D object-oriented computer aided design (CAD). Although most owners agree on the potential benefits of integrating BIM technologies with facility management (FM), they must overcome many problems to plan and develop effective BIM execution plans for FM implementation. This study proposes and develops a BIM execution plan for BIM model management for FM during the pre-operation phase. Through the application of the proposed BIM execution plan, BIM can be effectively implemented during the operation and maintenance phases. In order to verify the proposed methodology and demonstrate its effectiveness in practice, the BIM execution plan is then applied in a selected case study of a building project in Taiwan. The combined results demonstrate that the proposed BIM execution plan is an effective approach for operation and maintenance management. The advantage of the proposed BIM execution plan lies not only in improving the efficiency of maintenance management work when integrated with BIM technologies, but also in maximizing the value and benefits of BIM to support maintenance management. Finally, limitations, difficulties, and suggestions are summarized for further development of the BIM execution plan for BIM model management during the pre-operation phase. Keywords: BIM; building information modeling; maintenance management; facility management

1. Introduction Building information modeling (BIM) technologies use precise geometry and relevant data to enhance and improve the maintenance service of facilities through the 3D object-oriented CAD. Although most owners agree on the potential benefits of BIM technologies integrated with facility management (FM), there are many problems for the owners to plan and develop effective BIM execution plans for FM implementation. This study proposes and develops a BIM execution plan for FM, especially during the operation and maintenance phase. With the assistance of BIM technology, many limitations regarding 2D drawings can be improved effectively because of the 3D visual illustration capability. Although there are many advantages in using BIM for FM, there are many difficulties associated with the planning and application of BIM for FM during the pre-operation phase. Although many studies have focused on the application of BIM technology during the operation phase, little research has considered the development of a BIM execution plan for owners during the pre-operation phase. In Taiwan, most owners receive as-built BIM models from the general contractor during project closeout phase. Without suitable plans and approaches, it is difficult for owners to

Buildings 2016, 6, 8; doi:10.3390/buildings6010008

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prepare and implement BIM technology for FM. Consequently, there can be significant gaps and difficulties in real applications of BIM in FM. According to survey findings regarding BIM-FM-ready work in Taiwan [1], the primary problems regarding real BIM implementation for FM for owners are as follows: (1) there is no suitable BIM plan for BIM model management to guide BIM execution during the pre-operation phase; (2) there is no approach to the confirm the accuracy of the final as-built BIM models when the general contractors deliver the BIM model to the owner; and (3) there is no suitable management mechanism to implement BIM model management. Few suitably simple approaches exist that can assist owners in developing BIM-FM execution plans and identifying their requirements during the pre-operation phase. In order to improve the above problems, it is necessary for owners to develop a BIM execution plan during the pre-operation phase. With the assistance of the proposed BIM execution plan, the implementation of a BIM can be effective during the operation phase. The primary objectives of this study include: (1) identifying for owners the primary problems regarding BIM implementation for FM; (2) developing for owners a BIM execution plan during the pre-operation phase; and (3) exploring limitations, addressing problems, and providing suggestions based on the implementation of the pilot case study. Through the application of the proposed BIM execution plan, BIM can be effectively implemented during the operation phase. Furthermore, the proposed BIM execution plan is then applied in a selected case study of a building project in Taiwan to verify the proposed approach and demonstrate its effectiveness in practice. Finally, limitations, challenges, and suggestions are summarized for further development of the BIM execution plan in practice. 2. Related Research Studies The precise geometry and relevant data provided by BIM digitally to assist the design, procurement, fabrication, and construction activities through the use of 3D object-oriented CAD [2]. The potential benefits of BIM for facility management (FM) have been acknowledged by the AEC industry [3]. William East et al. [4] proposed the facility management (FM) handover model view definition (MVD) to replace current construction handover document requirements. Becerik-Gerber et al. [5] explored how BIM can be a beneficial platform for supplementing FM practices based on an online survey and face-to-face interviews. Wang et al. [6] illustrated how BIM would beneficially improve the preference of FM work during the design phase. Bosch et al. [7] investigated information management during the operations stage from the viewpoint of owners and determined the added value of BIM within this growing field of construction. Kassem et al. [8] provided a real-life case study of BIM in FM and explored empirical evidence of both the value and challenges of BIM in FM applications. Arayici et al. [9] explained how BIM could contribute to and improve the FM profession service. The BIM approach, which is used to illustrate facility-related information in a digital format, provides effective updates of FM information in a 3D CAD environment. There are many practical studies on the use of BIM in the operation phase. Motamedi et al. [10] utilized characteristic of BIM visualization to assist FM work with visualizations for utilizing problem solving effectively. Kang and Hong [11] proposed a software architecture for the effective integration of BIM into a geographic information system (GIS)-based FM system. Lin et al. [12] proposed a mobile automated BIM-based facility management (BIMFM) system integrated with 2D barcode for FM staff in the operation phase. Motawa and Almarshad [13] developed an integrated system to capture, retrieve, and manage information/knowledge for asset management and building maintenance. Love et al. [14] proposed a systems information model integrated with BIM for asset managers and staff to make more informed and quicker decisions about maintenance. There are many BIM guides with implementation strategies to outline the various possible deliverables, processes and personnel using BIM in the design phase, the construction phase, or the operation phase based on the different roles and responsibilities of project members [15].

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Messner et al. [16] developed a BIM guide to aid facility owners as they develop strategic, implementation, and procurement plans for integrating BIM in their organizations. Although there are many studies that focus on the application of BIM technology during3 of 14  the Buildings 2016, 6, 8  operation phase, there is little research that focuses on assisting the owners in developing BIM execution plans during the pre-operation phase. Without the suitable plans and approaches, it is hard for the execution plans during the pre‐operation phase. Without the suitable plans and approaches, it is hard  owners to know how to plan and implement the BIM technology for facility management. In order to for the owners to know how to plan and implement the BIM technology for facility management. In  improve the above problems, it is necessary for the owners to develop BIM execution plans during the order to improve the above problems, it is necessary for the owners to develop BIM execution plans  pre-operation phase. With the assistance theassistance  proposed of  BIM execution plans, implementation of during  the  pre‐operation  phase.  With  of the  the  proposed  BIM the execution  plans,  the  BIM can be effective during the operation phase. implementation of BIM can be effective during the operation phase.  3. Proposed Approach 3. Proposed Approach  The preparation of BIM work at the early stage of the operation phase is very important for The preparation of BIM work at the early stage of the operation phase is very important for BIM‐ BIM-FM implementation. The involvement of facility  the facility management team at this early stage can FM  implementation.  The  involvement  of  the  management  team  at  this  early  stage  can  be  be helpful for BIM-FM implementation purposes. However, in reality, the facility management team helpful  for  BIM‐FM  implementation  purposes.  However,  in  reality,  the  facility  management  team  may not have been established in its early stages. Thus, the initial development of a BIM execution may not have been established in its early stages. Thus, the initial development of a BIM execution  plan of operation and maintenance management could solve this problem. The initial development of plan of operation and maintenance management could solve this problem. The initial development  aof a BIM execution plan presents a structured approach to effectively design the integration of a BIM  BIM execution plan presents a structured approach to effectively design the integration of a BIM for FM. Many plans and processes need to be developed for BIM-FM implementation at the early for FM. Many plans and processes need to be developed for BIM‐FM implementation at the early  stages of the operation phase to subsequently implement the BIM-FM successfully. Figure 1 shows stages of the operation phase to subsequently implement the BIM‐FM successfully. Figure 1 shows  the process of the as-built BIM models delivered to the owner to be updated for as-built BIM models the process of the as‐built BIM models delivered to the owner to be updated for as‐built BIM models  for FM. Before the start of BIM implementation for BIM-FM work during the pre-operation phase, for FM. Before the start of BIM implementation for BIM‐FM work during the pre‐operation phase, all  all as-built BIM models shouldbe  beconfirmed  confirmedand  andupdated  updatedfor  for FM.  FM. Those as‐built  BIM  models  should  Those  tasks tasks include include developing developing aa  related plan to confirm the accuracy of as-built BIM models for FM and setting up related processes related plan to confirm the accuracy of as‐built BIM models for FM and setting up related processes for  for the implementation of BIM-FM work during the operation phase. the implementation of BIM‐FM work during the operation phase. 

