2.4.1.2 Physical measurements. 24. 2.4.1.3 ... following HC1. 51. Table 3.6 Water chemistry: Chloride Experiments. 58 ... The chemistry of atmospheric water vapor is affected by the presence of ...... Hooper, R.P. and C.A. Shoemaker. 1985.
IMPACT OF STREAM A C I D I F I C A T I O N ON INVERTEBRATES DRIFT RESPONSE TO I N SITU EXPERIMENTS AUGMENTING ALUMINUM ION CONCENTRATIONS by DAVID P. BERNARD B.Sc.
Honors,
University
Of A l b e r t a
1976
A THESIS SUBMITTED I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s a s c o n f o r m i n g required standard
to the
(
THE UNIVERSITY OF B R I T I S H COLUMBIA O c t o b e r 1985 (c) D a v i d P. B e r n a r d , 1985
In
presenting
degree
this
at the
thesis
in
partial
University of
fulfilment
of
of
department
this or
publication of
thesis for by
his
or
her
representatives.
The' University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3
90%
E x p e r i m e n t s were c a r r i e d o u t on above
ions
recorded during late
e a r l y autumn, w i t h minimum v a l u e s o b s e r v e d spring.
by
r a n g i n g from
( a r o u n d 20/xS/cm) , and c o n c e n t r a t i o n of most m a j o r
Ca ,
into
characterized
w a t e r , w i t h pH u s u a l l y
and K i m m i n s 1 9 7 9 ) .
Mayfly
are
Creek
immediately
This p a r t i c u l a r
(1) permanent
site
water
flow,
i o n s and o r g a n i c m a t t e r , insect
exposure island (Fig.
community,
(4)
to
vandalism,
separates
Mayfly
2.2)
with nearly
was
(3) easy and
Creek
identical
15
water c h e m i s t r y
and b e n t h i c c o m m u n i t i e s .
it
to
possible
preliminary channel
refine
This
experimental
t r . i a l s on one c h a n n e l
f o r experimentation.
Overall,
A
designed
4 was c o n d u c t e d larvae.
Table
2.1
response
was
chironomid
was e s s e n t i a l l y
the
Elevated A l results in avoidance behavior 3 +
acid
water
recorded
Experiment
Hypothesi s
M i l d l y e l e v a t e d H does n o t r e s u l t i n avoidance behavior +
Laboratory (4) C h o i i n e c h l o r i d e
response
each
Hypotheses T e s t e d i n F i e l d and Laboratory Experiments
(3) A l u m i n u m c h l o r i d e following hydrochloric ac i d
ambient
with
(Table 2.1).
i n a l l 5 experiments
Field (1) A l u m i n u m c h l o r i d e
same;
were c o n d u c t e d
hypothesis
Experiment/Treatment
(2) H y d r o c h l o r i c
remaining
i n A p p e n d i x A.
t w i c e , u s i n g E p h e m e r o p t e r a nymphs a n d
The p r o c e d u r e
through
design
experiments
to test a specific
made
more d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f
Experimental
4 different
techniques
while reserving the
M a y f l y C r e e k a n d i t s w a t e r s h e d c a n be f o u n d
2.3
separation
Response t o A l not simply due t o a c c u m u l a t e d H exposure 3
+
+
R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 a n d HC1 n o t due t o e l e v a t e d C I " 3
chemistry
for
monitored
exposed
was a l t e r e d a n d t h e b e h a v i o r a l invertebrates.
by s a m p l i n g
Biological-
invertebrate drift
passing
Figure
2.2 M a y f l y C r e e k : S t u d y s i t e d e t a i l . Sampling s t a t i o n s a r e marked w i t h numbers, w i t h s i t e 1 ( c o n t r o l ) l o c a t e d a t t h e u p s t r e a m end o f t h e i s l a n d . Both dosing s t a t i o n s ( m a r k e d w i t h a d o t ) were l o c a t e d o v e r a r i f f l e . The n o r t h e r n r i f f l e e x t e n d e d d o w n s t r e a m t o s i t e 2, w h i l e t h e s o u t h e r n r i f f l e ended -2 m b e l o w t h e s o u t h d o s i n g site. B e t w e e n t h e b o t t o m o f t h a t r i f f l e and s i t e 3 t h e r e was a 2 m l o n g p o o l . S i t e 3 was l o c a t e d a t t h e head o f a n o t h e r r i f f l e t h a t e x t e n d e d t o s i t e 4 and beyond. S t i p p l e d areas represent gravel deposits. D r i f t n e t s r e p r e s e n t e d by c o n i c a l s y m b o l s a t e a c h sampling s t a t i o n .
MAYFLY CREEK
t 1 Site ^Dosing Station
Island
Or,
sY^
18
from t h e t r e a t e d animals
would
column
and
(compared
stream
section.
was
assumed
drifting
downstream.
control
period
Increased
samples)
experimental conditions.
was
then
were
referred
to
In
within
as
these
(H SO„), 2
c h l o r i d e was because: easily
the
having
e x p e r i m e n t s a n i m a l s were e x p o s e d (A1C1 ),
hydrochloric
3
and
choline
specifically
first
responded
were
delayed
chloride
chosen
(C
acid H
5
over other
1 4
to 4 chemicals: (HC1),
sulfuric
C I NO).
Aluminum
aluminum
compounds
(1) t h e amount o f a l u m i n u m a d d e d t o t h e s t r e a m c o u l d calculated
samples;
t o the
time.
aluminum c h l o r i d e acid
density
attributed
Animals responding
some
the water
drift
i m m e d i a t e l y , c o m p a r e d w i t h g r o u p s where r e s p o n s e s t o some l a t e r
that
show an a v o i d a n c e r e s p o n s e by e n t e r i n g
with
sampling
It
from C I " c o n c e n t r a t i o n s measured i n the water
(2) t h e amount
biologically
be
of
CI"
added
"unimportant" (see S e c t .
was
considered
2 . 3 . 3 ) ; and
to
(3) HC1
be
could
J
be u s e d as t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c i d . Sulfuric
acid
and
laboratory experiments predicated sulfate low
(see
Table
2.3).
the assumption t h a t minor
( S 0 ) would
be b i o l o g i c a l l y
4
toxicity
1979). upon
on
c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e were u s e d o n l y
of
Use
H S0 2
u n i m p o r t a n t , because
of
the
(McNeely e t a l . CI"
based
t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e c h o l i n e m o l e c u l e would have
little
o r no Choline
biological
effect
compounds
e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n because
of
are
chosen as a
was
4
increases in dissolved
t h i s anion to freshwater l i f e
C h o l i n e c h l o r i d e was
of
i n the
interest widely
choline
source
in used
exerts
of
these
experiments.
in
physiological
insignificant
osmotic
19
pressure and
and
Randall
does
not
for
to
This
24 h.
D e t a i l s and
and
2.3.2
later
Field To
avoid
on
the
the north
increased
hypothesis
r e s p o n s e was riffle
was
for
this
A.2
hourly
(Appendix
A).
were n e e d e d t o t e s t and
refine
f o r t h e main e x p e r i m e n t s .
These
s i d e of
the
island
(Fig.
s t r e a m c h a n n e l w h i c h was
that l o t i c
added
e x a m i n e d by
a t two
sites
a measurement o f b i o l o g i c a l In l i g h t of
known d r i f t
experiments
were
complicating
"behavioral
patterns
invertebrates
in Sect.
2.2)
to
designated
invertebrates detect
drift"
directly sampling
(Fig.
1) s e r v i n g a s a c o n t r o l , and
minimize
was
d i s s o l v e d aluminum c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,
Biological
A.2)
it
experiments
chloride
(site
studies,
i n the main e x p e r i m e n t s .
t e s t the
a
south
drift
drifting
several t r i a l s
aluminum
below
diel
r e s u l t s are
apparatus required
disturbing
f o r use
natural
involved collecting
were c a r r i e d o u t avoid
f o r t h e main e x p e r i m e n t a l
determine
Additionally, methods
(Eckert
studies
In p r e p a r a t i o n
site.
most a n i m a l membranes
1978) .
2.3.J_ B a c k g r o u n d
necessary
penetrate
2.2)
(Waters
Mayfly
at t h i s during
associated 1972).
Creek.
invertebrate
drift
upper s t a t i o n
samples from s i t e
patterns
factors
a s o l u t i o n of
w i t h the
response to the
conducted
to
and
2
providing
treatments. site daylight with
Experiments
(see
Sect.
hours
to
nighttime were
also
20
conducted during periods the
i n f l u e n c e of Once
of
"catastrophic" d r i f t
aluminum
is
dissolved
acidity,
buffering against
Johnson
et
al.
observed d r i f t experiment
relatively
in
recorded
due
to
pH
in
acidity
concentration, hydrochloric acid
(HC1)
to
r e s p o n s e as e l e v a t e d A l Since
3 +
H
+
concentration
for
concentration minimized presenting To
the animals minimize
experiments order.
