Digital Security Algorithm using Text Steganography.

Proceeding of International Conference on Technology & Management

ICTM-2017 17-18 February, 2017 ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

Organized By

Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, Visnagar Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, India

ICTM-2017 International Conference on Technology & Management – 2017 http://www.ictm2017.spcevng.ac.in

Organized by Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, Visnagar

Copyright © 2017, Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering Sankalchand Patel University, Sankalchand Patel Vidyadham, Visnagar – 384315 (Gujarat – India)

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form of print & electronic means without the written permission of the copyright owner.

DISCLAIMER The authors are solely responsible for the contents of the papers compiled in this volume. The Publishers or editors do not take any responsibility for the same in any manner. Errors, if any, are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such errors to the editors or publishers to avoid discrepancies in future.

Published By Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering. Sankalchand Patel University, Sankalchand Patel Vidyadham, Visnagar – 384315 (Gujarat – India) Tel : +91-2765-232008, 227342 , Fax : +91-2765-224982 Email: [email protected], Website : www.spcevng.ac.in ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Proceeding of International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Chairman’s Message It’s my immense pleasure to welcome you all in the International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM 2017), a platform to unfurl new horizons of technology and management. The theme of the conference is quite relevant to the committed thought of the Govt. “Make in India”. To transform India a developed country by 2020 as dreamt by our late President Abdul Kalam, it is necessary to stitch together, the two important sections viz Engineering & Management to realize dream for India as a developed nation of the world. Unsurpassed advances have been made in the field of technology at the global arena. ICTM has the goal of bringing together scholars in almost all the areas of technology, Applied sciences and management and hence serving as a platform for bridging the research efforts all together. The response from the research oriented communities to the ICTM has been indeed gratifying. We are honored to serve these international community by bringing together researchers, scientists and students from academia, laboratories and industry to this premier conference at Sankalchand Patel college of Engineering, Visnagar, INDIA. We are optimistic enough that we will contribute a lot in multi spheres by generating new vista of knowledge. We are thankful to the international and national advisory committee members as well as all the international and national reviewers who have put in their whole hearted efforts to hip-up the technical level to International Standards. I congratulate to the Organizing team, Conveners and Members of Various Committees, who have been instrumental in getting this conference.

SPCE,Visnagar,Gujarat

17-18 February,2017

Page | 1


Principal’s Message Professional education scenario in our country is undergoing evolutionary changes keeping in line with the challenges and opportunities presented by our fast growing economy. The conference would stand as best platform to share the knowledge and best practices in the engineering, management field and implementation of these strategies would yield good results in the field of academic as well as industry. I take the opportunity to welcome you all in ICTM- 2017 which will serve as an effective platform for research community to learn, share, and supplement learning and thereby strengthening our relationships in knowledge sharing while keeping abreast of cutting edge of new advances in the field of technology. I am sure good many papers presented in this conference would add Knowledge and joy of sharing the original research which will lead to new insight on the theme under discussion. In the context of global enterprises & global management implications, I am sure serious research contributions and findings would stem from this conference. I hope that the Conference Proceedings will serve as a comprehensive compilation of the present knowledge and experience and will be beneficial to the engineers, designers and operators who are concerned with the subjects presented at the ICTM – 2017. I heartily congratulate the authors and delegates of this international conference for all their efforts in making it an event that will be remembered for a long time. My special thanks to all the participants, session chairmen, members of the International and National Review Committee, coordinators and numerous others who helped to shape the content of this conference.


17-18 February,2017

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Organizing Committee Chief Patron : Shri Prakashbhai S. Patel , President, SPU, Visnagar Patron

: Dr. J.R.Patel, Provost, SPU, Visnagar

Convenor

: Dr. D. M. Patel, I/c Principal, SPCE, Visnagar

Co-ordinator : Dr. G. D. Makwana, Assistant Prof.(EC) Co-coordinator : Dr. M. V. Patel, Assistant Prof. (Physics)

International Advisory Committee Dr. Jalel Ben Othman, University of Paris, France Dr. Maode Ma, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Dr. Michael Black, Bridgewater State University, USA Dr. Galkowski Krzysztof Marek, University of Zielona Gora, Poland Dr. Yiu-Wing Leung, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Dr. Xin-She Yang, Middlesex University London, United Kingdom Dr. Tzung-Pei Hong, National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan Dr. Tan Kiang Hwee, National University of Singapore, Singapore Dr. Bimal K. Bose, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA Dr. Shishir K. Shah, University of Houston, Houston, USA Prof. Subramaniam Ganesan, Oakland University, Rochester, USA Dr. Bala Natarajan, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA Dr. Nimit Sheth, Magnequench Neo Powders Pvt. Ltd, Singapore Dr. Rajiv Ranjan, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Dr. Nirmit Jha, ASTA Elektrodraht gmbH & Co KG, Austria Prof. S. G. Ponnambalam, Monash University, Malaysia Dr. Sachin Shinde, Yonsei University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea Dr. S. Neelamani, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait


17-18 February,2017

Page | 3


National Advisory Committee Dr. Manju Arora, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi Dr. R. C. Shah, M.S.University, Baroda Dr. Dhanesh Patel, M.S.University, Baroda Dr. D.S.Sharma, M.S.University, Vadodara Dr. H. K. Raval, SVNIT, Surat Dr. Darshak Desai, GCET, V.V.Nagar Dr. P. M. George, BVM Engineering College, V.V.Nagar Dr. T. Srinivas, IISc, Bangalore Dr. Sanjeev Gupta, DA-IICT, Gandhinagar Dr. Upena Dalal, SVNIT, Surat Dr. N. M. Devashrayee, Nirma University, Ahmedabad Dr. N. P. Gajjar, Nirma University, Ahmedabad Dr. Dhiren Patel, SVNIT, Surat Dr. G. P. Vadodaria, L.D.C.E., Ahmedabad Dr. R. K. Jain, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar Dr. D. P. Patel, PDPU, Gandhinagar Dr. V. H. Pradhan, SVNIT, Surat Dr. Vipul Kheraj, SVNIT, Surat Dr. Tomy C. V., IIT, Bombay Dr. Sabha Raj Arya, SVNIT, Surat


17-18 February,2017

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List of Committees Committee Coordinator Co-Coordinator Correspondence Committee

Convener & Members Dr. G. D. Makwana Dr. M.V. Patel Prof. P. R. Bhavsar (EE) (Convener) Prof. Jatin N. Patel (Civil) Mr. S. D. Patel (CP) Mr. D. A. Patel (LA-ME) Prof. D. S. Patel (ME) (Convener) Discipline Committee Prof. A. K. Khemani (EE) Prof. A. K. Patel (ME) Prof. A. R. Patel (Civil) Prof. M. B. Rami (EC) Prof. V. A. Patel (Civil) (Convener) Accommodation Committee Prof. J. V. Patel (EC) Prof. N. M. Patel (EE) Prof. Prem C. Patel (IT) Ms. Minnat V. Patel (HUM) Inaugural & Valedictory Function Prof. S. B. Patel (HUM) (Convener) Committee Prof. H. N. Prajapati (MCA) Ms. Pooja N. Patel (ME) Mr. P. M. Patel (LI-CE) Dr. B. K. Patel (MBA) (Convener) Sponsorship Committee Prof. K. B. Shah (EE) Prof. P. M. Joshi (Civil) Prof. M. I. Patel (EC) (Convener) Food & Snacks Committee Prof. C. N. Patel (IT) Prof. R. V. Makwana (EE) Mr. P. M. Patel (LI-EC) Mr. H. C. Patel (LA-Civil) Prof. R. G. Patel (CE) (Convener) Resource Committee Prof. R. H. Patel (ME) Prof. R. G. Patel (EC) Prof. K. B. Upadhyay (EE) Mr. P. D. Patel (LA-EE) Prof. H. G. Bhatt (EC) (Convener) Stage & Decoration Committee Prof. H. M. Patel (CE) Prof. J. H. Patel (EE) Mr. Dilip G. Patel (LA-EC) Prof. S. A. Thakkar (ME) (Convener) Registration Committee Prof. M. I. Baliya (Civil) Prof. D. V. Patel (CE) Prof .A. B. Modi (EE) Prof. R. R. Chaudhari (EE) Guest Care Committee SPCE,Visnagar,Gujarat

Prof. N. K. Patel (EE) (Convener) 17-18 February,2017

Page | 5


Prof. C. R. Patel (MBA) Prof. S. A. Bhanotar (HUM) Prof. S.D. Gandhi (CE) (Convener) Certificate/Prize Distribution Committee Prof. S.G. Patel (ME) Prof. A.J. Goswami (CE) Mr. D. C. Kansara (LA-ME) Prof. P. J. Patel (EE) (Convener) Help Desk Committee Prof. K. C. Suthar (CE) Prof. H. M. Rajgor (Civil) Ms. Gopi A. Patel (LA-Civil) Prof. M. I. Sandhi (MCA) (Convener) Result Committee Prof. N. P. Patel (CE) Prof. D. B. Ranpura (MBA) Prof. H. B. Parikh (ME) Program Awareness / Media Dr. H. B. Patel (CE) (Convener) Committee Prof. T. V. Nakrani (MCA) Prof. S. K. Patel (ME) Mr. D. A. Patel (LA-EE) Prof. K. B. Shah (EE) (Convener) Electricity Committee Mr. S. K. Patel (LA-EE) Mr. Arun L. Patel (Wireman) Prof. B. J. Parmar (MBA) (Convener) Printing Committee Prof. S. R. Kariya (CE) Prof. C. V. Patel (ME) Prof. K. A. Shah (EC) (Convener) Transportation Committee Prof. R. A. Shah (ME) Prof. D. K. Patel (CE) Prof. K. P. Patel (Civil) Mr. S. R. Prajapati (LA-EC) Prof. V. A. Patel (ME) (Convener) Finance Committee Prof. G. R. Patel (EE) Mr. Kaushik J. Patel (Account Officer) Paper Review Process Committee / Prof. D. A. Patel (ME) (Convener) PlagiarismProcess Prof. Y. S. Patel (Civil) Prof. N. K. Patel (EE) Dr. G. D. Makwana (EC) Prof. G. V. Patel (IT) Dr. M.V. Patel (HUM) Prof. D. J. Chavda (MCA) Prof. S. V. Patel (CE) (Convener) Website Update Committee Prof. M. S. Patel (IT) Dr. M.S. Patel (Librarian) (Convener) Publication Committee Dr. C. B. Rathod (MBA) Dr. B. S. Patel (HUM) Prof. N. L. Rudani(EC) Pandal Committee Mr. Rakesh Patel(NSC) Mr. Urvish Patel(NSC) SPCE,Visnagar,Gujarat

17-18 February,2017

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Details of Reviewers Track- Humanities Sciences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Dr. Pradeep J. Jha, Ria University, Ahmedabad Dr.Dilip B. Patel, S.D. Agriculture University, Dantivada. Dr. R.C. Shah, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara Dr.Kirti R. Patel, Seth M.N. Science College, Patan Dr.Manojkumar N. Parmar, The H.N.S.B. LTD Science college. Himmatnagar Dr.Vishnubhai D. Patel, Municipal Arts & Urban bank Science College, Mehsana Dr. Chirag D. Patel, Smt S. S. Patel Nootan Science & Commerce College, Visnagar Dr. Manish V. Patel, S.P.C.E. Visnagar Dr.Yogesh D. Kale, ADIT, New V.V. Nagar Dr.Kiransinh D Rathod, Government Science College, Vadnagar.

Track- Computer Engineering & Information Technology 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Dr.NarendrasinhChauhan, ADIT, V.V Nagar Dr.Mehul C. Parikh GEC-Modasa Dr. Sanjay M. Shah GEC-Modasa Dr.NishantDoshi, PDPU Dr. Amit Thakkar, Charusat,Changa Dr. Amit Ganatra, Charusat,Changa Dr.BhaveshBorisaniya, SSEC, Bhavnagar Nimisha P. Patel, SPCE, Visnagar Dr.Vikram Kaushik, MCA, Visnagar Dr.Hasmukh Patel, GPERI, Mewad Prof. Manish Patel, SRPCE, Unjha Dr.NiraliNanavati, SCET, Surat Dr.Hemal Shah, Ganpat University Dr.Kirit J Modi, Ganpat University

Track- Electrical Engineering 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

Dr.Bhavik N. Suthar, GEC, Modasa Dr. Rakesh A. Patel, UVPCE, Kherva Dr. Sanjay R. Vyas, LDRP, Gandhinagar Dr.Ritesh R. Patel, GCET, V.V.NAGAR Dr.Chetan D. Upadhyay, L.D.C.E., Ahmedabad Prof.Nilesh K. Patel, SPCE, Visnagar Prof.Kaumil B. Shah, SPCE, Visnagar

Track- Mechanical Engineering 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

Dr J. A. Vadher, GEC, Palanpur Dr. P. K. Brambhatt, GEC, Dahod Dr. V.N. Patel, GCET, V.V. Nagar Dr B.P.Patel, U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University Dr K. B. Judal, GEC, Patan. Dr J. R. Patel, PDPU, Gandgingar Prof. D.A. Patel, SPCE, Visnagar


17-18 February,2017

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Track- Civil Engineering 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

Dr.ShakilMalek, F.D.(Mubin) Inst. of Engg& Tech., bahiyal Dr.Dhruvesh Patel, PDPU, Ghandhinagar Dr. R.K. Jain, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar Dr. S. P. Dave, Government Engineering College, At & Po: Katpur Dr. P. J. Patel, U.V. Patel College of Engineering, Kherva Dr. R.P. Rethaliya, B & B Institute of Technology, VallabhVidhyanagar Dr.Sandip Trivedi, GPERI, mevad Dr. V.M. Patel, Adani institute of Infrastrure engineering

Track- Electronics& Communication Engineering 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.

Dr. R.A.Thakker, VGEC-Chandkheda Dr. N.M.Devashrayee, IT-NU Dr. N.P.Gajjar, IT-NU Dr.DhavalPujara, IT-NU Dr. Y.N.Trivedi, IT-NU Dr.TanishZaveri, IT-NU Dr.Piyush Patel, SVNIT-Surat Dr. Hiren Mevada, CIT-Changa Dr. V.K.Patel, UVPCE Dr. K.G.Maradia, GEC-28 Sector Dr. K.R.Parmar, LDCE Dr. K. A. Shah, SPCE, Visngar Prof. H. B. Bhatt, SPCE, Visnagar Dr. G. D. Makwana, SPCE, Visnagar Prof. M. I. Patel, SPCE, Visnagar Dr. Bhargav C. Goradiya, BVM Engineering College, V. V. Nagar, Dr. Jagdishkumar M. Rathod, BVM Engineering College. V. V. Nagar Dr. Amisha Naik, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

Track- Management 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.

Dr.VinitMistri, KadiSarvaVishvavidyalaya, Gandhinagar Dr. Chirag Rathod, Sankalchand Patel University Dr.ChandujiThakor, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University Prof. Ravi Vaidya, Gujarat Technological University Dr.BhaveshParmar, Sankalchand Patel University Prof. Hitesh Gujarati, Gujarat Technological University Prof. Chirag Patel, Sankalchand Patel University Prof.D.B.Ranpura, Sankalchand Patel University


17-18 February,2017

Page | 8


About SPCE Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering (SPCE), Visnagar, Gujarat, INDIA established in 1999 is a flagship institute of Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, run by Nootan Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavani Mandal, Visnagar. All the courses of SPCE are approved by AICTE, New Delhi. It accommodates 8 different departments running 6 under-graduate courses namely Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical

Engineering,

Civil

Engineering,

Electronics

&

Communication

Engineering, Electrical Engineering and 7 post-graduate courses namely Master of Technology in Mechanical Engineering (CAD/CAM), Electronics & Communication Engineering (Wireless Communication Technology & Signal Processing and Communication), Electrical Engineering (Power Systems), Computer Engineering (Software Engineering) and MCA and MBA. SPCE has more than 150 skilled faculties and 2500 students.


17-18 February,2017

Page | 9


Constituent Institutions 

Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering (SPCE)



Swami Sachchidanand Polytechnic College (SSPC)



Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital



Nootan Pharmacy College



Manish Institute of Management



Manish Institute of Computer Studies



Smt. S.B.Patel Institute of Business Management



Shir C. J. Patel College of Computer Studies



Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College



Nootan College of Nursing



Nootan College of Physiotherapy



N. M. Nootan Sarva Vidyalaya (Primary, Secondary & Higher Secondary School)



Nootan Global School (CBSE English Medium School)


17-18 February,2017

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Preface It is a matter of proud to welcome one and all to 1st International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) organized by Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology under Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat. This is our first step to promote our institute at international level. The proceeding of the conference is published with ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4. Objective of the conference is to bring together researchers, scientists, engineers, and UG/PG/PhD scholar students to exchange and share their experiences, new ideas, and research results about all aspects of technology and management, and discuss the practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted. The conference covers multidisciplinary seven tracks namely, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Engineering/Computer Science/Information Technology, Civil Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Management and Humanities Science. The conference invites research papers on recent trends on technology and management across world. The conference received 146 research papers from institutes of Karnataka, Delhi, Udaipur, Anantnag (Kashmir), Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat. Various universities of the India, namely, BVM, GTU, SPU, CHARUSET, Rai University, Nirma University, Pacific University, CSIR, Sardar Patel University, Gujarat University, KSV University, Ganpat University, R. K. University, HNGU etc. are contributed their participation in ICTM-2017. As a part of review process of the submitted papers, each paper is requested to at least two reviewers which are subject experts of the topic of the paper. More than 100 reviewers are engaged in the review process of the all papers. Based on originality, technical and/or research content/depth, correctness, relevance to the conference, contributions, and readability, ICTM2017 is accepted 106 research papers from the submitted 146 papers. The rejection ratio of the conference is 27%. ICTM-2017 is scheduled paper presentation sessions (track wise) with session chairs and cochairs during 17-18 February, 2017. The session is started with an invited talk on research trends of respective track by invited session chairs. ICTM-2017 is announced two “BestStudent-Paper awards in each track. Also, the conference is announced an “Achiever Innovative award for participated faculties, and industrialists. The success of the ICTM-2017 definitely goes to a team work. We acknowledged share of authors, co-authors, the reviewers, the delegated, the invited session chairs, the delegates, organizing committee members, faculty members, student volunteers, and many others behind the curtain. We are highly indebted to the chief patron, patron, convener, international advisory committee, national advisory committee for their valuable guidance and the time they spared for the grand success of the ICTM-2017. We anticipate that the ICTM-2017 will help and support the research minds for exchanging their views and ideas and will burst an ignition in many young, energetic, enthusiast of the immediately coming up technology oriented generation. With the restless efforts and meticulous planning of each one, we could have put up such an excellent conference at site. It is indeed an honor for us to work as the organizing of ICTM2017. We wish all the conference delegates a comfortable stay and their visit to SPCE, Visnagar and become long remembrance in their mind. Dr. G. D. Makwana, Coordinator, ICTM-2017 Dr. M. V. Patel, Co-coordinator, ICTM-2017 SPCE,Visnagar,Gujarat

17-18 February,2017

Page | 11

Proceeding of International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017)

ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) 17-18 February, 2017 Program Schedule TRACK NAME: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Day 1 & Time 9:00 am to 10:00 10:00 am to 11:00 am am

17/02/2017 Friday

Registration & High Tea

Inaugural Function & Key Note Address (SPU Auditorium Hall )

11:00 am to 11:30 am

11:30 am to 01:00 pm

Paper Presentation Session -1 Seminar Room: Session’s Six Paper Invited Talk Paper No. 20, Paper No. 24, Seminar Paper No. 40, Room: BF-9 Paper No. 42, Paper No. 46, Paper No. 67

01.00 pm to 02.00 pm to 03:30 pm 02:00 pm

Lunch

Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: BF-9 Five Paper Paper No. 71, Paper No. 77, Paper No. 88, Paper No. 119, Paper No. 128

3.30 pm to 3.45 pm

Tea

TRACK NAME: COMPUTER ENGINEERING/SCIENCE/INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

18/02/2017 Saturday


SPCE, Visnagar, Gujarat.

Session’s Invited Talk Seminar Room: BF-13

Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: BF-13 Nine Paper Paper No. 29, Paper No. 54, Paper No. 55, Paper No. 70, Paper No. 81, Paper No. 84, Paper No. 116, Paper No. 124, Paper No. 115 17-18, February, 2017

Lunch

--------

Tea

Page | 12


ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

TRACK: CIVIL ENGINEERING Day 1 & Time

17/02/2017 Friday

Day 2 & Time

18/02/2017 Saturday

9:00 am to 10:00 am


9:00 am to 10:00 am



10:00 am to 11:00 am

11:00 am to 11:30 am

11:30 am to 01:00 pm

Paper Presentation Session -1 Inaugural Seminar Room: Function Session’s Invited ______ & Talk Five Papers Key Note Paper No. 5 Address Seminar Room: Paper No. 13 BF-9 (SPU Auditorium Paper No. 21 Hall ) Paper No. 62 Paper No. 69

10:00 am to 10:30 am

10:30 am to 01.00 am

Paper Presentation Session Session’s Invited Seminar Room: BF-9 Talk 7 Papers Seminar Room: Paper No. 15, Paper No. 25, Paper BF-9 No. 35, Paper No. 38, Paper No. 39, Paper No. 43, Paper No. 78,

17-18, February, 2017

01.00 pm to 02.00 pm to 03:30 pm 02:00 pm

Lunch

Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: BF-9 Two Paper Paper No. 113 Paper No. 130

3.30 pm to 3.45 pm

Tea

01.00 pm to 02.00 pm to 03:30 pm 3.30 pm to 3.45 02:00 pm pm

---Lunch

Tea

Page | 13


ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

TRACK NAME: ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Day 1 & Time

17/02/2017 Friday

Day 2 & Time

18/02/2017 Saturday

9:00 am to 10:00 am

10:00 am to 11:00 am


Inaugural Function & Key Note Address (SPU Auditorium Hall )

9:00 am to 10:00 am

10:00 am to 10:30 am



Session’s Invited Talk Seminar Room: ______

11:00 am to 11:30 am

11:30 am to 01:00 pm 01.00 pm to 02:00 pm

Paper Presentation Session -1 Seminar Room: Session’s ______ Invited Talk Six Papers Seminar Paper No. 22, Paper Room: ______ No. 33, Paper No. 34, Paper No. 36, Paper No. 37, Paper No. 60 10:30 am to 01.00 am

Lunch

02.00 pm to 03:30 pm Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: ______ Four Paper Paper No. 27, Paper No. 83, Paper No. 90, Paper No. 105

01.00 pm to 02:00 pm

02.00 pm to 03:30 pm

Lunch

-----

3.30 pm to 3.45 pm

Tea

3.30 pm to 3.45 pm

Paper Presentation Session-1 Seminar Room: ______ 08 Papers (Research Laboratory _PG) Paper No. 19, Paper No. 56 Paper No. 68, Paper No. 89 Paper No. 94, Paper No. 108 Paper No. 132, Paper No. 133 Paper Presentation Session-2 11 papers (EC Seminar room) Paper No. 32, Paper No. 52 Paper No. 57, Paper No. 66 Paper No. 73, Paper No. 74 Paper No. 97, Paper No. 100 Paper No. 102, Paper No. 104 Paper No. 110 17-18, February, 2017

Tea

Page | 14


ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

TRACK NAME: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Day 2 & Time

18/02/2017 Saturday

9:00 am to 10:00 am


10:00 am to 10:30 am

10:30 am to 01.00 am


Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: AF-12 Ten Papers Session’s Invited Paper No. 8, Paper No. 101, Paper Talk Seminar Room: No. 16, Paper No. 26, Paper No. 9, Paper No. 93, Paper No. 75, Paper AF-12 No. 28, Paper No. 30, Paper No. 45

Lunch

Paper Presentation Session Five Paper Paper No. 18. Paper No. 112, Paper No. 58, Paper No. 59, Paper No. 80

Tea

TRACK NAME: MANAGEMENT

18/02/2017 Saturday



Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: ______ 13 Papers Paper No. 61, Paper No. 64, Session’s Invited Paper No. 118, Paper No. 127, Talk Seminar Room: Paper No. 134, Paper No. 136, Paper No. 137, Paper No. 141, ______ Paper No. 143, Paper No. 145, Paper No. 146, Paper No. 148, Paper No. 149

17-18, February, 2017

Lunch

---------

Tea

Page | 15


ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

TRACK NAME: HUMANITIES SCIENCE Day 1 & Time

17/02/2017 Friday

Day 2 & Time

18/02/2017 Saturday

9:00 am to 10:00 am


9:00 am to 10:00 am



10:00 am to 11:00 am

11:00 am to 11:30 am

11:30 am to 01:00 pm

Paper Presentation Inaugural Session -1 Function Seminar Room: Session’s Invited & BF-14 Talk Six Papers Key Note Paper No. 103 Address Seminar Room: Paper No. 47 BF-14 (SPU Auditorium Paper No. 123 Hall ) Paper No. 49 Paper No. 23 Paper No. 50

10:00 am to 10:30 am

Session’s Invited Talk Seminar Room: BF-14

10:30 am to 01.00 am Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: BF-14 Ten Papers Paper No. 72, Paper No. 44 Paper No. 79, Paper No. 48 Paper No. 82, Paper No. 26 Paper No. 125, Paper No. 111 Paper No. 63, Paper No. 96

17-18, February, 2017

01.00 pm to 02.00 pm to 03:30 pm 02:00 pm

3.30 pm to 3.45 pm

Paper Presentation Session Seminar Room: BF-14 One Paper Paper No. 129 Lunch

Tea


Lunch

--------

Tea

Page | 16


ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Summary of Research Paper

Track No. & Name

Number of Received Research Paper

Number of Selected Research Paper

Selection Ratio (%)

18

11

61.11

17

13

76.47

18

14

77.78

36

29

80.55

21

15

71.43

14

14

100.00

22

17

77.27

146

113

77.39

Track-1: Mechanical Engineering Track-2: Computer Engineering / Computer Science / Information Technology Track-3: Civil Engineering Track-4: Electronics & Communication Engineering Track-5: Electrical Engineering Track-6: Management Track-7: Humanities Science


17-18 February, 2017

Page | 17


Track - 1: Mechanical Engineering PAPER NO

20

NAME Pradipkumar Sangrambhai Chaudhari Dr. Dhaval M. Patel

TITLE

Page No.