  Figure 1. The process of the as‐built Building Information Modeling (BIM) models delivered to update  Figure 1. The process of the as-built Building Information Modeling (BIM) models delivered to update as‐built BIM models for facility management (FM).  as-built BIM models for facility management (FM).

The implementation process will vary from one organization to another depending on its goals  The implementation process will vary from one organization to another depending on its goals and  objectives,  the  size  of  the  organization,  available  resources  and  time,  financial  support,  and  and objectives, the size of the organization, available resources and time, financial support, and experience  with  BIM.  Therefore,  one  of  the  major  objectives  of  the  study  is  to  help  owners  to  experience with BIM. Therefore, one of the major objectives of the study is to help owners to determine determine  a  defined  approach  to  develop  a  BIM  execution  plan  in  order  to  avoid  the  risk  of  cost  a defined approach to develop a BIM execution plan in order to avoid the risk of cost overrun and overrun and misdirected time and resources. There are seven BIM execution plan core elements proposed  misdirected time and resources. There are seven BIM execution plan core elements proposed in the in the study that must be considered based on the interview with industry experts (Figure 2). The seven  study that must be considered based on the interview with industry experts (Figure 2). The seven proposed BIM execution plan core elements are as follows:  proposed BIM execution plan core elements are as follows:

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7. Rules Development for BIM Models Usage for FM

6. Development of BIM Models Inspection Mechanism

1. Development of BIM-FM Implementation Team

BIM Execution Plan Cores Elements

5. Development of BIM-FM Information Collection

2. Development of BIM-FM Strategy

3. Development of BIM-FM Documents 4. Development of BIM-FM Process

  Figure 2. Proposed seven BIM execution plan core elements for BIM‐FM purpose.  Figure 2. Proposed seven BIM execution plan core elements for BIM-FM purpose.

3.1. Development of BIM‐FM Implementation Team  3.1. Development of BIM-FM Implementation Team The establishment establishment ofof a a  proper  team  and  personnel  BIM‐FM  implementation  is of one  the  The proper team and personnel for for  BIM-FM implementation is one theof  most most critical factors to successful implementation and integration of BIM. The BIM manager(s) and a  critical factors to successful implementation and integration of BIM. The BIM manager(s) and a few few key members of the BIM‐FM implementation committee should become members of the BIM‐ key members of the BIM-FM implementation committee should become members of the BIM-FM team. FM  team.  It  is  very  an  owner  establish  the  roles  and ofresponsibilities  of ineach  It is very important forimportant  an owner for  to establish theto  roles and responsibilities each participant the participant in the BIM implementation process for FM. With a BIM Implementation Team established,  BIM implementation process for FM. With a BIM Implementation Team established, the roles and the roles and responsibilities of each member of the team should be agreed upon and documented.  responsibilities of each member of the team should be agreed upon and documented. This includes This includes requirements and deliverables for each individual on the team.  requirements and deliverables for each individual on the team. In  order order  to to  enhance enhance  the the  performance performance  of of  BIM BIM  execution execution  for for  operation operation  and and  maintenance maintenance  In management, the study proposes seven major roles for BIM FM implementation. Based on expert’s  management, the study proposes seven major roles for BIM FM implementation. Based on expert’s interview,  these  roles  include  manager,  owner,  BIM  engineer,  Information  Technology  (IT)  interview, these roles include FMFM  manager, owner, BIM engineer, Information Technology (IT) Engineer, Engineer, FM staff, Facility Suppliers, and users. More detailed information regarding each role is  FM staff, Facility Suppliers, and users. More detailed information regarding each role is given below given below (Table 1).  (Table 1). Table 1. The detailed required roles for BIM model usage for FM.  Table 1. The detailed required roles for BIM model usage for FM. Project Participants  Definition Project ParticipantsThe person who manages facility services, ensures that an organization meets the most suitable  Definition FM Manager  objectives, and determines relevant BIM FM activities.  The person who manages facility services, ensures that an organization meets the most FM Manager Owner  The person who decides major decisions and requirements for the application of BIM in FM.  suitable objectives, and determines relevant BIM FM activities. The person who helps the owners to create the initial BIM‐related implementation plan for the  Owner The person who decides major decisions and requirements for the application of BIM in FM. BIM Engineer  BIM use for FM; and to develop, revise, update related BIM model during the pre‐operation phase. The person who helps the owners to create the initial BIM-related implementation plan for The person who plans and develops the detailed plan for integrated BIM‐FM system during the  BIM Engineer the BIM use for FM; and to develop, revise, update related BIM model during the IT Engineer  pre‐operation phase.  pre-operation phase. The person who handles equipment repair work in the FM department and reports the status,  FM Staff  The person who plans and develops the detailed plan for integrated BIM-FM system during problems, and results of maintenance to related FM participants for improving FM management.  IT Engineer the pre-operation phase. Facility Suppliers  The person who supports facilities by assisting with their setup and repairs when needed.  The person who handles equipment repair work in the FM department and reports the status, The person who uses the equipment and reports equipment malfunction to maintenance  Users  FM Staff problems, and results of maintenance to related FM participants for improving FM management office.  management. Facility Suppliers

The person who supports facilities by assisting with their setup and repairs when needed.

3.2. Development of BIM‐FM Strategy  Users

The person who uses the equipment and reports equipment malfunction to maintenance

management office. A suitable strategy for BIM implementation for FM provides the BIM‐FM team a plan to operate  the BIM‐FM successfully. It is necessary to define the goals and objectives for implementing BIM for  FM. In order to develop a BIM‐FM strategy, all FM participants, including top management need to 

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3.2. Development of BIM-FM Strategy A suitable strategy for BIM implementation for FM provides the BIM-FM team a plan to operate the BIM-FM successfully. It is necessary to define the goals and objectives for implementing BIM for FM. In order to develop a BIM-FM strategy, all FM participants, including top management need to meet and identify the major requirements and objectives of BIM-FM implementation. Furthermore, those identified strategies should be documented for future sharing and revision. Each BIM-FM strategy will be different in terms of its requirements and objectives for BIM implementation for FM. Those strategies include process checking, related processes of BIM model development, and a framework for maintenance management. Therefore, all FM participants (including top management) should establish the BIM-FM goals for future BIM implementation. 3.3. Development of BIM-FM Documents It is necessary to develop suitable documents and tables for BIM implementation for FM integral to strategy identification and documentation. It is very important to create the requirements for these documents and tables for which the BIM will be implemented. The purpose of these documents and tables are designed for detail description and management for BIM implementation for FM. These documents and tables assist with BIM model inspection work and include basic information/date of the BIM model elements of the facility/equipment; the facility supporter’s information; and, the operation manual that is externally linked with the BIM model element. The initial documentation includes generating, processing, communicating, executing, and managing information concerning the FM tasks related to the major requirements and objectives of BIM-FM implementation. Furthermore, those proposed documents and tables should be documented for future sharing and revision. In this core element, all FM participants should provide feedback on the problems they face and suggest better usage of documents and tables for BIM implementation. 3.4. Development of BIM-FM Process This core element describes the means to accomplish BIM usage by documenting the current processes, designing new BIM processes, and developing transition processes. Usually, FM operations include multiple operation tasks and responsibilities. Knowledge of these existing processes is essential to creating and developing new processes with the assistance of BIM technology. It is these tasks and responsibilities that should be clearly documented. Checklists and milestones must be developed for BIM management for FM. 3.5. Development of BIM-FM Information Collection Authorized staff needs to identify the information to be displayed and integrated with the BIM models. Furthermore, they need to define the information needs of the organization, including model element breakdowns, levels of development, and facility data (such as facility profile, model parameters, and external links information). These items include the people responsible for implementing the phases, checkpoints throughout the time frame, and links between drivers that support their mutual advancement. The development of a detailed roadmap involves FM-related work sessions or workshops with various members of the BIM-FM team. An analysis of project status, the desired level of maturity, and the gaps to be bridged should be identified. The sequence in which the BIM Planning Elements should be identified and developed based on the specific BIM goals and objectives. 3.6. Development of BIM Models Inspection Mechanism Owners may use and revise the final as-built BIM models delivered from the general contractor in the pre-operation phase. The proposed flowchart is developed for the BIM models inspection mechanism. When the general contractor delivers the final as-built BIM models to the owner, the