Al
3
+
Creek
aluminum elevated
strong
a
drift
was
chosen as
experiments
with sub-lethal H of
necessary
solution were
v a r i e s w i t h pH
3
1 +
and
the
2.
This
H
+
while
concentrations. benthic
were c a r r i e d
community,
out
concentrations
determined
target
concentration, ion
+
the
and
in
and
during
reverse
dose
the
rates
earlier
studies.
12 h)
to
both
experiments
responses to
experiment out
the
that a s l i g h t l y
the d i s s o l v e d A l
B.1)
in
p r o d u c e as
5.9
2 (HC1)
Because (
X >12
hypothesis
that
t o l e r a n t of m i l d a c i d i f i c a t i o n ,
a
short-term
third h)
was some-
field carried lotic
but i n t o l e r a n t
21
of
elevated
experiment was
aluminum
was
conducted
on
the south
a d d e d t o t h e c r e e k d e p r e s s i n g pH
continuous and
d o s i n g w i t h HC1,
immediately for
10
hours.
prior
Again, was
by
a
altered
sites
sampling
stream
two
changed
days of
to
to A1C1
3
A1C1 5.9
were
3
for
sampled
and
thereafter
response
to
the
two
solutions
drift,
only t h i s
the upper s t a t i o n
p r o v i d e d by
samples 4
o f a p o o l ) and
time
(site
response
drawn
(below
1)
a
from
riffle)
experiments
3
field
experiments
Creek c o n t a i n e d c h l o r i d e
ions ( C l " ) .
i n the l i t e r a t u r e
aquatic
invertebrates,
affect drifting
Although
I
decided Cl"
to
find
explicitly
concentrations
no
behavior test
would
stream
t e s t e d i n a l a b o r a t o r y experiment
channels,
chironomids
from a s m a l l t r i b u t a r y of J a c o b ' s
sites
I could
the not
behavior.
T h i s h y p o t h e s i s was artificial
t h e s o l u t i o n added t o M a y f l y
t h a t C l " can a f f e c t d r i f t i n g
hypothesis that mildly elevated
both
After
2.2).
a l l
mayflies
HC1
invertebrates
Samples from
c h e m i s t r y was
2.J3.3 Laboratory
in
island.
c o n t r o l , w h i l e a measurement of b i o l o g i c a l
(see F i g .
evidence
to 5 . 9 .
invertebrate
3 ( a t t h e d o w n s t r e a m end
In
This
hours.
t h r e e s i t e s were u s e d . provided
same pH.
a d j u s t e d t o m a i n t a i n pH
Drifting
relative biological
examined
the
s i d e of the
t o s w i t c h i n g f r o m HC1 8
an a d d i t i o n a l
at
t h e s o l u t i o n was
the d o s i n g r a t e immediately
an a d d i t i o n a l
to
concentrations,
in
the
U.B.C.
Research
using
from S p r i n g Creek Lake Forest
(Marion (Fig.
and
Lake), 2.1).
22
Experimental channels animal
emigration
were
was
dosed
with
choline
chloride
and
used as a measure of r e s p o n s e t o a l t e r e d
water c h e m i s t r y .
2.4
2.4.J[ F i e l d
M e t h o d s and
Materials
Experiments
In t h e s e f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s
12
parameters
were
routinely
measured; they are l i s t e d , a l o n g w i t h t h e i r importance, i n T a b l e 2.2.
T a b l e 2.2.
Parameters Measured i n F i e l d
Parameter
Experiments
Importance
Biological drift
animal
Physical water v e l o c i t y water depth conductivity temperature stage
c a l c u l a t e v o l u m e f i l t e r e d by n e t s c a l c u l a t e v o l u m e f i l t e r e d by n e t s total ionic strength D.O. s a t u r a t i o n ; a d j u s t pH m e t e r monitor discharge trends
Chemical pH pH p r o f i l e aluminum chloride alkalinity dissolved o x y g e n (D.O.)
response
hydrogen i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n monitor mixing monitor c o n c e n t r a t i o n m o n i t o r c o n e ; c a l c . A l added buffering capacity background
chemistry
23
2-4.J_.J_ Dr i f t At each (left
and
sampling station
right
sampling
initial drift
samples of d r i f t i n g i n v e r t e b r a t e s
n e t p o s i t i o n s ) were c o l l e c t e d
starting at least each
replicate
1.5 h b e f o r e c h e m i c a l
period,
nets
were
s e t of samples served not l e v e l s a t each
every
dosing
in only
place to
began.
measure
mesh
nets'
(described
in
Sect.
During
relationship sites.
specially-designed B.1);
following
for
storage.
samples
were
through
a
were
In
the
separated
from
296
jum
enumerated:
Chironomidae
in Sect. To right), each
(Diptera)
(Large ^
animals
from
(Large ^ 2 mm
(Copepoda),
> Small).
plastic
by
sieving
7 different 2 mm
> Small), Simulium
Lim
i n preserved
particles
Animals
Ephemeroptera
( L a r g e > 2 mm
taxa
> Small), Trichoptera,
(Diptera),
and
Further d e t a i l s are provided
D.1. permit
comparison
between
s t a t i o n s , and e x p e r i m e n t s ,
taxon
captured
r e l a t e d t o t h e water A l l a n and Russek T a b l e D.1. animals
detrital
mesh f i l t e r .
Hydracarina, Harpactacoida Plecoptera
laboratory,
86
collection,
s a m p l e s were p r e s e r v e d w i t h 10 % f o r m a l i n a n d s e a l e d i n bags
The
background
between d r i f t d e n s i t y a t t h e c o n t r o l and e x p e r i m e n t a l using
hours
f o r 45 m i n .
s i t e , but a l s o t o e s t a b l i s h a
S t r e a m d r i f t was s a m p l e d
1.5
during
total
each
positions
number
45 min
of
(left
and
animals
in
s a m p l i n g p e r i o d was
v o l u m e f i l t e r e d by t h e n e t s a s d e s c r i b e d by
(1985).
Final
net
results,
Conversion
f a c t o r s used
are
given
in
t h e r e f o r e , a r e e x p r e s s e d a s number o f
f r o m a g i v e n t a x o n d r i f t i n g p e r 10' L, an a r b i t r a r y b u t
consistent
volume.
24
2.4.j_.2
Physical
measurements
To p e r m i t c a l c u l a t i o n o f w a t e r sampling p e r i o d , water net
position
determined
(left
D.2.1.
Mayfly
established.
an
readings
(Model
were
taken
measurements
conductivity
u s i n g a Radiometer the f i e l d
meter
was
the
the
e x c e p t i o n of hydrogen
experimental
period
station at was to the
These r e s u l t s
from
were
t o a H o r i z o n pH m e t e r
(5997-20),
During experiments site
samples f o r a l l at
both
some
time
control
and
H y d r o g e n i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were c o n s t a n t l y
attached
3.
B.3
samples taken, i n
taken
Corning
site
Sections
the laboratory
ions, grab
and r e c o r d e d u s i n g a
at
of a
data.
monitored
positioned
which
sampling
experimental s i t e s .
chart recorder.
was
the s t a r t
relative
in
analysed.
o t h e r c h e m i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were s i m p l y during
a
location.
(CDM-3) on u n p r e s e r v e d
then converted t o s p e c i f i c c o n d u c t i v i t y
With
with
stadium
(water depth
measured
a n d s t o r e d a t 10°C u n t i l
2.4.J_.3 C h e m i c a l
at
fixed-position
were t a k e n t w i c e d a i l y a t t h i s
Electrical
C-2)
t h e r e was no d i s c h a r g e g a u g i n g arbitrary,
Stage
during
Water v e l o c i t y
Further details are provided i n
Because
Creek,
stadium)
and r i g h t ) a t a l l s i t e s .
30 s e c o n d
sampling p e r i o d .
filtered
v e l o c i t y a n d d e p t h were r e c o r d e d f o r e a c h
u s i n g an O t t c u r r e n t m e t e r
replicate,
and
volume
combination
and a R u s t r a c k
1 and 2
2, w h i l e i n e x p e r i m e n t
S u b g r a v e l pH was
also
monitored
electrode,
the
strip-
electrode
was
3 i t was l o c a t e d a t by
vacuuming
water
25
samples the
through
a standpipe
substrate/water
interface
Further d e t a i l s are provided Water
samples
concentrations, (0.45 in
i n s e r t e d t o a d e p t h o f 0.5 m b e l o w
for
150
were a n a l y s e d inductively
added
Monomeric (0.45
aluminum
aluminum
Mm M i l l i p o r e )
(Barnes
1975),
in
polyethylene
and
filtered
bottles.
Prior to
to
< 50
mL.