Analysis The Effect Of Process Parameters On Kerf Width For IS-2062 Mild Steel Sheet Cut By Fibre Laser

ME-001 To ME-003

Stable Control System Of Two Wheel Self Balancing Robot

ME-004 To ME-007

Research Review On Abrasive Jet Machining

ME-008 To ME-011

Study Of Variation In Mechanical Properties After Cryogenic Treatment Of Cutting Tool Material

ME-012 To ME-014

Failure Prevention Of Concrete Planetary Mixer Blade Used In Fly Ash Industry- A Case Study

ME-015 To ME-018

Design And Analysis Of Stiffened Hollow Cantilever Beam – A Review

ME-019 To ME-022

Effect Of Different Parameters On Abrasive Water Jel Machinary: A Review

ME-023 To ME-028

Static And Dynamic Analysis Of Vertical Pressure Vessel

ME-029 To ME-032

Investigation And Performance Analysis Of Evacuated Tubes Coupled Triple Effect Solar Still For Household Portable Water Requirements

ME-033 To ME-036

Bhavin Dineshbhai Faldu 40

Ravi Vinodbhai Savaliya Divyang Kishorbhai Ginoya Tushar Shah

42

Pradipkumar Sangrambhai Chaudhari Hirenkumar K. Patel Shreyash P.

46

Trishul M. A. Amith S. Kumar Amitkumar S. Patel

67

71

Dr. Bhaveshkumar P. Patel Dr. Bhaveshkumar P. Patel Purohit Gaurangkumar Jagdishbhai Prof. H. B. Prajapati

88

Patel Dhaval Vipul P. Patel Ashish V. Patel Dhaval A. Patel

119

Vipul J. Solanki Dr. Hitesh Panchal

128

Prof. D. K. Patel Prof. Nikunj Patel



Page: 18


24

Harshadkumar Chaturbhai Patel Dr. Dhaval M. Patel Dilipkumar Shankarlal Patel

77

Snehal N Patel

Different Types Of Wires Effects On Wire Cut EDM Machine By D.O.E. Approach

ME-037 To ME-041

Experimental Investigation Of A 4-Stroke Diesel Engine For Varying Fuel Injection Pressure And Compression Ratio

ME-042 To ME-046

Dr. Kedar A. Pathak



Page: 19


Track – 2: Computer Engineering/Computer Science/ Information Technology PAPER NO 29

NAME

Pradip Patel

TITLE

Page No.

Indian Sign Language Recognition: A Survey

CE-001 To CE-004

Survey On Load Balancing Technique For Vm Placement

CE-005 To CE-007

A Survey On Secure Third Party Audit Mechanism For Cloud Based Storage

CE-008 To CE-010

Digital Security Steganography.

CE-011 To CE-014

Khusboo K. Patel 54

Dishant R. Soni Megha R. Desai Falguni M. Patel

55

Dishant R. Soni Megha R. Desai Dr. Sailesh Iyer

70

Dr. Kamaljit I. Lakhtaria

Algorithm

Using

Text

Mehulkumar Shankarlal Patel 81

Govindkumar Vitthalbhai Patel

Fastest Route Selection With Multiple Options For Available Routes

CE-015 To CE-018

Multi-Hop Based Mechanism For Expansion Of LEACH-F

CE-019 To CE-022

Modified VM Consolidation Approach Using Prediction Of Host Utilization To Optimize Energy Consumption In Cloud

CE-023 To CE-027

Machine Learning Classification

CE-028 To CE-030

Patel Premkumar Chandrakant Viral D. Patel 84

Rajan G. Patel Dimpalben M. Patel

115

Nimisha P. Patel Dr. Hiren B. Patel

124

Patel Dhenu Prahladbhai Dishant R. Soni

116

Dr. Abhijeetsinh B. Jadeja

Based

Crime

Pattern

Enhance Elementary Teaching-Learning Skill By 3D Marker Based AR

CE-031 To CE-034

An assortment of Research direction in Cloud Computing : A Critical Review

CE-035 To CE-038

Krunal Suthar 106

Hiral Patel Shakti Patel Rupal Chaudhari SPCE, Visnagar, Gujarat.


Page: 20


Hiral Patel 109

Krunal Suthar Rupal Chaudhari

Routing Issues & Performance of Different Opportunistic Routing Protocols in Delay Tolerant Network

CE-039 To CE-045

A Survey On Black Hole Attack Detection Methods in MANET

CE-046 To CE-049

Analysis of Variable BufferSize for Routing Protocols in Delay Tolerant Networks

CE-050 To CE-054

Shakti Patel Rupal Chaudhari 117

Hiral Patel Krunal Suthar Shakti Patel Shakti Patel

120

Krunal Suthar Rupal Chaudhari Hiral Patel



Page: 21


Track - 3: Civil Engineering PAPER NO

NAME

TITLE

Page No.

Generating Water Resources Management Database for Rajkot City in GIS Environment

CV-001 To CV-004

Organising and Reducing Demotion Waste: A Review

CV-005 To CV-009

Kotecha Mit Jayeshbhai Radia Ghata Devendra

5

Khina Mehta Rupal Vidhi H. Khokhani Patel Vivekkumar Bharatbhai

13

Dr. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda

Construction

and

Sejal Bhagat Mayur R. Rethaliya 15

Nikunj R. Patel Jugal Mistry

Properties of Self Compacted Concrete with Different Additives-A Review

CV-010 To CV-014

Use Of Polymer Modified Bitumen (Pmb) In Road Construction

CV-015 To CV-018

Evaluation of response reduction factor for elevated water tank having steel container and RCC staging

CV-019 To CV-022

Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Storied Building Isolated with Modified Variable Friction Pendulum System under Harmonic Ground Motions

CV-023 To CV-027

Effects Of Mass Irregularity On Progressive Collapse Of Rcc Building

CV-028 To CV-031

Comparison of linear Static and Dynamic analysis of of multistory RCC and COMPOSITE structure

CV-032 To CV-035

Review Paper on Use of FRP in Construction

CV-036 To CV-039

Gayrav Gohil Dr. R. P. Rethaliya 21

Mayur R. Rethaliya Shah Anuj Kaushik

25

Dr. Vijay R. Panchal Dr. Jignesh A. Amin Parth V. Bhavsar

35

38

Dr. Vijay R. Panchal Patel Kevinskumar Jashavantbhai Patel Tushar N. Gandhi Utsav R

39

Dhyani Dhruti J Uzair Shaikh

43

Dr.Kaushal Parikh Dr. Shakil S. Malek



Page: 22


Mohitsingh S Rajput 62

Digvijaysingh Chavda

Infrastructure Improvability Aggrandizement Of Precast Concrete

Through

Dr. Dipi Patel 69

Mamta Patel

Recycling of sewage: Critical study of tertiary

CV-044 To CV-047

Performance Based Seismic Analysis

CV-048 To CV-051

Determining the stage discharge curve using hydraulic software

CV-052 To CV-054

Irrigation Water Management through Water Conservation Structure in Scarcity Area of North Gujarat Region

CV-055 To CV-058

Palash Deepak Bharuka Raj K. Kansagara 78 Jahanvi M. Suthar 113

Khyati Vasantbhai Mistry Vrunda Milind Sule Nehalsinh Rohitkumar Chaudhary

130

Prakash M. Joshi Mahesh D. Patel


CV-040 To CV-043


Page: 23


Track – 4: Electronics & Communication PAPER NO 19

22

27

32

NAME

TITLE

Page No.

Makwana Gautam Durlabhji

Effect Of Substrate’s Height On Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Bhatt Hetalkumar Girishbhai Dr. Rajesh A. Thakkar Darji Kinjal Kaushikbhai Nitesh L. Rudani Patel Pooja D.

Reconfiguration Technique For Damaged Photovoltaic Solar Cells In Array For Maximum Electrical Power Production

EC-001 To EC-004 EC-005 To EC-009 EC-010 To EC-013 EC-014 To EC-016 EC-017 To EC-020 EC-021 To EC-024 EC-025 To EC-027 EC-028 To EC-031 EC-032 To EC-035 EC-036 To EC-037 EC-038 To EC-041 EC-042 To EC-045 EC-046 To EC-049

Dr.Kehul A. Shah Patel Monika S.

33

Hetal G. Bhatt Mevada Khyati B.

34

36

37

Manish I. Patel Patel Hardikkumar Sureshbhai Dr.Gautam D. Makwana Mevada Zalak V. Manish I. Patel Sneha Mokani

52

56

57

Prof Milind Shah Nirali Goswami Prof. Viral Mehta Ami R. Lavingia Pratik Dave Milind Shah

A Review Paper On Tens For All Types Of Body Pain Design And Analysis Of Low Power Folded Cascode Op-Amp In 0.18um Technology Real Time Characters Segmentation For On-Line Printing System Pattern Matching Algorithm For Auto-Masking Of Moving Targets Design Of Ultra Wide Band Microstrip Patch Antenna For Wireless Applications Optical Character Recognition For On Line Printing Effect Of Fin Width Variation And Study Of Finfet Analog Circuit For Power Optimization Performance Analysis Of 2.5gbps Gpon Network Particle Filter Implementation And Analysis For Non Linear Model

Abhishek Kushwaha 60

Naresh P Patel Abhishek Lakhatariya

66

68

A Brief Review On Face Recognization Technique

Ankur Changela

A Brief Review On Low Power Delay Product Based Adder

Princess M. Zawu

Localization Of Wireless Sensor Network



EC-050 To EC-053 Page: 24


Santosh Chudasama 73

Alpesh Dafda

Synchronizers:A Review & Comparative Analysis

74

Patel Jignesh Vishnubhai Dr Kehul A. Shah

A Comparative Analysis Of Adc Archirecture: A Review

83

Manish I. Patel

Image Registration With Reduced Dimensionality Of Surf Descriptor Using Pca

89

90

Vijaykumar Ishvarbhai Patel Prajapati Jayeshkumar Chelabhai Amit Agrawal Panchal Himani S. Parmit Dutta

Performance Analysis Of Radio Over Fiber System Using Optisystem

EC-066 To EC-070

A Review Paper On Vision Based Visual Servoing

EC-071 To EC-073

Ketan N Patel 94

97

Maulik B. Rami Dr. Gautam D. Makwana Arti Odedara Alpesh Dafda Anurag Shankhdhar

100

102

104

Alpesh M. Patel Ajit V. Kakadiya Asst. Prof. Chintan B. Dave Dr. Kehul A. Shah Dr. N.M.Devashrayee Rudani Nitesh L.

105

108

110

132

D. J. Shah Chaudhari Jigar Babubhai Gandhi Sailesh D. Ms. Kruti P. Thakore Dr. Kehul Shah Makwana Gautam Durlabhji Jasmine J. Karagthala

133

Pinky J. Brahmbhatt SPCE, Visnagar, Gujarat.

EC-054 To EC-057 EC-058 To EC-061 EC-062 To EC-065

A Review Paper On Antenna For 5g Networks Review On Different Number System For Hardware Implementation Of Digital Filter On Fpga Crosstalk Analysis In Deep Submicron Vlsi Circuits A Review: Metastability Failure Analysis Of Synchronizer With Technology Scaling Performance of Gain-Bandwidth in Operational Transconductance Amplifier Under the Impact of Technology Scaling Review Paper On Advancement In Global Region Based Chan-Vese Model For Image Segmentation Comparative Study Of Various Lna Topologies Used For Cmos Lna Design Design And Analysis Of Phase Frequency Detector For Cmos Pll Investigation Of Power Efficient Oversized Waveguide At 26.5 Ghz To 40 Ghz For Plasma Measurement Review On Speaker Recognition Using HigherLevel Features 17-18 February, 2017

EC-074 To EC-077 EC-078 To EC-081 EC-082 To EC-085 EC-086 To EC-089 EC-090 To EC-093 EC-094 To EC-097 EC-098 To EC-102 EC-103 To EC-106 EC-107 To EC-110 EC-111 To EC-115 Page: 25


Track – 5: Electrical Engineering PAPER NO.

NAME

TITLE

Page No.

Design And Simulation Of Three Phase Three Wire Shunt Active Power Filter

EE-001 To EE-005

Contingency Ranking In Power System

EE-006 To EE-011

Power System State Estimation Using Weighted Least Squares Method

EE-012 To EE-015

Single Phase To Three Phase Matrix Converter Using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

EE-016 To EE-019

Comparison Between Fly Back And Active Clamp Fly Back Converter

EE-020 To EE-024

Comparison Between Quadratic Boost Converter And Boost Converter For Power Factor Correction

EE-025 To EE-028

Multi-Input Dc-Dc Boost Converter For Hybrid Energy System

EE-029 To EE-032

Review Of Different Solar Collecting System

EE-033 To EE-036

Barva Akash Vishnubhai 8

Priyank R. Bhavsar Ankit B. Modi Chirag T. Patel Prajapati Unnati P.

9

Priyank Bhavsar Jay Patel Nilesh Patel Patel Vishal R.

16

Priyank Bhavsar Ansari Parvejalam Harish Premjibhai Kasundra

18

Murtuza Y. Saifee Narendrasinh C. Rana Mayur B. Gohil

28

Suryaprakash Singh Dhaval Vora Jayesh N. Dabhi

30

Nitin H. Adroja Ankit Lehru Bhatt Diksha V.

45

Pratik Munjani Monika D Patel Mehta Shubham Janakkumar

58

Patel Bhargav Rakeshbhai Makavana Rakesh Vijaykumar SPCE, Visnagar, Gujarat.


Page: 26


Jani Mrugesh D. 59

Patel Akshay B. Parmar Navin R.

Self Balancing Hover-Board A Motorized Personal Transporter

EE-037 To EE-040

Role Of FACTS Device In Deregulated System: A Review

EE-041 To EE-045

Hybrid Automation System

EE-046 To EE-048

A Novel Pulse Generation Technique For PFC Half Bridge Boost Converter Fed PMBLDCM Drive

EE-049 To EE-052

Contingency Analysis For Transmission Congestion Management: A Preliminary Approach

EE-053 To EE-056

Analysis Of Battery Assisted Quasi Z Source Inverter Base Photovoltic System For High Gain

EE-057 To EE-062

Locational Marginal Price Calculation Genetic Algorithm And Acopf

EE-063 To EE-065

Makwana Rakesh V. Negi Deepak L. Bhalu Darpan J. 75

Gojiya Kishan B. Shaikh Abdul Amir A. Jalpa Thakkar Harshal Mehta

80

Dhruv Mangukiya Parth Patel Jaimin Surwala Patil Sachin R. Shehjad Suleman Hansrod

93

Soham Haribhai Gohil Priyank Dalpatbhai Patel Richa Dubey Jalpa Jobanputra

101

112

Dr. Chetan D. Kotwal

Sonali N. Rajwadi Jay B. Patel

126

Prof.Nilesh K.Patel Kinjal M.Paghdal



Using

Page: 27


Track – 6: Management PAPER NO

NAME Dr. Mitesh Jayswal

61 Dr. Rachita Jayswal Dr. Mitesh Jayswal 64 Dr. Rachita Jayswal Dr. Vinit Mistri 118 Dr. Chirag Rathod Chintan Ajaybhai Shah 127

Cheta Pinak Desai

TITLE

Page No.

Enhancing The Team Performance By Preventing Social Loafing

MG-001 To MG-004

A Comparative Study On Term And Endowment Insurance

MG-005 To MG-009

Gaining Competitive Advantage In A Rapidly Changing Indian Retail Environment Through Service Quality.

MG-010 To MG-014

Green Banking: An Innovative Initiative By Indian Banks For Sustainable Development

MG-015 To MG-020

“m-MR” The Digital Medical Representative

MG-021 To MG-024

An In-Depth Study Of Brand Responsiveness For Super Bakers At Patan City

MG-025 To MG-029

Digital Payments- The Way Ahead

MG-030 To MG-033

Assessment Of Service Quality Measurement Scale For Rural Banking Services.

MG-034 To MG-037

Corporate Social Responsibility

MG-038 To MG-039

Dr. Sunil Patel 134

136

Prof. Mrugesh Nayak Dr. Chanduji Popatji Thakor Dr. Ravi D. Vaidya

137

Dr. Pankajray Patel Dr. Chirag Rathod

141

143

145

146

Dr. Vinit Mistri Lavina Joseph Christrian

Dr. Bhavesh Parmar

Alpeshkumar Soni


Effectiveness Of Celebrity And Non-Celebrity Endorsement On Advertisement For FMCG Study On Digitalization Of Tv- Dth Services In India


MG-040 To MG-043 MG-044 To MG-047

Page: 28


Dr. Chirag Rathod 148 Dr. Vinit Mistri 149

Hitesh Gujarati Prof. Darshan Ranpura

150 Prof. Chirag Patel


Validating The Service Quality Measurement Scale For Rural Banking Services

MG-048 To MG-051

A Comparative Analysis Of Workers, Work Participation Rate And Economic Growth Of Indian States

MG-052 To MG-058

Agricultural Finance: Farmers’ Opinion in North Gujarat Region

MG-059 To MG-062


Page: 29


Track – 7: Humanities Science Paper No.

NAME

TITLE

Page No.

Mitesh J. Patel 47

Dr. G.V. Ghodasara Jagdish C. Chaudhary

23

26

Dr. Shailesh T. Patel

48

49

50

On Square Sum Labeling Of Graph

Satisfying Φ- Contractive Condition With Jclr HUM-005 Property In Common Fixed Point Theorems In To Fuzzy Metric Space HUM-008 Transport Property Measurements On Tungsten Diselenide Single Crystals Doped By Coppler

HUM-009 To HUM-012

Silver Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles For Gas Sensor Application

HUM-013 To HUM-016

Rajendrasinh H. Parmar

Supersymmetric Charge Operators For Vector Superpotential

HUM-017 To HUM-019

Dr R. S. Thakkar

Condition Of Sensitivity Dependence On Initial Conditions Of A Linear Function On A Unit Circle

HUM-020 To HUM-021

Dr. Kiran A Raval

A Statistical Model Of Effect Of Edible Oils In Diminishing Cholesterol Levels In India

HUM-022 To HUM-023

Thermodynamic Parameters From Tga Of Some Synthesized Crystals

HUM-024 To HUM-027

Manojkumar Natvarlal Parmar Dr. Manju Arora

44

HUM-001 To HUM-004

Dr. R. A. Zargar

Kamleshkumar P. Patel 63

Kirtikumar R. Patel Vishnubhai D. Patel Manojkumar N. Parmar Rushi J. Parmar R. J. Pathak

72

Vijay R. Solanki Miteshkumar D Parmar

Study And Characterization Of Nanoparticles Prepared By Chemical Method

Snse HUM-028 Bath To HUM-030

K. D. Patel Vijay Rameshbhai Solanki R. J. Pathak 79

Miteshkumar D Parmar

Comparison Of Structural Properties Of Tin Selenide Thin Films Prepared By Chemical Bath Deposition Method

Rushi J. Parmar

HUM-031 To HUM-033

K. D. Patel SPCE, Visnagar, Gujarat.


Page: 30


Miteshkumar Dineshkumar Parmar R. J. Pathak 82

Vijay R. Solanki

Estimation Of Global Solar Radiation Using Angstrom Type Empirical Correlation

Rushi J. Parmar

HUM-034 To HUM-037

V. M. Pathak Kaushal R Purohit 96

Rajendrasinh H Parmar Patel Jayshriben Ramjibhai

103

Dr. Manisha Patel Dr. M. G. Timal

Entanglement Probability Of Polymers Using HUM-038 Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics Method To With Harmonic Oscillator Potential. HUM-041 Finite Difference Method On Third Order Non- HUM-042 Linear Differential Equation: Magneto Hydro To Dynamic Flow Of Sisko Fluid HUM-046

Mahesh D. Chaudhary 111

J.C. Patel J.M. Chaudhari

Optical Properties Of Pbs Synthesized By Chemical Route

Nanoparticles

HUM-047 To HUM-050

Sandip V. Bhatt Dilip B. Patel 123

Nayan I. Patel Prajesh M. Patel

Comparative Study Of Magnetic Fluid HUM-051 Lubrication Of Various Shapes Of Slider Bearing To With Assorted Porous Structures HUM-055

Suresh G. Sorathia Niravkumar H. Thakkar 125

Manish V. Patel

Synthesis And Electrical Conductivity Of Crystals Synthesized From Evaporation Method

HUM-056 To HUM-058

Shliomis Model Based Ferrofluid Lubrication Of A Rough, Porous Exponential Pad Slider Bearing

HUM-059 To HUM-063

Chirag D. Patel Nitin D Patel 129

Dr. G. M. Deheri Shruti S. Mehta



Page: 31

Proceeding Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) ProceedingofofInternational International conference on Technology and Management

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN:978-93-5267-370-4

Analysis the effect of process parameters on kerf width for IS-2062 mild steel sheet cut by Fibre Laser Pradipkumar S. Chaudhari

Dr. Dhaval M. Patel

Mechanical Engg. Department, U. V. Patel College of Engg., Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana, North Gujarat, India [email protected]

Sankalchand Patel College of Engineering, S. K. Patel Campus, Kamana Char Rasta, Visnagar, North Gujarat, India [email protected]

Abstract – Laser machining is mainly used in fabrication industry. In fabrication industry there are so many materials are used, but based on easy avability and cost factor there are Mild Steet material are widely used. In this paper investigates experiment on the mild Steel IS-2062 Grade-A, with the use of a pulsed fibre laser for different power condition (950, 970 and 1000 Watt). After the laser cutting operation measuring the kerf width. By this investigation our aims at evaluating processing parameters, such as the laser power, the cutting speed and the gas pressure, for the laser cutting of mild Steel. Result revealed to less kerf width is good quality cuts can be produced in mild steel sheets, we seen that at 1400 mm/min laser cutting speed and at 1000 watts laser power and at 1.0 bar O 2 gas pressure.

the Fiber Laser, Bragg Gratings written into the core of a fibre are used. These Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs) consist of periodic refractive index variations. The longitudinal period of the grating determines the wavelength of the reflected light, and the magnitude of the variation controls the reflected percentage. Thus is it possible to manufacture the complete Fiber Laser so that the light is contained within fibre components all right up to the beam delivery point at the work piece. Figure 2 is a schematic of a typical Fiber Laser construction [4].

Keywords— Laser Cutting, Kerf Width, Laser Power, Mild Steel

I. INTRODUCTION Today’s sheet cutting or fabrication works are mostly use in industries or different application purpose. For that we required good output qualities, e.g. surface roughness, kerf width, MRR etc. For that laser cutting process is more reliable for industries satisfaction. So many advantages are we gets from Laser machine as compare to conventional machining process. For example, in laser cutting operation no requirement of Jig & Fixture because its non-contact operation also this machining process does not produce forces that can damage thin or brittle materials work piece. [1, 2] As we all know, laser machining have so many advantages but mainly good quality of output, less time and most important is less west. Here we use mild steel sheet (5mm thickness) because it’s very commonly used in later cutting industry. [3]

Fig. 2. Fiber Laser Schematic

A. Fiber Laser Advantages: The advantages of the Fibre Laser for Industrial applications can be summarized as follows: • • •

II. FIBER LASER CUTTING

Existing Advantages of Fiber Lasers: A very stable beam for power, mode and pulse shape Wide dynamic range with the beam quality basically constant throughout the power range High “TV set” reliability: run for 10,000’s of hours without service High efficiency Ruggedness Flexible fiber beam delivery Small size Application can be located 100’s of meters from the laser

Here Fiber Laser the gain medium is an Ytterbium doped glass fibre, with the excitation energy being provided by laser diodes, operating around 950nm, coupled by various schemes into the core of the doped fibre also the laser beam wavelength is typically in range 1.07µm to 1.09µm. A CO 2 discharge around 2 m, a Nd:YAG rod nearly 200 mm, and the gain fibre in a Fiber Laser will be 10’s of meters long.