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owner needs to inspect the accuracy of the final BIM models for FM usage based on the contract. Furthermore, the proposed process is developed so that the owner can inspect the accuracy of the final BIM models before the BIM is applied to operation and maintenance management. The major content of the proposed process includes: inspecting BIM element information; confirming the positions within Buildings 2016, 6, 8  6 of 14  the BIM models compared with the actual facility/equipment positions; and determining if certain basic information of the BIM may  models musttablets  be updated or revised. byand  the owner authorized  by  the  owner  carry  that  can  access Staff the  authorized BIM  model  go  to may the  carry tablets that can access the BIM model and go to the facility/equipment position directly for BIM facility/equipment position directly for BIM model inspection work. Finally, the authorized staff will  model inspection work. Finally, the authorized staff will identify the problems, make statements and identify the problems, make statements and take photos of the problems discovered, and submit the  take photos of the problems discovered, and submit the problems to BIM engineers for a solution. problems to BIM engineers for a solution.  During During  the the  process process  of of  BIM BIM  model model  inspection inspection  work, work,  aa  detailed detailed  record record  of of  new new  BIM BIM  model model  development, revised BIM  BIM models, and deleted  deleted BIM  BIM models development,  revised  models,  and  models  should should  be be  recorded recorded  and and  traced traced  completely. The major purpose of the process management is to reduce the potential for errors completely. The major purpose of the process management is to reduce the potential for errors and  and misunderstandings in the application of the revised BIM models. Furthermore, it is important misunderstandings  in  the  application  of  the  revised  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  it  is  important  to  to verify the integrity and accuracyof ofBIM  BIMmodels  modelsin  inorder  orderto  to meet  meet the  the requirements  requirements of  of the verify  the  integrity  and  accuracy  the  BIM BIM  application for operation and maintenance management. In order to fulfill these needs, the study application  for  operation  and  maintenance  management.  In  order  to  fulfill  these  needs,  the  study  proposes managed documents and tables for BIM model inspection work. proposes managed documents and tables for BIM model inspection work.  The BIM model inspection work consists of two parts. The first part is to inspect and confirm The BIM model inspection work consists of two parts. The first part is to inspect and confirm the  the basic information of BIM model elements. The main content of this part includes basic basic information of BIM model elements. The main content of this part includes basic information/date  information/date the BIM of  model elements of the facility/equipment (such as name and of  the  BIM  model ofelements  the  facility/equipment  (such  as  name  and  information  of information BIM  model  of BIM model element of the facility/equipment). The second part is to confirm the location of element of the facility/equipment). The second part is to confirm the location of facility/equipment and  facility/equipment and verify the related information compared with real facility/equipment. Any verify the related information compared with real facility/equipment. Any problems and suggestions  problems and suggestions are recorded and traced in the event of a problem being identified by FM are recorded and traced in the event of a problem being identified by FM staff or the BIM engineer.  staff or the the BIM willBIM  revise and modify the proposed  BIM models using Finally,  the BIM BIM engineer. engineer Finally, will  revise  and  engineer modify  the  models  using  the  managed  the proposed managed documents and tables based on the identified problems. Figure 3 shows the documents and tables based on the identified problems. Figure 3 shows the process of BIM models  process of BIM models inspection mechanism during pre-operation phase. inspection mechanism during pre‐operation phase. 

  Figure 3. The process of BIM models inspection mechanism during pre‐operation phase.  Figure 3. The process of BIM models inspection mechanism during pre-operation phase.

3.7. Rules Development for BIM Models Usage for FM  3.7. Rules Development for BIM Models Usage for FM To assist the operation of the maintenance phase using BIM technology, rule development of  To assist the operation of the maintenance phase using BIM technology, rule development of BIM BIM models usage for FM should be planned initially for effective BIM management purpose. The  models usage for FM should be planned initially for effective BIM management purpose. The rule rule development results of BIM models usage for FM are described in detail in the section below.  development results of BIM models usage for FM are described in detail in the section below. 3.7.1. The Color Plan Development of BIM Models  The  identification  and  development  of  the  color  plan  of  BIM  model  for  FM  is  necessary  for  advanced management. The different color illustrations for facility/equipment classification provide  those  visual  illustrations  of  BIM  models  for  FM  that  can  be  enhanced  for  effective  tracing  and  management.  Furthermore,  different  management  statuses  of  facility/equipment  can  be  depicted  with different colors to reflect the elements of BIM models.3.7.2. The Analysis of Level of Detail (LOD)  for BIM Model 

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3.7.1. The Color Plan Development of BIM Models The identification and development of the color plan of BIM model for FM is necessary for advanced management. The different color illustrations for facility/equipment classification provide those visual illustrations of BIM models for FM that can be enhanced for effective tracing and management. Furthermore, different management statuses of facility/equipment can be depicted with different colors to reflect the elements of BIM models.3.7.2. The Analysis of Level of Detail (LOD) for BIM Model The required analysis of Level of Detail (LOD) for BIM model is necessary and important for FM usage. There are six LOD (such as LOD 100, 200, 300, 350, 400, and 500) based on the The American Institute of Architects (AIA) Contract Documents Committee. While most of FM projects conduct up to LOD 500 for BIM models as the FM requirement, it is very important and necessary to develop strategies to identify the required LOD of the BIM model for the different facilities or equipment. Based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan, most agree that not all BIM models require up to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in the pre-operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual). The detailed required sheets of BIM models are completed based on input from the meetings or discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed required sheets of BIM models. Furthermore, the detailed required sheets of BIM models can be modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively. 3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM model. They are facility/equipment basic information, facility/equipment geometric information, facility/equipment detailed information, facility/equipment supplementary information, and facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff. Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction operations building information exchange (COBie) to enhance the information communication of their CMMS. Therefore, the integration of COBie with BIM for FM is an important step for information integration for FM.