Vancouver,
spectrophotometric
1,
dissolved,
extracted
monomeric were
in
extracts
(ICP)
(see Sect
aluminum and
also
the f i e l d methyl
were
determined. from
filtered
isobutyl
ketone
s t o r e d i n new, a c i d - w a s h e d
B.4.1
for a
more
detailed
M o n o m e r i c a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were d e t e r m i n e d absorbtion
measured
(AA) m e t h o d s .
calculated
during experiment
Cl"
added t o t h e stream from t h e A 1 C 1
was
a l s o added.
3
based
1.
Total,
upon C l "
F o r e a c h mole o f
solution,
1/3
mole
Al
3 +
F o r more d e t a i l s on a l u m i n u m d e t e r m i n a t i o n s s e e
D.3.1. Unfiltered
analysis until
ion
B.4.5 a n d D . 3 . 4 ) .
added a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e
Sect.
were
by e v a p o r a t i o n
plasma
the l a b o r a t o r y using atomic
concentrations
dissolved
3
stream water u s i n g
polyethylene containers description).
B.4.2.
concentrations
was
stream.
(2 mL u l t r a p u r e HN0 ) , a n d s t o r e d
mL
coupled
experiment
total
the
by Acme A n a l y t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y ,
methods ( s e e a l s o S e c t . During
of
multi-element,
a n a l y s i s s a m p l e s were c o n c e n t r a t e d
using
edge
i n c l u d i n g A l , C a , Mg, K, a n d Na,
acid-washed
Samples
the
i n Sect.
jum M i l l i p o r e ) , a c i d i f i e d
new,
at
water
samples
i n clean polyethylene analysed.
Chloride
were
collected
containers content
and was
for chloride
stored
at
determined
10°C using
26
c o l o r i m e t r i c mercuric Alkalinity with
0.005 N
nitrate
titrations
HC1
(Fisher
Animal then
analyzed
(without
Laboratory
concentrations two H
Choosing field H SO , 2
fl
+
1970).
transformation)
(Ryan e t a l .
using
1981).
( 1 0 L) and 4
the
MINITAB
Data from these where
evaluated.
responses
to
elevated
i n l a b o r a t o r y experiments
pH 5.9 a l l o w e d
experiments. and
field
appropriate
chloride
4 and 5
were
choline To
Two
comparison acids
chloride minimize
results
of
were u s e d t o l o w e r was
used
experimental
were a r b i t r a r i l y a s s i g n e d
3 r e p l i c a t e s per treatment.
with
to
ion
measured
i o n l e v e l s a n d two C I " l e v e l s a t e a c h pH ( T a b l e
concentrations. animals
Morgan
Experiments
Biological
at
the results
B.4.3 a n d D.3.3.
were s u m m a r i z e d i n t o t a b l e s , a n d
p l o t t e d and v i s u a l l y
2.i.2
i n Sect.
and
were a d j u s t e d t o s t a n d a r d v o l u m e
package
experiments
( s e e Stumm
samples
analysis counts
statistical
water
c e r t i f i e d ) and p l o t t i n g
A d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l s c a n be f o u n d
Data
1984).
was m e a s u r e d by t i t r a t i n g 500 mL
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e methods o f G r a n
I'l-l-l
(APHA
2.3).
previous
pH, H C l a n d
elevate
CI"
b i a s , treatments and
to experimental
troughs,
with
27
T a b l e 2.3
Chloride Experiment: Treatments H
[Cl ] (mg/L) 1 .5
Control
H SO
5.5
Choline Chloride
HC1
(a
2
experiments
31,
1985
"sensitive"
H SO«
Choiine Chloride
HC1
2
970 15.5 9
for
use
in
during
daylight
using
86 nm mesh n e t s .
To
into
transferred
the
6.9).
them
to
C h i r o n o m i d s were
a n i m a l s f o r use
hours
stimulate
stream
at
an
from
drift
aluminum
on and
uncontaminated
solution
a r a t e t h a t p r o d u c e d pH
Immediately a f t e r c o l l e c t i n g
them t o t h e
Creek
laboratory
i n the l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s were, i n d e e d ,
t o changes i n water q u a l i t y ,
( b a c k g r o u n d pH
these
i n the s o u t h e a s t t r i b u t a r y t o Jacobs Lake
a n i m a l s used
dripped
Spring
Control
970 15.5 6
collected
drift
that
transported
nymphs
were
invertebrate
ensure
Chironomids pH 6.2
Biological
Ephemeroptera
August
p_H 6.9
fl
Experimental Conditions: Water v e l o c i t y (mL/min.) Water t e m p e r a t u r e (°C) Animals/Trough
2.4.2.j_
was
Concentration
+
Ephemeroptera p_H 6.2 pH 5.9
-
(a
t h e nymphs
w a t e r , p a c k e d on
5.7 I
i c e , and
laboratory. collected
by
incubating
f o r 2 weeks d u r i n g A u g u s t ,
1985.
leaf-packs After
i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s were m a n u a l l y s o r t e d
in
recovery, from
the
leaf-packs. Following
a 24 h o b s e r v a t i o n
period
(during which m o r t a l i t y
28
was < 5 % ) , a n i m a l s were t h e n 3 hours. and
Emigrating
experimental
comparing
exposed
animals
channels
to
test
were c o l l e c t e d
and
response
numbers e m i g r a t i n g i n r e s p o n s e
solutions
from b o t h
was
for
control
determined
t o each
by
treatment.
2.4.2.2 P h y s i c a l - c h e m i c a l Water s a m p l e s f o r C I " a n a l y s e s were t a k e n f r o m e a c h at
the
end
o f 2.5 h.
C h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were
using mercuric n i t r a t e t i t r a t i o n s . were c o n s t a n t l y m o n i t o r e d
2.4.2.3
Data
Data channel
Hydrogen i o n
channel
determined
concentrations
and r e c o r d e d .
analysis
on t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f e a c h were t r a n s f o r m e d
u s i n g a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e
(arcsin from
square the
out of
r o o t ) and then
GLIM
Probability
(Royal
each
analysed
Statistical
Society)
statistical
statistic
were c a l c u l a t e d by t h e UNIX s t a t i s t i c a l r o u t i n e
Statistical
package.
species d r i f t i n g
v a l u e s f o r each F
s i g n i f i c a n c e was j u d g e d a t p < 0.05.
"pof".
29
CHAPTER 3.
RESULTS OF F I E L D AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
3_._1_ R e s u l t s
_3._l_.j_ E x p e r i m e n t
Sect.
3
f r o m 0915 h u n t i l
upstream
a rate date
that
( F i g . 2.2),
resulted
median
pH
minute p e r i o d , and
then
next
11 h o u r s .
water density drift
(A1C1 )
solution
3
acidity
control
was r a i s e d
relatively
samples
to
from
against
From
section
in
constant
When s o l u t i o n
returned
2030 h .
a
dosing
i n s t r e a m w a t e r pH 5.9 a t s i t e
f o r the
Creek
station
the
pre-addition
(site
On
was
this'
Over a 30-
experimental
section
3.1.1.2) f o r t h e terminated
levels
locations
upstream
was 6.9.
(see Sect.
addition
2.
stream
i n 15 m i n .
(see F i g . 1) s e r v i n g
which samples from downstream
Drift
2.2),
with
as a reference
(site
2)
could
compared.
Biological Preceding the
chloride
a l u m i n u m c h l o r i d e was a d m i n i s t e r e d a t
was m e a s u r e d a t two
(control) be
held
pH
1982 an a l u m i n u m
B.1) was a d d e d t o t h e n o r t h b r a n c h o f M a y f l y
continuously 15 m
experiments
E f f e c t s of A l *
On 26 A u g u s t , (see
of f i e l d
control
lower
at
aluminum
addition,
total
and e x p e r i m e n t a l s e c t i o n s the
began, d r i f t relatively
response
control
density constant
in
site the
(mean =
(Fig.
density
was s i m i l a r
3.1). After
control 62
drift
stream
a t both
but
slightly
aluminum
section
animals/10" L ) ,
dosing
remained
while
at the
30
EXPERIMENT 1 TOTAL DRIFT „
P
600
H
0600
1
0900
1
1
1200
1
1500
1800
h
2100
HOUR F i g u r e 3.1. T o t a l D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 a l o n e , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 2. A 1 C 1 a d d e d f r o m 0915 h u n t i l 2030 h , 26 A u g u s t 1982. 3
3
31
e x p e r i m e n t a l s t r e a m segment, d e n s i t y more t h a n pre-treatment animals/10 phases
concentration
L.
4
to
=160
However, a s seen
the
aluminum, and
of
overall
w i t h i n the f i r s t
animals/10
in Fig.
response.
tripled
3.1,
from
L
4
to
there
Immediately
sampling period
>
were
after
adding
(45 m i n ) ,
drift
i n the e x p e r i m e n t a l stream s e c t i o n a b r u p t l y doubled
remained
at t h i s
drift
density
level
until
neither
f o r 6 h.
