International Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
Vol 4, No. 3;Mar 2012
Extraction And Phytochemical Screening From Different Parts Of Franggipani (Plumeria alba) Maryana Mohamad Nor, Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia * Department of Food Technology, Polytechnic of Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (POLISAS), 25352, Kuantan Pahang,Malaysia Tel: 60197343594 Email:
[email protected] Deny Susanti Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Tel: 60167607084 Email:
[email protected] Muhammad Nor Omar , Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia # IIUM Research and Innovation Office, Office of the Campus Director, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Tel: 60122820929 Email:
[email protected] Abstract Plumeria alba (Apocynaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of ulcers, herpes and scabies. The plant aerial parts (stem barks, leaves and flowers) were extracted using various solvents of different polarities, i.e.n- hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and methanol. In addition, the cold extraction using water was performed to obtain water soluble extract. The phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phytosteroid and reducing sugar. Keyword: Plumeria alba, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phytosteroid and reducing sugar
1.
Introduction
The plants Plumeria alba (Apocynaceae), is a large evergreen plant, highly perfumed. It has white flowers with yellow centre. It is an aromatic shrub widely distributed in several parts of South East Asia . According to Santhi. (2009) Plumeria species is used in traditional medicine to treat ulcers, herpes and scabies . The previous study of this plant was conducted with several methods and solvents used. The phytochemical screening of P. rubra revealed the presence of tannins, flavanoid and reducing sugar are presents in methanol extract of flowers and leaves (Egwaikhde et al., 2009). Nevertheless, for P. acuminata the preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanol extract revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides (Gupta et al., 2006).
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2.
Vol 4, No. 3;Mar 2012
Material And Method
2.1 Sources All parts of plant were collected from Kulliyah Of Science ,IIUM, Kuantan Pahang in 2010. Their identities were checked by Faculty Of Forestry, UPM. Their voucher specimens have been deposited at the Kulliyah Of Pharmacy, IIUM Kuantan. The selected aerial parts are leaves, flowers and stem bark. 2.2 Preparation of crude extracts The plant (flowers, leaves and steam barks) were separated, dried in a dryer (protech) at 40˚C for two weeks, grind (Qingdao Dahua Double Circle), labeled and stored in airtight container for further used (Hakim et al., 2008). 2.3 Extraction of crude extract The extractions was carried out via soxhlet apparatus for each solvent (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and methanol and for an aqueous extract was prepared by soaking in distilled water for 24 hour from each sample. All organic extracts and the aqueous ones were rotavaporated (Hakim et al., 2008) 2.4 Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis The qualitative screening of leaves, stem barks, and flowers were performed in order to verify the presence of alkaloid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, (Faraz Mojab, 2003) steroids, terpenoids, phenolic, (C. Chitravadivu, 2009) glycosides (Siddiqui et al., 1997), phytosteroid (Finar, 1983) and reducing sugar (Egwaikhde et al., 2009) for each parts of this plant. 3.
Result And Discussion
Table 1 shows the average percentage of dried sample after drying process. The leaves parts give a great percentage rather than flowers and stem which 20.4%, 15.1% and 13.2% respectively. The table 2 shows the percentage of yield from the soxhlet extraction with different polarity of solvent. Methanol gave the best percentage of yield of extract for flowers instead of the other solvents (23.6%) followed by leaves (18.6%) and stem 5.47% respectively. The qualitative analysis (Table 2) revealed that phytosterol, saponin, tannins, flavonoids and reducing sugar were present in the methanolic extracts of P. alba (flowers, leaves and stem barks). According to (Egwaikhde et al., 2009) this probably responsible for the antimicrobial properties for this plant meanwhile terpenoids, flavanoid, tannin and reducing sugar were present in aqueous extracts (flowers, leaves and stem barks). Glycoside, flavanoid and terpenoids were present in the DCM extracts of P. alba flowers but absent in leaves and stem. Steroid, phytosterol, phenolic and saponin were present in DCM extracts of Plumeria alba flowers and leaves but absent in stem. Absolutely there is a reducing sugar in DCM extracts of stem. The preliminary screening was done for ethyl acetate (EA) extract shown that glycoside, terpenoids, phytosterol and reducing sugar were present in flowers as well as leaf but terpenoids was absent in leaf. There were revealed an alkaloid in EA extract for stem instead of terpenoids, phytosterol and reducing sugar. For non polar solvents, hexane extract were founds that there are glycoside, terpenoids and phytosterol in P. alba (flowers, leaves and stem barks), glycoside in flowers and stem, phenolic and saponin in flowers, flavanoid in leaves and reducing sugar in stem barks. 4.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the phytochemical constituents revealed that this plant contains compounds such as glycoside, phytosterol, flavanoid, saponin, tannin and reducing sugar that probably responsible for their antimicrobial properties of this plant. Finally, the future study of this plant properties will be continue in terms of to explore the active compound contained in the various parts of extracted. 5.