required  sheets  of  BIM sheets  models.  Furthermore,  the completed  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM the  models  can  be  to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  Institute of Architects (AIA) Contract Documents Committee. While most of FM projects conduct up  The  detailed  required  of  BIM  models  are  based  input  from  meetings  or  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the on  information  communication  of  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  Based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan, most agree that not all BIM models require up  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  required  sheets  of  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  can  be  to LOD 500 for BIM models as the FM requirement, it is very important and necessary to develop  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  The  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  are  completed  based  on  input  from  the  meetings  or  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  7 of 14  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  strategies to identify the required LOD of the BIM model for the different facilities or equipment.  required  sheets  of  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the completed  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  can  be  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  The  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  are  based  on  input  from  the  meetings  or  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  information integration for FM.  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for    model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  detail  Omniclass coding  the pre‐operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  Based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan, most agree that not all BIM models require up  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  required  sheets  of  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  can  be  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  Institute of Architects (AIA) Contract Documents Committee. While most of FM projects conduct up  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  The  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  are  completed  based  on  input  from  the  meetings  or  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  7 of 14  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric    to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the  information  Brand / Manufacturer  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  information integration for FM.  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  to LOD 500 for BIM models as the FM requirement, it is very important and necessary to develop  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  required  sheets  of  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  can  be  Buildings 2016, 6, 8 8 of 14 their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  the pre‐operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  7 of 14  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM    their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  Manufacturing company  strategies to identify the required LOD of the BIM model for the different facilities or equipment.  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  information integration for FM.  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  required  sheets  of  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  can  be  Institute of Architects (AIA) Contract Documents Committee. While most of FM projects conduct up  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  7 of 14  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  information integration for FM.  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan, most agree that not all BIM models require up  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie to  with  BIM  the  for information  FM  is  an  important  step  for  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.    maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  Location (area / floor)  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  enhance  communication  of  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  to LOD 500 for BIM models as the FM requirement, it is very important and necessary to develop  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  Institute of Architects (AIA) Contract Documents Committee. While most of FM projects conduct up  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  The  detailed  required  sheets  models  are  completed  on FM. input  from  the  meetings  or  Table 2. of  TheBIM  detailed required sheet of BIM based  model for the pre‐operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  version:001        facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the  information integration for FM.  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  COBie  with  BIM  the  for information  FM  is  an  important  step  for  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  strategies to identify the required LOD of the BIM model for the different facilities or equipment.  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  communication  of    as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  to LOD 500 for BIM models as the FM requirement, it is very important and necessary to develop  Price of  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  Institute of Architects (AIA) Contract Documents Committee. While most of FM projects conduct up  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  System class  Supply and drainage  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  information integration for FM.  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan, most agree that not all BIM models require up  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  of  integration  of  COBie  with  FM  is  an  important  step  The  detailed  required  BIM  models  are  based  input  from  the  meetings  or  Number:004 Date: 2015/11/05 StaffBIM  of Fillfor  outon  the form: Huang** strategies to identify the required LOD of the BIM model for the different facilities or equipment.  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  to LOD 500 for BIM models as the FM requirement, it is very important and necessary to develop  Number:004  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  required  sheets  of  Date: 2015/11/05  BIM sheets  models.  Furthermore,  the completed  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  can for  be    version:001   Purchase date   models  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in  version:001 3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  system  information integration for FM.  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan, most agree that not all BIM models require up  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  strategies to identify the required LOD of the BIM model for the different facilities or equipment.  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  version:001        of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based    Installation date  System class  Supply and drainage  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  the pre‐operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  information,  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for information  FM  is  geometric  an  important  step  for  System class Supply and drainage system facility/equipment  detailed  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  communication  of  required  sheets  of facility/equipment  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the completed  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  can  be  model.  They  are  basic  information,  facility/equipment  information,  to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  Number:004  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Based on the interviews with BIM experts in Taiwan, most agree that not all BIM models require up  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  version:001   Date: 2015/11/05   models   models  The  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  are  based  on  input  from  the  meetings  or  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric  System class  Supply and drainage    information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  system  information integration for FM.  Responsible unit / person  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  Basic  Equipment name Bottled-water cooler facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  information,  integration  of  COBie to  with  BIM  the  for information  FM  is  geometric  an  important  step and  for  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  facility/equipment  detailed  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  enhance  communication  of    model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  to LOD 500 as the FM requirement. The major reason given is to balance the smaller file size and the  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  version:001   detail   Omniclass coding    information,  Profile  Developing BIM model of  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  System class  Supply and drainage  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  system  the pre‐operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM  information integration for FM.  Developing BIM model of   Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  Equipment specifications  FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in  information  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  faster modeling work. Therefore, the study proposes the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  required  sheets  of  detail  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  be  Omniclass coding  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction    information  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  version:001   Brand / Manufacturer   models  can  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  Basic  equipment  System class  Supply and drainage  equipment system  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric  Profile Basic information Equipment name  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  the pre‐operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM  information integration for FM.  Bottled‐water cooler  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  FM to understand the detailed required information of BIM model for every facility or equipment in    Profile  Developing BIM model of  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  Equipment type  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the on  information  communication  of  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction    In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.    The  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  are  completed  based  input  from  the  version:001   information   Brand / Manufacturer    meetings  or  Manufacturing company  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  Appearance description(word) Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  Basic  System class  Supply and drainage    information  system  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  Appearance description(word)  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  the pre‐operation phase. The identified information of the proposed detailed required sheet of BIM  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  Profile  Developing BIM model of  equipment  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of    information,  Equipment functions  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  Basic Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed    (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  Manufacturing company  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  Location (area / floor)  Appearance example(picture) System class  Supply and drainage    information  system  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Appearance example(picture)  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  model includes the basic information (such as the equipment name and purchasing data), geometric  Profile  Developing BIM model of  information integration for FM.  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from  the  meetings  or    maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  Location (area / floor)  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  system  Price  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  information (such as the length and width of the equipment), detailed equipment information (such  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler    Profile  Developing BIM model of  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,  detail  Omniclass coding  Size (Length、Width、Height) equipment  information integration for FM.  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie to  with  BIM  the  for information  FM  is  an  important  step  for  version:001    information      Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  operations  building  exchange  (COBie)  enhance  communication  of  System class  Supply and drainage    Appearance description(word)  Material Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  Basic  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed  Appearance example(picture)  information  Equipment professional  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  The  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  are  completed  based  on  input  from  the  meetings  or  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  as equipment supplier information), and related supplementary information (such as user manual).  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.    Price  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Purchase date  Profile  Developing BIM model of  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  equipment  information  Brand / Manufacturer  information integration for FM.  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM    Material  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  Appearance description(word)  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for information  FM  is  an  important  step  for  version:001    BIM     models  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  communication  of  System class  Supply and drainage  required  sheets  of Basic  models.  Furthermore,  the completed  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  can  be  system  Elevation Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed    Appearance example(picture)  information  Size (Length、Width、Height) (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  The  detailed  required  sheets  of information BIM  models  are  based  on  input  from  the  meetings  or  information  Geometric Geometric  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  Purchase date  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  information,    detail  Omniclass coding  Profile  Developing BIM model of  Installation date  equipment  information integration for FM.    Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Appearance description(word)    Manufacturing company  Model  Elevation  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  Appearance example(picture)  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  System class  Supply and drainage  required  sheets  of information  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the detail detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  can  be  system  Special of model Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  discussion. All BIM models for FM can then be revised and updated based on the approved detailed    Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Size (Length、Width、Height) information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet    Material  information  Warranty  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and    detail  Omniclass coding  Installation date  information  Basic  equipment  Brand / Manufacturer  (word / picture) information integration for FM.  Responsible unit / person  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.    Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Appearance description(word)  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  version:001        their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  Appearance example(picture)  Geometric  parameters  Location (area / floor)    Special detail of model    the  information  Size (Length、Width、Height) operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  communication  of  required  sheets  of  BIM  models.  Furthermore,  the  detailed  required  sheets  of  BIM  models  can  be  system  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  Profile  Developing BIM model of  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  Material  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.      Model  Elevation  Assembly process    information  Equipment numberBIM  for  FM  is  an  important  Brand / Manufacturer  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Basic  Responsible unit / person  information integration for FM.  of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.    Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Appearance description(word)  Manufacturing company  Equipment specifications  version:001          their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  step  for  modified and revised based on different purposes. With the assistance of the detailed required sheet  Appearance example(picture)  Geometric  information  Size (Length、Width、Height) System class  Supply and drainage  (word / picture)  Price    on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  Material  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  Profile  Developing BIM model of  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  equipment  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.    3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  Model  Elevation  parameters  Special detail of model      Operating manual  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  detail  Omniclass coding  Geometric  Omniclass coding Basic    information integration for FM.    of BIM model for FM, the required LOD for BIM model for FM can be solved effectively.  information  Manufacturing company  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Equipment specifications  version:001        information,  Appearance example(picture)  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  Location (area / floor)  Equipment type    information  Size (Length、Width、Height) System class  Supply and drainage  system  Material  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  Equipment  Equipment number  Purchase date    Supplementary  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  Model  Elevation  Profile  Developing BIM model of  equipment    Appearance description(word)  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  parameters  Special detail of model    (word / picture)    Geometric  2D CAD  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Brand /Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Manufacturer   information  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  Number:004  version:001   Date: 2015/11/05   Brand / Manufacturer      Location (area / floor)  Equipment type  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  Size (Length、Width、Height) System class  Supply and drainage    Price  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and    Equipment functions  system  Material  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Model  Elevation    information  Installation date  parameters  Special detail of model    equipment  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required    information,  Appearance description(word)  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  3.7.2. The Confirmation of Information for BIM Model  Model parameters Appearance example(picture)  model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  geometric  (word / picture)  Geometric  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  information  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Basic  Equipment  Equipment number  Manufacturing company     Equipment performance table  Manufacturing company  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Buildings 2016, 6, 8  8 of 14  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  version:001     Price    maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems    System class  Supply and drainage  Equipment functions  system    Material  Purchase date  Equipment units  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Model  Elevation  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  Profile  Developing BIM model of  parameters  Special detail of model    supplementary  Responsible unit / person  External  (word / picture)    Appearance description(word)  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  information,  and  Appearance example(picture)    information,  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  information  communication  of  Size (Length、Width、Height) model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  geometric  Geometric  LocationStaff of Fill out the form: Huang**  (area /facility/equipment  floor) the  In the study, there are five types of required information regarding each facility/equipment BIM  Basic  Equipment  Equipment number    information integration for FM.  information  (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Manufacturer information  version:001        Location (area / floor)  System class  Supply and drainage  system    Purchase date  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  Equipment units  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler    Model  Elevation  Installation date  Equipment professional  Profile  Developing BIM model of  parameters  Special detail of model    equipment  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  (word / picture)    links  Equipment specifications  Equipment  Equipment number  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  information,  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  supplementary  for  FM  is  geometric  an  important  step and  for  facility/equipment  detailed  facility/equipment  information,  Appearance example(picture)    information,  Size (Length、Width、Height) model.  