A t t h e end o f t h i s
s u d d e n l y d o u b l e d a g a i n and
t h e e x p e r i m e n t was
terminated
differences
taxonomic
in
the
density
at
in drift
period,
at t h i s higher later.
density are
r a t e of b i o l o g i c a l
taxa
site
Ephemeroptera
Since first
attributed
r e s p o n s e by
diverse
2
dominated
—small
and C h i r o n o m i d a e
the
increase
individuals
of
in the
( D i p t e r a ) (Table 3.1).
drift groups
Data
s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s a t b o t h s i t e s were p o o l e d t o p r o d u c e
3.1.
While
relatively
drift
density
for
each taxonomic
constant at the c o n t r o l the
site
case
at
drift
d e n s i t y a t s i t e 2 ( T a b l e 3.1)
of
h
and
groups.
N u m e r i c a l l y , two
all
4.5
time
d o s e r a t e nor s t r e a m pH c h a n g e d a t t h e end o f t h e
6 h p e r i o d , observed v a r i a t i o n s to
remained
550 two
density
level
a
which
animal
conceal the examining
experimental s i t e .
dynamic time-series
non-response) paragraphs,
groups
(1), this
remained not
the
are only
coarse
indicators
were s t i m u l a t e d by t h e t r e a t m e n t , and
nature
of
the
p l o t s of d r i f t
describe
was
Table
C o n s e q u e n t l y , v a l u e s f o r mean
observed
the
d u r i n g the e x p e r i m e n t a l p e r i o d .
behavior
responses.
By
d e n s i t y , the response
by e a c h g r o u p c a n be e v a l u a t e d . I
group
from
In the
(or
following
observed* f o r each
group
32
T a b l e 3.1.- D r i f t
Dr i f t d e n s i t y Site 1 SD n Mean
Taxon
Ephem-Sm 3.3 Ephem-Lg 0.3 Chiron-Sm 45.0 Chiron-Lg 2.0 Trichop 1.6 Hydrac 4.3 Harpact 4.2 Simulium 0.5 Plecopt-Sm 0.7 Plecopt-Lg 0 Prior and
Response t o A l
1 .9 0.6 14.1 1 .4 1 .2 2.2 3.4 1 .6 1. 1
to starting
(animals/10" L) Site 2 Mean SD
3.2a,b).
the experiment, d r i f t
water
was
comparison,
Drift
terminated mean d r i f t
clear,
by
12 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L )
density
10 h o u r s
45 m i n )
f o r small
later
(Fig.
L) and r e l a t i v e l y
density and
in drift
at
erratic
density
site (Fig.
2
remained
3.2b).
3.2a).
Ephemeroptera
where
low
f o r t h i s group a t s i t e
large
1
By
(mean = 0.3 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L ) . T h i s e r r a t i c by l o w p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y ,
40
less
(max.
times
response
2, i t s h o u l d higher
seldom
than
drifted
may h a v e been
s e v e r a l species- responding
t i m e s , o r some o t h e r f a c t o r .
The
Despite the large
levels
site
the
aluminum
constant.
were
different
to
d e n s i t y of s m a l l m a y f l i e s a t the c o n t r o l
peaks
caused
similar
individuals
elevated until
be n o t e d t h a t t h e r e c o r d e d at
f o r large
l a r g e E p h e m e r o p t e r a t o a l u m i n u m t r e a t m e n t was
since d r i f t
variability
(within
L and remained
s i t e was l o w ( 3 . 3 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " response
densities
1 a n d 2 were v e r y
immediately
chemistry.
r o s e a b o v e 75 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " addition
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
A f t e r aluminum a d d i t i o n s began, i n d i v i d u a l s of
both s i z e c l a s s e s responded altered
n
50.2 103.9 5.2 5.0 252.8 131.1 4.2 4.7 6.1 5.9 5.7 9.5 5.0 5.6 0.9 0.6 1 .6 1.4 0
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
s m a l l Ephemeroptera a t both s i t e s
(Fig.
3 +
at
At l e a s t t e n s p e c i e s of
33
EXPERIMENT 1 SMALL EPHEMEROPTERA 150
100
j
50
cn
r—i
m
6
c
(0
X
t o z w a a n
LARGE EPHEMEROPTERA
E-
K-i
15
B
10
0600
0900
1200
1500
1800
2100
HOUR Figure
3.2a,b. E p h e m e r o p t e r a D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 a l o n e , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 2. A 1 C 1 a d d e d f r o m 0915 h u n t i l 2030 h , 26 A u g u s t 1982. 3
3
34
Ephemeroptera i n h a b i t t h i s s i t e At both t h e c o n t r o l and drift
density
3.3a,b).
at
site
2 gradually
were e l e v a t e d ,
drifting
of
The
increase
obvious control
density
Despite Trichoptera
L).
constant
an u n u s u a l l y at
site
high
3.4a).
at
2,
Peak
experimental
density
period,
3.4a).
recorded,
Although
concentrations
by
low
(max.
1, b a c k g r o u n d
the
Hydracarina
=8 drift
drift
density
aluminum
for
concentrations stream
L, an o r d e r - o f - m a g n i t u d e
higher
rapidly
Trichoptera declined
Following
leaving and
size
of
these
animals
a n i m a l s were < 5 mm to
elevated
the
when
d e n s i t y a t t h e two s i t e s was n e a r l y
nearly a l l captured
Response
drift
increase at
(mean= 1.6 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L ) .
section
e x p e r i m e n t ended d r i f t (Fig.
density at the
i n the experimental
d e n s i t y , numbers o f
stream
an
was a w e l l - d e f i n e d b u t d e l a y e d
dissolved
drift
always
At s i t e
3.3a).
a t 2.0 l a r g e - c h i r o n o m i d s / 1 0 " L.
there
the control s i t e
t h e peak i n d r i f t
were
were
represented
this
pre-addition
s e c t i o n was =15 T r i c h o p t e r a / 1 0 " than
During
captured
h) r e s p o n s e t o i n c r e a s e d
(Fig.
group
o v e r mean d r i f t
( F i g . 3.3b).
d e n s i t y was r e l a t i v e l y
small
aluminum
(Fig.
f o r l a r g e chironomids appeared t o s t e a d i l y
2, b u t t h e numbers
(Fig.
for
6 h after
stream s e c t i o n
for this
(45 a n i m a l s / l O "
i n d i v i d u a l s / 1 0 " L)
(>6
pre-addition
density
increased;
the experimental
in drift
site
sites,
>350 s m a l l c h i r o n o m i d s / 1 0 " L
and s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e
density site
experimental
aluminum a d d i t i o n , d r i f t
concentrations out
A.1.2.1).
f o r s m a l l a n d l a r g e c h i r o n o m i d s was s i m i l a r
Following
individuals
(Sec.
the equal
was
not
i n length.
d i s s o l v e d aluminum
was a l s o w e l l - d e f i n e d a n d d e l a y e d
by
6 h (Fig.
35
0600
0900
1200
1500
1800
2100
HOUR F i g u r e 3.3a,b. C h i r o n o m i d a e D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 a l o n e , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 2. A 1 C 1 a d d e d f r o m 0915 h u n t i l 2030 h , 26 A u g u s t 1982. 3
3
36
EXPERIMENT 1 TRICHOPTERA
H
1
0600
1
0900
1
1200
1500
1 1800
f
2100
HOUR Figure
3.4a,b. T r i c h o p t e r a a n d H y d r a c a r i n a D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 a l o n e , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 2. A 1 C 1 a d d e d f r o m 0915 h u n t i l 2030 h, 26 A u g u s t 1982. 3
3
37
3.4b).
After
reaching
a
i n d i v i d u a l s / 1 0 " L, d r i f t the
experiment,
site
remained
d e n s i t y of r o u g h l y
d e n s i t y began t o
numbers low
maximum d r i f t
of
and
animals
decline.
drifting
relatively
17
Throughout
past
the control
constant
(mean
=4.3
animals/10" L ) . During
aluminum d o s i n g
harpactacoid during
t h e r e was no d e t e c t a b l e
copepods, Simulium, or small P l e c o p t e r a .
this
p e r i o d no l a r g e P l e c o p t e r a d r i f t e d
c o n t r o l or experimental
reaches of Mayfly
_3.J_._1_._2 P h y s i c a l - c h e m i c a l
3.5b).
constant
a
from e i t h e r t h e
Creek d i s c h a r g e
and a t , o r n e a r , b a s e - f l o w
rainfall
well,
conditions
Previously, discharge
following
As
Creek.
'On t h e d a t e o f t h i s e x p e r i m e n t , M a y f l y relatively
r e s p o n s e by
conditions (Fig.
h a d been d e c l i n i n g
event
was
at
this
t h a t e n d e d on 13 A u g u s t
site
(see F i g .