• • • • •

The reflectors used in the Fiber Laser are physically very different from traditional lasers. Typically the mirror will be formed from a dielectric coating on substrate; which will be transmissive at the laser wavelength for the output coupler. For

•

Advantages of emerging industrial Fiber Lasers: Single sourcing for laser and Process Tools (cutting head

17-18 February,2017

Page.:ME-001


Proceeding of International conference on Technology and Management •

, welding head or galvanometer based scanners)

•

End of life warning for tracking diode lifetimes

•

Ability to increase processing performance of reflective materials through periodic enhancements to laser peak power

•

Integrated damage protection against back reflection issues

•

Reliable, stable and linear Power Monitor integrated to laser

•

Control software offering full functionality and ability to be integrated into system level controllers. Fault diagnostics for improved Warning or Alarm identification. [4]

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES To take 5 mm thick sheet of Mild Steel for practical performance. Practical was performed on YLR – 1000 machine, ytterbium single mode fiber laser with the following specification: maximum output power - 1 kW, output fiber core diameter - 14 µm, and wavelength - 1.07 µm. The laser beam was focused using a 125 mm focal length lens, a beam diameter of nominally 50 µm. Kerf Width was measuring by help of Image Tool Software, first take photo in digital camera and impart in software [5].

ISBN:978-93-5267-370-4

V. MAJOR LASER MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS (YLR 1000 LASER CUTTING MACHINE) TABLE II. PARAMETER OF YLR-1000 LASER CUTTING MACHINE

Parameter Laser Type Mode of Operation Polarization Normal Output Power Emission Wave Length Switching ON/OFF Output fiber core diameter Fiber Length Frequency Laser source weight Laser cooling water flow rate Laser cooling water temp. Operation voltage three phase Operating current Starting current Work Table Nozzle

Range YtterbiumFiber CW Random 1000 Watt 1070-1080 µm 80 µsec 150 µm 10 m 50-60 Hz 330 kg 6 Lit/min 18-26 C0 400-460 volt 8A 18 A 3000×1500mm 1.5 mm

VI. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT A. Input Parameters: Here, we used main Three Process parameters as a Input Paramters. CS = Cutting Speed (mm/min), LP = Laser Power (watt), GP = Gas Pressure (bar), TABLE III. INPUT PARAMETER OF EXPERIMENT

No. 1 2 3

Fig. 1. YLR-1000 Laser Cutting Machine

IV. MATERIAL SELECTION For Laser cutting operation , here we used Mild Steel (I. S. – 2062, Grade – A) Material. TABLE I. COMPOSITION OF MATERIAL

Elements Copper Silicon Phosphorous Chromium Manganese Carbon Nickel Sulphur Aluminum


Factors CS LP GP

Levels 3 3 1

Values 1300, 1400, 1500 950, 970, 1000 1.0

Remaining all machine parameters are considering constant. B. Output Parameters: Here we are measuring only one output parameter which is Kerf Width in mm by help of Image Tool Software [4].

% Compositions 0.004 0.110 0.025 0.010 0.850 0.140 0.004 0.010 0.020

Fig. 3. Measuring kerf width on image tool software

17-18 February,2017

Page.:ME-002

Proceeding of International conference on Technology and Management

ISBN:978-93-5267-370-4

TABLE 5. PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF PROCESS PARAMETER FOR KERF WIDTH

C. Experimental Table TABLE 4. EXPERIMENTAL TABLE

NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CS 1300

1400

1500

LP 950 970 1000 950 970 1000 950 970 1000

GP

1.00

Kerf 0.275 0.269 0.265 0.245 0.239 0.235 0.260 0.255 0.250

VII. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Sources of Variation Factor – A Cutting Speed Factor – B Laser Power Error Total

Percentage Contribution (%) 89.94 10.03 0.03 100

VIII. CONCLUSIONS The effects of Laser Power and Cutting Speed on quality characteristics of laser cut mild Steel specimens have been studied in this work. As per ANOVA Analysis we can found that the Factor A – Cutting Speed is most significant factor for kerf width of Mild Steel 5 mm thickness sheet. Results revealed that good quality cuts can be produced in mild steel sheets, at a window of laser cutting speed 1400 mm/min and at a heat input of 1000 Watts under an assisting O 2 gas pressure of 1.0 bar the kerf width is 0.235 µm. IX. REFERENCES

Fig. 4. Gas Pressure 1 bar, Cutting Speed and Laser Power Vs Kerf Width

The experimental condition used for cutting the 5 mm thick mild steel is above given Table - 3, summarizes (Table - 4) the variation of kerf width as a function of Laser Cutting Speed 1300, 1400,1500 mm/min, Laser Power 950, 970, 1000 Watt and Gas pressure 1.0 bar. (1) From Fig. 4 as the Gas Pressure is 1 bar, Cutting Speed 1300 mm/min and Laser Power is increases from 950 to 1000 Watt, and then the Kerf Width is decreases from 0.275 mm to 0.235 mm.

[1] P. Milonni, J. Eberly, Lasers, Wiley-Inter science Publication, USA, 1991. [2] M. Bass, Laser materials processing Materials Processing Theory and Practices, vol. 3, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1983. [3] Non-conventional machining processes by P. K. Mishra, Published by Naroja publishing house, 3rd reprint, 2005. [4] Book – “Introduction to Fiber Lasers and their Applications”, By Dr Mark Richmond (Product Manager – JK Fiber Lasers) & Dr Mo Naeem (Worldwide Applications Expert, GSI Group, Laser Division, Cosford Lane, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV21 1QN, UK) [5] UTHSCSA Image Tool for Windows Software Version 3.00, Development Team: Don Wilcox, Brent Dove, Doss McDavid, David Green © copyright 1995-2002, the university of Texas Health Science Centre in Sam Antanic. [6] R.Neimeyer, R. N. Smith, D. A. Kaminski, 1993,”Effect of Operating Parameter on CO 2 Laser Cutting on Mild Steel”, Journal of Engineering for Industries, 115, pp. 359 – 362. [7] Avinash Dubey, Vinod Yadav, 2008, “Laser Bam Machining- A Review”, Journal of machine tools & manufacturing technology, 48, pp. 609 – 628.

(2) From Fig. 4 as the Gas Pressure is 1 bar, Cutting Speed 1400 mm/min and Laser Power is increases from 950 to 1000 Watt, and then the Kerf Width is decreases from 0.245 mm to 0.235 mm. (3) From Fig. 4 as the Gas Pressure is 1 bar, Cutting Speed 1500 mm/min and Laser Power is increases from 950 to 1000 Watt, and then the Kerf Width is decreases from 0.260 mm to 0.250 mm. As per ANOVA Analysis we can find the percentage contribution of input parameters for kerf width as shown in below Table- 5.


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Proceeding of of International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) Proceeding International conference on Technology and Management

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Stable Control System of Two Wheel Self Balancing Robot Bhavin Faldu1, Ravi Savaliya1, Divyang Ginoya1, Trushar Shah1 1

1

Department of Mechatronics Engineering U.V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University, 1 Mehsana, Gujarat, India 1 [email protected]

Abstract — Nowadays there are many research going on stability control of two wheeled self-balancing robot due to unstable, very complex and inherent nonlinear dynamic control system. Using logic board and reliable angular and position data the system can be made stable by implementing PID controller. Being a state space feedback controller the model has to be a good representation of reality since the output signal depends on the model. The performance and robustness of the PID compensation are veri ﬁed through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.

controller manipulates the input to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.

Keywords — control; dynamic modeling; simulation; PID; stability; self-balancing

I.

INTRODUCTION

Two wheeled self-balancing robot has wide range of applications like, personal mobility device [1], intelligent robot to guide blind or disable people, autonomous trolley in hospital, shopping mall, offices & airport. One of the live example is human body i.e. upper body around our ankle joints in every step. In order to balance two wheeled robot it is necessary to have accurate information of the present tilt angle and position by using inertial measurement unit (IMU). It is a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system. Controlling multiple states are conveniently made through a state space controller. A state space description is based on a model of reality. Several assumptions and simplification must be made. With an accurate model of the system and a functioning demonstrator this provides a platform for experiment in a simulated environment. There are many control method available like, fuzzy control, LQR technique, adaptive control, sliding mode control and PID control. PID (Proportional Integral Differential) control algorithm used for simulation of system. Although a many control algorithm available in the system control design, but still PID control is most widely used realization of control system in current era. The major advantage of PID control which have greatly contributed to its wide acceptance and sufficient ability to solve many practical control problems. II.

CONTROL THEORY / STRATEGY

Our focus in this paper is control theory [2]. It is multidisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamics system. Reference is external input of system [3]. When one or more output of system available than follow a certain reference over time. A


Fig. 1. FBD of Robot System

As shown in free body diagram of Fig.1 there are two main part cart and pendulum/tilter. While a tilter is normally stable handling downwards, a tilter upside down is inherently unstable and needs a continuous external force to keep in it an upright position. Every tilter has two point stable and unstable. For stable system required to continuously take the tilt feedback and provide external force according PID control algorithm signal [6]. Here, M = mass of cart, m = mass of pendulum/tilter, l = length of tilter from its center b = coefficient of friction of cart F = external force applied to the cart I = mass of inertia of pendulum x = cart position coordinate θ = tilter angle = deviation angle of pendulum

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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

From FBD [4], we can find resultant equation, (1) Torque produced in horizontal direction due to moment of tilter is τ,

(15)

(2) Here, (3)

Transfer Function (T) of system:(16)

The component of centrifugal force acting about horizontal direction, (4) (17)

Normal reaction (N) resulting its torque and force component following way, (5) From equation ( 1) & (5), (6) Now, resulting vertical force of pendulum, (7) (8) From question (1) & (5), we can get (9) We know that, , We use following small angle approximation of the nonlinear function in system equations, (A) (B) (C) And finally we can get two linearized equations of motion. Here, u = F. (10) (11) From above two linear equation we can find transfer function equation by taking Laplace transform of system equation as under following:

Fig. 2. Control Strategy of Robot

(12) (13) (14)


III.

PID CONTROL SYSTEM

The control algorithm used to maintain balance on the autonomous self-balancing two wheel robot is PID controller [5]. The proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller is well-known as a three terms of controller.

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PID is used to calculate the “correction” term:

K p , K i & K d are constant which are set experimentally behavior of system.

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

As shown in Fig.3, PID block diagram of pendulum with value of Kp = 1000, Ki = 10 & Kd = 10. And we get Simulink result Fig.4 stable condition. After changing the PID parameter we can get various undesirable/desirable output. For result verifying purpose Fig.5 represent the root locus diagram of pendulum position which also shows the stable condition.

The input to the controller is the error from the system. The closed loop control system is also known as negative feedback system. It measures the process output from sensors. The measured process output gets subtracted from the reference set point value to produce an error. The error is fed into the PID controller, where the error gets managed in three ways. The error will be used in PID controller to execute the proportional term, integral term for reduction of steady state errors and derivative term to handle overshoots. After PID algorithm processes the error, controller produces a control signal. This produced control signal then fed into process under control means of two wheeled robot and control the motion of motor. The PID control signal will try to derive the process to the desired reference set point value.

Fig. 6. PID for Cart Position

IV. RESULT & DISCUSSION Now discussed the MATLAB/Simulink result of pendulum and cart position of robot with time. As shown in under given figures. Fig. 7. Impulse Response of Cart Position

Fig.3. PID Controller Block Diagram for Pendulum

Fig. 8. Root Locus Diagram for Cart Position

Fig. 4. Impulse Response of Pendulum Position

As shown in Fig.6, PID block diagram of cart postion with value of K p = 200, K i = 70 & K d = 40. And we get Simulink result Fig.5 stable condition. For result verifying purpose Fig.8 represent the root locus diagram of cart position which also shows the stable condition. V. CONCLUSION In two wheeled self-balancing robot control system is very complex but we can achieve desired output by using PID controller with troubleshooting of various results and parameter. Thus, we can generate stable control system of pendulum as well as cart position of two wheeled selfbalancing robot.

Fig. 5 Root Locus Diagram of Pendulum Position


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are indebted to Department of Mechatronics Engineering, U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University premises for giving us such an environment to work sincerely on our project. REFERENCES [1] “Personal Transporter That Simply Moves You | Segway,” 13 07 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.segway.com/. [2] “Control Tutorial for MATLAB and Simulink - Home,” 10 09 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.engin.umich.edu/group/ctm. [3] T.-C. C.-J. C. TTsai-Jiun Ren, “Motion control for a two-wheeled vehicle using a self-tuning,” ScienceDirect, no. 16, p. 365–375, 2008. [4] Yufeng Zhuang, Zeyan Hu and Yi Yao, "Two-wheeled self-balancing robot dynamic model and controller design," Proceeding of the 11th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, Shenyang, 2014, pp. 1935-1939. [5] W. An and Y. Li, "Simulation and control of a two-wheeled self-balancing robot," 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Shenzhen, 2013, pp. 456-461. doi: 10.1109/ROBIO.2013.6739501 [6] B. K. a. G. Ramesh, “Self Balancing Personal Transporter,” International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 2834-2837, August 2015. [7] W. Jia-Jun, “Stabilization and Tracking Control of X-Z Inverted Pendulum,” in Proceedings of the 34th Chinese Control Conference, Hangzhou, China, 2015, pp. 4202-4207.


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RESEARCH REVIEW ON ABRASIVE JET MACHINING Prof. Pradipkumar S. Chaudhari1 Ph. D. Scholar Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat [email protected]

Mr. Hirenkumar K. Patel2

Dr. Dhaval M. Patel3

M. Tech. Student Mechanical Engg. Dept., U. V. Patel College of Engg., Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat [email protected]

Professor & Head S. K. Patel College of Engg., S. K. Patel Campus, Kamana Char Rasta, Visnagar, Mehsana, North Gujarat, India [email protected]

Abstract— In abrasive jet machine, abrasive particles with high velocity are impacted on work piece. Work material is removed by erosion action. High velocity of particles, proper mixing of air and abrasive particles are important factors for good working of abrasive jet machine. Abrasive jet machine used to cut hard and brittle material in variety of cutting and debarring the process is free from vibration and smooth. Considering this, we have made design of mixing part of abrasive jet machine by applying rotation for properly mixing the abrasive particles. This design uses pressurized abrasive feed. This pressurised abrasive powder is then mixed with high pressure air. Abrasive jet machine input parameter consideration is Air pressure, Abrasive particle, Stand of distance, Nozzle diameter. Output parameter is Material removal rate, Diameter of cut, Surface roughness. Key words— AJM machining, Abrasive particles, Rotation in mixing chamber. Material removal rate, Surface roughness.

I. INTRODUCTION Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) is the removal of material from a work piece by the application of a high speed stream of abrasive particles carried in air medium from a nozzle. The AJM process differs from conventional sand blasting in that the abrasive is much finer and the process parameters and cutting action are carefully controlled. Process: In Abrasive jet machining abrasive particles are made to impinge on work material at high velocity. Jet of abrasive particles is carried by carrier gas or air. The high velocity stream of abrasives is generated by converting pressure energy of carrier gas or air to its Kinetic energy and hence high velocity jet. A nozzle directs abrasive jet in a controlled manner onto work material. The high velocity abrasive particles remove the material by micro-cutting action as well as brittle fracture of the work material.

This is a process of removal of material by impact erosion through the action of concentrated high velocity stream of grit abrasives entrained in high velocity gas stream. AJM is different from shot or sand blasting, as in AJM, finer abrasive grits are used and parameters can be controlled more effectively providing better control over product quality. This machining process is especially ideal for cutting materials that cannot be cut by laser or thermal cut. Metallic, non-metallic and advanced composite materials of various thicknesses can be cut by this process. This process is particularly suitable for heat sensitive materials that cannot be machined by processes that produce heat while machining. A schematic layout of AJM is shown in Fig‐2. The filtered gas, supplied under pressure to the mixing chamber containing the abrasive powder, entrains the abrasive particle and is the passed into a connecting hose. This abrasive and air mixture emerges from a small nozzle at high velocity. The abrasive powder feed rate is controlled by the amplitude of the mixing chamber. A pressure regulator controls the air flow and pressure. The nozzle is mounted on a fixture. Either the work piece or the nozzle is moved by cams pantograph or other suitable mechanisms to control the size and shape of the cut. Hand operation is sometimes adequate to remove surface contaminations or in cutting where accuracy is not very critical. Dust removal equipment is necessary to protect the environment. Commercial bench mounted units including all controls, motion producing devices, and dust control equipment are available. The major components are: 1. Air compressor. 2. Pressure Gauge. 3. Abrasive. 4. Mixing chamber 5. Nozzle. 6. Arrangement to hold the work piece (work table).

. Fig. 1. Principale of Abrasive Jet Machineng Fig. 2. Abrasive Jet Machineng


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II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Literature review on abrasive jet machine with different input parameters According to literature review the following input parameters are considered. Pressure, Stand of Distance, Nozzle Diameter, [1], [2] ... [22]. B. Literature review on abrasive jet machine with different abrasive materials • Sea sand with 100 to 150 μm grain size [1] [3] [16] [17] • Al 2 O 3 with 40 to 250 μm grain size [2] [7] [8] [9] [10] [13] [15] [18] [19] [22]

•

Silicon carbide with 50-200 μm grain size [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [11] [12] [14] [15] [20] [21].

C. Literature review on abrasive jet machine with different Method used Taguchi method, Full Factorial, ANOVA, ANN model. RMS method D. Literature review on abrasive jet machine with different output Represents variation of cutting performance with Pressure 4-12 bar, Stand of Distance 6-18 mm, and Nozzle Diameter 3-5 mm, which were experimentally investigated in Abrasive Jet Machining process. Sea sand with 50 to 150 µm grain size used in AJM process. Work piece material likes a glass with 4 mm thickness were used. Pressure increased also material removal rate (MRR) increased. N. S. Pawar [1] Find out material removal rate is 0.04-0.1047 gm/sec. R. L. Shrivastava [3] Find out material removal rate is 0.0023-0.0099 gm/sec. U. D. Gulhane [16] Find out material removal rate is 0.0023-0.0099 gm/sec, and kerf width is 5.7325 mm. MEET R. VAGAMA [17] Find out material removal rate is 0.0000144-0.0000487 gm/sec, MRR increases with increasing in pressure. Abrasive Jet Machining process. Al 2 O 3 with 25 to 320 µm grain size used in AJM process. Pressure 2-10 bars, Stand of Distance 1-15 mm, and Nozzle Diameter 0.50-2 mm, which were experimentally investigated in Abrasive Jet Machining process. Work piece material likes a glass with 2-5 mm thickness were used. Mr. Sachin Kumar [2], output observed is MRR is increase and diameter of cut is varying Bhaskar Chandra Kandpal [7] taguchi method is


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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

used for optimization MRR is increase as the pressure increases. D.V. Srikanth [8] taguchi l9 method is used and analysis can be done by ANNOVA.MRR is increased simultaneously and diameter of cut is improved. J.M. Fan [9] has used mathematical modelling is used for optimisation powder flow rate 0.1-0.15 g/s. Punit Grover [10] has used taguchi method for parametric optimisation and MRR is observed 0.00158 g/s. Jukti Prasad Padhy [13] used taguchi l9 method and observed MRR 1.66710.417 mm3/min, diameter of cut 0.1325-0.567 mm. Gyanendra Prasad Bagri [15] observed diameter of cut 0.41-2.01mm,velocity 150-300m/sec. effect parameter for improve MRR is air pressure and stand of distance. N. Jagannatha [18] to determine best combination of process parameter necessary to improve and modify techniques of taguchi. MRR is 0.050-0.171 gm/min. feed rate 20mm/min. air temperature is 320oC. Jukti Prasad Padhy [19] used taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used and MRR is 1.66710.417 mm3/min, diameter of cut is 0.133-0.508 mm. N. S. Pawar [22] has used rsm method for optimisation and observed surface is 0.0289 g/sec and depth of cut 46mm.the MRR at different condition were calculate by changing pressure and stand of distance. Abrasive Jet Machining process Silicon carbide. With 25 to 320 µm grain size used in AJM process. Pressure 2-10 bars, Stand of Distance 1-15 mm, and Nozzle Diameter 0.50-2 mm, which were experimentally investigated in Abrasive Jet Machining process. Work piece material likes a glass with 2-5 mm thickness were used. Rajeev Kumar et al. [4] have observed MRR is increased as the pressure is increase. Ivan Sunit Rout [5] has used mathematical modeling and observes velocity 300m/sec, MRR 0.009600.03448 gm/sec. F. Anand Raju [6] has used mat lab for experiment and MRR is increase as nozzle tip distance is increase. Bhaskar Chandra Kandpal [7] in this work observed that rate of material remove is increased if the stand of distance increased. D.V. Srikanth [8] has used taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used. Optimal stages of Performance Found at higher is Better MRR was got as Nozzle tip distance(NTD) 10 mm, air pressure 8 kg/cm2, and diameter of nozzle 4 mm. Parteek [11] Metal removal rate increases with decreasing the value of angle in abrasive jet machining of tempered glass. The optimum cutting parameters which are pressure=10 kgf/cm2, angle= 50, SOD=6 mm and abrasive = 600 mesh. The maximum metal removal rate is calculated as 0.0099 g/sec. by Taguchi’s optimization method. Pradeep Kumar Sharma [14] the best value of material removal rate (MRR) is observed at dia. of nozzle 2.3 mm and air pressure 65 psi. More, taper cut and over cut

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Proceeding International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) Proceedingofof International conference on Technology and Management

decreased if increasing air pressure, nozzle dia. and reducing stand of distance. The best output for taper cut and overcut is measured at stand of distance 8 mm, dia. of nozzle 2.3 mm, and air pressure 65 psi. Gyanendra Prasad Bagri [15] Output parameter like diameter of cut (DOC) 0.41-2.01 mm. velocity 150 to 300 m/s. Effected parameters for improved MRR is air pressure and stand of distance. J. R. Samani [20] Output parameter measured is material removal rate 0.02287-0.23660 mg/sec and diameter of cut is 0.4726-1.4366 mm. A feed forward back propagation neural network model with a 3_4_5_3 configuration is found to be most suitable, fast and reliable on basis of lest RMS error, average error and standard error. Gaurav Mahajan [21] in common MRR rises if Air pressure rise. Grain size of the abrasive particle is 80 μm. Process parameters are pressure 5-8 kg/cm2, SOD 0.8-14 mm used. Nozzle made by WC, sapphire. Output parameters measured are material removal rate 18-26 mg/min and diameter of cut is 0.46-2.0 mm. Material used glass with thickness 4 mm; Nozzle material used mild steel and Nozzle diameters 2.5 mm. The MMR on Soda lime glass is calculated by using aluminum oxides on AJM with the application of Taguchi’s method, still there is a scope for further investigation. fracture of the work material. This project deals with the fabrication of the Abrasive Jet Machine and machining on tempered glass, the different problem faced while machining on tempered glass are also discussed. Taguchi method and ANOVA is used for analysis of material removal rate .In this cutting process used abrasive Particle aluminum oxide with grain size 320μm used. Process parameter likes Pressure 4-8 kg/cm2 used. Work piece material used tempered glass. The maximum metal removal rate is calculated as 0.00158 g/sec. by Taguchi’s optimization method. Metal removal rate increases with increase in pressure and abrasive size (microns) in abrasive jet machining of tempered glass. Metal removal rate increases with the decrease in angle and abrasive mesh size in abrasive jet machining of tempered glass. III. Conclusions In the literature review it is found that the researchers have investigated influence of a limited number of process parameters (combination of two-three parameters) on the performance measures of AJM. Some of researchers have carried out work on investigation of effect of single abrasive particles on work piece. But there is a scope to investigate the effect of composite abrasive materials (two or more than two type of abrasive particles) on work pieces. From literature review it is very clear that there is a scope to work on to design and development of mixing chamber


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by heating and rotation effect and find out the effect with various parameters on AJM process. REFERENCES [1] N. S. Pawar, R.R. Lakhe, R. L. Shrivastava, “A comparative Experimental Analysis of Sea sand as an abrasive material using Silicon carbide and mild steel Nozzle in vibrating chamber of Abrasive Jet machining”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2013 ISSN 2250-3153. [2]

Mr. Sachin Kumar, Mr. Deepak Bhardwaj, Mr. Jitender Panchal ,“A research paper on study the MRR of Soda lime glass at different parameters of AJM”, International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology & Engineering, ISSN: 2319-7463 Vol. 3 Issue 6, June-2014, pp.: (307-318)

[3]

N. S. Pawar, R.R. Lakhe, R. L. Shrivastava, “An Experimental investigation of sea sand as an Abrasive material in vibrating chamber by using Tungsten Carbide Nozzle in AJM Process”, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 23200936, Volume-02, Issue-10, pp-258-263

[4]

Rajeev Kumar, Gurdeep Singh Deol, C. S. Kalra, Vijay Kr Sharma, “Analysis on Performance of Different Parameters during Abrasive Jet Machining by Taguchi Method”, International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-3, Issue-8)(2014)

[5]

Ivan Sunit Rout, Kasturi Panigrahi, Banishree Pradhan, “Effect of Pressure on Material Removal Rate on Glass Using Abrasive Jet Machining” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 3 Issue 4, April – 2014

[6]

F. Anand Raju, V. Gnana Prakash, Dr. M.L.S Deva Kumar, “Fibre Glass Cutting By Using Abrasive Jet Machining and Analysis of Process Parameters”, International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) – volume 4 Issue 7–July 2013

[7]

Bhaskar Chandra Kandpal, Naveen Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rahul Sharma, Sagar Deswal, “.MACHINING OF GLASS AND CERAMIC WITH ALUMINA AND SILICON CARBIDE IN ABRASIVE JET MACHINING”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, E-ISSN 0976-3945

[8]

D.V. Srikantha, Dr. M. SreenivasaRaob, “.Metal Removal and Kerf Analysis in Abrasive jet drilling of Glass Sheets”, 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization (ICMPC 2014)

[9]

J.M. Fana, C.Y.Wanga, J. Wangb, “Modelling the erosion rate in micro abrasive air jet machining of glasses”, Wear 266 (2009) 968–974

[10]

Punit Grover, Sanjay Kumar, Qasim Murtaza, “Study of Aluminium Oxide Abrasive on Tempered Glass in Abrasive Jet Machining Using Taguchi Method”, International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation, Volume 2, Issue 1 (2014) 237-241, ISSN 2347 – 3258

[11] Parteek, Vijay Kumar, “Study the MRR of Tempered Glass by Using Silicon Carbide Abrasive at Different Parameters of Abrasive Jet Machine”, IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, Vol. 3, Issue 03, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 [12] N. S. Pawar , R.R. Lakhe and R. L. Shrivastava, “The effect of change in design of vibrating chamber for An Experimental analysis for sea sand as an Abrasive material in an Abrasive Jet machining Process for mild steel Nozzle”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161 [13]

Jukti Prasad Padhy, Kanhu Charan Nayak , “Optimization and effect of controlling parameters on AJM using Taguchi technique”, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.598-604

[14]

Pradeep Kumar Sharma, Gurdeep Singh Deol, “A Comparative Analysis of Process Parameters during Machining of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic by AJM”, International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Science & Engineering (IJAFRSE) Volume 1, Issue 3, August 2014.