They  are  facility/equipment  basic  information,  facility/equipment  Omniclass coding  Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  Material  Price Basic    information  version:001   detail   Installation date        Maintenance manual  Price  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  System class  Supply and drainage  system    Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  Equipment professional  Geometric  Profile  Developing BIM model of  parameters  Special detail of model    Responsible unit / person  information  equipment  Equipment detail information integration for FM.  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  (word / picture)    Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  Appearance description(word)  Equipment  Equipment number  information  facility/equipment  detailed  information,  facility/equipment  supplementary  information,  and  Equipment type  operations  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of    Size (Length、Width、Height) information  Brand / Manufacturer  Material    Purchase date Basic  Model  building  Elevation  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  information   System class  Supply and drainage  Equipment resume  system  Purchase date  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  Geometric    Profile  Developing BIM model of  Responsible unit / person  information  information  equipment  facility/equipment related maintenance information. In order to understand and confirm the required  (word / picture)  Equipment specifications  Warranty  Appearance description(word)  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  Equipment  Equipment number    Appearance example(picture)    Equipment functions  Material  Installation date     (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  information  Manufacturing company  Model  Elevation  Number:004  Basic  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  parameters  Special detail of model    Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  system  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based    History maintenance records  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Installation date  information for the element of BIM model, the study collects and proposes the detailed required sheet  Geometric  Profile  Developing BIM model of  information  information integration for FM.  equipment  Equipment specifications  Warranty  Appearance description(word)  Equipment  Equipment number      Equipment type  Assembly process  Appearance example(picture)  Size (Length、Width、Height) Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction    Maintenance  Equipment units  Responsible unit / person Basic    information  Model  Elevation  version:001        parameters  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  Location (area / floor)  Special detail of model    (word / picture)  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and  of BIM model for FM for enhancing information entry accuracy integrated with BIM models based  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler    Checklist  Profile  Developing BIM model of  Responsible unit / person  information  equipment    Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Appearance description(word)  Equipment type  Assembly process  Appearance example(picture)  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of      Size (Length、Width、Height) Equipment functions  Operating manual  Material  Equipment specifications (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  Basic    records  information  Equipment professional  parameters  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  Special detail of model    (word / picture)  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  Price  System class  Supply and drainage  on experts’ interviews (Table 2). Usually, effective data analysis is the key to success for facility and    Equipment  Equipment number  Supplementary  Geometric  Profile  Developing BIM model of  equipment  Record book of maintenance  Equipment specifications    their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  Appearance description(word)  version:001     Equipment functions    Appearance example(picture)      Operating manual  Size (Length、Width、Height) Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  Equipment units  2D CAD  Material  Equipment type (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.    Model  Elevation  information    information  maintenance management. During the operation, computerized maintenance management systems  (word / picture)    system  Equipment  Equipment number  Purchase date  Supplementary  Geometric  information integration for FM.  information  equipment  Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**    staff  Appearance description(word)  Equipment type  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  enhance  the  information  communication  of  Appearance example(picture)    System class  Supply and drainage  Size (Length、Width、Height) Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction    Equipment units  2D CAD  Material    (CMMS) are essential for gathering and analyzing the related information for FM manager and staff.  Equipmentto  functions Equipment professional  Equipment performance table  Model  Elevation  parameters  Special detail of model      Warranty  Equipment  Equipment number    Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Installation date  information  Geometric  External  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for    version:001        Appearance description(word)  operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  enhance  the  information system  communication  of    Appearance example(picture)  Equipment functions    Size (Length、Width、Height) Increasingly, it is important and necessary to use the integrated BIM technology with the construction  Material  Basic    Equipmentto  units   Equipment professional  Equipment performance table  Model  Elevation  information  parameters  Manufacturer information  Special detail of model    Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  (word / picture)    Assembly process  4. Cast Study and Discussion    Profile  Developing BIM model of  Geometric  information integration for FM.  Responsible unit / person  information  External  their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  links    operations  building  information  exchange  (COBie)  to  enhance  the  information  communication  of  Appearance example(picture)  System class  Supply and drainage  Size (Length、Width、Height)   Equipment units  Equipment professional Material    Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  information  Model  Elevation  information  parameters  Manufacturer information  Special detail of model      Warranty  (word / picture)  Maintenance manual    Equipment  Equipment number  Operating manual  Geometric  information integration for FM.  Basic  equipment  information  information Number:004  Date: 2015/11/05  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Equipment specifications    their  CMMS.  Therefore,  the  integration  of  COBie  with  BIM  for  FM  is  an  important  step  for  links  information  The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case    Size (Length、Width、Height) system  Material  Supplementary  Equipment professional    Model  Elevation  Profile  Developing BIM model of  parameters  Special detail of model    Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  Warranty  (word / picture)  Maintenance manual      Assembly process  Equipment  Equipment number  Equipment resume    2D CAD  Geometric  information integration for FM.  Warranty information    study.  This  study   developed  a  BIM Appearance description(word)  execution  plan  for  BIM‐FM  implementation   based  on  the  version:001   Equipment type  information  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Material    information  Model  Elevation  information  parameters  equipment  Special detail of model    Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.  (word / picture)      Assembly process  Equipment  Equipment number  Equipment resume  Operating manual  History maintenance records  requirements for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as‐built BIM model to the owner  Geometric    Assembly process Number:004  Basic  Date: 2015/11/05  System class  Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  information  Equipment performance table    Appearance example(picture)    Supply and drainage  Equipment functions  Supplementary  Maintenance    Profile  Developing BIM model of  Model  Elevation  parameters  Special detail of model    External  Warranty  Table 2. The detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM.    (word / picture)  Appearance description(word)  Equipment  Equipment number    Operating manual  during the project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate  History maintenance records    2D CAD  Checklist  Operating manual   Number:004  information  Date: 2015/11/05  Size Staff of Fill out the form: Huang**  version:001   Maintenance      Manufacturer information    (Length、Width、Height) system    Equipment units  Supplementary  information  records  Supplementary equipment  parameters  Special detail of model      (word / picture)  links  Assembly process  with the involved participants to pilot test the proposed BIM execution plan for the building project    Equipment  Equipment number  Appearance example(picture)      2D CAD  Checklist  2D CADStaff of Fill out the form: Huang**  Number:004   Date: 2015/11/05  Record book of maintenance  version:001   Equipment performance table      information   System class  Supply and drainage  Maintenance manual    Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Material  information  Equipment professional  records    External  to gain feedback, including possible problems and results. Participants included the FM manager,    Appearance description(word)  (word / picture)  information  Equipment  Equipment number  Operating manual    Size (Length、Width、Height) Geometric  Basic    Equipment performance table Equipment performance table  Record book of maintenance    version:001   Supplementary  System class   staff    Manufacturer information  Supply and drainage  system    Equipment resume    FM staff, and the BIM engineer affiliated with the owner. The BIM execution plan was developed  Profile  Developing BIM model of  Model  Elevation  information    External  links    Appearance example(picture)  Equipment  Equipment number    2D CAD  Manufacturer information   Material  External links information  staff  Manufacturer information    Maintenance manual  System class  Supply and drainage  system  after the owner’s BIM‐FM goals were established. During the process, the proposed BIM execution  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler    History maintenance records  information  Geometric  equipment  parameters    Special detail of model    information Warranty  links  information    Size (Length、Width、Height) Basic  4. Cast Study and Discussion    Maintenance manual Maintenance  Equipment performance table    Model  Elevation    Maintenance manual  plan  was  enforced,  revised,  and  updated  based  on  feedback  gained  from  numerous  BIM‐FM    system  Equipment resume  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  Profile  Developing BIM model of    Checklist  External  information  Appearance description(word)  (word / picture)    information  Assembly process  4. Cast Study and Discussion  Equipment resume Basic    Material  information  records  Manufacturer information  meetings with the owner. The exact details and characteristics of the project will not be discussed in  parameters  Special detail of model    The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case    Equipment resume  Equipment name  Bottled‐water cooler  History maintenance records  Profile  Developing BIM model of  Geometric  equipment  Record book of maintenance  links    Appearance example(picture)  Equipment  Equipment number  Operating manual  History maintenance records Basic  Maintenance    this paper due to confidentiality reasons. Figure 4 illustrates updated as‐built BIM model for FM from  information  Model  Elevation  study.  This  study  developed  a  BIM  execution  plan  for  BIM‐FM  implementation    Maintenance manual  The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case   based  on  the  Supplementary  (word / picture)  History maintenance records  Profile  Developing BIM model of  Checklist  equipment  information    Appearance description(word)  staff  information    Size (Length、Width、Height)  based  on  the  as‐built BIM model in the case study. The as‐built model element lacked bottled water cooler based  2D CAD  Maintenance  Checklist   requirements for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as‐built BIM model to the owner  records  study.  This  study information  developed  a  records BIM Special detail of model  execution  plan  for  BIM‐FM  implementation  parameters  Maintenance   Equipment resume    Equipment  Equipment number  information    Checklist  equipment    Record book of maintenance  Appearance description(word)  Appearance example(picture)  on the requirements of the contract (left); therefore, the element as‐built model needed to be updated  during the project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate    Material  requirements for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as‐built BIM model to the owner    Record book of maintenance Equipment performance table  records    (word / picture)    History maintenance records  Geometric  4. Cast Study and Discussion  External  staff Record book of maintenance    (right). Figure 5 shows the updated as‐built BIM model and related FM data table of the bottled water  Appearance description(word)  staff  Appearance example(picture)  with the involved participants to pilot test the proposed BIM execution plan for the building project    Size (Length、Width、Height) during the project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate  Maintenance    Model  Elevation    Manufacturer information    Equipment  Equipment number    Checklist  cooler used in the case study. Figure 6 shows the use of the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  information  to gain feedback, including possible problems and results. Participants included the FM manager,  links  staff    with the involved participants to pilot test the proposed BIM execution plan for the building project  Appearance example(picture)  The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case  Size (Length、Width、Height)   Material  records  parameters  Special detail of model    Maintenance manual    FM used in the case study. Finally, Figure 7 shows the use of the new BIM models inspection process  4.study.  Cast Study and Discussion Geometric  4. Cast Study and Discussion  FM staff, and the BIM engineer affiliated with the owner. The BIM execution plan was developed  Record book of maintenance  to gain feedback, including possible problems and results. Participants included the FM manager,    This  study  developed  a  BIM Material  execution  plan  for  BIM‐FM  implementation  based  on  the  information    Size (Length、Width、Height)   Model  Elevation    (word / picture)    in the case study.  Equipment resume  after the owner’s BIM‐FM goals were established. During the process, the proposed BIM execution  4. Cast Study and Discussion  Geometric  FM staff, and the BIM engineer affiliated with the owner. The BIM execution plan was developed  information  requirements for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as‐built BIM model to the owner  staff  The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case study. The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case  Material    Model  Elevation  parameters  Special detail of model     requirements plan  was developed enforced,  revised,  and  updated  based  on  implementation feedback  gained  from onnumerous  BIM‐FM  Equipment  Equipment number  after the owner’s BIM‐FM goals were established. During the process, the proposed BIM execution  History maintenance records  during the project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate  Geometric  information  This study a BIM execution plan for BIM-FM based the   study.  This  study  developed  a  BIM  execution  plan  for  BIM‐FM  implementation  based  on  the  The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case  Maintenance    Model  Elevation  parameters  Special detail of model    meetings with the owner. The exact details and characteristics of the project will not be discussed in  (word / picture)  plan  was  enforced,  revised,  and  updated  based  on  feedback  gained  from  numerous  BIM‐FM  with the involved participants to pilot test the proposed BIM execution plan for the building project    for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as-built BIM model to the owner during 4. Cast Study and Discussion  requirements for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as‐built BIM model to the owner   based  on the study.  This  study information  developed  a  BIM Checklist  execution  plan  for  BIM‐FM  implementation  the  records  this paper due to confidentiality reasons. Figure 4 illustrates updated as‐built BIM model for FM from  parameters  meetings with the owner. The exact details and characteristics of the project will not be discussed in  Special detail of model    to gain feedback, including possible problems and results. Participants included the FM manager,  (word / picture)    Equipment  Equipment number  project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate with the during the project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate  requirements for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as‐built BIM model to the owner  Record book of maintenance    The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case  as‐built BIM model in the case study. The as‐built model element lacked bottled water cooler based  this paper due to confidentiality reasons. Figure 4 illustrates updated as‐built BIM model for FM from  FM staff, and the BIM engineer affiliated with the owner. The BIM execution plan was developed    (word / picture)    Equipment  Equipment number  with the involved participants to pilot test the proposed BIM execution plan for the building project  during the project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate  study.  This  study  developed  a  BIM staff  execution  plan  for  BIM‐FM  implementation  based  on  the  on the requirements of the contract (left); therefore, the element as‐built model needed to be updated  as‐built BIM model in the case study. The as‐built model element lacked bottled water cooler based  after the owner’s BIM‐FM goals were established. During the process, the proposed BIM execution  to gain feedback, including possible problems and results. Participants included the FM manager,    with the involved participants to pilot test the proposed BIM execution plan for the building project  Equipment  Equipment number  requirements for FM use. The general contractor delivered the final as‐built BIM model to the owner  (right). Figure 5 shows the updated as‐built BIM model and related FM data table of the bottled water  on the requirements of the contract (left); therefore, the element as‐built model needed to be updated  plan  was  enforced,  revised,  and  updated  based  on  feedback  gained  from  numerous  BIM‐FM  FM staff, and the BIM engineer affiliated with the owner. The BIM execution plan was developed  to gain feedback, including possible problems and results. Participants included the FM manager,  during the project closeout phase. Senior management of the owner made a decision to collaborate  4. Cast Study and Discussion  cooler used in the case study. Figure 6 shows the use of the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  (right). Figure 5 shows the updated as‐built BIM model and related FM data table of the bottled water  meetings with the owner. The exact details and characteristics of the project will not be discussed in  after the owner’s BIM‐FM goals were established. During the process, the proposed BIM execution  FM staff, and the BIM engineer affiliated with the owner. The BIM execution plan was developed  with the involved participants to pilot test the proposed BIM execution plan for the building project  FM used in the case study. Finally, Figure 7 shows the use of the new BIM models inspection process  cooler used in the case study. Figure 6 shows the use of the detailed required sheet of BIM model for  this paper due to confidentiality reasons. Figure 4 illustrates updated as‐built BIM model for FM from  The proposed BIM execution plan was applied to a new building in Taiwan as an initial case  plan  was  enforced,  revised,  and  updated  based  on  feedback  gained  from  numerous  BIM‐FM  after the owner’s BIM‐FM goals were established. During the process, the proposed BIM execution 