3.5a) . Adding
aluminum
conductivity
slightly
chloride from
salts
23 yS/cm
increased
t o 28 juS/cm.
e x p e r i m e n t , a i r t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i e d b e t w e e n 12°C a n d water temperatures s l o w l y rose Acidity
at
site
a
constant
2 during
d e l i v e r y , constant experimental
1.19
X 10
- 6
was
mol/L
showed minimal;
(SD=0.51,
18°C
while
t h e e x p e r i m e n t was e l e v a t e d one (Table
3.2).
r e s e r v o i r was n o t u s e d f o r s o l u t i o n
monitoring
period
concentration
head
During the
f r o m 13°C t o 14°C.
o r d e r - o f - m a g n i t u d e above t h a t a t t h e c o n t r o l s i t e Although
specific
o f s t r e a m w a t e r pH t h r o u g h o u t
the
that
ion
variation
mean n=4l).
H
+
in
hydrogen
concentration
A c a r e f u l survey
was
of stream
38
AUGUST
1982
42
~
28
14
28.5
t
~
26.0
+
g
23.5
+
21.0
+
t
B
•• •
•••
16
24
32
DAY
F i g u r e 3.5a,b. R a i n f a l l a n d M a y f l y C r e e k A u g u s t 1982.
Discharge,
39
Table
3.2. W a t e r C h e m i s t r y : Dissolved Site 1 Mean SD (a n=2
>arameter pH A l (jug/L) Ca (mg/L) C l (mg/L) Mg (mg/L) K (mg/L) Na (mg/L) alkalinity (as C a C 0 )
6.9 62.5 2.56 0.62 0.50 0.09 1 .24 6.20
Experiment 1
Concentration Site 2 Mean SD n=2
-
-
5.9 95.9 2.78 5.21 0.48 0.11 1 .32 2.00
17.7 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.03 0.12 -
42.4 0.01 -
0.05 0.01 0.06 -
3
(a
Pooled
25,26 Aug.
values.
w a t e r pH b e l o w t h e a d d i t i o n s i t e solution
was r a p i d l y
no a c i d i c
p l u m e s were d e t e c t e d
indicated
(< 2 m) m i x e d by t u r b u l e n c e
A1C1
3
additions, C l " levels
Dissolved
higher
i n the
i n c r e a s e d n e a r l y an
ion concentrations
i n the experimental
aluminum riffle;
C r e e k was.0.62
m a g n i t u d e w h i l e a l k a l i n i t y d r o p p e d by n e a r l y 3.2).
the
f u r t h e r downstream.
Background C l " c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t Mayfly During
that
order-of-
two-thirds
(Table
f o r A l , C a , K, a n d Na
stream s e c t i o n than
at s i t e
compared
experiment.
However, t h i s
by
sample
evaporation
with
> 225 Mg/L latter
during
v a l u e may storage.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n , c a l c u l a t e d from stream 1.14
mg/L.
at
water
site have
2 been
were
1.
Monomeric aluminum c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t the c o n t r o l s i t e 50-75 Mg/L,
mg/L.
were
during the inflated
T o t a l a d d e d aluminum Cl"
content,
was
40
3 .J_. 2 E x p e r i m e n t 2: E f f e c t s o f H* On
25
August,
continuously
1982
b r a n c h of M a y f l y
dosed w i t h a h y d r o c h l o r i c
B.1) f r o m 0845 h u n t i l a
the north
2015 h .
C r e e k was
a c i d s o l u t i o n (see
Sect.
The s o l u t i o n was a d m i n i s t e r e d
at
rate
that
r e s u l t e d i n s t r e a m w a t e r pH 5.9 a t t h e d o w n s t r e a m
station
(site
2) and was d e l i v e r e d f r o m a l o c a t i o n 15 m u p s t r e a m
(see F i g .
2.2).
Over
a
experimental
section
acidification
l e v e l o f pH 7.0.
_3.J_._2._I_ B i o l o g i c a l Prior
to
was
30-minute
acid
addition,
and
experimental
Following
e l e v a t i o n of H
experimental
acidification 310
dosing
the
75
1/2 t h a t r e c o r d e d
was
2)
the
apre-
similar
2 started
animals/10" L
both
( F i g . 3.6).
drift
increased
for
density from
in
a preof
about
f a c t t h a t s t r e a m pH r e m a i n e d
remained
to
decline
relatively
(Fig.
3.6).
t h i s e x p e r i m e n t was j u s t
7 hours
period, constant
drift at
Maximum
drift
slightly
over
i n e x p e r i m e n t 1.
Ephemeroptera,
both
sizes
a c c o u n t e d f o r most o f t h e
3.3).
i n the
from
density
Throughout t h e experimental
site
density observed during
(Table
(site
Despite
began.
approximately
Trichoptera
drift
ion concentration,
density at site
control
Small
pH 5.9,
l e v e l o f ^90 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L t o a maximum
depressed, d r i f t
at
+
total areas
section
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L.
after
to
acidity
response
control
the
increased
period
Drift density
of
chironomids,
increased
f o r small Plecoptera
drift
and
density
at site
2 was
41
EXPERIMENT 2 TOTAL DRIFT
•i
0600
1 0900
1
1
1200
1500
1 1800
1_ 2100
HOUR F i g u r e 3.6. T o t a l D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o HC1 a l o n e , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 2. HC1 s o l u t i o n a d d e d f r o m 0845 h u n t i l 2015 h , 25 A u g u s t 1982.
42
T a b l e 3.3. D r i f t
Ephem-Sm Ephem-Lg . Chiron-Sm Chi ron-Lg Tr i c h o p Hydrac Harpact Simulium Plecopt-Sm Plecopt-Lg
3.7 0.3 54.2 2.0 2.2 6.3 5.0 0.1 0.8 0
displayed
no
In
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
14.6 0.8 148.3 6.0 10.4 10.2 8.3 0.3 4.3 0.3
small
exhibiting decrease
a
their
density
periods,
acidity;
4-5
by
3.7a).
and
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L.
delayed
interpretation
(1
2)
Large
under
t o d e c r e a s e d pH
but
a
was
similar
(Fig.
mayflies
3.7b).
the
small
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L) and t h e
drift
elevated
to
relatively
appears
to
Unfortunately,
densities involved
anomalously
drift
may a l s o h a v e
of the data f o r l a r g e Ephemeroptera
by
4-hour
prior
remained
3
slowly,
slow,
i f so, the response
hours
A1C1
Ephemeroptera
at the control s i t e
to increased
constrained
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
response
followed
(Fig.
site
density
3.7
been
immediate
increase,
each
acidification;
responded
to
6-hour
at
at
f o r a l l sampling
Ephemeroptera responded
in drift
density
7.6 1 .2 53.0 5. 1 7.4 6.8 6.2 0.7 3.0 0.7
trends.
contrast
addition,
have
2 .7 0 .6 1 3.7 1 .4 1 .6 3 .8 2 .3 0 .2 0 .6 -
than a t t h e c o n t r o l s i t e
stable
+
D r i f t d e n s i t y ( a n i m a l s / 1 0" L ) Site 1 Site 2 Mean Mean SD SD n
Taxon
higher
Response t o H
is
severely
(max.
=2.1
pre-acidification
density. In c o n t r a s t was
added
increased
t o the slow
i n experiment
increase
1, d r i f t
i m m e d i a t e l y and remained
in their
density elevated
drift
f o r small
a f t e r A1C1
3
chironomids
(>150 a n i m a l s / 1 0 "
L)
43
EXPERIMENT 2 SMALL EPHEMEROPTERA 30
20
10 o \
Ul
r—i
ca
e c (0
LARGE EPHEMEROPTERA
E-
|
2.25
p EEL4
Q
1.5
0.75
0600
0900
1200
1500
1800
2100
HOUR F i g u r e 3.7a,b. E p h e m e r o p t e r a D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o HC1 a l o n e , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 2. HC1 s o l u t i o n a d d e d f r o m 0845 h u n t i l 2015 h , 25 A u g u s t 1982.
44
f o r more t h a n 7 h b e f o r e s t a r t i n g was
i n sharp contrast
remained their
around
t o the c o n t r o l
quite rapidly
but d r i f t
exposure
HC1
drift
density
3.8b).
density
of
remained
around
levels.
large
almost
decline
density at s i t e was 2 was
After appeared community (max. A.2.2),
< 3 h
2 had
1.
animals/10"
d o s i n g b e g a n , a few
nocturnal
drift
3.9a).
2 (Fig.
Drift time
section
the
began drift
levels
and
density at
site
mean d r i f t ,
density
in
L.
Simulium
animal/10"
benthic
c o n t a i n e d l i m i t e d numbers o f
Simulium
=*7
Because
L)
the
density
3.9b).
(15
responded
e l e v a t e d f o r r o u g h l y 6 h, a t w h i c h
rapidly.
to
L.
t o t h e HC1
i m m e d i a t e l y and remained
drift
t r e a t m e n t , where
3
number o f a n i m a l s e x i t i n g to
large chironomids
additions.