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Acknowledgement
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International Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
Vol 4, No. 3;Mar 2012
The authors wish to thank to Br. Ahmad Muzammil Bin Zuberdi (Biotechnology Department, IIUM),En. Azhary Bin Yahya (POLISAS) for their technical support. References
[1] C. Chitravadivu, S. M. a. K. K. (2009). Qualitative Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants, Tamilnadu, India. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 3, 144-146. [2] Egwaikhde, P. A., Okeniyi, S. O., & Gimba, G. E. (2009). Screening for anti-microbial activity and phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plant. Medicinal Research, 3(12), 1088-1091. [3] Faraz Mojab, M. K., Naysaneh Ghaderi, Hamid Reza Vahidipour. (2003). Phytochemical Screening of Some Species of Iranian Plants. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 77-82. [4] Finar, I. L. (1983). Organic Chemistry:Vol 25th ed. Longman London. 696-765. [5] Gunawardana, V. K., Goonasekera, M. M., Gunaherath, G., Gunatilaka, A. A. L., & Jayasena, K. (1998). Embryotoxic Effect of Plumeria rubra. Toxic plants and other natural toxicants, 317. [6] Gupta, M., Mazumder, U. K., Gomathi, P., & Selvan, V. T. (2006). Antiinflammatory evaluation of leaves of Plumeria acuminata. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6(1), 36. [7] Hakim, L. F., Arivazhagan , G., & Boopathy, R. (2008). Antioxidant property of selected Ocimum species and their secondary metabolite content. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2(9), 250-257. [8] Santhi, P. R. (2009). Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Plumeria alba. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21(3). [9] Siddiqui, A. A., & Ali, M. (1997). Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Ist ed.CBS Publishers and Distribution. 126-131. Notes: Table 1: Average percentage of dried sample for each part Parts
Leaves
Flowers
Stem
Wet weight
4 kg
1.39 kg
2.784 kg
Dry weight
813.3g
155.90g
368 g
% of weight
20.4%
15.1%
13.2%
Table 2: The extraction recovery yield percentage of extract and phytochemical screening for aerial parts of P.alba.
Flower
Aerial part
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Extraction yield (%) Alkaloid Glycoside Terpenoids Steroid Phytosterol Phenolic Flavanoid Saponin Tannin Reducing
Hexane 7.33
Ethyl acetate 0.87
DCM 2.33
Methanol 23.60
Water 21.50
-
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + -
+ + + + +
+ + + +
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Stem
Leaves
International Research Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
sugar Extraction yield (%) Alkaloid Glycoside Terpenoids Steroid Phytosterol Phenolic Flavanoid Saponin Tannin
Vol 4, No. 3;Mar 2012
22.67
3.40
4.40
18.73
17.07
+ + + + -
+ + + -
+ + + + -
+ + + +
+ + +
Reducing sugar
-
+
-
+
+
Extraction yield (%)
5.33
0.80
2.20
5.47
13.04
Alkaloid Glycoside Terpenoids Steroid Phytosterol Phenolic
+ + _
+ + + -
+ + +
+ -
-
Flavanoid
_
-
-
+
+
Saponin Tannin Reducing sugar
_ _ -
+
+
+ + +
+ +
Keyword: (+)= present , (-) = absent
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