Buildings 2016, 6, 8  9 of 14  The following recommendations are based on feedback from the case study: (1) successful BIM 

implementation adoption should be supported by top management of the owner; (2) processes and  The following recommendations are based on feedback from the case study: (1) successful BIM  strategy  must  be  developed  to  encourage  maturation  of  the  BIM  execution  plan  during  the  early  implementation adoption should be supported by top management of the owner; (2) processes and  stages of the operation phase; (3) further effort is required to train FM staff using BIM software to  strategy  must  be  developed  to  encourage  maturation  of  the  BIM  execution  plan  during  the 9early  handle revised and updated BIM as‐built models; (4) further effort and additional approaches are  Buildings 2016, 6, 8 of 14 stages of the operation phase; (3) further effort is required to train FM staff using BIM software to  required  to  overcome  reluctance  to  adopt  BIM  technology  for  FM  during  the  early  stages  of  the  handle revised and updated BIM as‐built models; (4) further effort and additional approaches are  operation phase; (5) senior FM staff should be trained to use the as‐built models, as many could not  involved participants pilot test the proposed execution the building project required  to  overcome toreluctance  to  adopt  BIM BIM technology  for plan FM for during  the  early  stages toof gain the  use them without assistance; (6) initial case study results should be used to educate users about BIM  feedback, including possible problems and results. Participants included the FM manager, FM staff, operation phase; (5) senior FM staff should be trained to use the as‐built models, as many could not  software adoption; and (7) staff should receive additional training, as required.  and the BIM engineer affiliated with the owner. The BIM execution plan was developed after the use them without assistance; (6) initial case study results should be used to educate users about BIM  The  proposed  BIM  execution  plan  provided  processes  for  participator  of  BIM‐FM  related  owner’s BIM-FM goals were established. During the process, the proposed BIM execution plan was software adoption; and (7) staff should receive additional training, as required.  problems  and  supported all  changes  during  operation  (Figure 7).  The  principal advantages of  the  enforced, revised, and updated based on feedback fromfor  numerous BIM-FM meetings with The  proposed  BIM  execution  plan  provided gained processes  participator  of  BIM‐FM  related  proposed BIM execution plan, based on questionnaire results, are as follows: (1) the FM staff and BIM  the owner.and  Thesupported all  exact detailschanges  and characteristics of the (Figure 7).  project willThe  notprincipal advantages of  be discussed in this paper problems  during  operation  the  engineers were able to identify and develop processes for BIM management based on their specific  due to confidentiality reasons. Figure 4 illustrates updated as-built BIM model for FM from as-built proposed BIM execution plan, based on questionnaire results, are as follows: (1) the FM staff and BIM  requirements;  (2)  the  FM  staff  were  able  to  provide  guidance  on  detailed  integrated  management  BIM model in the case study. The as-built model element lacked bottled water cooler based on the engineers were able to identify and develop processes for BIM management based on their specific  work of BIM and FM through the proposed documents; (3) the project engineers were able to track  requirements of(2)  thethe  contract (left); therefore, element as-builton  model needed to be updated (right). requirements;  FM  staff  were  able and  to the provide  detailed  integrated  the  newest  versions  of  as‐built  models  briefly  guidance  view  changes  when  using  them; management  and  (4)  the  Figure 5 shows the updated as-built BIM model and related FM data table of the bottled water cooler work of BIM and FM through the proposed documents; (3) the project engineers were able to track  proposed BIM execution plan enhanced version and change management of as‐built models easily  used in the case study. 6 shows the usebriefly  of the view  detailed required sheet of BIM model the  newest  versions  of Figure as‐built  models  and  changes  when  using  them;  and for (4) FM the  and effectively in the web environment.  used in the case study. Finally, Figure 7 shows the use of the new BIM models inspection process in the proposed BIM execution plan enhanced version and change management of as‐built models easily  case study. and effectively in the web environment. 