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Gyanendra Prasad Bagri, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, Manvendra Pratap Singh, Vikash Singh, “Design and Fabrication of Abrasive Jet Machine”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 9, Number 4 (2014) pp. 379-384

[16] U. D. Gulhane, P. P. Patkar, P. P. Toraskar, S. P. Patil, A. A. Patil, “ANALYSIS OF ABRASIVE JET MACHINING PARAMETERS ON MRR AND KERF WIDTH OF HARD AND BRITTLE MATERIALS LIKE CERAMIC”, international Journal of Design and Manufacturing Technology (IJDMT), ISSN 0976, ISSN 0976 – 6995 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 7002 (Online), Volume 4, Issue 1, January- April (2013), pp. 5158 [17] MEET R. VADGAMA, KAUSTUBH S. GAIKWAD ,et all. “Experimental Analysis of Glass on Abrasive Jet Machine Using Taguchi Method”, IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 4, April 2015., ISSN 2348 – 7968 [18] N. Jagannatha1, S.S. Hiremath and K. Sadashivappa, “ANALYSIS AND PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF ABRASIVE HOT AIR JET MACHINING FOR GLASS USING TAGUCHI METHOD AND UTILITY CONCEPT”, International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 7 (2012) [19]

Jukti Prasad Padhy, Shailesh Dewangan and Chandan Kumar Biswas, “Optimization of Multi-Objective Optimization of Machining Parameters of AJM using Quality Loss Function”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology ISSN 2277 – 4106

[20]

J.R.Samani, H.S.Beravala, P.B.Jadav, C.J.Dusra, “Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Prediction of performance in Abrasive Jet Drilling Process for Glass material”, 5th International & 26th All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 2014) December 12th–14th, 2014.

[21]

Gaurav Mahajan, “A Study of Effect of Various Process Parameters on Abrasive Jet Machining Using Silicon Carbide as Abrasive Material”, 2014 IJEDR | Volume 3, Issue 1 | ISSN: 2321-9939

[22]

N. S. Pawara, R.R. Lakheb, R. L. Shrivastavac, “.Validation of Experimental Work by Using Cubic Polynomial Models For Sea Sand as an Abrasive Material in Silicon Nozzle in AJM Process”, 4th International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization, Science Direct


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Study of Variation in Mechanical Properties after Cryogenic Treatment of Cutting Tool Material Shreyas P., Trishul M. A., Amith S. Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India e-mail – [email protected] Abstract— As there is continuous advancement in machining processes and also the raw materials, it becomes absolutely necessary to improve the cutting characteristics and life of the tool. To be able to achieve this, a lot of research is being done to improve the hardness and thus wear resistance of the tool material. In the current project, the authors have used a lesser known form of hardening of the tool material. Here hardening is achieved by cooling the tool material to cryogenic temperatures after conventional hardening followed by tempering. Both the cooling and heating rates are carefully controlled by a computer controlled system. As the tool material undergoes the specified temperature changes it was observed, by studying the XRD graphs, that the softer austenitic phase had changed to a much harder martensite. Uniform precipitation of η-carbide through out the steel matrix was observed. Hardness of the tool steel increased by 43% and the wear rate reduced by 17% after the said cryogenic treatment. Keywords— Cryogenics, tempering, carbide precipitation, phase change.

I. INTRODUCTION Tool undergoes a lot of wear during operation. The main goal of any research in tool material is concentrated on improving the wear resistance and hence the tool life. This not only improves the quality of the finished job but also increases the profit margin. The efficiency of any tool is determined by the number of hours it can be used before replacement. If this time is more, the down time of the machine is reduced. But in order to increase the operational hours of the tool, one cannot compromise on the quality of the finished product. As the tool wears out during operation, the surface finish of the job also diminishes. This diminished surface finish can only be allowed to a certain extent but not beyond that. This is why it becomes of utmost importance to increase wear resistance and thereby increase the life of the tool. Tool material is usually hardened by conventional hardening methods like carburizing and various heat treatment methods. But, cryogenic treatment of the tool material helps to completely convert austenite to martensite. This will increase the hardness of the material further and hence there is also a tremendous increase in the wear resistance of the material. So when this cryogenic process is integrated with the conventional heat treatment, a novel method of hardening tool steel is


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obtained. It is this novel method that the authors are investigating in this project. II. HARDENING AND TEMPERING A. Hardening The tool steel is usually delivered in a soft annealed form. This is to allow it to be machined to the required dimension which would become difficult if the tool steel was in the hardened form. In this annealed form, the carbides will not be suspended in the matrix but will be in the form of iron, chromium, tungsten carbides [1]. Hardness of the tool steel will increase when the carbides come out of the solution and precipitate uniformly throughout the matrix. Hardening process is carried out on the tool steel to first dissolve the carbides in the solution and then quench the steel so that carbides precipitate in the matrix thereby increasing the hardness of the steel. As the tool steel is heated to around 1050̊ C, complete austenite phase is formed, as shown in fig 1, and then it is quenched in a blast of cold air or oil which converts the phase from austenite to partial martensite. When the steel is heated to that high temperature, the embedded carbide dissolves in the solution. Then as the steel is cooled rapidly, carbide in the solution freezes to form precipitates. It is this carbide precipitate which increases the hardness of the steel.

Fig. 1 Iron-Carbon diagram B. Tempering Tempering is a process that is done after hardening. This is to relieve any internal stresses in the steel that may be formed

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after the quenching process. During tempering, the tool steel is heated to around 220 ̊ C and then cooled back to room temperature slowly [4]. This will help distribute the η-carbides uniformly throughout the steel matrix and it also helps relieve thermal stresses developed during the quenching process which is a part of hardening. If the thermal stress are not relieved the material becomes very brittle and is more prone for crack initiation and growth. III. NEED FOR CRYOGENIC TREATMENT Cryogenics involve the study and production of temperatures less than -150 ̊ C. As, explained earlier, quenching follows the heating process during hardening of steel [2]. During this quenching process, softer austenite is converted to martensite. But this conversion is not complete, because to obtain total martensite, the temperature should reach below the room temperature. This is not done in the conventional quenching process where the cooling temperature is only limited to the room temperature.

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

200 ̊C in a furnace (fig 2) and was held there for 3 hours and then allowed to cool to room temperature in still air. The second set of 5 pieces were initially heated to 1050 C ̊ and then quenched in canola oil down to room temperature. The pieces were further cooled to -196 C ̊ in a cryogenic treatment chamber (fig 3). The sample at room temperature after initial quenching is placed in the cryogenic chamber and is cooled by passing liquid nitrogen through the chamber. The cooling rate was maintained at 0.5 C ̊ /min. Once the sample reaches -196 C ̊ , it is held at that temperature for 24 hours. Then the temperature is risen to room temperature at the same rate of 0.5 C ̊ /min. As the sample reaches room temperature, it was transferred to the furnace and was tempered. Tempering was done at a rate of 0.5 C ̊ /min to a temperature of 200 ˚C and held there for a duration of 8 hours then cooled to room temperature in still air. The cryogenic and tempering process is shown in graph 1.

Cryogenic treatment can be seen as an extension to the conventional quenching process. Once conventional quenching is done , the steel is exposed to very low temperatures in the vicinity of -200 C ̊ [2]. This will convert the residual austenite to martensite and hence the η-carbide precipitate concentration will increase which is all very good to improve the hardness of tool steel. Cryogenic treatment is followed by tempering (at 220 C ̊ ) which will redistribute the η-carbide particles uniformly throughout the matrix [3]. Cryogenic treatment eliminates multiple tempering which may be required during conventional quenching methods to convert residual austenite to martensite. Fig. 3 Cryogenic setup

IV. EXPERIMENTATION

Temperature 1200 1000

Temperature (Celcius)

The experiment was carried out using AISI H12 tool steel. This tool steel was cut to 50*25mm sized test piece. Out of the total 10 pieces that were cut, 5 pieces were subjected to conventional hardening and tempering, whereas the rest of the 5 pieces were subjected to an extended quenching (cryogenic treatment) and then tempering.

800 600 400 200 0 -200 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Time (Minutes)

Graph 1. Hardening, Cryogenic and tempering treatment

Fig. 2 Furnace for tempering The first set of 5 pieces were placed in a muffle furnace and were gradually heated to a temperature of 1050 C ̊ and then rapidly cooled by dipping in canola oil. Then this oil quenched steel was further heated at a controlled pace of 0.5 C ̊ /min till


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After heat treatment and tempering, both sets of sample were subjected to a variety of tests. Firstly the samples were etched and observed under a microscope at a magnification of 1000X (fig. 4). The microscope was equiped with an image analyser. This was followed by exposure of the specimen to radiation in the XRD chamber (fig. 5) equiped with 2D X-ray projections at different orientations of the sample. The diffraction pattern was analysed on X’Pert Highscore Plus software. Rockwell hardness test was also done on the specimen at a normal load of 200gf. Dwell time of the load on the specimen was 10 seconds. Then the sample was mounted on a pin on disc wear testing rig, where the load applied during the wear test was 40N, sliding rate was 3m/s and the sliding distance was 3000m. This gave the investigators a clear understanding of the

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wear characteristics of both the conventionally hardened and cryogenically treated specimen.

978-93-5267-370-4 ISBNISBN: : 978-93-5267-370-4

average reduction in volume of 22% for a sliding distance of 3000m, whereas the traditionally hardened specimen showed an average volume reduction of 39%. So there is an increase in wear resistance of 17%.

Fig. 4 Microscope with image analyzer

Graph 2. X-Ray Diffraction pattern VI. CONCLUSION

All the above mentioned tests were carried out on 5 different specimen from both the conventionally hardened and cryogenically treated batch.

It can be concluded that cryogenic treatment increased the conversion of austenite to martensite and the tempering process had distributed η-carbide precipitates uniformly across the steel matrix. It is because of this total martensitic phase [5] and uniform distribution of η-carbide precipitate, hardness and hence wear resistance of the specimen increased.

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

Fig. 5 X – Ray Diffraction chamber

As the specimen was observed under a microscope, it was seen that η-carbide had precipitated and was uniformly distributed in the steel matrix. This uniform distribution of ηcarbide precipitate can be attributed to the tempering process which reabsorbs the η-carbide particulates back into solution after cryogenic treatment and then distributes it uniformly. XRD investigation showed that austenite phase had completely transformed into martensite in the cryo-treated specimen (graph 2), where as in the conventionally hardened specimen matensitic phase transformation was partial. Rockwell hardness test at a load of 150N proved that the cryogenic treatment drastically improved the hardness of steel. Average hardness value of the conventionally hardened specimen was 52HRC whereas that of the cryo – treated specimen was 75HRC. Increase in hardness was close to 43%.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

R. F. Barron, “Effects of cryogenic treatment on lathe tool wear”, proceedings of the 13th International congress of refrigeration, vol. 1, AVI publishing company, p. 529 – 534, 1973. R. Barron, et. al., “Effects of cryogenic treatment of corrosion resistance, advances in cryogenic engineering (materials)”, vol. 36, p. 1375 – 1379, 1990. M. H. Padilla, et. al., “High temperature oxidation of tungsten carbide – cobalt composites in the presence of MDF”, Forest Prod J., vol. 41(10), p. 31 – 34, 1991. A. S. Reid, et. al., “High temperature reaction of tungsten carbide – cobalt tool material with MDF”, Forest Prod J., vol. 41(11/12), p. 12 – 18, 1991. M. E. R. Bonifacio, et. al., “Correlating tool wear, tool life, surface roughness and tool vibration in finish turning with coated carbide tools”, Wear vol. 173, p. 137 – 144, 1994.

Sliding contact wear test was carried out on both the specimen sets. The cryogenic treated specimen showed an


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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Failure Prevention of Concrete Planetary Mixer Blade Used in Fly Ash Industry- A Case Study Amit S. Patel

Bhavesh P. Patel

Assistant Professor Department Of Mechanical Engineering U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University. Mehsana, Gujarat (India)-384012 Email- [email protected]

Associate Professor Department Of Mechanical Engineering U. V. Patel College of Engineering, Ganpat University. Mehsana, Gujarat (India)-384012 Email- [email protected]

Abstract— Invention of failure in a planetary mixer is an issue of great significance in fly ash, cement and many other industries. The wear is one of the main phenomena to forecast and test during the design and working of mechanical components .Concrete is one of the most versatile, economical, and universally used construction material. Concrete is a mixture of aggregate and often controlled amounts of entrained air held together by a hardened paste made from cement, fly ash and water. This paste is affecting the performance of blade during the period of operation. Normally it affected by wear and corrosion. The factors influencing on blade wear are: kinematics and friction between slurry. The efforts made by authors to modify the shape of blade and its material to prevent it from wear failure and enhance the life of blade. Ultimately the productivity increases by the prevention of blade failure.

The planetary design has one or two mixing stars that rotate themselves while also rotating around a central point, allowing each arm to cover the whole mixer floor in a number of revolutions. This powerful mixing action is both fast and thorough, results in a mixing time, after water is added, of 30 seconds or less for most types of concrete. The result is greater throughput, providing more concrete per hour for the same size plant, as well as better consistency and greater strength or, on the other hand, a saving on cement.

Keywords — Planetary mixer blade, Solid works, Simulation, Power absorption, Fly ash industries

I. INTRODUCTION There are two main categories of mixer: batch mixers and continuous mixers. The first type of mixer produces concrete one batch at a time, while the second type produces concrete at a constant rate. The first type needs to be emptied completely after each mixing cycle, cleaned (if possible), and reloaded with the materials for the next batch of concrete. In the second type, the constituents are continuously entered at one end as the fresh concrete exits the other end. Batch mixers are the most common type. Different types of batch mixers can be distinguished by looking at the orientation of the axis rotation: horizontal or inclined (drum mixers) or vertical (pan mixes) in shown Fig. 1. Long term usage of a mixer leads to wear on the blades and/or scraper, the build-up of materials (hardened mortar or cement paste) on the blades, the container, and/or the scraper [1]. The mixing process also includes the mixing energy that is the energy needed to mix a concrete batch; it is determined by the product of the power consumed during cycle and the duration of cycle the mixer presented in this paper is a batch mixer with a vertical axis. The working rotation motion is planetary and its aim is to physically and chemically mix multiple components in order to make a homogeneous mixture. Actually the mixer distributes all the constituents uniformly in the tank without favoring one or the other.


Fig. 1 General arrangement of planetary mixer.

The agitators of a planetary mixer rotate and travel throughout the mix vessel, passing every point within the batch, not just along the periphery shown FBD of mixer in Fig. 2. Highly viscous materials are literally carried from the vessel wall to the batch interior. In essence, a planetary mixer provides powerful kneading and mixing action regardless of the product’s flow characteristics [2].

Fig. 2 Free body diagram of mixer

The blades are worn-out before the design life and need to replace frequently. Ultimately it increases the production cost and delay in batch time.

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The present work is the case in which the study conducted only on prevention of planetary mixer machine blade from its failure. II. FAILURE OF BLADE

III.

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

RESULT SUMMARY OF EXISTING DESIGN

In existing design, the mixer blade performance is an issue of great significance during operation. The wear is one of the main phenomena to forecast and test as shown in fig.4. Existing blade parameters are presented in table 1.

In the interaction between concrete and blade, the concrete could be considered as a polybasic fluid with solid particles of different dimension. Because the solid is together with the liquid component, two different damage mechanisms could be generated by the relative movement of the fresh concrete respect to the blade mechanic action and corrosive action. The two actions can be summarized synergistically in case that the fluent fresh concrete is moved at high speed. Indeed the mechanic action can damage the passivity film protecting the material causing corrosive action at high velocity in the zones more protect by film. The corrosive action can occur quickly until to the protection of oxide film forms again, and then restarts because continues and repeated damage due to the fluid movement. The mechanic action becomes sufficient when the value of critic speed is exceeded [3, 4, and 5].

Fig. 4 Existing blade TABLE 1 EXISTING DESIGN PARAMETERS Sr. No.

Parameter

values

1

Width of Blade

285 mm

2

Height of Blade

200 mm

3

Angle

20 deg.

4

Limiting Shear Stress

75 N/mm2

5

Limiting Bending Stress

250 N/mm2

6

Force Normal to Blade

500 KN

7

Force on Blade Face

50 KN

8

Material

CI

9

Hardness

400 MPa

10

Maximum induced stress

276.179N/mm2

11

FOS

1

Life of Blade

2400 Hr. (Base on Experimental Investigation)

The mechanical wear is erosive-abrasive due to different particles that during the impact remove material and that depends on its shape and dimension, on impact angle and relative velocity respect to the blade. The wear also depends on the characteristic property of blade material: in particular the hardness of idles has a direct rule in the abrasive mechanisms. The mean hardness of idles is about 4-5 Mohs that is in Brinell about 400 MPa. Therefore the mechanical action is erosive rather than abrasive. In addiction the corrosive action can occur for the contemporary presence of watery phase (the slurry water) and oxygen. The pH of watery solution arises rapidly because the formation of calcium hydroxide during the hydration process of concrete. In particular for steel and also cast-iron (even if to in lesser degree) the corrosion depend on the rotational speed in the slurry [6].

12

IV.

MODIFIED DESIGN OF BLADE

In the existing design the blade, is assembled on the mixer arm with an angle 0° with arm mounting plate, where as in the modified design, the angle of blade with arm mounting change to 22.5° to improve the mixer action and to reduce the wear of blade due to friction between slurry and blade as shown in fig. 5.

Fig. 3 Erosive wear with low and high angle of impact

Actually the corrosive action, increase with speed greater than 3 m/sec the erosive wear in the extreme zone of the blade with a group of impacts with low angle (in blue) that are visible because they leave trials on material and impacts with high angle that produce out and out holes (in red) shown in Fig. 3.


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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4 ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

tank and the blade surfaces and L is the characteristic dimension of blade (that is the length).

Fig. 5 Blade presently assembled with mixer rotor.

The modified design having a three different slope angles i.e. 60°, 30°, 15° as shown in fig. 6, where as previously it was with angle 60° and 12°. The modified shape of blade reduces the friction due to slurry and ultimately it improves the mixing action as well.

The viscous component Sv is function of the concrete apparent viscosity that is, according to the Bingham formula, are as the follows: µ* = μ + τ 0 /γ

(2)

And where, γ is the velocity gradient in the blade vicinity: Sv = - s L µ* n v

(3)

Where, s is a viscous coefficient and n the normal to the blade surface. The power consumed by a blade is: P = (Sv +Sf) v

The shear yield stress τ 0 depends on the friction and cohesion stress of slurry, on attraction of concrete particles, on friction stress and on ratio water/concrete and it influences the slump. The plastic viscosity μ depends on the quantity and on the type of idles [10, 11]. The modified blade parameters are presented in in table 2.

Fig. 6 Modified shape of blade

The characteristic of the new blade is that they have a lower peripheral speed that means lower viscous force acting on the blades and lower wear. Mixing blades are made of cast iron casting. It should be Ny-harded. So its hardness should be increase [7, 8, and 9]. In the power absorption two stages are highlighted during mixing: • At the beginning of the mixing cycle, the power absorption has strong and rapid variations that results as a competition between excess liquid zones and unsatured zone. • After a given mixing time, the mixture has already formed as a fluid-like material and the evolution of power drops to become smooth. The moment when the power consumption decrease suddenly is the time of transition from a cohesive mixture to a fluid-like material. After the transition time, the flow is governed by viscous effects The energy is dissipated in mixture flow mainly by friction for the dry granules states or dry power, by cohesion when granules are wetted in surfaces and by viscous effect in the granular suspension state.

Erosion in most mixing processes is a fatigue process normally accelerated by a liquid corrosive environment. The dynamic factors affecting erosion rate are fluid regime, impact velocity, impact frequency, and angle of impact. The rate of volume loss of material is due to the kinetic energy lost when a particle impacts a material. This would suggest a velocity exponent of 2 [12]. The general form of the equation relating erosion rate to velocity is given by E = K Vn f (θ)

The material composition of blade is as follows: 3.25%C, 1.59%Si, 1.44Mn, 0.075%S, 2.86%Ni, 1.54%Cr.

TABLE 2 MODIFIED DESIGN PARAMETER Sr. No.

Parameter

values

1

Width of Blade

300 mm

2

Height of Blade

250 mm

3

Angle

22.5 deg.

4

Limiting Shear Stress

75 N/mm2

5

Limiting Bending Stress

250 N/mm2

6

Force Normal to Blade

500 KN

7

Force on Blade Face

50 KN

8

Material

CI with Ny harded

(1)

The frictional force is proportional to the contact between the surface of blades and the tank that is present in the bottom zone and lateral zone. Where τ 0 is the frictional tangential action depending on the type of the concrete in mixing, d is the distance between the


(5)

Where E = volumetric erosion rate, K = constant (function of all parameters other than V or θ), V = particle velocity or relative velocity for rotating systems (rotors), n = velocity exponent and θ = impingement angle.

Power absorption, with the forces that counters blade progression with two components: frictional force Sf and viscous force Sv. Sf = -τ 0 dL

(4)

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Proceeding of of International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) Proceeding International conference on Technology and Management Sr. No.

Parameter

values

9

Hardness

550 MPa

10

Maximum induced stress

216.599 N/mm2 0, and iL2 > iL1.  Battery charges when Pin > Pout, PB < 0, and iL2 < iL1.  Battery does not perform energy exchange operation when Pin = Pout, PB = 0, and iL2 = iL1. Figure 7 Equivalent circuit of QZSI in Shoot-through condition

Shoot through condition takes place when both the power switches are triggered simultaneously in one or more phase legs. This condition drives Voltage boosting in the system. During this mode, voltage at the input of the inverter increases while load terminal output voltage is zero. Voltage of DC link which appears across inverter input terminal is stepped up by a boost factor. To obtain voltage boost, shoot-through state should always be followed by an active state. Diode Dz is switched off due to reverse-bias voltage. Equivalent circuit of this mode is shown in Fig 7. In this mode, inductor iL1 charges. The current leads to Vc1 capacitor. The maximum output voltage is controlled by Vb (Battery voltage). 2) Active mode (Non Short circuit condition) When inverter is performed in a state belongs to either one of the six active states or traditional zero state, Non short circuit condition takes place, which is also referred as nonshoot-through state / Active state. A steady current discharges iL1 − iC2 − iL2 over diode Dz, and its corresponding diagram is shown in Fig 8.VC1 voltage of capacitors 1 is fall on Vb. Output is shorted, so the current flows through IE.

Figure 8 Equivalent circuit of QZSI in Active condition

SPCE,Visnagar, Gujarat.