3 +
2 animals/10"
response
densities
Also in contrast
In the e x p e r i m e n t a l s e c t i o n ,
Mean
chironomids
U n l i k e under A1C1 in
L.
This
density
f o r t h i s g r o u p had d e c l i n e d a t t h e end o f
t h e same as u n d e r A l
slowly
3.8a).
d e n s i t i e s began t o d e c l i n e
(Fig.
pre-acidification about
addition,
3
(Fig.
s e c t i o n where mean
54 s m a l l c h i r o n o m i d s / 1 0 "
response w i t h A1C1
to
to decline
though,
were
simuliids
ever
see A t no
Sect. time
recorded
45
EXPERIMENT 2 SMALL CHIRONOMIDAE 250
175
100
in. (0
a
50 0
f
c
•iH
fO
co z u p
LARGE CHIRONOMIDAE 15
B
1—1 p
10
-+-
-+-
0600
0900
1200
1500
1800
2100
HOUR F i g u r e 3.8a,b. C h i r o n o m i d a e D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o H C l a l o n e , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 2. H C l s o l u t i o n a d d e d f r o m 0845 h u n t i l 2015 h , 25 A u g u s t 1982.
46
EXPERIMENT 2 TRICHOPTERA 22.5
15.0
o
7.5
\ ui 10 X h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e H C l e x p e r i m e n t . riffle
and
3
number o f a n i m a l s 1)
H y d r a c a r i n a , and
t o H C l , A1C1 , o r b o t h .
substitution
the t o t a l
exposure ( F i g .
For comparison,
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L ) w h i l e numbers c a u g h t
drift
HCl
f o r a l l other groups
a l l groups responded
site
48 h
the e x c e p t i o n of Ephemeroptera,
Simulium, d r i f t
riffle
drift
3 a n d 4 was r o u g h l y an o r d e r - o f - m a g n i t u d e h i g h e r t h a n
3.10a).
station
3 ) , and
response
1, p r e s u m a b l y
acidity,
at
density
3
At the
rose s l o w l y , but s t e a d i l y over 6 or
more h o u r s . Difference and
4)
size), but
a
i n r e s p o n s e b e t w e e n t h e two
i s clearly
evident
habitats
f o r Ephemeroptera
and
immediate
rise
in drift
3
(not sorted to
where t h e r e was no a d d e d r e s p o n s e t o a l u m i n u m a t marked,
(sites
site
density at site
3 4
50
EXPERIMENT 3 TOTAL DRIFT
EPHEMEROPTERA B
0600
0800
1000
1200
1 400
1600
HOUR
F i g u r e 3.10a,b. T o t a l a n d E p h e m e r o p t e r a D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o A1C1 f o l l o w i n g 48 h H C l , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 3. • S i t e 4. H C l a d d e d f r o m 0815 h 21 A u g u s t u n t i l 0810 h 23 A u g u s t ; A 1 C 1 a d d e d f r o m 0815 h u n t i l 1630 h 23 A u g u s t 1982. 3
3
51
T a b l e 3.5. D r i f t
Taxon
Control Mean
Ephem Chi ron Trichop Hydrac Harpact Simulium Plecopt
4.6 56.2 2.1 5.0 4.2 0.3 0.5
(Fig.
3.10b).
ever
2.7 29.2 1 .3 1 .8 4.5 0.5 1 .0
at
recorded
Ephemeroptera
to
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
fact, site
at
63.0 27.4 485.5 322. 1 25.9 28.4 55.2 35.8 18.1 16.7 0 8.0 7.6 peak
following HCl
drift
drift
251.7 644.5 36.3 61.2 30.6 3.6 18.5
248.0 1042. 1 31.3 82.6 38.7 2.2 10.6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
densities
S i t e (4) SD n
observed
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 for
4 (> 500 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L ) a r e t h e h i g h e s t
Mayfly
4.6 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L. similar
3
D r i f t d e n s i t y ( a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L) Riffle S i t e (1 ) P o o l S i t e (3) Mean Mean SD n SD n
In
Ephemeroptera
Response t o A1C1
Creek,
density
at the c o n t r o l
The i m m e d i a t e
that observed
regardless
response
i n the A1C1
of
site.
s i t e was s t e a d y a t recorded
here
experiment,•and
3
Mean
was
differed
f r o m t h e d e l a y e d r e s p o n s e s e e n when H C l was a d d e d . Immediately solution,
after
chironomid
and c o n t i n u e d t o r i s e of
> 1500
introducing
the
d r i f t density at site until
2 h after
by
a slow d e c l i n e
chloride
4 increased
d o s i n g began when
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L was r e a c h e d . (Fig..
followed
aluminum
3. 1 1 a ) .
sharply a
peak
T h i s peak was
i n d r i f t d e n s i t y over t h e n e x t 6 h.
A t t h e end o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t , c h i r o n o m i d d r i f t d e n s i t y a t s i t e 4 had n e a r l y r e t u r n e d t o p r e - a l u m i n u m two
previous
experiments
had
recorded f o r chironomids, but experiment
( 3 ) was s i m i l a r
Chironomids a t s i t e at
site
4
(Fig.
levels.
such the
of
the
high d r i f t densities
been
response
In n e i t h e r
rapidity
in
this
t o that during the HCl experiment.
3 responded
3.11a).
very d i f f e r e n t l y
Below t h e p o o l ( s i t e
from
those
3 ) , t h e r e was
a p p a r e n t l y a 6 h d e l a y i n r e s p o n s e , a n d peak d r i f t d e n s i t y
(^900
52
EXPERIMENT 3 CHIRONOMIDAE
TRICHOPTERA
0600
0800
1000
1200
1 400
1600
HOUR
F i g u r e 3.11a,b. C h i r o n o m i d a e a n d T r i c h o p t e r a D r i f t i n R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 F o l l o w i n g 48 h H C l , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 3. • S i t e 4. H C l a d d e d f r o m 0815 h 21 A u g u s t u n t i l 0810 h 23 A u g u s t ; A 1 C 1 added f r o m 0 8 1 5 h u n t i l 1630 h 23 A u g u s t 1982. 3
3
53
animals/10
L)
1 1
Chironomid
drift
experiment mean
peak d r i f t or
aluminum,
but
and
4
At
3
each
steady at around
and
Below
2.
the
Sect.
but
continued
to
3
(Fig.
added
3.11b),
responses
riffle,
after rise
maximum d r i f t
drift
at
density
the
until
density
control
also
the i n i t i a l the
=6 h
increase, experiment
r e c o r d e d was >5 X
recorded i n either
experiment
the
site, drift
(Fig.
response
3.12a).
r o u g h l y 10 X h i g h e r t h a n
earlier
drift
A.2.2),
was
HCl
or
density held
2 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L.
to a level
Hydracarina
the
i n c r e a s e d peak was r e c o r d e d r o u g h l y
observed,
At
i n t h e A1C1
Even t h o u g h
to the
Again,
4, t h e r e was a m a r k e d i n c r e a s e i n d r i f t
6 hours
Again,
experiment.
3
3 and 4 responded
Hydracarina also exhibited a delayed observed
L.
3, b e l o w t h e p o o l , t h e r e was
site,
experiments.
3
period,
T h i s was f o l l o w e d by a s h a r p d e c l i n e i n
At s i t e
there
i n t h e A1C1
experiment.
h i g h e r t h a n h a d been p r e v i o u s l y A1C1
4.
3 then decreased u n t i l the
r o u g h l y a 6-hour d e l a y
a greatly
response
density
ended.
site
However, t h e d e l a y e d response
differed.
low u n t i l
in
drift
at
1 was 56.2 a n i m a l s / 1 0 *
from both s i t e s
i n t h e A1C1
density.
delay
site
t o that observed
6 h . a f t e r d o s i n g began. drift
recorded
Throughout t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
only after
a s was t h e c a s e 3
at
site
experiments.
3
i n timing
remained
at
that
d e n s i t y h e r e was g r e a t e r t h a n r e c o r d e d i n e i t h e r
Trichoptera
sites
than
density
density
A1C1
similar
lower
was t e r m i n a t e d .
drift
HCl
was
in
there
At both s i t e s 3
density after
about
i n experiments
1 and
studies at
this
increasing
numbers, p r i o r
was
no
(=6 h ) , a s
site
corresponding
had
shown
that
t o sunset (see
increase
i n the
54
control
nets
where
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L. after
AlCl Data
there
drift
density
remained
i sattributed
aluminum
an
immediate,
but
concentrations
5
drift
t o the treatment.
f o r h a r p a c t a c o i d copepods c o l l e c t e d a t s i t e
was
at
Thus, t h e d e l a y e d i n c r e a s e i n H y d r a c a r i n a
addition
3
mean
brief,
response
( F i g . 3.12b).