  Figure 4. Updated As-Built BIM model for FM in the case study. Figure 4. Updated As‐Built BIM model for FM in the case study. 

 

Figure 4. Updated As‐Built BIM model for FM in the case study. 

  Figure 5. Updated As‐Built BIM model of bottled water cooler used in the case study.  Figure 5. Updated As-Built BIM model of bottled water cooler used in the case study. Figure 5. Updated As‐Built BIM model of bottled water cooler used in the case study. 

 

Buildings 2016, 6, 8 Buildings 2016, 6, 8 

10 of 14 10 of 14 

  Figure 6. The use of detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM used in the case study.  Figure 6. The use of detailed required sheet of BIM model for FM used in the case study.

The following recommendations are based on feedback from the case study: (1) successful BIM implementation adoption should be supported by top management of the owner; (2) processes and strategy must be developed to encourage maturation of the BIM execution plan during the early stages of the operation phase; (3) further effort is required to train FM staff using BIM software to handle revised and updated BIM as-built models; (4) further effort and additional approaches are required to overcome reluctance to adopt BIM technology for FM during the early stages of the operation phase; (5) senior FM staff should be trained to use the as-built models, as many could not use them without assistance; (6) initial case study results should be used to educate users about BIM software adoption; and (7) staff should receive additional training, as required. The proposed BIM execution plan provided processes for participator of BIM-FM related problems and supported all changes during operation (Figure 7). The principal advantages of the proposed BIM execution plan, based on questionnaire results, are as follows: (1) the FM staff and BIM engineers were able to identify and develop processes for BIM management based on their specific requirements; (2) the FM staff were able to provide guidance on detailed integrated management work of BIM and FM through the proposed documents; (3) the project engineers were able to track the newest versions of as-built models and briefly view changes when using them; and (4) the proposed BIM execution plan enhanced version and change management of as-built models easily and effectively in the web environment.

Buildings 2016, 6, 8 Buildings 2016, 6, 8 

11 of 14 11 of 14 

  Figure 7. The use of new BIM models inspection process in the case study.  Figure 7. The use of new BIM models inspection process in the case study.