IV. SINE CARRIER PWM Pulse width modulation (PWM) strategies of inverters regulate output voltage and frequency. QZSIs have additional shoot-through switching states which is not present in traditional VSI. Therefore, PWM techniques used for controlling ZSI and QZSI are slightly different compared to the techniques used for traditional VSI. PWM methods of ZSI / QZSI are further classified in three strategies based on the Shoot-through state. Simple Boost Control Maximum Boost Control Maximum constant Boost control For proposed system, a sine carrier pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme is utilized in which instead of the conventional triangular carrier wave, a high frequency sine wave is used as carrier. Output frequency sinusoidal signal is taken as reference signal. Simple boost PWM control strategy is used for the system in which Shoot-through pulses are produced by comparing

Figure 9 Sine Carrier PWM method [2]

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sine carrier wave with the shoot through level. Whenever sine carrier wave value becomes higher than positive shoot-through level or lower than negative shoot-through level, switching pulses are created. These pulses regulate duty ratio (Do) of shoot-through. Non shoot-through switching pulses are created by comparing sine carrier signals with three modulating signals which are 120 degree phase shifted from each other. Fig 9 presents the Sine carrier PWM technique. Voltage Gain (G) can be mathematically represented as, G = output voltage / input voltage Vlink = Vs /2 Vac = M * B * Vs /2

(6) (7) (8)

Where, V link = DC link voltage V ac = Output AC voltage

ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Photovoltaic (PV) Module. PV module has following specification. Table 1 Photovoltaic Panel Specification

Irradiance Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) Short Circuit Current (Isc) Ideality Factor Series Resistance (Rs) Voltage at Maximum Power Vmp Current at at Maximum Power Imp Maximum power

800 W / m2 21.1V 3.17A 1.2 50 e -3 Ω 17.1V 2.92 A 37 W

Total four number of PV modules are connected in series which produces 140 W maximum power. Simulation of PV panel and simulation results are presented in below Figures. Figure 12 and 13 represents Current-voltage and Powervoltage characteristic respectively. Photovoltaic output current changes with the variation in Irradiation.

M = Modulation Index B = Boost Factor When a triangular wave is utilized as carrier, the shootthrough duty ratio, boost factor and voltage gain are described as, D0 = 1- M

(9)

B = 1 / (2M-1)

(10)

G = M / (2M-1)

(11)

From above equations it is concluded that by reducing modulation index M duty ratio can be improved; however, it increases voltage stress on the switch and restricts the gain.

Figure 10 Simulation of Photovoltaic Module

When sine wave is employed as a carrier, the shoot through ratio, the boost factor and voltage gain of inverter are described as D0 = 1 - (2/π) sin-1 M

(12)

B = π / (4sin M – π)

(13)

G = π*M /(4sin-1M – π)

(14)

-1

From above equations it is concluded that sine carrier PWM technique develops higher shoot-through duty ratio than triangular carrier PWM method for same modulation index, which eventually minimizes the voltage stress on the switching device and provides better peak output voltage. This leads to high gain of the system.

Figure. 11 Current-Voltage characteristics of PV panel for different Irradiance

V. SIMULATION Simulation of the proposed system is performed using MATLAB tool. Simulation of proposed system is broken into following parts. A. Photovoltaic Panel Solar cell block is in built in the library of MATLAB. Total 36 Photovoltaic cells connected in series to create


Figure. 12 Power-voltage characteristics of PV Panel for different Irradiances

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ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Figure. 13 MPPT Simulation

Figure 16 Output voltage of Quasi Z source Inverter

VI. CONCLUSION

Figure 14 MPPT output at 800 w/m2

B. MPPT Figure 13 shows MPPT simulation. MPPT is implemented using m file coding in MATLAB. Figure 14 shows MPPT output which tracks 148W output which is nearly equal to theoretical value. C. Quasi Z source Inverter Figure 15 shows Quasi Z source inverter simulation model in its shoot through mode. It uses values of components as L1=L2=3mH and C1=C2=1000µF, switching frequency = 5 kHz and the fundamental frequency =50Hz. Figure 16 shows output voltage without filter.

Quasi Z source inverter which is best suitable for Photovoltaic based system is chosen for the proposed system. The modulation technique Sine Carrier PWM method selected for the proposed system which not only improves the duty ratio without reducing modulation index but also increases overall system gain. MPPT interfacing with PV panel improves the efficiency of PV panel. Simulation and simulation results of PV panel, MPPT and Quasi Z source inverter are shown using MATLAB. Acknowledgment I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards Prof. Ripan Patel and all other faculty members of Department of Electrical Engineering for their supervision and motivation in the duration of this work was executed. Their informative remarks and involvement are appreciated. References [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] Figure 15 PV module with Quasi Z source Inverter


Baoming Ge, Haitham Abu-Rub, Fang Zheng Peng, Qin Lei, Aníbal T. De Almeida, Fernando J. T. E. Ferreira, Dongsen Sun, And Yushan Liu, “An Energy-Stored Quasi-Z-Source Inverter For Application To Photovoltaic Power System” , IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 10, October 2013 U. Shajith Ali, “ Quasi-Z-Source Inverter With Enhanced Voltage Gain For Photovoltaic Power Generation”, International Journal Of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2013 ISSN 2229-5518 Jorge G. Cintron-Rivera, Yuan Li∗, Shuai Jiang And Fang Z. Peng, “Quasi-Z-Source Inverter With Energy Storage For Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems”, 978-1-4244-8085-2/11/2011 IEEE Sunpho George, Jani Das, “Analysis Of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Control Strategies For Quasi Z Source Inverter”, International Journal Of Advanced Research In Electrical,Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Sihem Amara, Adel Bouallegue, Adel Khedher, “ Theoretical And Practical Study Of A Photovoltaic Mppt Algorithm Applied To Voltage Battery Regulation ”, International Journal Of Renewable Energyresearch Adel Bouallegue Et Al., Vol.4, No.1, 2014 R. Seyezhai, Abinaya K, Akshaya V & Induja U, “Simulation, Analysis And Development Of Pv Fed Quasi Impedance Source Inverter” International Journal Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering Research (IJEER) ISSN 2250-155x Vol. 3, Issue 3, Aug 2013, 201-212

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Proceeding of International Conference on Technology and Management (ICTM-2017) [7]

Tekeshwar Prasad Sahu1, T.V. Dixit2 and Ramesh Kumar, “Simulation and Analysis of Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm for PV Array Using ĊUK Converter”, Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. ISSN 2231-1297, Volume 4, Number 2 (2014), pp. 213-224

[8]

Gundhar Chougule , Asha Gaikwad , “Simulation Study Of Qausi ZSource Inverter For Resistive And Inductive Load”, Novateur Publications International Journal Of Innovations In Engineering Research And Technology [Ijiert] ISSN: 2394-3696 Volume 2, Issue 6, June-2015

[9]

Joel Anderson and F.Z. Peng, “Four Quasi-Z-Source Inverters”, 9781-4244-1668-4/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE

ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

[10] Sunpho George 1, Jani Das, “Analysis of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Control Strategies for Quasi Z Source Inverter”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 9, September


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ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Locational Marginal Price calculation using Genetic Algorithm and ACOPf Jay Patel

Asso. Prof. Nilesh K. Patel

Paghdal.kinjal.M

Sankalchand patel college of Engineering Visnagar, India [email protected]



Abstract—In restructured electricity field in the market, an effective transmission pricing method is required to address transmission problems and to generate correct economic signals. There are many different methods for transmission pricing with varying levels of economic signal. Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) is maybe the most effective mechanism as it provides the strongest economic signal to market participants. Locational marginal price is the method which gives the efficient pricing signal. It gives the price to deliver next mw generation at any location in the system. This paper presents LMP calculation using Genetic algorithm method. Result based on GA based ACOPF for IEEE-30 bus system. Index Terms — Congestion charge, locational marginal price(LMP), AC optimal power flow(ACOPF)

calculation. Yong Fu and Zuyi Li [2] presented different methods and properties on LMP calculations based on DCOPF(DC optimal power flow) with and without loss. E Litvinov[9] gives a systematic description on how LMP’s are produced it also described both the modeling and the implementation challenges and solutions. Thomas J. Overbye etal., [5] gives a comparison of the AC and DC power flow models for LMP(locational Marginary price) calculations. Fangxing Li et al., [4] gives a iterative DCOPF-based LMP calculation model and then compared with ACOPF model. In this paper, the ACOPF (AC optimal power flow) model for LMP calculation using GA (Genetic algorithm) method is presented with the result of IEEE-30 bus system.

I. INTRODUCTION Restructuring into the electric power industry, the price of electricity has become the focus of all activities in the power market. In general, the price of a commodity is calculated by supply and demand. In the case of electricity market, transmission congestion also plays a critical role in calculating electricity prices. Recently there are two type of pricing structures that are used in a competitive energy market to calculet for congestion (1)The uniform pricing method(MCP) and (2)The non uniform pricing method(LMP). LMP is defined as the marginal cost of supplying the next increment of electric energy at a specific bus while considering the generation marginal cost and physical aspects of transmission system. Buyers pay ISO(independent system operators) based on their LMP for dispatched energy. The ISO pays sellers based on their respective LMP(locational Marginary price). The LMP difference between two adjacent buses is the congestion cost which arises when the energy is transferred from one location to the other location. Transmission losses may effect the LMP differences. Marginal losses represent incremental changes in system losses due to incremental demand changes. Incremental losses are the additional costs which are allude to as the cost of marginal losses[2]. LMP’s are calculated as the result of optimal power flow (OPF) either in day ahead market(DAM) or real-time market (RTM).In many papers have been reported for LMP

II. LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICE(LMP) LMP is the marginal cost at any location for supplying energy to one incremental Mega Watt of load considering the generation marginal cost and the physical aspects of transmission system. Marginal pricing affect the cost to serve the next increment of load in a system that is economically dispatched. Three factors affect LMP are (1) marginal cost to operate generation (2) total load and (3) cost of delivery. LMP is defined as below[10] LMP = generation marginal cost + congestion cost + cost of marginal losses LMP has a dual variable for the equality constraint at a node. Both loss and congestion components are always zero at the slack bus. Therefore the price of the reference bus is always equal to the energy component LMPs will not change if the reference bus is assign. In all three components of the LMP dependent on the selection of the reference bus due to the dependency of sensitivities of the location of reference bus. In fact LMP is the additional cost for providing additional MW at a certain bus. Using LMP buyers and sellers experience the actual price of delivering energy to locations on the transmission systems. If the line flow limitation are not included in the optimization issues LMPs will be the same for all buses. This is the small cost of the most expensive dispatched generation unit (marginal unit). In this case no congestion charges are apply. However if any line is

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constrained LMPs will vary from bus to bus and may cause congestion charges.

A. LMP Price Calculation Procedures At any bus LMP is composed of three components marginal generation price at the reference bus (LMPiref) loss component (LMPiloss ) and congestion component (LMPicong ) [10]

ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

Generation limit constraints (e.g dispatch amount at node Gi is within the maximum rating of corresponding generator)

PGimin  PGi  PGimax (Gen. real power limits)

(6)

QGimin  QGi  QGimax (Gen. reactive power limits)

(7)

The LMP from the above formulation is the sensitivity of the Lagrange of the function with respect to the bus load.

(1)

 Algorithm for LMP calculation based on GA method is shown as below[11]

Where values of the three components are based on the selection of reference bus. The last two components are given as,

Step 1: Read Bus data Read GA parameters Step 2: Generate randomly power generations of all generators Except slack generator and decode them. Step 3: Calculate Generation shift factors & line flow. Step 4: Calculate the system loss. Step 5: Calculate Pgen of slack bus using for with loss and if it violates the limits add penalty to objective function. Step 6: Check for line flow limits. If the line limits are Violated add penalties to objective function. Step 7: Calculate the marginal fuel costs of all units with the Randomly generated PG’s; calculate the total cost And then calculate the fitness function Step8: Sort the chromosomes in the descending order of Fitness. Step 9: Is generation = max. No. of generations. If yes stop Else go to step 10. Step 10: If fitness (1) == fitness (Prize) problem converged

LMPi = LMPiref + LMPiloss + LMPicong

LMPi loss  ( Df i  1) LMPi ref LMPi cong    Gsf ik  k k K

Where,  DFi is the delivery factor of bus i is indicate to the reference bus (e.g a measure of the portion of the next MW generation at buses i that is delivered to the reference bus).  GSFik is the generation shift factor for bus i on line k (e.g ratio of the change in flow of line k to the change in generation of bus i) All generation shift factors at the reference bus are equal to the zero.  k is a set of congested transmission lines.  βk is a constraint cost of line k.It is defined as below β = Reduction in total cost/Change in constraints’ flow. III.PROBLEM FORMULATION To perform the rescheduling using the objective function the optimization method used here is genetic algorithm (GA). A. Objective Function LMP is determined by solving the following optimization problem,

min CGi ( PGi )

For i = 1,2,….,n

(2)

Where PGi is the amount of dispatched generation at node Gi and CGi is the total cost of generation at node Gi (IT is expressed in terms of PGi ).

B. Constraints The optimization problem are subjected to the number of constrains that are discussed next.

Step 11: Calculate the energy price of the reference bus either with fixed bids or with linear bids and then calculate LMP’s at all buses. STOP. Step12: Use selection, crossover and mutation operators. Generate new population. Generation = Generation +1; Go to step 3. IV.RESULTS IEEE 30 Bus system Total no. of generator = 6 Total no. of transmission lines = 41 It is divided by 3 areas with 2 generators in each area. Total gen = 203 MW Total load= 198.2 MW Losses = 3.81 MW The results of the IEEE 30 bus system of the LMP using linear programming and using genetic algorithm are shown in the tabular form LMP for all bus Using LP and GA

Load flow constraint,

PGi  PLi  P(V , )  0 ( Real power balance )

(3)

QGi  QLi  Q(V , )  0 ( Reactive power balance )

(4)

Parameters

Linear programming

Genetic algorithm

Transmission line flow constraints (e.g power flow on line one is within the maximum line rating)

Generation

618.09$/hr

622.40 $/hr

LFk  LFkmax (Line flow MVA limits)


(5)

cost

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Power

P1=47.03MW

P1=42.01MW

BUS-24

3.92

generation

P2= 61.18 MW

P2= 67.21MW

BUS-25

3.88

P13=18.25 MW

P13=24.73 MW

BUS-26

3.95

BUS-27

3.82

BUS-28

3.93

BUS-29

3.93

BUS-30

4.01

P22=22.73 MW

P22=26.50 MW

P23=17.14 MW

P23=18.03 MW

P27=36.67MW

P27=21.52MW

203MW

200 MW

Total generation

4.01 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.09

V.CONCLUSION

Line flow

limit

LP

GA

Line 15-23

12.7

12.72 MW

11.4 MW

3.89

Locational Marginal Price is calculated. LMP gives the value of price for next MW increment at bus. LMP gives the three Price component energy, loss and congestion price. By using LMP, we can identify the buses which are participating in congestion of the transmission system. To remove the congestion from the transmission system, I have used generation rescheduling method on IEEE 30 bus system. Genetic Algorithm is used for generation rescheduling and by observing we can conclude that Genetic Algorithm is better optimization technique compare to linear Programming. LMP is calculated using the genetic Algorithm results for IEEE 30 bus system. LMP is decreased for some buses. So we can conclude that congestion is removed from the transmission system.

3.9

VI.REFERENCES

MW LMP

3.98

LMP

LMP

($/hr)

($/hr)

BUS-1

3.84

BUS-2

3.86

BUS-3

3.94

BUS-4

3.96

BUS-5

3.95

BUS-6

3.98

BUS-7

4

BUS-8

3.99

BUS-9

3.99

BUS-10

4

BUS-11

3.99

BUS-12

4

BUS-13

4

BUS-14

4.08

BUS-15

4.07

BUS-16

4

BUS-17

4.02

BUS-18

4.11

BUS-19

4.11

BUS-20

4.09

BUS-21

4

BUS-22

3.96

BUS-23

3.81


3.79 3.81 3.89

3.9 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.92 3.93 3.93 3.93 3.94 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.96 3.96 3.96 3.96 3.96

[1] [2]

PJM Training Materials-LMP 101, PJM Yong fu, zuyi li, “Different models and properties of lmp calculation”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting -2006. [3] Z. Li and H. Daneshi, “Some observations on market clearing price and locational marginal price,” IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005. pp. 2702-2709, Jun. 2005. [4] Fangxing Li, Rui Bo, and Wenjuan Zhang, “Comparison of Different LMP Calculations in Power Market Simulation” IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, 2006. [5] T. J. Overbye, X. Cheng, and Y. Sun, “A comparison of the AC and DC power flow models for LMP calculations,” Proceedings of the 37 th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, 2004 [6] Luonan Chen, Hideki Suzuki, Tsunehisa Wachi, and Yukihiro Shimura,” Components of Nodal Prices for Electric Power Systems”,IEEE Transactions on Power system Vol.17, No. 1, Feb 2002. [7] T. Orfanogianni and G. Gross, A general formulation for LMP evaluation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1163-1173, August 2007 [8] Zechun Hu, Haozhong cheng, Furong Li, “An iterative LMP calculation method considering loss distributions”, IEEE Trans. Power. Sytem., vol.25, No.3, August 2010. [9] E. Litvinov, “Design and operation of the locational marginal pricesbased electricity markets”, IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 4, Iss.2 , 2010. [10] M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin and Z.Y. Li, Market operations in electric power system, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2002. [11] M. Murali, M. Sailaja Kumari, M. Sydulu, “LMP based Electricity Market Simulation using Algorithm” ,IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2012.

3.96

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Enhancing the Team Performance by Preventing Social Loafing Dr. Mitesh Jayswal

Dr. Rachita Jayswal

Assistant Professor, G.H. Patel Post Graduate Institute of Business Management, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Email: [email protected]

Assistant Professor, V. M. Patel Institute of Management, Ganpat University, Mehsana. Email: [email protected]

Abstract— In modern era, teamwork is an importance apparatus for sustainable growth of any business. When anybody discusses group, the question of individual’s sincerity to collective work is obvious. From psychological point of view this area falls an issue of social psychology - social loafing. This article explains that social loafing can result in diverse possibilities and also not only affects the individual who is conducting the social phenomenon but also group members are subjected to exposure. In this article, discussion regarding the reasons of social loafing as an occurrence is based primarily on literature review done by author. Possibilities of outcomes of social loafing range from members dissatisfaction, to decrease in group performance. Here the author has analyzed this issue by extensive literature review and also suggested some fruitful ideas to prevent the spread of such thoughts in the group. The article is developed from managerial point of view in the light of subject social psychology. Keywords— Social Loafing, Performance, Collective Efforts

Social

Loafing,

According to collective effort model, people work hard when they think their effort will help them achieve outcomes that they value. Working in a group can influence how hard people work because it can change their perception of the importance of their contribution to achieving a specified level of performance, their likelihood of reaching the goal and the value they place on the outcomes they gain by their efforts. (Please refer Figure: 1) The collective effort model identifies conditions under which people will socially loaf less. These include (a) believing that their effort is important to the group’s performance, (b) believing that their contributions to the group are identifiable and (c) liking the group they are working with, among others. ROOTS OF THIS PROBLEM

Team

INTRODUCTION “At the time of schooling we have learned a famous story of hunter and birds. The story was woven around how unity of birds saved their lives. They flied united with net and saved their lives from hunter”. In this story we have predicted that higher the number of birds higher the speed and ability to fly with burden. Social Loafing is the tendency for individuals to expend fewer efforts when working collectively than working individually. So, here more number of birds can’t increase the speed of fly statically but marginally it may be reduced or sometimes may be over all negative. If some exception is found, then it is because of fear of death, which is abnormal situation. So, the basic principle of Social Loafing is larger the number of individuals whose work is combined on a group task, the smaller is individual contribution. In the modern world, where day by day the importance of group is mounting, the above mention fact gets more and more imperative. During 1882 and 1887, a French agricultural engineer, Max Ringelman identified a social phenomenon labeled as Social Loafing. He has founded in the rope pulling contest that as you add more and more people to a group pulling on a rope, the total force exerted by the group rose, but the average force exerted by each group member declined.


THE COLLECTIVE EFFORT MODEL

Every person is not lethargic by nature, same way every person does not possess the same level of enthusiasm. Oftentimes, one will see ten individuals on a road crew – three will be working hard, two other will be kind of working and the other five are standing around talking. The following are the possible reasons why some people do not use their full potential in – group activity: Attribution and equity: Team members may believe that others are putting forth as much effort, when compared to themselves. They feel that the others are “slacking”, which leads them to back off their effort too. This causes a downward cycle which ends at the point where the minimum amount of work is acceptable. Sub maximal goal setting: Team members may perceive there is a well–defined standard or goal and with more people, they feel they can work less for it. The task then becomes an optimizing one rather than a maximizing one. Lessened contingency between input and outcome: Team members may feel that they can “hide in the crowd” and avoid the negative consequences of slacking off, or maybe they feel “lost in the crowd” and unable to get their fair share of positive consequences for working hard. Only when performing alone can people be appropriate evaluated and rewarded. Inferiority towards own thoughts: Some team member may feel that their comments are redundant or the quality of


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their ideas is so low that it does not warrant the attention of the entire group. Individual personality: Team member may be an introvert and because of this team member may be hesitant to participate in group function. This may lead to social loafing. Coordination loss among group members: If members are not coordinate properly and the group is suffering inter group conflict, performance becomes daydream. Performance appraisal: If performance appraisal system of the company considers only individual performance or if substantial importance isn’t given to group performance it leads people to do social loafing. Attitudes of other group members: In dilemma where most of the persons are avoiding to optimum performance in collective efforts a performer may get tired and adopt the values of non – performer. Communication system: If a member’s thinking is found always negative regarding doing of work, he may be in future found to think in negative direction. In long time, the negative communication works and his performance also get decrease. CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL LOAFING Group: The social loafing effect suggests that the members of the group producing the most volume will lower their volume to match the level of some of the quieter members. For example, let’s pretend that we can quantify the output of each individual yelling, so that we can illustrate the effect on the group as a whole. Assign numbers to indicate level of output using a scale of numbers between 1 and 10, 10 being the highest. In a group composed of 4 people, the level of yelling at the onset might be assigned as follows: Person A = 3; Person B = 4, Person C = 6, Person D = 8.The total output of the group of each person at the beginning of the project is 3+4+6+8=21.The social loafing effect, however, implies that Person D will begin dropping his level of output to match Person C, at which point they might both drop to the volume level of Person A and B. Let’s assume that Person A holds steady at 3, Person B drops to 3, and both drop Person C and Person D drop to a level of 4. Now, the sum total of output at this point is 3+3+4+4 =14.The social loafing effect implies that over time, all 4 people will level out at 3, giving an overall output of 12. Social loafing is a very real occurrence that harms the overall integrity and performance of a team by reducing the level of output, one individual at a time. Individual: Social loafing also has an impact on the individuals that comprises of the group behavior. One potential side effect is the lack of satisfaction that a member of the group might experience as becoming disappointed or depressed at the end of the project. When an individual become the social loafer, the individual reduces any opportunity that he might have had to grow in his ability and knowledge. For example, in college level classes the focus is on group projects. The ability for an individual to participate in social loafing increases as the group increases in number. However, if these groups remain


ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

small the individual will not have the opportunity to become invisible to the group and their lack of input will be readily evident. Cultural: Social loafing is more likely to effect in the societies where focus is on the individual rather than the collective group. One study has been done comparing American managers (individualistic values) and Chinese managers (collectivistic values). The researcher founded that social loafing effect with the American managers while there was no such phenomenon with the Chinese managers. Gender: Gender is also another thing which is being affected by social loafing. One research has been demonstrated that participants in a series of experiments performed better on cognitive tasks, when there was a poor fit between the gender stereotypes of their teammates. Their results suggest that people use stereotypes to optimize their own individual effort to the team’s expectation. CONFRONTING THE SOCIAL LOAFER No one ever likes to be confronted or told what to do by another individual. The best way to handle a social loafer is to set some clear rules as a group and establish formal guidelines for future expectations. In order to confront the social loafing group should set contract, which should include several important pieces of information such as: The Group’s expectation Individual responsibilities Assign roles Measure individual inputs Limit group size Method of discipline In order to confront from the social loafing each group member should have a copy of the group expectation in writing, because it doesn’t gives little room for confusion or miscommunication as a group. After clarifying group’s expectation it is also important to layout specific, measurable responsibilities for each group member. If each group member has a measurable responsibility that they alone are accountable for, it will help to eliminate the group member’s ability to be a social loafer. They are no longer able to rely on the group for their portion of responsibility. After clear responsibilities are established than roles of each member is to be assigned and on basis of the roles individual’s inputs is to be identified and it should be measured. If the group member’s responsibilities and individual’s input are not met, the group should follow through with the contractual method of punishment decided by the group in the written contract. PREVENTING SOCIAL LOAFING The above mentioned reasons are static but their effect is dynamic. So, in order to prevent or limit the effects of social loafing by focusing on the below mentioned number of guidelines - companies, families, communities, neighborhoods, governments or team leader might initiate to manage team’s


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efforts towards team goals. Though some do depend upon the nature of the team but most of these guidelines can be adapted to provide a positive benefit to the team as a whole: Selection of members: Carefully choose individuals to join the team. Make sure that they have strengths and personalities that will complement other group members rather than deter from orientation to goal. Limit group size: Whenever possible minimize the amount of people within a group. The less people available to diffuse responsibility to, the less social loafing can occur. Establish ground rules: Discuss what the team’s goal and objective are and then develop a process to meet them. Agree to perform by team roles discussed in initial meeting of a project. Also discuss consequences of not following rules and the process to call an individual on their negative behavior. Collaboration: Collaboration is a way to get everyone involved in the group by assigning each member special and meaningful tasks. Establish expectations through specific measurable and observable outcomes. At the end of the meeting, refresh everyone’s memories as to who is required to do what by when and offer clarification on required duties. For example; Shail and Amit were loafing because they are not given specific tasks, then giving Shail the note taker duty and Amit the brainstorming duty that will make them feel essential to the group. Shail and Amit will be less likely to want to let the group down, because they have specific obligations to complete. Identifying the importance of task: After assigning the tasks, the importance of the individual’s specific tasks within the group. If group members see their role as that involved in completing a worthy task, then they are more likely to fulfill it. For example, Amit may enjoy brainstorming, as he knows that he will bring a lot to the group if he fulfills this obligation. He feels that his obligation will be obligation that valued by the group. Prefer an incentive linked package: An incentive linked packaged for both individual and group performance shapes the member attitude positively to perform in the best interest of the group. A person is entitled to get receive more incentive in the circumstances their group is also achieving the targets or performs beyond expectation. Encompass group performance as an essential element to be considered in performance appraisal: If the weightage of group performance is high at the time of appraisal than an individual seeking growth, motivates his colleagues to perform. Promote sound informal relationship between group members: If the group members having sound informal relationship between each other than they may use their informal meeting in non working hours to solve the problem of an office or to grasp an opportunity in the interest of employer. By this way, sound informal relationship also reduces group conflicts. Identifiability: Individuals are motivated when they believe that their work is identifiable and separable from the work of others. If the individual come to know that their work


ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

are identified by another person, they will get motivated and team performance will also be higher, as each individual want to be superior from another person working with him. So, here there is less chances of social loafing. For example, People shout louder when each group member is wearing a microphone and believe that their personal output can be measured. Evaluation Potential: Meet individual team members to assess their successes and area of improvement. Discuss ways, in which, the team leader may provide help or additional support so the task may be completed. Discussing: Manage discussion so that all members of the team have an opportunity to speak. Discuss the ways, in which, the team leader may provide or additional support, so the task may be completed and some individuals also don’t feel that their comments are redundant that it does not warrant the attention from the group. Involvement of task: When intrinsic involvement in the task is high, workers may feel that their efforts are very important for the success of the group and thus may be unlikely to engage in social loafing even if the task visibility is low. CONCLUSION So, social loafing directly challenges the logic that the productivity of the group as a whole should at least equal to the sum of the productivity of each individual in that group. But people will socially loaf less when they perceive that their contribution is important to the group. If they believe that their contributions are redundant with what other in the group can offer, then their contribution is unlikely to influence the group’s outcome. Conversely, if they think they are unique, they should be more motivated to contribute, because their contributions have a larger chance of influencing the outcome and that they value.