4 suggest
to
increased
Peak
drift
density
r e c o r d e d was > 75 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L, c o m p a r e d w i t h a
value
of
animals/10" L at this
site prior
Mean
at
drift
density
than a t t h e c o n t r o l evidence
of
an
site
site
aluminum
sites
3.13a).
to
dosing
the
3
and
4 after
drift
d e n s i t y below t h e r i f f l e
3.
encountered
no
Previously, responding
to
branch
of M a y f l y Creek
with even
t o HCl ( F i g .
s o u r c e was s w i t c h e d
to
A1C1 , 3
n e x t 8 h o u r s t h e r e was a d r a m a t i c b u i l d u p i n S i m u l i u m
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L.
animals/10" L
at
p e r i o d , no S i m u l i u m
A1C1
site
was
captured i n the d r i f t nets,
However, a f t e r t h e a c i d
> 4
at
48 h c o n t i n u o u s e x p o s u r e
the
absent
been
south
over
of
3 (18.1 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L ) was h i g h e r
response
a l u m i n u m , S i m u l i u m were s e l d o m at
3
or HCl.
3
Prior-
from H C l t o A 1 C 1 .
(4.2 a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L ) , b u t t h e r e
h a r p a c t a c o i d copepods had not either A1C1
to switching
=05
This
the
(site
4 ) , f i n a l l y r e a c h i n g a peak
compared
control
site.
with
mean
of
0.3
During the experimental
were e v e r c a p t u r e d a t s i t e
from v i r t u a l l y
a
3.
Simulium
a l l samples t a k e n d u r i n g b o t h t h e H C l
were and
experiments.
3
Within sorted
by
animals/10"
2
hours
size) L
a f t e r a l u m i n u m was a d d e d , P l e c o p t e r a ( n o t
drift
compared
densities with
a
at mean
site drift
4
rose
density
to of
> 30 0.5
55
EXPERIMENT 3 HYDRACARINA
F i g u r e 3.12a,b. H y d r a c a r i n a a n d H a r p a c t a c o i d a D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 F o l l o w i n g 48 h H C l , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 3. • S i t e 4. H C l a d d e d f r o m 0815 h 21 A u g u s t u n t i l 0810 h 23 A u g u s t ; A 1 C 1 added f r o m 0815 h u n t i l 1630 h 23 A u g u s t 1982. 3
3
56
animals/10" L at the c o n t r o l the
station
next sampling p e r i o d , d r i f t
aluminum
levels.
pronounced, site
T h e r e may
response at s i t e
1
remained
low
density
3.
As
a
result
of
flow
(Fig.
the
stream,
below
the
3.5b).
nearly
began
detected at depth. this
drift
less
density (mean
at
=
P l e c o p t e r a had
0.5 not
event
on t h i s d a t e was
10
days
previously,
s l i g h t l y above
base-
t o c o n t i n u o u s l y m o n i t o r i n g pH i n were
interface.
made f o r . w a t e r s 0.5 Within
15 min
o v e r l y i n g waters, a decrease
m
after
i n pH
was
other chemical analyses are a v a i l a b l e f o r
R e s u l t s of L a b o r a t o r y E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h C l ~
Experiments evaluate
the
density. exposed
of
pre-
experiment.
3.2
and
No
to
by
when a d m i n i s t e r e d s e p a r a t e l y .
measurements
in
returned
constant
period.
rainfall
substrate/water
acidification
3
In a d d i t i o n
acidity
However,
conditions
a
d i s c h a r g e a t M a y f l y Creek
had
Plecoptera
and
t o e i t h e r HCl or A1C1
3_.__.3_._2 P h y s i c a l - c h e m i c a l
3.13b).
a l s o have been a s i m i l a r , b u t
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L) t h r o u g h o u t the t r i a l responded
(Fig.
4 and
impact,
5 were c a r r i e d o u t i n if
Ephemeroptera to
combinations
August,
any, of added c h l o r i d e
nymphs
and
o f two H
+
chironomid
1985,
i o n s on larvae
to
drift were
and C l " i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,
r e s p o n s e s t o t r e a t m e n t s were e v a l u a t e d by c o m p a r i n g a n i m a l s e m i g r a t i n g from each l a b o r a t o r y
numbers
stream channel.
57
EXPERIMENT 3 SIMULIUM
0600
0800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HOUR F i g u r e 3.13a,b. S i m u l i u m a n d P l e c o p t e r a D r i f t R e s p o n s e t o A 1 C 1 F o l l o w i n g 48 h H C l , pH 5.9. • S i t e 1. n S i t e 3. • S i t e 4. H C l a d d e d f r o m 0815 h 21 A u g u s t u n t i l 0810 h 23 A u g u s t ; A I C I 3 a d d e d f r o m 0815 h u n t i l 1630 h 23 A u g u s t 1982. 3
58
3_._2._1_ P h y s i c a l - c h e m i c a l c o n d i t i o n s During
these
experiments,
e f f e c t on s t r e a m w a t e r f a c t o r of 5 (Table channels
pH, b u t d i d r a i s e C l " c o n c e n t r a t i o n s by a
3.6).
receiving
a d d i n g c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e h a d no
acids
In
both
experiments,
was n e a r l y
pH
identical.
f o r the
As w e l l ,
both
t h e H C l a n d c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e a d d i t i o n s r a i s e d C l " by r o u g h l y t h e same amount.
Water and a i r t e m p e r a t u r e s
were
15.5°C
and
13°C,
respect ively.
T a b l e 3.6. W a t e r C h e m i s t r y d u r i n g C h l o r i d e E x p e r i m e n t s Ephemeroptera Mean (n=3 ) pH
Treatment
(mq/L)
Chironomidae Mean (n=3)
CISD
£H
(mq/L)
Cl" SD
Control
6.2
1 .6
0.1
6.9
1.5
0
Choiine Chloride
6.2
5.3
0.5
6.9
5.1
1.1
H SO, 2
5.7
1 .5
0.1
6.2
1.5
0.9
HCl
5.7
5.5
0.1
6. 1
5.4
0.4
this
experiment
3.2.2 B i o l o g i c a l
response
Ephemeroptera < 2 mm
used
in
i n l e n g t h a n d were s e n s i t i v e
their drift them
nymphs
in
conditions
i n response
the
field.
for 3 h
no
were a l l
i n d i v i d u a l s , a s e v i d e n c e d by
t o aluminum a d d i t i o n s
used
to
collect
A f t e r e x p o s i n g t h e m a y f l y nymphs t o t e s t significant
response
was
detected
to
59
either
increased
chloride
(F1,8= 0.63, p >0.4) o r h y d r o g e n i o n
(F1,8= 0.50, p=1.0) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . interaction p=0.8). 7.83,
detected
However, p=0.06).
or H SO 2
the
was
strongly
u
field
well,
neared
of i n d i v i d u a l s
At
(F1,8=
between well,
suggests that d r i f t i n g
l a r v a e were e x p o s e d
(F3,5=
behavior
observed
in
concentration.
t o the test
conditions
1.63, p = 0 . 5 ) , pH (F1,8= 0, p = 1 . 0 ) , o r an
pH
and
channels
been
for
t h e e n d o f t h i s t i m e , no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t due t o
chloride
(F3,5=
c h i r o n o m i d l a r v a e used have
significance
less
individuals
0.08,
P=1.0).
i n t h i s experiment
sensitive
observed
interaction
(F1,8= 0.06, p=1.0) was d e t e c t e d .
t h e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
stream
(F1,8= 0.07,
was n o t due t o d e p r e s s e d pH, b u t r a t h e r t o some o t h e r
Chironomid
CI"
significant
t o respond t o e i t h e r HCl
f a c t o r - - most p r o b a b l y e l e v a t e d a l u m i n u m
2.75 h .
no
b e t w e e n pH a n d c h l o r i d e
the block effect Failure
As
to
the
responding
between Because
blocks many
were > 2 mm,
As of
of t h e
they
may
t r e a t m e n t s t h a n were
those
in
field
the
earlier
experiments. Chloride
i n the dechlorinated
water
s u p p l y were r o u g h l y t h r e e t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e s t r e a m s
from
which
ion
these
levels
animals
byproduct
of
water
G.V.R.D.,
pers.
streams
successfully with
had
been
chlorination
comm.).
c o n c e n t r a t i o n appears from
measured
collected. processes
(Robert
Jones,
Nevertheless, this elevated
chloride
not t o a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t
i n t h e U.B.C.
Research Forest,
r e a r e d t o a d u l t h o o d i n these;
minimal
mortality
C I " i s a breakdown
(John
growth
in
s i n c e t h e y c a n be
dechlorinated
Richardson,
animals
I.A.R.E.,
waters pers.
60
c omm.) .