Limitations and Barriers  Limitations and Barriers The findings of this case study revealed several limitations of the proposed BIM execution plan.  The findings of this case study revealed several limitations of the proposed BIM execution plan. The following are inherent problems recognized during the case study.  The following are inherent problems recognized during the case study. (1) Although there was good development of the BIM execution plan in the case study, there were  (1) Although there was good development of the BIM execution plan in the case study, there were nonetheless issues regarding the large number of differences between the as‐built BIM models  nonetheless issues regarding the large number of differences between the as-built BIM models and  as‐built  BIM  model  for  FM.  This  is  a  serious  problem  for  BIM‐FM  implementation  in  and as-built BIM model for FM. This is a serious problem for BIM-FM implementation in practice. practice. Much time and skilled personnel are required to revise and update the BIM models  Much time and skilled personnel are required to revise and update the BIM models based on based on practical BIM‐FM requirements.  practical BIM-FM requirements. (2) In the case study, the development of the proposed BIM execution plan initially lengthened the  (2) In the case study, the development of the proposed BIM execution plan initially lengthened the project schedule by two months, After the BIM execution plan was developed, it was difficult  project schedule by two months, After the BIM execution plan was developed, it was difficult for for the owner to develop and revise BIM models for two main reasons. Firstly, some FM staff  the owner to develop and revise BIM models for two main reasons. Firstly, some FM staff was was  unfamiliar  with  BIM  skills  at  the  early  stages  of  the  operation  phase  and  BIM  model  maintenance (such as BIM model development and revision). FM staff lacked the skills and time 

Buildings 2016, 6, 8

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

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unfamiliar with BIM skills at the early stages of the operation phase and BIM model maintenance (such as BIM model development and revision). FM staff lacked the skills and time to confirm the accuracy of as-built BIM models and revise the errors in the BIM model for FM use. Secondly, many of the required processes were too time-consuming requiring FM staff time to check and confirm the accuracy of as-built BIM models delivered from the general contractor after the close out of the project. FM staff also needed to find the corresponding BIM model and complete the relevant FM-related information. Furthermore, BIM model management work was not the full-time job of FM staff. Therefore, the job of developing new BIM models and revising incorrect BIM models was too time-consuming for FM staff during the initial operation phase. In the case study, FM staff needed to update BIM models during the initial operation phase with the assistance of and regular communication with BIM engineers as FM staff lacked the skills required for BIM model development. When new equipment or facilities are purchased, FM staff needs to develop new BIM elements regarding to new equipment or facilities for future management use. Furthermore, BIM models require constant maintenance to keep them updated. Therefore, BIM engineers must work together with FM staff to revise and update BIM models during the initial operation phase. The BIM engineers must also notify and discuss with FM staff when the problems of BIM model have been solved or updated. Another important issue is quality management of BIM models. The study proposed a BIM execution plan to help FM staff handle visual facilities maintenance and management work. However, the advanced management procedures and mechanisms for quality management of BIM models for FM must be identified and developed in the future. Particularly, management mechanisms for BIM models management should be developed in future BIM quality management research. One of the most challenging tasks with implementing BIM execution plan is the involvement of the BIM engineer in the project. In Taiwan, most of the organizations plan to adopt the BIM execution plan for the use of BIM for FM. However, many organizations need the FM staff that is familiar with BIM skills. While organizations may have a high willingness to implement the BIM execution plan, it is very difficult when these organizations lack the skilled BIM engineer or managers. There are many organizations outsourcing BIM work for FM. Based on Taiwan experience, those organizations that employ the FM staff who are familiar with BIM technology can improve the implementation success rate. It is potentially challenging for FM staff to adopt the BIM technology as the assistance for the visual FM tool. Based on the case study, some of the FM staff was reluctant in using BIM during the BIM implementation, since they thought their own work would increase because of their direct involvement.

5. Conclusions Building information modeling has changed how FM is implemented during the operation phase. Implementation of FM using visual communication and sharing among different participants has become possible with BIM technology. With the assistance of BIM technology during the operation phase, the performance of facility management integrated with BIM technology should be enhanced for the owner. In order to allow BIM to be used effectively in the operation phase, it is necessary for owners to develop suitable BIM execution plans during pre-operation phase. However, most of the research on BIM use for FM focuses on the study of BIM use and applications during the operation phase. This research proposed a BIM execution plan integrated with seven core elements for BIM model management for BIM-FM integration in the early stages of the operation phase after project closeout. The seven core elements include development of BIM-FM implementation team, development of BIM-FM strategy, development of BIM-FM document, development of BIM-FM process, development of BIM-FM information collection, development of BIM models inspection mechanism, and rules development for BIM models usage for FM. With the proposed BIM-FM implementation team and

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strategy, the BIM execution plan and framework can be implemented effectively. With the assistance of proposed BIM-FM document, process, and information collection, the management of BIM work for FM can be implemented efficiently. Furthermore, the quality of BIM management can be enhanced integrated with the proposed BIM models inspection mechanism and rules development for BIM models usage. Finally, the proposed BIM execution plan was then applied in a selected case study of a building project in Taiwan to verify the proposed methodology and demonstrate its effectiveness in practice. The combined results demonstrated that the proposed BIM execution plan is an effective management approach for operation and maintenance management. The advantages of the proposed BIM execution plan lie not only in how maintenance management work becomes more efficient by integration with BIM technologies, but also in how the value and benefits of BIM are maximized to support maintenance management. Finally, the limitations, difficulties, and suggestions were summarized for further development of the BIM execution plan in practice. The benefits of implementing the BIM execution plan for BIM model management during the pre-operation phase include: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

To follow and handle BIM model management effectively. To develop the related SOPs of BIM model management effectively. To easily identify the mistakes and problems that interferes with meeting the requirements of BIM model. To prepare the initial BIM-related work for FM effectively during the pre-operation phase. To enhance the successful implementation of BIM for FM. The major contributions of this research include:

(1) (2) (3)

This study proposed a BIM execution plan that provides implementation guidance for BIM model management during the pre-operation phase. This study discussed the plan and technology requirements establishing the need for industry. It also outlines the technology requirements for BIM model management in the future. The limitations, challenges, and suggestions are summarized for further development of BIM execution plan based on the case study.

Every BIM use for FM project is unique with different strengths, weaknesses, and priorities. Therefore, it is important to remember that any BIM execution plan for BIM requires different and significant effort for implementation. The procedures proposed in the study can be customized to meet each FM project needs, goals, and mission. While it is recommended to develop standard BIM model management requirements, it was found that all projects cannot be treated the same. The benefits of using BIM operating in an office building are very different from those for a factory. BIM process requirements and developments are a good start for effective implementation, but each project must be individually evaluated. As the BIM execution plan was applied during the pre-operation phase, the BIM execution plan would need to be re-evaluated, and updated. While this BIM execution plan primarily focuses on owner needs, many of the principals and procedures can be applied to benefit design firms and general contractors. Before the pre-operation phase, it is important and necessary to consider an Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) or COBie format for BIM data’s transformation earlier to avoid missing data during the process. Future research will focus on strategic planning during the operation for continuing BIM model development, and further exploration of BIM management and strategies for FM. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the National Science Council, Taiwan, for financially supporting this work under contract number NSC-103-2221-E-027-036-MY3, and express their appreciation to the all experts’ interviews for providing useful data, valuable information, and helpful comments during research development.

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Author Contributions: Yen-Pei Chen, Wan-Ting Huang and Chia-Chun Hong were responsible for the information collection and practical problems analysis; Yen-Pei Chen and Wan-Ting Huang contributed to this paper by developing the methodology and analyzing a case study; Yu-Cheng Lin guided the overall structure and content of the paper; Yu-Cheng Lin, Yen-Pei Chen and Wan-Ting Huang contributed equally to writing of the paper. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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