Figure 1: The Collective Effort Model

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REFERENCES Publication A. Karau, S. and K. Williams, Social loafing: A meta – analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 1993. 65(4): pp681-706. B. Robert A. Baron, Donn Byrne, “Social Psychology”, 10th edition, Pearson Education publication, pp486-488, pp531. C. Stephen P. Robbins, “Organizational Behavior”, 10th edition, PHI publication, pp234-235.

Websites: A. www.cs.cmu.edu/~kraut/RKraut.site.files/articles/breenen 04.UsingSocialPsychToMotivateContribution-final.pdf B. www.ilr.cornell.edu/directory/downloads/Social_Loafing. ppt



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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

A Comparative Study on Term and Endowment Insurance Dr. Mitesh Jayswal

Dr. Rachita Jayswal

Assistant Professor, G.H. Patel Post Graduate Institute of Business Management, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Email: [email protected]

Assistant Professor, V. M. Patel Institute of Management, Ganpat University, Mehsana. Email: [email protected]

Abstract— With over a billion people, India is fast becoming a global economic power. With a relatively youthful population, India will become an attractive insurance market over the next decades. The presence of fifteen players and most of the player’s increasing market share reveals the fact that size of life insurance market is increasing. Still the presence of private players is limited to urban and suburban areas, and Life Insurance Corporation of India is dominating the rural segment. In India, huge population is not covered or under covered because of affordability or awareness. Life insurance in India, in the years gone by, has mostly been sold by the way of harping on the tax benefits and endowment plans have been the eternal favorites of life insurance agents. Most of the individuals have never ever spared a thought on other tax-friendly alternatives at their disposal, which could actually give them better returns than an endowment plan. The hunger for collection of large premiums and commissions has lost the real objective of protection against early death. A real ice cream, vanilla flavor, a real insurance, Term Insurance plan is never presented or properly explained which contains a huge pool of benefits over other insurance plans. Authors believe that the promotion of Term Insurance plan not only offers better return to the investors but also covers the large uncover or undercover population as the rate of premium for term plan is very low. In this research paper the authors1 has compared the benefits of Term Insurance Plan against other life Insurance Plans and also suggested some actionable ideas to the proposer for maximizing the financial benefits. Keywords— Term Insurance, Endowment Insurance

INTRODUCTION Every asset has a value for its owner and also for those who are benefited with the existence of that asset. In layman terms, Insurance can be defined as it is a protection against financial loss arising on the happening of an eventuality. Insurance is concerned with the protection of economic value of assets. All are interested in the creation of assets because all assets have value and they may provide satisfaction of some needs and also yield income to the owner. Insurance does not protect the 1

The corresponding author possesses the qualification Diploma Associate Life Branch from Insurance Institute of India, Bombay and doctorate in distribution of life insurance services.


assets nor can insurance avoid occurrence of perils. But it only compensate, may not be fully, the economic or financial loss resulting to the asset from such damage or destruction. In case of life insurance the loss of human life is beyond price, but on the basis of earning capacity, the future financial loss can be estimated in case of death. The amount of annual earnings serves the base for determination of the maximum limit for Life insurance cover. It is not an invisible hand or insurance company itself pays for the claim. The amount is paid from the premium of insurance holders who doesn’t have a claim. Let simplify the understanding by an illustration. Suppose there are hundreds huts in a village. And past data reveals that every year one hut got burnt by fire. The cost of each hut is ten thousand rupees. So just by contribution hundred rupees annual premium all the huts can be insured. Total annual collection of ten thousand can be given to the victim as a claim amount. So insurance is sharing of risk. No doubt the statistical calculations like probability of an event plays crucial role. Same risk sharing principle is also applied in life insurance. The beginning of Insurance business is traced with the marine business in the city of London. Marine traders, who used to gather at Lloyd’s coffee house in London, agreed to share losses to goods during transportation which includes loss or damage to the goods in transit by ship due to bad weather in high seas. The first insurance policy was issued in England in 1583. CURRENT INSURANCE MARKETS IN ASIA The premium distribution and maturity of Asian insurance markets is different from country to country. Broadly, Asian Insurance markets can be stratified into three levels: fully mature, transitional and incipient. Japan is the only fully mature market, accounting for over 75 percent of the insurance premiums in Asia. Transitional market includes South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The two major incipient markets are China and India, which are the world’s two most populated countries. DEFINITION OF LIFE INSURANCE The classical definition of Life Insurance is that it is, “A contract between person (or other legal entity) and a life insurance company that provides for a guaranteed sum of


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money to be paid to a designated beneficiary upon the death of insured”, in exchange of insured premium payments. MODERN INSURANCE CAME WITH A BRITISH ACCENT Insurance in its modem form first arrived in India through British company called Oriental Life Insurance Company in 1818, followed by Bombay Assurance Company in 1823, and the Madras Equitable Life Insurance society in 1829. They insured the lives of European living in India. At that time Indians were considered as substandard lives and charged more premium in comparison to Europeans. The first company that sold policies to Indians with ‘fair value’ was the Bombay Mutual Assurance Society Ltd., formed in 1870. In 1956, life insurance business was nationalized and Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) came into being on 1.9.1956. The government took over the business of 245 companies (including 75 provident fund societies). Thereafter, LIC got the exclusive privilege to transact life insurance business in India. Relevant laws were amended in 1999 and LIC’s monopoly came to an end. At present twenty four companies are operating in the life insurance business and most of them are with foreign partners. There are several reasons behind the nationalization decision: The government wanted to channel more resources to national development programmes. The government also wants to increase insurance market penetration. The government found the number of failures of insurance companies to be unacceptable. Today, the concept of life insurance has expanded far beyond its historical purpose of simply paying a death benefit. The importance of ‘living benefit’ is also valued and by this way life insurance – fulfilling a wide range of diverse financial goals. LIFE INSURANCE PLANS The primary purpose of life insurance is to give financial protection against two risks i.e. risk of an early death and risk of living too long. Today, there are literally thousands of different life insurance policies available from hundreds of companies, with variety of combinations, options and benefits that can be tailored to fit individual needs. Term Insurance provides cover against the risk of death. The sum assured is paid only on death of life assured if it occurs within in the policy term. Where policy term is not specified in terms of year and sum assured is paid on death of life assured wherever it occurs, the policy called Whole Life Plan. In Pure Endowment the sum assured is only paid if the life assured survives the term, simply not died during the term. Inverse to term plan, covers the risk of living too long. Psychologically this plan is not accepted, but it’s true that most policies fall into combination of this two basic plans: Term Insurance and Pure Endowment. Term Insurance A term insurance policy is a pure insurance product with no savings element. As discussed earlier, the term insurance


ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

provides financial protection against death within a specified period of time, paying a benefit only if the life assured die during the term. In the vast majority of policies, the cost of term life insurance covers only death benefits and policy expenses. As such, it is the least expensive type of life insurance in regards to premium payments. This may be suitable for young people or for families on a limited budget that need a large amount of life insurance protection. For them, the affordability of the premium is likely to be an important consideration. Term Insurance provides protection for a specific, limited amount of time — usually in five-year segments, such as for 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 years. Term Insurance policies may also be set up to increase or decrease during the term period. Term policies may be renewable without evidence of insurability (medical exams, etc.) and generally are convertible to a whole life policy. Since term insurance can be purchased in large amounts for a relatively small initial premium, it is well suited for short-range goals such as life insurance coverage to pay off a loan, or providing extra life insurance protection during the child-raising years. These policies can be renewed or continued at higher premiums in most states to age as stated in the policy. But, if the insurer doesn’t renew the policy, or if insured stop paying the premium, the coverage ends and no payment is made. Endowment Insurance Plan In an endowment policy, the benefit amount is payable either at the end of the term or upon the death of the insured person, whichever is earlier. It is a combination of term and pure endowment plan. Thus, an endowment policy is a bundle of insurance cum savings, providing death protection as well as a maturity benefit. In this plan the premiums are determined by keeping in mind, the fact that the claim will be either a death claim or maturity claim. Most of the endowment policies are ‘participating’ policies. In a participating policy, the policyholder may get an additional sum of money called ‘bonuses’, based on the surplus available in the fund managed by the insurer on behalf of the policyholder. So the endowment plan also includes the saving element in the premium. Comparing participating endowment policies is therefore not straight forward. A non-participating endowment policy does not distribute to policyholders any part of its surplus. The premiums for non-participating policies will usually be lower than for participating policies. Money Back Plan When a simple term plan includes more than one pure endowment plans is called Money Back plan. There is a combination of one term plan and four pure endowment plans for the term of 5, 10, 15 and 20 years each, in the policy of 20 years, if there is a guaranteed payment at the end of each five year. Keeping in the mind that this periodic payment is made only if life assured survives, that is what pure endowment. As the authors has stated earlier, on the basis of different combinations (Endowment plus Whole life; LIC’s Jivan Anand), investment patterns (Unit Linked Plans) and target audience (Children’s assurance plan) the life insurance


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company can develop number of plans which looks different but based on combination of basic products only. PROBLEM DEFINITION The authors believe that most of the customers are either misguided or not fully aware with the benefits of term insurance plan. By choosing the term insurance plan the customers not only increase their life cover but also get more benefits in maturity amount. In our country where the level of insurance penetration is very low and large number of families are struggling to fulfill their immediate needs, to promote the term insurance plan is an essential part of social reform. In this paper the authors has analyzed the various benefits of term as well as endowment plan, for understanding and developing a thought regarding vulnerability of a plan against other plan as well as other investment options. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Following are the objectives behind conducting this research. To identify a financial option in which amount of death benefit is maximized. Means maximum insurance cover with the same amount of expense and investment. To analyze and compare the term and endowment plan from maturity benefit point of view. To compare term and endowment plan from taxation as well as liquidity preference point of view. To identify the reasons behind agents attitude to push particular type of plans only. To develop a set of recommendations for the proposer (person wants to purchase life insurance) so that the benefits from life insurance is maximized. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY After literature review the authors has collected descriptivecross sectional data of premium rates, policy terms and conditions, and bonus rate of a leading life insurance company2 for term as well as endowment plans. With the help of MSExcel the data are analyzed with various assumptions regarding percentile returns on investment. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This research includes following limitations. The amount of premium is subject to change according to the policy of the company and the calculations may also change accordingly. One might argue that the calculations have been computed based on ‘probable returns’. One might also argue that the returns are not guaranteed throughout its tenure and that it is subject to fluctuations.

2

The name of the company is not displayed here, as authors do not want to contempt or to advocate any life insurance company. The premium rates and other details of plans are collected from company’s official website and premium amount is counted by premium calculator from the website.


ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

More emphasize is given to economical benefits are like the amount of claim (death or maturity). No social benefit like compulsion in saving is considered. It is assumed that to take loan on policy and invest it is a costlier option. As such loan attracts about 9 percent interest rates. The figures used in the illustrations above are of on one leading life insurance companies and collected through very reliable sources. The costs and returns could vary across different life insurance companies. The terms and conditions regarding age of entry and maturity, and minimum sum assured is subject to change from company to company. Normally minimum sum assured for term plan is five lack rupees. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS The premium amount for a person having birth date of 25th April, 19873, for the sum assured of Rs 5 lacs and for the term of 25 years, is for term assurance Rs.1505 and for endowment Rs.18594. So, the endowment premium is more by Rs.17089 than term premium. The amount of difference is rising as age increases. (Table: I) TABLE: I PREMIUM COMPARISON (TERM PLAN VS ENDOWMENT PLAN) Term Plan Vs Endowment Plan Date of Birth

Endowment Assurance

Term Insurance

Difference in Premium

25/04/1987 18594 1505 17089 25/04/1985 19200 2044 17156 25/04/1980 20195 2990 17205 25/04/1975 21431 4153 17278 Note: The premium amounts are for Endowment Assurance and Term Assurance Plan is for a normal health person without any rider benefit having sum assured is Rs 500000 for 25 years of term. The premium rates are counted in the month of December.

Because of difference in maximum age of maturity in two plans the calculation is limited. Company wise this limits various and as accordingly the calculation gets changed. The table also reveals the trend that as an age increases the amount of difference in policy premium is also increases. Death Benefit The possible two options for a person who wants to purchase a life insurance of 5 lacs are, either he will go for endowment option or term option. In case of term assurance plan he can invest the premium difference amount in other saving instruments, assuming that per annum premium of rupees 18594 are affordable for proposer. In above mentioned case the difference amount is 170894. This difference amount can be invested at around 9 percent return, a common available returns in the market. Here the authors have assumed three investment options for premium difference amount, namely pessimistic at 8 percent, normal at 8.5 percent and optimistic at 9 percent. For endowment plan, in the case of death the 3

For the calculation of premium for different plans, the age calculation is different that based on age near birth day, age last birthday or age next birth day. So for avoiding this ambiguity the comparison is based on date of birth. 4 For premium details please refer table one.


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amount payable is sum assured plus bonus while in case of term insurance plus investment combination option the amount paid in death claim is sum assured of term plan plus actual value of investment. The difference in amount of death claim is stated here (Table: II). In the below table column one states the amount of death claim in case of endowment plan while column two, four and six states the amount of death claim in case of term plus saving options. It compiles the term investments claim amount plus value of investment. Column three, five and seven states the amount of difference in death claim. TABLE: II DIFFERENCE IN AMOUNT OF DEATH CLAIM FOR VARIOUS INVESTMENT OPTIONS FOR A PERSON HAVING DOB 25/04/1989

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

increasing as age increasing. So the years of gain having more chances of death claim than the years of loss. TABLE : III AVERAGE LOSS AND GAIN UNDER DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF TERM INSURANCE AND INVESTMENT OPTIONS IN COMPARE TO ENDOWMENT PLAN IN CASE OF DEATH CLAIM FOR A PERSON HAVING DOB 25/04/1989

Investment options Particulars

Term Plan + 8% Investment

Term Plan + 8.5% Investment

Term Plan + 9% Investment

No of year of Loss No of year of Gain Average Loss amount = (Total loss / no of years of loss ) Average Gain amount = (Total gain/ no of years of gain)

9 15

8 16

8 16

25994

26965

25222

165870

192412

232118

The amount of gain is also more than the amount of loss if the person goes for term plus investment option. The average amount of loss and gain reveals this fact. In percentile term, the amount of average loss is 15.67 percentage of the amount of average gain, if the investment earns 8 percent interest. This percentile can reduced and remain 14.01 percent and 10.86 percent only, when the investment earns 8.5 percent and 9 percent respectively. So it is clear that, on the basis of death benefit term plus investment option is superior than endowment plan. Maturity Claim and Other Benefits In endowment plan the amount of maturity is paid only if the life assured survive the term. While in term assurance plan no amount is paid at the end of term so for term plus investment option the value of investment is considered as maturity amount. Form the below mentioned table it is clear that the term plus investment option is more beneficial than endowment plan (Table: IV). Note: 1. Column number one, two, four and six indicates the return. 2. The rate of interest is compounded annually. 3. Death claim is considered at the end of the year. 4. Rate of annual bonus is assumed Rs 47 per thousand. 5. From the 15th year loyalty addition is included in claim. The assumed amount of loyalty addition (per thousand) is as under.

TABLE: IV MATURITY CLAIM DETAIL AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT INVESTMENT OPTIONS FOR A PERSON HAVING DOB 25/04/1989 Investment Amount of Difference Tax Freedom for Option Options Maturity Benefit investment No. Claim5

1

From the above mentioned table it is clear that in case of early death it is beneficial to have an endowment plan because the claim amount in endowment plan is more that the claim amount of term plan and value of investment. The difference is in negative amount. While at the later years it is beneficial to have term plus investment option, which is indicated by positive difference amount. If a person goes for term plus investment option than, the average gain and loss is as under (Table: III). The option of term plus investment is not beneficial in early nine years where the rate of return is 8 percent on investment, while this loss is for eight years if the investment earns 8.5 or 9 percent return. In later fifteen years this option is beneficial, if the investment earns 8 percent return while the years of benefit is sixteen if the investment earns 8.5 or 9 percent return. So the number of gain years are almost double than numbers of loss years. And the important fact is the probability of death is


2

3

4

Endowment Plan Term Plan + 8% Investment Term Plan + 8.5% Investment Term Plan + 9% Investment

1337500

Negative

Available

1349252

14752 = (2-1)

Available

1458624

121124 = (3-1)

Not Available

1577724

240224 = (4-1)

Not Available

Compulsion for Payment Except the term premium, the amount is not compulsory to invest.

The difference in amount of maturity benefit is marginal, if investment earns 8 percent interest, while it is substantial if it earns 8.5 percent or 9 percent interest respectively. With this benefit the life assured can gain the tax advantage in 8 percent investment as most of the government tax saving schemes offers it, and this all falls in same Income Tax section 80 C. 5

Option number two, three and four includes the amount of investment only as term assurance doesn’t contain any maturity value.


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The largest advantage is regarding the compulsion of payment. The insurance is a contract and insurance cover is only available if the premiums are paid regularly. So once a party enters in the contract it is compulsory to pay premium. In absence of which the policy acquires surrender value or lapse which causes financial loss to the policy holder. By going with term plus investment option, the compulsory payment amount (premium amount) is reduced substantially and the saving amount can be invested by analyzing current winds of gain or loss. WHY AN AGENT DOESN’T PROMOTE THE TERM PLAN? The reason is very clear. A term plan offers the insured a higher sum assured at a very low cost. And this is the fundamental principle of insurance. But in India, history suggests that insurance has always been sold, it has rarely been bought. Blame the unscrupulous insurance agents for this. To really understand this statement, one has to take a look at the agent's commission structure of various plans (Table: V). TABLE: V AMOUNT OF AGENT’S COMMISSION (CONTINUES WITH SAME EXAMPLE) Commission Amount of Commission (Rs.) (% of annual Year premium) Endowment Term 35% 1 6508 527 7.5% 2 and 3 2789 226 4 to 25

5%

Total

20453

1656

29750

2408

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

As stated earlier, over a period of time the agent is going to earn substantial amount as a commission, ask him to perform the analysis and present. Identify the real value of purchase and give importance accordingly, suppose the annual premium amount is 10000 Rupees and the policy term is 20 years than this purchase decision is not of 10000 Rupees but of 2 lacs. So don’t think the evaluation task is time vesting. CONCLUSION According to financial geek, it is advisable to buy a term plan. Most of the persons don’t approve of mixing investment and insurance, as they don’t think much of the investment skills of insurance companies. One should be better off investing money in a mutual fund, instead of ULIPs (unit linked insurance policies) which don’t score much on transparency and allocation amount is also low. Whole life Insurance is also not much been favored by the individuals because one have to pay premium even entire retirement. Finally, the best way is to keep it simple: for insurance needs, only look at term plans. REFERENCES Books A. RNIS College of Insurance, “100 Hrs. Pre – licensing Training Course”, First edition, Escolife of Insurance, pp1, 66-67. B. P. I. Majmudar and M. G. Diwan, “Principles of Insurance IC-01”, Insurance Institute of India, pp 48, 68-71.

As it is clear that the amount of commission in term plan is only 8.09 percent of amount of commission of endowment plan, agents’ pushes endowment plan only.

C. Mr. S. Balachandran, “Practice of Life Assurance IC-02”, Insurance Institute of India, pp 18-26, 125-128.

Articles and Reports

SUGGESTIONS FOR PROPOSERS

A. An article titled “We’ve come a long way”, IRDA Journal, April 2005, pp25.

From the above analysis the authors suggest the following suggestions to the proposer.

B. Article titled “An analysis of the evolution of insurance in India”, by Tapan Sinha, CRIS discussion paper series 2005 III, pp 07.

Before going to purchase life insurance it is better to be clear regarding the objective of purchase; Investment or Protection. If purchasing for the protection purpose, decided the amount of protection needed. And persuade the agent to show the policies in which the predetermined amount of covered is available with minimum premium. If purchasing for investment with life cover purpose, compare the returns of other saving instruments. And keep in the mind that, normally the returns on life insurance are not guaranteed. If the income tax benefit is in the heart of purchase than be clear, it is based on proposer’s annual income. Companies always promote the maximum tax benefit amount.

C. Reinsurance, 2003, article titled “India open its door”, by Oscar Smith, pp15. D. IRDA annual reports.

Websites A. www.amica.com/life_insurance/OurProducts/(8180)A3L871-1booklet.pdf B. www.ezinearticles.com C. www.personalfn.com/insurance/termplan.html D. www.personalfn.com/detail.asp?date=1/3/2005&story=2 E. www.spectruminsurancegroup.com F. http://www.spectruminsurancegroup.com/term_life_insurance.php G. www.360financialliteracy.org

In liberalized economy compare the policies of one company with other. Keep in mind that, during the comparison the core objective behind the purchase should not get forgotten.



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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

Gaining Competitive Advantage in a Rapidly Changing Indian Retail Environment through Service Quality. Dr. Vinit M.Mistri1

Dr. Chirag B. Rathod2

LDRP-Institute of Technology and Research, Gandhinagar

Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar

[email protected]

[email protected]

Faculty, MBA Department,

Associate Professor, Dept of Business Management,

“Competing organizations provide the same type of services but they do not provide the same quality of services and no one knows this better than customers”. Berry, Parasuraman and Zeithaml (1985)

Abstract The Indian retail market is gradually moving toward hypercompetitive scenario. The retail market in India today consists of organised and unorganised retailers. Various research reports for retail market indicates increase in number of retailers in organised retail market in various formats emerging in India. Innovative Kirana shop owners fought back with small gestures to build customer loyalty, home deliveries, sale on credit, discounts and personalized treatment of consumers ensured that the consumers shifting from the Modern Retail outlets to the Kirana shops. Modern retailers suffering from poor service quality in the area like delayed gratification, lack of touch and feel factor, long delivery time are key barrier for consumers shifting. Retail businesses are considered to be service business. As each retail outlet handle large number of consumer encountering, there are possible service quality deficiencies. Managing retail store service quality provides multiple benefits and to sustain in such competitive market scenario, relevant literature support that keeping service quality oriented store management would lead to gain and sustain competitive advantage. Keywords: Retailing, Service Quality, Competitive Advantage, Retail Services.

I. Introduction Changing macro environmental forces like political & legal, economic, socio-cultural, technological factors are forcing the organised retail industry in the direction of even competitive environment in India. This would lead to even hypercompetitive scenario in the organised retail industry in upcoming days. Driving forces for change in Indian retail industry can be categorized in two set of forces. First, it consists of various demand factors such as growing youth segment and working women population, rising income and increasing purchasing power, increased and increasing brand conscious retail consumers, changing consumer preferences and growing urbanization, increasing number of high net worth Indian consumers and rising internet penetration. Further, Out of 175 million online shoppers, the top 60 million high value customers will contribute around 65 to 70 percent of total spending in the year2020. A research report by AT Kearney for the year 2016, mentioned that,


Store based retailers poor service quality in the area like delayed gratification, lack of touch and feel factor, long delivery time are key barrier for consumers shifting for internet based shopping Despite certain inherent challenges the Indian retail market is very dynamic and India’s twingrowth engines, economic liberalization and demographic set it apart from other nations and presents a convincing business case for global retailers for destination called Indian retail market. International retailers are continuously increasing their presence in new countries specifically in emerging markets due to their high growth potential. The focus of such international retailers is on building portfolio of countries with different level of risk, at different stages of industry life cycle and with distinct consumer profile to balance short-term and long term opportunities. There are around 15 million outlets in highly fragmented Indian retail industry. In the case of organised retail the expected revenue generation for the year 2019 would be around


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5.5trillion. A research report by AT Kearney for the year 2016, mentioned that, Second set of forces change in India retail industry consist of set of supply forces. it includes rapid real estate infrastructure development, easier access to credit, efficient supply chain, new product development and innovative practices, growing interest of international and domestic players in India’s retail sector and favorable regulatory environment like recent liberalization of Foreign direct investment policy in retail sector from 51 percent to 100 percent in the case of single and multi brand retailers would further speed up the competitive scenario of Indian organised retail market. According to research report by Technopak on customer centricity for the year 2012, The Indian retail industry consist of two broad categories first one is traditional retailers, still around 90 percent revenue contribution comes from this traditional retailers like Kirana stores, Thelewalas, mom and pop stores. Today a new challenge beckons the Organized Retail Sector in India and it is not from the rising prices of the real estate. It is the challenge posed by the loyalty of the Indian consumers to traditional retailers. Innovative Kirana shop owners fought back with small gestures to build back loyalty – home deliveries, sale on credit, discounts and personalized treatment of consumers ensured that the consumers flocked back from the Modern Retail outlets to the Kirana shops. Well the question for modern retailers is what is the best alternative to compete against innovative traditional retailers? What they should do to stay ahead in the upcoming days of even hypercompetitive Indian retail scenario? Each retail outlet has to take enough care in drafting and executing store management strategy by keeping service quality at the central point for differentiation and better competitive positioning and at the end gain competitive advantage. Because the service sector in India is gaining greater economic importance in the recent years and as its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) has increased over a period of time(Eichengreen B. and Gupta P., 2011). The


ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

Organised retail industry in India can play a very important role in improving the quality of life of consumers by providing a variety of consumer products and services.(Rau,2006) Therefore, quality of retail store services plays a very significant role in improving quality of life of consumers in India, both, in terms of Product quality as well as service quality (Mehta, 2006). The success of many retailers across countries and failures can be attributed to one single factor is customer centric retail store services quality for losing or gaining competitive advantage (Technopak, 2012). II.Retail Services Are Different It is difficult to identify any retailer that offers no services whatsoever. Some retailers offer facilitating services, such as sales assistance and delivery, to help sell goods. Some retailers sell services directly, in addition to offering facilitating services. Some retailers sell only services. Providing better services is an important issue for all of these retailers. Competing goods retailers (Department store, Supermarkets, Hypermarkets etc.) may sell the same products where store service is a primary means of competitive advantage through differentiation (Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, 1988). Berry (1980) defined services as ‘a deed, a performance, an effort’, in contrast to the goods as ‘an object, a device, a thing’. They also discussed the key characteristics of services like Intangibility, Inseparability, Perishability and Heterogeneity. Services in the context of retailing can be defined as “ the set of activities and programs undertaken by retailers to make the shopping experience more rewarding for their customers” these set of activities increases the value customers receive from the merchandise and services they purchase. Some of these services are derived from the retailer’s store design or from retail store policies established by retailers. Organised retailers can develop competitive advantage through customer services, followed by a continuous examination of store services (Levy M, Weitz B and Pandit A, 2010). Zeithaml et al. (1985) conducted an extensive literature review; they found that the most


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frequently cited characteristics of services were Intangibility, Inseparability (of production and consumption), Heterogeneity or nonstandardization, and Perishability. The goods/services debate is frequently dismissed with the rationale that all retailers market a mix of goods and services. Further, Berry L., (1986) mentioned that all retail businesses are also considered as service businesses and in competitive environment, retailer's strategy short term and long term focus should be on retail services as one of the most important tools for gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. III.Service Quality and Competitive Advantage For over a decade, academicians and practitioners have been trying to conceptualize and assess service quality. Research papers have appeared in many reputable journals, both in the US and Europe, offering insights into what service quality is (Gronroos, 1982, Lehtinen and Lehtinen, 1982).it is generally agreed that different people understand different things regarding the service quality as it is a multidimensional notion (Bolton and Drew, 1991). The services marketing literature reveals that “service quality has been variously defined as focusing on meeting needs and requirements, and how well the service delivered matches customers' expectations” (Lewis, 1993). Oliver (1980) defined service quality as “The difference between the actual services Performance and their expectations.” Bitner (1990) defined service quality as “Customer overall impression of relative inferiority or superiority of the organisation and its services.” Competition forces the organizations to not only look at the processes but also on the way they are delivered. Parasuraman (2000) said that achieving sustainable competitive advantage in the competitive marketplace for any company will be very difficult with just superior products and reasonable prices; regardless of whether a company's core offerings are products and/or services, superior service quality is essential for excellent market performance on an enduring basis. The primary rationale underlying this is that service quality is much more difficult for competitors to copy effectively than are product


ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

quality and price has generated a greater interest in service quality research. Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage is the challenge faced across industries and country boundaries and retail sector is one of them. Service quality is a topic of frequent studied in the field of services marketing, both by academicians and practitioners. But little attention has been given towards the ability of service quality in achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage. Service organizations, without regards for size, are increasingly seeking the unique ways of differentiating their offering and service quality is one such option Khalid M., Imtiaz A., Muhammad A (2013). To gain and sustain better competitive advantage in competitive retail environment service quality is perceived as an important tool (Mehta, Lalwani and Han, 2000). There is an increase in the options for consumer choice driven by increasing awareness among the Indian consumers. They are more demanding for better quality of retail store services and Indian retailers should not ignore the retail service related issues (Angur, Nataraajan and Jahera, 1999). Little is known about the service quality evaluations in Indian retail sector because the focus of research has primarily been on the developed economies (Jain and Gupta, 2004). In the case of retailing service quality is different from any other product and service environment (Gagliano and Hathcote, 1994). Retail store service qualities consist of mix of product quality and service quality. Retailers can no longer ignore the strategic importance of service quality for competitive advantage in the hypercompetitive Indian retail environment. IV.Tools for Service Quality Evaluation to Gain and Sustain Competitive Advantage Each organised retail outlet in India handles large number of retail store transactions every day. Each of these transactions is a potential source of inefficiency and incompetence related defect. Retailers’ sincere efforts are essential to reduce such occurrences and to continuously improve the organisational performance by management of high level of retail store services. In this regard, the first question is how to identify the various


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services related deficiency? Second question is how to measure these deficiencies? To answer this question there are two measures of service quality developed over a period of time and widely adopted to measure service quality of retail stores across countries. a) SERVQUAL as a measure of Retail Service Quality Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985, 1988) have published extensively on the subject of “service quality” and developed a gap-based multiple item instrument for measuring and monitoring service quality where ten service quality dimensions later on in their 1988 work components were collapsed into five dimensions: reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness, refer to Table-1. PZB condensed the scales from 97 items to 54 items, and later reduced to 34 items, finally resulted in 22items (22 items for expectation of service quality and 22 items for performance of service quality) 5 dimensions, formed a widely used SERVQUAL scale as mentioned below;

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

factor structures that can be obtained. It is also reviewed that SERVQUAL has limited application as a measure of service quality for retail settings Dabholkar, Thorpe and Rentz (1996). They tried to come up with a solution to the above problem and conducted qualitative research using three different methodologies phenomenological interviews, exploratory depth interviews, and tracking the customer through the store. Combining these qualitative findings with the existing literature and SERVQUAL, Dabholkar et al. (1996) proposed that retail service quality had a hierarchical factor structure comprising five basic dimensions (Table-2), with three of the five basic dimensions having two sub-

(Source: Dabholkar, P A; Thorpe, D I and Rentz, J O; 1996)

Leonard L. Berry, A. Parasuraman, and Valarie A. Zeithmal (1988) Customers’ expectations for a particular service shape their assessment of the quality of that service. When there is a difference between customers’ expectations’ and management understanding of customer expectations, perceived service quality suffer. b) Retail Service Quality Scale A need to look at quality from the perspective of the services as well as goods and derive a set of items that accurately measure service quality of retailers with varying degrees of service component. There is a wide variety of empirical


dimensions each and overall service quality as a second Order-factor. Conclusion There are various macro environmental forces indicating the future of organised retail industry in India in terms of challenges and another in terms of emerging short run opportunities for long-term success for global and domestic retailers. Indian retail industry environment is going to become even hypercompetitive in upcoming days. Developing and sustaining competitive advantage would pressurise various retailers to find routes for retail strategy development and execution. Key evidences in the literature suggest that keeping service quality at the center of all retail store management practices would lead to provide clear cut picture to retailers for areas of retail store services deficiencies and improvement. Because service quality management is the only way for gaining and sustaining competitive advantage in


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upcoming future of Indian retail industry. Therefore all the retailers should think and design there retail strategy keeping service quality at the center of decision making for better future. References 1.

24. Gagliano, K. & Hathcote, J. (1994) 'Customer Expectations and Perceptions of Service Quality in Retail Apparel Specialty Stores', Journal Of Services Marketing, 8 (1), Pp. 60-69. 25. Dabholkar, P A; Thorpe, D I and Rentz, J O (1996). “A Measure of Service Quality For Retail Stores:Scale Development and Validation,” Journal of the Academy Of Marketing Science, 24 (1), 3-16.

A research Report, “Digital retail in 2020- rewriting the rules”, AT Kearney pvt ltd and Google india pvt ltd may2016 1-30.

2.

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19. 20. 21. 22.

23.

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N itin atroley and rajat wahi, “Indian retail- the next growth story”, KPMG 2014 pg no1-16 research report by technopak on customer centricity for the year 2012 Rau R., (2006), “Service Quality Imperative”, Quality Striving For Excellence, Vol-IV, No.4, 11-12 Mehta P.V., (2006), “Role of Merchandise Quality in Retail Industry”, Quality Striving For Excellence, Vol-IV, No.4, 1416. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1985), "A Conceptual Model of Service Quality And Its Implication", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 49, Pp. 41-50. Leonard L. Berry, A. Parasuraman, and Valarie A. Zeithmal (1988), “Service Quality Puzzle”, Business Horizons, Sept-Oct, 35-43. Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry, "SERVQUAL: A MultipleItem Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, "Journal of Retailing, Spring 1988, pp. 12-40. (Berry, 1986), “Retail Businesses Are Services Businesses”, Journal of Retailing, Vol.62, No.1, Spring, 3-6. Leonard L. Berry, ‘Services Marketing is Different’, Business, May–June 1980. Levy M, Weitz B and Pandit A, 2010), “ Retailing management”, 6th edition, Mc Graw-Hill education pvt ltd. Gronroos, C. (1982), Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Helsingborg Bolton, Ruth N. and James H. Drew (1991), "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Service Changes on Customer Attitudes," Journal of Marketing, 55 (1), 1991, 1-10. Lewis, R.C. And Booms, B.H. (1983), "The Marketing Aspects of Service Quality", In Berry,L.,Shostack, G. And Upah, G. (Eds), Emerging Perspectives on Services Marketing, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, 99-107 Oliver, Richard L. 1980 "A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions." Journal of Marketing Research 17 (September): 460-469. Bitner, M. (1990), “Evaluating Service Encounters: The Effects of Physical Surroundings and Employee Responses”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, April, pp. 69-82. Parasuraman and Grewal, "Serving Customers and Consumers Effectively in the Twenty-First Century: A Conceptual Framework and Overview, "Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Winter 2000,Vol.28,No.1, pp.9-16 Khalid M., Imtiaz A., Muhammad A (2013), “ achieving sustainable competitive advantage through service quality: an analysis of Pakistan telecom sector, global journal of management and business research,vol-13,issue—2,38-46 Mehta, S., Lalwani, A. & Han, S. (2000) 'Service Quality in Retailing: Relative Efficiency of Alternative Measurement Scales for Different Product Service Environments', International Journal Of Retail & Distribution Management, 28 (2), 62-72. Angur, M.G., R. Nataraajan and J.S. Jahera (1999). “Service quality in the banking industry: an assessment in a developing economy,” International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17 (3), 116-123 Jain and gupta(2004), “measuring service quality: SERVQUAL vs SERVPERF”, VIKALPA • volume 29 • no 2 • april - june 2004



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Green Banking: An Innovative Initiative by Indian Banks For Sustainable Development CHINTAN A. SHAH1 Assistant Professor, Bhagwan Mahavir College of Business Administration, Vesu-Surat, [email protected]

CHETA P. DESAI2 I/C Principal, Bhagwan Mahavir College of Business Administration, Vesu-Surat. [email protected]

ABSTRACT: This paper makes an attempt to understand and examine “Green Banking” and its role towards sustainable development. It also elicits the various initiatives taken by the Indian banking industry to protect the natural environment and bring about sustainable development in the society. Green banking is an umbrella term which refers to those practices and guidelines that make banks environmentally, economically and socially responsible. The concept of green banking help to create cleaner and greener future as Green Banking has direct impact on the environment. In the present day sustainability is becoming an integral part of all businesses. Change is the need of hour to for survival in all spheres. Green Banking is like a normal bank, which considers all the social and environmental factors; it is also called as an ethical bank. Green Banks give more weight to environmental factors, their aim is to provide good environmental and social business practice, they check all the factors before lending a loan, whether the project is environmental friendly and has any implications in the future, you will awarded a loan only when you follow all the environmental safety standards. Today we find every sector of the world economy talking about their approach towards protection of the environment, and the financial sector moving towards their “Go Green” approach. Green Banking means promoting environmental – friendly practices and reducing your carbon footprint from your banking activities. Sustainable development can best be achieved by allowing markets to work within an appropriate framework of cost efficient regulations and economic instruments. Thus the banks should go green and play a pro-active role to take environmental and ecological aspects as part of their lending principle, which would force industries to go for mandated investment for environmental management, use of appropriate technologies and management systems. Internal environmental impact of the banking sector such as use of energy, paper and water are relatively low and clean. This is an effort by the banks


to make the industries grow green and in the process restore the natural environment. This concept of Green banking will be mutually beneficial to the Consumers, banks, industries and the economy. Key Words: Green Banking, Environment, Investment, Online Banking, Sustainable development, Go Green INTRODUCTION Green banking is like a normal bank, which considers all the social and environmental/ecological factors with an aim to protect the environment and conserve natural resources. It is also called as an ethical bank or a sustainable bank. They are controlled by the same authorities but with an additional agenda toward taking care of the Earth's environment/habitats/resources. This comes in many forms 1. Using online banking instead of branch banking. 2. Paying bills online instead of mailing them. 3. Opening up accounts at online banks, instead of large multi-branch banks 4. Finding the local bank in your area that is taking the biggest steps to support local green initiatives. The banking sector influences the economic growth and development in terms of both quality and quantity, there by changing the nature of economic growth. Banking sector is one of the major sources of financing investment for commercial projects which is one of the most important economic activities for economic growth. Therefore, banking sector can play a crucial role in promoting environmentally sustainable and socially responsible investment (SRI). Banking sector is generally considered as an environmental friendly in terms of emission sand pollutions. Internal environmental impact on the banking sector such as use of energy, paper and water are relatively low and clean. Environmental impact of banks is not physically related to their banking activities but with the customer’s activities. Thus, encouraging environmentally responsible investments and prudent lending should be one of the responsibilities of the


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banking sector. Further, those industries which have already become green and those, which are making serious attempts to grow green, should be accorded priority to lending by the banks. This method of finance can be called as “Green Banking”, an effort by the banks to make the industries grow green and in the process restore the natural environment. The concept of “Green Banking” will be mutually beneficial to the banks, industries and the economy. Not only “Green Banking” will ensure the greening of the industries but it will also facilitate in improving the asset quality of the banks in future. DEFINITION Green Banking is like a normal bank, which considers all the social and environmental factors; it is also called as an ethical bank. Ethical banks have started with the aim of protecting the environment. These banks are like a normal bank which aims to protect the environment and it is controlled by same authorities as what a traditional bank do. ADVANTAGES OF GREEN BANKING 1. Make a Paperless Banking 2. Creating Awareness to Business People about Environment 3. Introduce green bank loans with lesser rates 4. Environmental Standards for Lending: METHODS ADOPTING GREEN BANKING 1. Online Savings Account: Online savings account and mobile banking is the easiest way that you can do your part to bank green and help the environment. Green banking includes setting up direct deposit to receive your paychecks, receiving electronic statements from your bank and by paying bills online. 2. Paperless Statements: Sending out bank statements by mail is a big waste of paper. Signing up for online banking at most banks includes an option for customers to receive their statements electronically through a secure log – in. 3. Use Direct Deposit: Most employers will give employees the option to receive their paycheck electronically. 4. Net Banking: Online banking is when customers perform most of their banking related functions without visiting the bank, personally. 5. Online Bill Payments: Paying bills online is something of a lifestyle change, but it can be done. Telephone bills, cable bills, utility


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bills, credit card payments and mortgage payments can all be paid electronically. LITERATURE REVIEW Jaggi Geetika (2014) in her paper “Green Banking: Initiatives By SBI and ICICI”, described banking is never considered a polluting industry, the present scale of banking operations have considerably increased the carbon footprint of banks due to their massive use of energy. Green banking refers to the banking business in such a manner that helps the overall reduction of external carbon emission and internal carbon footprint. Jha & Bhome (2013) in their paper entitled A Study of Green Banking Trends in India, studied the green banking initiatives taken by the public sector bank in India and the way of go green by green banking. The main objective of the paper is to know green banking sector and checks the awareness of employees, associates and the public about the green banking concept. Further the study suggested that interest on loan should be less for green project then normal rate of interest and companies can increase their profitability by recycling of waste generated. They should stress upon green mortgage loan, green credit card and online banking. Ragupathi. M and Sujatha .S (2015) research paper entitled Green Banking Initiatives of Commercial Banks in India, studied the way to go green through green banking. According to this paper, earlier bank was not aware about the concept green banking. But now a day’s banks are playing very important role in environment sustainability program. By the green banking practice people is getting more aware about the global warming and each business man's contributing in environment sustainability to make this earth a better place to live in. Green banking is not only greening the industries but it will also facilitate in improving the assets quality of the bank in future. Sahitya & Lalwani (2014) made an attempt to understand and appreciate the importance of green banking initiative for the attainment of goal of sustainable banking and determine the various attempt that have been made by the top public and private sector bank in India. The study has revealed that the banking sector has become extremely conscious of the need of go green. Both public and private sector bank are involved in this process. It can be possible by the paperless banking like ATM, mobile and internet banking. The adoption of green banking not only enhances the image of green banking but also contribute in the sustainable growth of economy.


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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROBLEM STATEMENT Climate change is the most complicated issue the world is facing. The banking sector can play an intermediary role between economic development and environmental protection, for promoting environmentally sustainable and socially responsible investment, banking of this kind can be termed as “Green Banking”. Green Banking refers to the banking business conducted in selected area and manner that helps the overall reduction of external carbon emission and internal carbon footprint. Banks should adopt technology, process and products which result in substantial reduction of their carbon footprint as well as develop a sustainable business. As environmental sustainability is an important issue and green banking is a step in this regard. Hence, there is a need to study the green banking initiative taken by the banking sectors and also to review the role of green banking in environment sustainability. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 

To understand the importance of green initiative for sustainable banking.  To understand the methods of adopting green banking in India.  To identify the green banking practices adopted in various Indian banks. RESEARCH DESIGN The study is basically exploratory in nature and depends exclusively on secondary data. DATA COLLECTION METHOD The secondary data were collected from various sources such as journals, magazines, websites and dissertations from libraries of reputed educational institutions. The data pertaining to the study has been analyzed and interpretation of data is based on rigorous exercises aiming at the achievement of the study objectives and findings of the existing studies and it is more on qualitative terms than on quantitative terms. GREEN INITIATIVE BY BANKS IN INDIA: Green Banking Initiatives by Indian Banks include both public sector banks and private sector banks. Public sector banks are those where majority stake (more than 50%) is held by the government and public sector banks are those where majority stake is held by the private shareholders. Various green initiatives had taken by public sector and private sector banks in India. In this study, the researcher has taken top four public and four private sector banks selected on the


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basis of their Market Capitalization (Details in the Table 1). Table 1 Public Sector Bank Private Sector Bank Name of Bank SBI BOB PNB

Market Name of Cap Bank (Rs. cr) 201,288.81 HDFC 37,267.5 ICICI 28,312.62 KOTAK

Market Cap (Rs. cr) 329,017.19 151,194.97 146,182.84

110,895.91 AXIS (Sources: http://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinf o/marketcap/bse/banks-private-sector.html) (2016)

IDBI

16,460.23

1. STATE BANK OF INDIA: Certain major initiatives of SBI are: • Introduced Green Channel Counters and no queue banking in over 5000 branches across India & Supporting the construction of wind farms in India • Online money transfers between United States and India from branch banks. • Green Communication Bank has extensively capitalized on the existing internal mediastatements, inserts, Credit Card Charge slips- to reach out to the customers and seek their collaboration in the ‘Go Green’ movement. • SBI had launched Green Channel Counter (GCC) facility at their branches in 2010 to change the traditional way of paper based banking (SBI, 2014). • Export Import Bank of India (EXIM) and SBI entered into an agreement to jointly provide long term loans up to 14 years to Spain based company Astonfield Renewable Resources and Grupo TSolar Global SA for building solar plant in India (Yadav & Pathak, 2013). 2. BANK OF BARODA Certain major initiatives of BOB are: • While financing the commercial projects the banks give a due weight age to green projects such as windmills and solar power projects which helps in earning the carbon credit. • Bank has launched School fees collection module which enables payment of School fees through Bank’s ATM. • SWIFT facility for worldwide inter-bank financial communication is provided at Foreign Exchange


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•

Authorized Branches in India as also in overseas territories Bank has adopted environment friendly systems and technologies in the design of the new Data Centre (Green Initiative), Which includes: 1. Energy efficient electrical and HVAC design 2. Environment friendly construction material 3. Temperature monitoring 4. Intelligent building management software 5. High efficiency Precision air-conditioning units.

3. PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK (PNB) Certain major initiatives of PNB are: • PNBIIT is coming out with its quarterly journal "e-track", for awareness and spreading IT innovations as well as enhancing the use of technology among the banking fraternity. • The Bank is ensuring environment friendly practices and thereby reducing internal and external carbon footprints. Various measures initiated are use of solar lights, LED lights in the offices, installation of Solar light plants integrated with electric supply grid, placing of green plants in the branches, Tree plantation, water conservation, rain water harvesting, encouraging and financing only environment friendly investment etc. Punjab National Bank has taken initiative to install Solar street lights in all the adopted villages under PNB UJALA scheme and to provide Solar Lantern each to girl students already adopted under PNB LADLI scheme. • A separate audit sheet to assess the implementation and impact of the green initiatives has been evolved. Bank organized more than 290 Tree Plantation Drives. • Bank has started using energy efficient appliances & conducting the electricity auditing of their offices. • On the other side the bank is also accenting on green infrastructure. • 'PNB ATM Assist': Unique App enabling the customer not only to locate PNB's ATM but also to lodge complaints related to ATMs. • 'PNB Sleep Easy': To disable and re-enable Internet Banking and Mobile Banking password. • 'Green PIN': To enable customers obtain duplicate PIN for debit card instantly through SMS request. • Online booking of locker facility anywhere in India through the corporate website. • The Bank registered its presence on the social networking sites i.e., Twitter and LinkedIn, with


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an aim of strengthening "Brand PNB" on social media and to engage with customers in a cost efficient manner. 4. IDBI BANK Certain major initiatives of IDBI Banks are: • The Bank has taken initiatives for funding all potential Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects based on clean technologies like renewable, solar cell/module projects, cogeneration, energy efficiency equipments projects, etc. • To further enhance involvement in this field, the Bank has created an exclusive group working on climate change and. more specifically, on carbon credits advisory services to clients to deal with CDM/carbon credits of the Kyoto Protocol and Voluntary Emission Reductions (VERs) authorities. • This group has devised a structured product for providing upfront finance against the carbon credit receivables. • IDBI Bank’s project on “Initiative for Low-carbon Business Sustainability through Environmental Banking” won ADFIAP’s Outstanding Development Project Award 2014 under the Environmental Development Category. • Green Bond Framework Frame work has been developed for use by Project Appraisal Department (PAD) in determining eligibility criteria for green projects for its Green Bond portfolio. The framework will also provide the transparency and disclosures investors need to make their investment decisions. 5. HDFC BANK Certain major initiatives of HDFC Banks are: • HDFC Bank is one of the most active banks in India in the field of Green banking. The banks has been measuring its carbon footprint since 2010 and has been disclosing the same to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), which is an organization based in the United Kingdom that works with shareholders and corporations to disclose the greenhouse gas emissions of major corporations. • HDFC bank is taking up various measures in reducing their carbon footprints in the area of waste management, paper use and energy efficiencies. • The bank is also promoting energy conservation by replacing conventional lighting with CFL,


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•

switching off all the lights after 11 pm at all the branches and establishing green data centers with state of the art technologies. Renewable Energy initiatives like Project of 20 Solar ATMs with the pilot ATM set up in Bihar.

6. ICICI BANK Green Banking Initiatives by ICICI Bank; 1. Green Products and Services like; Insta banking, Vehicle Finance, Home Finance 2. Green Engagements 3. Green Communications: online bill payment, online funds transfer and subscription to estatements which promote ‘paperless’ and ‘commute free’ modes of banking transactions. 4. Green Partners: The organization is looking forward for partnerships with national and international green organizations and NGO’s. • ICICI Home Finance offers reduced processing fees to customers who purchase homes in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings. • ICICI Bank, India’s largest private bank (Year 2015-16) by consolidated assets, today announced the winners of Swachh Society Awards, a unique contest to recognise and reward clean and green residential housing societies in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). 7. KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK Kotak Mahindra has taken various small and big environmentally conscious initiatives to significantly reduce its carbon footprints. Some of them are :  To encourage the customers, the bank has taken ‘Think Green’ initiatives. On behalf of the bank, every e-statement is signed and affixed with a stamp having a tree sign.  E-contracts have been introduced to save paper, the number of pages in the Account Opening Forms has been reduced by 20 sheets and multiple client updation forms have been integrated into one.  The organization had established the ‘Social, Environmental Management System Plan’ (SEMSP) to evaluate the environmental and social risk of borrowers which is based on an IFC sustainable framework and performance standards. 8. AXIS BANK Certain major initiatives of Axis Banks are:  For the purpose of Green banking initiatives, the bank using the slogan – ‘Reduce, Recycle and


 



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Reuse’. The recycling activities have helped the bank to use around 26000 kilograms of dry waste during the year 2013 Facility of e-statement and for each e statement registration by a customer, Axis bank has decided to donate a note book to the needy and poor. Axis bank conducted 'Splash', a pan India painting competition on various themes related to Environment. The competition started on Children's Day (November 14) and was held across all branches of the bank. The organization had initiated Independent ATM Deployment (IAD) model in which ten solar based ATM has been set up in Coimbatore circle;

DISCUSSION The above green initiative taken by bank show that sustainability is being adopted by bank across the India. Indian bank have adopted various strategies for environmental protection like Banks can conserve energy and natural resources by paying bills online, remote deposit, online fund transfers, and online statements. Online banking can create savings from less paper, less energy, and less expenditure of natural resources from banking activities. Bank should change their daily routine work through the paper less banking, online banking, mobile banking, mass-transportation system etc. Concept of LEED certified green buildings should be adopted by banking sector. The bank should start investment in low carbon producing technology and should develop new sustainable development programs to reduce the carbon footprint from the environment. Green banks should promote environmental consciousness, social responsibility and good governance by themselves. There is a need for more such sustainable product and services, new customer awareness strategies, launch new business model for new initiative for the development. Banks are responsible corporate citizens. They should ensure efficiency in using space, water, energy, paper, etc., in its offices and branches. Banks must organize training program on environment sustainable development program to their employees. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that banks are taking new initiatives and promote different green banking


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products. Green banks are at start up mode in India. Bank should also adopt environment friendly practices which ensure the efficient use of resources. Banking employee should consider the green banking initiatives as primary work. Banking sector is the backbone of the country. So it’s important for the banking sector to recognize their responsibility as a global corporate citizen. Overall Green banking is really a good way for people to get more awareness about global warming; each businessman will contribute a lot to the environment and make this earth a better place to live. The adoption of Green Banking will not only enhances the image of the bank but also protects the environment and makes the overall growth sustainable. Banks believe that every small ‘Green’ step taken today would go a long way in building a greener future and that each one of them can work towards to better global environment. For effective green banking, the RBI and the Indian government should play a pro active role and formulate a green policy guidelines and financial incentives. Green banking can be an avenue to reduce pollution and save the environment. India’s banks are running behind time and there is need to motivate the banks so that they can promote Green Banking for the sustainable growth of the nation. Through green banking, creating awareness to business people about environmental and social responsibility enabling them to do environmental friendly businesses practice.

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[10] http://www.icicibank.com/go-green/Index.html [11] http://www.moneycontol.com/stocks/top-companies-inindia/netsalesbse/bank-public-sector.html

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Bahl Sarita (2012) “The role of green banking in sustainable growth”, International journal of marketing, financial services & management research, Vol.1 (2) Jaggi G. (2014). “Green Banking: Initiatives by SBI and ICICI”, PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, Volume 3, Issue 6, pp 121-122. C.R. Kothari (1990). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Wishwa Prakashan. p. 39. Gupta J. (2015). “Role of Green Banking in Environment Sustainability – A study of selected Commercial Banks in Himachal Pradesh”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, p-ISSN: 2349-5979, pp 349-352. Nishant Jha and Shraddha Bhome May (2013). “A Study of Green Banking Trends in India”, ABHINAV International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management & Technology, volume II, PP 127-131. Ragupathi. M and Sujatha. S (January 2015). “Green Banking Initiatives of Commercial Banks in India”, International research Journal of Business and Management, VIII (2) ISSN-2322-083X, pp. 74-96. Ravi Meena (2013), “Green Banking: As Initiative for Sustainable Development” Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, Vol. 3(10). Sahitya , Lalwani & PrateekBedi, “Sustainability in Indian Banking Industry”, International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management, Vol. 3(1). Urvashi Sahitya & Viabhav Lalwani (2014). “Sustainability in Indian Banking Industry”, IRACST, International Journal of Commerce, Business Management (IJCBM), ISSN 2319- 2828. 3(1),pp 220- 229.



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“m-MR” The Digital Medical Representative Dr. Sunil Patel

Prof. Mrugesh Nayak Assistant Professor Unitedworld School of Business, Karnavati Knowledge Village, Gandhinagar [email protected]

Associate Professor Unitedworld School of Business, Karnavati Knowledge Village, Gandhinagar [email protected] Abstract-The world is getting digitalized and we find

technology being used in every walk of our day to day happenings. According to the latest report from IAMAI (Internet and Mobile Association of India), Mobile Internet in India 2016, the country is estimated to have 462 million internet users. The report also estimates that there would be 371 million mobile internet users by June 2016. Pharmaceutical industry is no where behind in using technology in the area of production, marketing and supply chain. Traditionally pharmaceutical selling is a missionary selling where the medical representative goes to the doctor and explain about all the details of the product which involves lot of resources in terms of manpower, time and finance. In this context, present study is an attempt to represent technological platform for effective selling of healthcare products. Study proposes a development of mobile app which provides the complete details of the product which, under the traditional approach, was done by a medical representative. This mobile app would provide a platform to all the leading pharmaceutical companies to get connected and provide the information to the doctors by just a click. Keywords: Pharmaceutical, app, medical representative

digitalization,

drugs,

mobile

Introduction Pharmaceutical selling is a missionary selling where the Medical Sales Representative meets the doctor personally and provides the information about the product and makes and attempt to convince him to prescribe his companies brand to the customers. Sales representatives in the healthcare industry are expected to manage their “territories” as if they were running their own business. That’s the very reason top performing medical sales representative has entrepreneurial mindset. To be successful in your sales territory it’s important to know which customers drive you more business, what is their “buying” style; so that you can match your selling style to it, have a investment budget, and also manage your daily and weekly call schedule either by yourself or working with your team to implement the overall territory business plans. In this research paper we would like to discuss about making optimum use of technology in pharmaceutical selling where we would be focusing how it would be beneficial to the


companies as well as to the doctors. Medical sales representative is to be seen as a valued consultant by Doctors. These conversations allow representative to become a valuable resource for their customers. Being a resource, or a trusted advisor, allows them to gain new levels of access and sales growth for their products. Doctors typically have very full day schedules, with no direct access (mostly accessible through an office manager or receptionist) and they may frequently need to reschedule appointments due to medical emergencies. That makes face to face meetings rare and precious when you get a chance to have one. In this research we would be presenting about a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical product selling which would be a win a win situation to the pharmaceutical company as well as to the Doctors.

Literature Review The world is getting digitalized and we find technology being used in every walk of our day to day happenings. You cannot think of a day without making use of technology. Pharmaceutical industry is no where behind in using technology in the area of production, marketing and supply chain. Not last but least it can also be used to the greatest extent in marketing of pharmaceutical products. Doctors today are getting busier with patients, hospitals, medical representatives and sometimes even medical paper work and conferences. This makes it difficult for medical representative to spend valuable time detailing the doctors about a specific drug, indirectly affecting pharmaceutical sales. With an increasing number of doctors adopting the internet and smartphone, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly embracing e-Detailing practices. The demand for authentic information on drugs and diseases online makes it essential for the pharmaceutical sector to keep up with the pace of this digital wave. Pharmaceutical companies have started exploring various ways to make the best use of emerging technologies. Some of them on which they have started focusing are mobile applications, cloud computing, enhanced analytics, and the Internet are some of things among the innovations that are initiated to bring paradigm shift into the healthcare industry in the ways that has already transformed the media and communication, retail sector, and banking industries. Pharmaceutical executives are having knowledge of the


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troublesome potential and are already experimenting with a wide range of technological initiatives. Still many find it hard to define what paradigm shifts to increase and how to make the best out of it, as they are still indistinct what digital success will look like in a future. This research is to keep all the above things in mind and provide remedy to that. We believe unruly trends gives its views that where upcoming technology will provide the most value in the pharmaceutical industry, and they should help companies as they have started building a strategy for technological success. In the past, pharmaceutical companies have controlled both the production and distribution of information about their products through traditional methods. Today with advancement in technology, Digital technologies have weakened that control, opening an array of new, autonomous information channels. Concept of electronic detailing (edetailing) and the use of electronic devices to facilitate sales presentations to physicians, has been adopted and extended in the pharmaceutical industry. Not only e-detailing but advancement in technology has been used to greater extent, there are online communities for sharing and discussing patients' experiences, various apps and sensors to observe the impact of therapy on a patient's daily life, and advanced data aggregation and analysis to link incongruent, complex data sets and generate new insights into drug safety and efficacy. In response to this advancement, pharmaceutical companies will have to build the capabilities to foresee or react rapidly to these new sources of verification, and remain the main source of influence on the performance of their products. The amount of money and time spent into selling pharmaceutical products is to the greater extent and below is mentioned the figures from certain leading pharmaceutical companies.

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From the above fig.1 the number of smartphone users in India is estimated to reach 340.2 million by 2017, with the number of smartphone users worldwide forecast to exceed 2 billion users by that time. The number of smartphone users worldwide is projected to amount to nearly 2.7 billion by 2019. Many pharmaceutical companies have launched their own Health and fitness apps which have been gaining a significant amount of reputation over the last few years. This is generally due to the rise in smartphones usage and mobile app stores. There is a steady growth found in wearable gadgets and this is found to be a major contributing factor to the current circumstances. Surely with the passage of time, the health and fitness app industry is only going to peak upward and too with the greater pace. But if you take a nearer look at the current situation, you will generally observe that it is the tech companies and not the pharmaceutical companies who have gained the most from healthcare or pharmaceutical app based industries. As you can clearly see from the fig.2 that the usage and development of app has been increased drastically and within a year almost 200 new apps have been launched by the companies. Fig.2 No. of apps developed for pharmaceutical companies

• Major pharmaceutical companies have 3,000-5,000 medical representatives (MRs) • Most companies have additional senior manageriallevel executives who supervise MRs working on the field • Smaller companies employ 2,000-2,500 MRs • 60% of a pharmaceutical company’s total promotional expenses is spent on MRs Fig.1 Number of smartphone users in India (in millions)

Research Methodology This research was initiated with an intention to see the acceptance of Information and Communication Technology in the stakeholders of the pharmaceutical industry. To overcome the conventional methods of selling pharmaceutical products and making the best use of the growing technology and thereby reducing the organizational expenditure and increase the reach of the customers. With this objective this research was done to build the bridge between various stakeholders of pharmaceutical industry. For developing this app we meet many people from top leading companies and told them about



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the conpet and its important features and benefits to the organisation as well to the doctors also. This research was carried out with the inputs from 5 companies (Intas Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd, Troikaa Pharma, Zydus Cadila, Cadila Pharma and Torrent Pharmaceuticals) and 25 doctors of Ahmedabad city. After getting suggestions and ideas from the so called eperts we incorporated their views into our platform and developed the concept.

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They can save and forward the notification. They can retrieve the information about any product of any company as per their own convenience with complete information about the drugs. This would exactly work in a way a traditional medical representative visits a doctor and reminds him about the products. Here the app m-MR installed by the doctor would work as a virtual medical representative and provide notifications of the products from different companies and the doctor can read, save and forward the information on his own convenience and ease.

About m-MR

Fig.4 Doctor Console

m-MR could be a boon to pharmaceutical industry as it provides a end to end solution to all the stakeholders right from Doctors, pharmacists and to the pharmaceutical companies. m-MR stands for mobile Medical Representative. It could replace the traditional way of selling pharmaceutical products as it becomes fully functional and accepted by its stakeholders. m-MR is in its nascent stage where its feasibility and primary functionality of the idea has been tested. It is time taking to put it into operational stage as we need to compile the data of the various stakeholders. mMR is a bridge between pharmaceutical companies and the doctors. Fig.3 Pharmaceutical products selling trend •

The companies which get registered with this unique concept of providing information to their ultimate customer will be given an access as an admin right where they could provide information in word, pdf and image file of their products and push the notification to the customer with just a click of a button. This is how they can make the reach of the information to the customer with a greater speed and ultimately at a cost effective way as and when this gets fully functional they can reduce their employee size. Not only to the doctors but also the middle man that is pharmacist will even get the message about the products. Fig.5 Pharma Company Console

From the figure.3 shown above indicates that m-MR would be the better option for the future to connect stakeholders of pharmaceutical industry. This would create a win-win condition where the companies will be benefited in terms of sales of the products at their convenience and cost effectively. More over the doctors can have view of the products at their ease and convenience. The operations of m-MR would be taken care by 3 different ways •

Doctors would be using mobile app in which they would get the notification pushed by pharmaceutical companies regarding their products (new as well routine products).



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•

The last but not the least in this operations of m-MR would be the pharmacist, the ultimate body from where the products would be available to the customer after being prescribed by the doctor. The pharmacist through this m-MR app would get the information about the products regarding the availability of the product ie. who is the distributor of that particular product and the content of the product as well. If any special promotional offers are there than that also can be pushed by the companies as a notification. Fig.6 Pharmacist Console

ISBN : 978-93-5267-370-4

References Aderemi, H. O. and Oyebisi, T. O. (2012). Management and Evaluation of Technological Capability in Information & Communication Technology Firms: Int. J. Business Information Systems,11 (2), pp. 127147 Aitken, M. and Holt, F. (2000). A Prescription for Direct Drug Marketing. McKinsey Quarterly “How Mobile Healthcare Can Promote Patient Adherence and Engagement”, White Paper, By Jeffrey Smith, Managing Director, 2013 Berkery Noyes Horrobin, D. F. (2000). Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 13 The Global Leaders (TGL, 2010). Pharmaceutical Sales, Sales Representative. www.tgleaders.com/group/pharmaceitical (August 2014). www.blog.diaspark.com/mobility-solutions/mobileapplication-fueling-pharmaceuticals-industry-growth/ www.innofied.com/developing-pharma-apps-why-medicalcompanies-should-change-their-approach/

Conclusion Despite challenges, the technological advancements in m-MR are fostering conditions favorable to increase the usage among the pharmaceutical companies’ stakeholders. Pharmaceutical companies are aiming to influence their customer decisions and are using mobile to connect their products with the proper doctors and pharmacies. Initially when somebody talked about selling apparels, food and many other things through e- commerce people were not easily accepting but in current scenario this companies are doing well and people have accepted this very well. Similarly when we approached the companies and doctors with this idea they responded in a negative way and then when we explained them in detail about the entire concept they found it to be very useful and convenient way of making use of information technology in the day to day life. Thus like as we enjoy the use of technology in many ways of life in our day to day happenings like shopping online, buying movie tickets online, etc. The same way not only for fun and entertainment but even for business purpose you can make use of the information and communication technology.


www.pharmexec.com/medical-apps-tricky-pharma www.statista.com/statistics/467163/forecast-of-smartphoneusers-in-india/ www.engagementstrategy.com/articles/digital-strategies-in-achanging-healthcare-world/ www.mckinsey.com/industries/pharmaceuticals-and-medicalproducts/our-insights/the-road-to-digital-success-in-pharma


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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

"AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF BRAND RESPONSIVENESS FOR SUPER BAKERS AT PATAN CITY” Dr. Chanduji Popatji Thakor Assistant Professor Bachelor of Vocation Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University Patan, Gujarat India [email protected]

ABSTRACT The multi-billion food and beverage industry comprises several markets, including bakery, beverage, confectionery, dairy, processed foods and others. The food and beverage industry is primarily driven by consumer health trends. Presently, the food and beverage industry is in a dynamic phase, marked by a high degree of competition. As product development within the food and beverage market moves towards a focus on health and nutrition, the growth and development of food manufacturers in the market depends on having prudent strategies in place, which can be applied globally. In effect, this has created a highly competitive market place, which fosters growth of participants with a clear vision of "growing with their customers." The Bakery industry is an important segment within the food and beverage industry. The major product markets within this industry include bread, morning goods, cakes & pastries and biscuits. Manufacturer penetration is high within the European bakery industry is the reason for the ongoing consolidation. Key Word: Food Industry, Brand Awaeness, Customer Responsiveness INTRODUCTION "The bakery industry has become more organized in the recent past. It is following the path of restaurants - as the industry has become more organized, chain restaurants have taken over the market and standalone restaurants have found it really tough to survive. In India, the food sector has emerged as a high-growth and high-profit sector due to its immense potential for value addition, particularly within the food processing industry. The Indian food processing industry accounts for 32 per cent of the country’s total food market, one of the largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth. It contributes around 14 per cent of manufacturing Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 13 per cent of India’s exports and six per cent of total industrial investment. Indian food service industry is expected to reach US$ 78


billion by 2018.The Indian gourmet food market is currently valued at US$ 1.3 billion and is growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20 per cent. India's organic food market is expected to increase by three times by 2020. The online food ordering business in India is in its nascent stage, but witnessing exponential growth. The organised food business in India is worth US$ 48 billion, of which food delivery is valued at US$ 15 billion. With online food delivery players like FoodPanda, Zomato,TinyOwl and Swiggy building scale through partnerships, the organised food business has a huge potential and a promising future. Accounting for about 32 per cent of the country’s total food market, The Government of India has been instrumental in the growth and development of the food processing industry. The government through the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) is making all efforts to encourage investments in the business. It has approved proposals for joint ventures (JV), foreign collaborations, industrial licenses and 100 per cent export oriented units. MARKET SIZE AND SEGMENTS • Rs. 3,295 Crores approx. • Growing at 8% annually • Biscuits and bread are the major bakery product and they account for 78% of all bakery production. NATURE OF INDUSTRY  About 65% belongs to the unorganized sector  Dominated by the small-scale sector with an estimated 50,000 small and medium-size producers  Few major players in the organized sector


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ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

CONSUMPTION PATTERN  The per capita consumption of bakery products is low(1.75 kg for bread and 900gms for biscuits)  However Bakery products are no longer viewed as a luxury teatime snack but essential daily food component for an average Indian household.  Organized players trying to shift focus towards health conscious products THE CHANGING DIMENTION OF MARKETING OF FOOD INDUSTRIES Source: Source: niir.org & http://mofpi.nic.in India is one of the worlds major food producers but accounts for less than 1.5 per cent of international food trade. This indicates vast scope for both investors and exporters. Food exports in 1998 stood at US $5.8 billion whereas the world total was US $438 billion. The Indian food industries sales turnover is Rs 140,000 crore (1 crore = 10 million) annually as at the start of year 2000. The industry has the highest number of plants approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) outside the USA. COMPANY PROFILE The company Super Bakers (India) is the flagship company of Super Group, the Fully Automised Bread Manufacturing unit in Ahmedabad. The bread manufacturing unit in Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat. Manufacturing of bread is "Untouched" and is of the best quality. The unit standard of quality of bread is acknowledged by the National Productivity Council, New Delhi, India by conferring "National Productivity Award (1994-95)" in food processing industry sector to Super Bakers (India). This is the only bread manufacturing unit in India which has been conferred with such an award, second time conferred by the Ex-Prime Minister of India, Shri Deve Gowda in Nov. 1996. Royal Food Industries is a Cake manufacturing unit located at Baroda. It manufacturing Cakes, Pastries, Khari & sale it in whole Gujarat under the brand name "Super".



FUTURE FOR SUPER BAKERS

The future is very bright for super bakers. In recent years The Bakery industry is an important segment within the European food and beverage industry. The major product markets within this industry include bread, morning goods, cakes & pastries and biscuits. Manufacturer penetration is high within the European bakery industry is the reason for the ongoing consolidation, nutritious food and optimal health. Various concerns have caused consumers to monitor their dietary habits closely. The growing media coverage on health, the rising incidence of health conditions (obesity, diabetes and cardiac problems), concerns over physical appearance, changing lifestyle and also soaring costs of healthcare have all contributed to the demand for healthier bakery products. Low/light bakery products: These are bakery products with reduced fat and carbohydrates. With the growing incidence of obesity and popularity of diets such as the Atkins diet; low calorie foods have gained immense popularity. Capitalizing on this trend, manufacturers are developing products, with smaller portion sizes. Functional bakery products: In recent years, enhancement of the nutritional profile in bakery products is a key trend that has gained a great deal of momentum. Manufacturers are also trying to enhance the nutritional value of traditional bakery products through the addition of functional ingredients, such as omega-3, multigrain, prebiotics, multivitamins and phytosterols. LITERATURE REVIEW Mondelez International, the US-based confectionery, food, and beverage major, inaugurated its new manufacturing plant in Andhra Pradesh set up for Rs 1,265 crore (US$ 190 million), with an annual production capacity of 250,000 tonnes. ITC Limited plans to invest Rs 800 crore (US$ 117.4 million) to set up a world-class food processing facility in Medak, a district located in Telangana. The company has also formulated plans to enter the dairy market. The Government of India has also relaxed foreign direct investment (FDI) norms for the sector, allowing up to 100 per cent FDI in food product e-commerce through automatic route.



Page: MG-026


RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION:Marketing research is the function which links the consumer to the marketer through information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problem, generate refine ad evaluate marketing actions monitor marketing performance and improve under standing of marketing as process.

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

The awareness of Super Bakers Brand is quite essential in the Patan areas. From above graph we can said that 85 % consumers are aware about super bakers brand and this brand is very popular among consumers Which are the different brands of bread you know?

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

50%

super bakers

40%

kailory

(1) To know the credibility of Super Bakers with customer. Britania Britania 30% (2) To know the satisfaction level of customer with service of Super bakers 20% kailory (3) To know the communication level well response level to the 10% super bakers customer. 0% (4) To know the understanding level of customer after purchasing the 1 super bread (5) To know the level of physical facility provide to the Interpretation: The Super bakers brand awareness is more than 50% customer. in comparison with others brands like Kailory, and Britania. (7) To know the courtesy of Retailers for customer. RESEARCH DESIGN: The research design used in the study is Descriptive and analytical.

Which brand of bread you prefer to eat

Data collection: The primary data is collected from the responsibility through personal interview method. Their collection of the data is done with the help of a questionnaire. The questionnaire is non-disguised and well structured.

50% 40% 30% 20%

SAMPLING METHOD: Simple random method is used. This method helps in the measurement of emotional feelings benefits and behavioral responses.

10%

S3 S2

0% super bakers

SAMPLE DESIGN: The universe of the study consists of the customers of Super bread users at Patan City SAMPLE SIZE: 100 customers SAMPLE UNIT: Customer of “Super Bakers Bread users”. DATA ANALYSIS Do you know about super bakers?

kailory

Britania

S1

Others

Interpretation: Super bakers is mos prefarable brand among consumers and it will gain more competitive advantages.

Which are the factors do you consider most wile you purchasing the bread. Health

29%

Occasionally

30%

Retailer

25%

Quality

100

Brand Name

20%

16% 14%

80 15%

60

9%

5%

20

Previous Usage

5% 3%

2%

5% 3%

2%

No

0

Yes 1

Promotion Scheme Freshness

10%

40

Advertising

3% 2%

4% 3%

Price Availability Nutrition value

0% 1

Packaging Adulteration

2

Interpretation:



Page: MG-027


On an average how frequently you are purchasing bread Sources of information

Family Income

>25000

40%

ISBN: 978-93-5267-370-4

6%

30% 15000-25000

16%

20%

daily 10%

once in a week

10000-15000

29%

twice in a week

whenever required

Occassionaly

half monthly

daily

1

once in a week twice in a week

0%

half monthly

5000-10000

37%

Occassionaly whenever required

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