_3._3 Prior
to
invertebrate
America
many
activity
and
site
with
times
density
three-quarters
mites
at
with
of
low l i g h t
each
and
mayflies
f o r small
Ephemeroptera
drift
f o r Simulium.
density at site
copepods
However,
drift
recorded
a n i m a l s / 1 0 " L,
(2), neither large
responded
(Copepoda) numbers.
of
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
gradually a
the
increased,
weak
response
O v e r t h e c o u r s e o f e x p e r i m e n t 2, mean
2 was n e a r l y
3 X higher
i n the experimental
than a t s i t e
Ephemeroptera.
Until
A1C1
1.
1, d r i f t
s t r e a m s e c t i o n , w i t h most o f
i n c r e a s e due t o a sudden e n t r y
small
and
Meanwhile,
I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r a l u m i n u m was a d d e d i n e x p e r i m e n t d e n s i t y doubled
water
Ephemeroptera,
immediately.
T h e r e was a l s o
time.
composed o f s m a l l
copepods n o r any s i z e s
a maximum 6 h l a t e r .
remaining
through
background d r i f t
a l l sizes
reaching
drift
(Ephemeroptera),
harpactacoid
additions.
North
Chironomidae
For the
constant
sample
chironomids of density
throughout
increased
levels.
drift
20% of t o t a l
harpactacoid HCl
sites
d e n s i t y was a r o u n d 70
During the HCl experiment
to
other
diel
C r e e k were s i m i l a r t o
a l l exhibited
Together, small
c o m p r i s e d an a d d i t i o n a l
responded
Mayfly
remained r e l a t i v e l y
(Hydracarina),
Hydracarina,
perturbations,
Large Ephemeroptera, l a r g e
1 background d r i f t
chironomids.
at
Hydracarina
associated
groups, d r i f t
chemical
patterns
(Waters 1972).
(Diptera),
At
introducing
drift
those recorded
Summary
into 3
dosing
the
water
column
ceased, d r i f t
by
density
61
for
t h i s group remained e l e v a t e d .
began,
small
Hydracarina
chironomids, began
to
was
also
weak
chironomids response stoneflies density higher site
the
observed
there
aluminum
experiment
was
only
a
Trichoptera responding
to 3
drift
was
dosing,
48 h
but then d r i f t
exhaustion
dosing
of
higher
at
during
response
sites
3
exposure;
and
a
a l l other r a t e s were well,
some
apparently s t i l l
to
4,
Starting
Hydracarina,
and
responded
decline,
substantial
1, mean d r i f t
experiment
by
as
were
although
Chironomidae
d e n s i t y began
and
,
3 +
d o s i n g began, h a r p a c t a c o i d s
Trichoptera, site
that
by P l e c o p t e r a ,
response
copepods 3
twice
2 (HCl).
of b e n t h i c p o p u l a t i o n s .
of
than
Plecoptera d r i f t
HCl
began, I a l s o o b s e r v e d
density
densities
3
6 X
density recorded at
more
well-defined
Ephemeroptera
Compared w i t h c o n t r o l 20 X
Peak d r i f t
or
drift
s e c t i o n was more t h a n
delayed
harpactacoid
of
immediately,
A1C1
site.
t o HCl. After A1C1
sizes
due
A1C1
after
and
substantial
a l u m i n u m a d d i t i o n s , mean stream
moderate,
to
elevated
No
3, a l l g r o u p s r e s p o n d e d t o A l
groups.
Prior
There
l a r g e r m a y f l i e s and
treatment.
additions
strong,
all
During
experimental
compared w i t h a
still
some
a t t h e same pH d u r i n g e x p e r i m e n t
During
in increasing
density to again double.
this
than a t t h e c o n t r o l
2 during
column
and
f o r h a r p a c t a c o i d copepods, Simulium
(Plecoptera).
in
the treatment
(Trichoptera),
water
suggesting
to
recorded
the
drift
evidence
responded
was
caddisflies
enter
numbers c a u s i n g t h e t o t a l
S i x hours a f t e r
perhaps 6 h after
increase and
in
Simulium.
d e n s i t i e s w e r e >8 X a n d
respectively.
3 were r o u g h l y
Peak
drift
10 X h i g h e r t h a n i n
62
the A1C1
3
experiment.
63
CHAPTER 4.
GENERAL DISCUSSION
4.__ B i o t a
4_.J_.J_ E v a l u a t i o n o f h y p o t h e s e s
Hypothes i s
_]_: Some
geochemically
lot ic
sensitive
invertebrates
areas
respond t o d i s s o l v e d aluminum Probably the clearest is
found
exposed
contrasted
evidence supporting
this
a d d i t i o n s during both experiments
3
2).
Al
3
Chironomids
increase
since
much
resulted their
1 a n d 3.
i n d r i f t density
slower.
Other
a l l d i d so
suggesting
these
detection.
Hall some
in
from
responded experiment
In which
animals after
responses et a l .
by
prior
to
not
the
direct
report that
HCl
aluminum
responded
result
i n their
within
of
field
15 min a f t e r
elevated.
Contrary t o e x p e c t a t i o n s , both chironomids and almost
response,
i n experiment 1
3 +
responding
(1985b) a l s o
a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were
3; t h i s
to
some t i m e d e l a y ( u s u a l l y =6 h ) ,
were
invertebrates
immediately
sensitization
response t o e l e v a t e d A l
treatments
experiments
also
concentrations
+
h o w e v e r , may h a v e
responded
hypothesis
s h a r p l y w i t h the s m a l l e r and d e l a y e d response t o HCl
(experiment
was
c a n d e t e c t and
ions.
e a c h c a s e t h e r e was an i m m e d i a t e
exposure
B.C.
in
i n t h e a v o i d a n c e b e h a v i o r shown by E p h e m e r o p t e r a when
to A1C1
elevated
of
residing
immediately t o HCl a d d i t i o n s
Because n e i t h e r group responded
rapidly
Trichoptera
i n experiment
2.
t o aluminum a d d i t i o n s i n
64
experiment
1
experiment
3),
directly
(nor
did
these
to elevated H
animals
upon
these
hypothesis
that
some
respond
probably
experimental stream-dwelling
together,
results
clearly
show a d i v e r s i t y
groups
to
among
elevated
aquatic
response, behaving
very
of
less
respond
by
with
was
from
field
taxonomic
and
Hypothesis sensitive To
e x h i b i t i n g a much
more s e n s i t i v e
to
evidence
response
given H indeed,
+
that
more
experiment
stream
aluminum
concentration.
concentrations HCl
greater
copepods.
hypothesis.
t o aluminum than t o hydrogen that
responsive
than
varies
and
of response w i t h i n
3: Some l o t i c i n v e r t e b r a t e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y
demonstrate
in
Simulium
chironomids
response t o d i s s o l v e d aluminum than d i d h a r p a c t a c o i d this
Even
variation
Plecoptera
sensitive
Hydracarina
experiments
concentrations.
considerable
reactive
Thus, t h e e v i d e n c e supports
the
similarly
different
T h e r e was a l s o n o n - u n i f o r m i t y
orders,
accept
of d i s s o l v e d aluminum.
aluminum
there
I
a l l three
responses
differently
Ephemeroptera. non-insect
the
and r e s p o n d
concentrations.
of
dissolved
insects
with
in
i n v e r t e b r a t e s can d e t e c t
2: Not a l l t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s
t o e l e v a t e d d i s s o l v e d aluminum Taken
aluminum
can d e t e c t
results
respond t o elevated c o n c e n t r a t i o n s Hypothesis
to
concentrations.
+
Based
and
Trichoptera
more
ions.
invertebrates are r e l a t i v e l y to
hydrogen
with A l
ions
requires
c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t any
3 +
E v i d e n c e t h a t s m a l l Ephemeroptera were, to
elevated
Al
than
3 +
to
may be f o u n d by c o m p a r i n g r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d (2) w i t h t h o s e
i n experiment
1.
H
+
ion
i n - the-
For Trichoptera
65
and
small chironomids,
animals Al
3 +
were
though,
relatively
the
reverse
was
true;
more s e n s i t i v e t o e l e v a t e d H
than t o
+
ion concentrations. Exposing
lotic
3 increased
i n v e r t e b r a t e s t o a c i d f o r 48 h i n e x p e r i m e n t
sensitivity
of s e v e r a l groups t o d i s s o l v e d aluminum.
C h i r o n o m i d s , S i m u l i u m , and P l e c o p t e r a
f o r e x a m p l e , were a l l more
s e n s i t i v e t o aluminum i n e x p e r i m e n t 3 than i n e x p e r i m e n t In s i m i l a r Hampshire, pH
however,
drift
corroborate accept
et
a l .
5.25-5.5
concentrations
(1985b)
had
density
little
in
4_: F o r " s e n s i t i v e "
are
sensitive
more
concentrations
drift
in
response
evidence
to
a
supporting
suggests hypothesis
density;
noticeably
after
aluminum
same
pH.
These
results
t h e s i s ; consequently,
to
increased
i f
large
Al
3+
and
I
specified
4.
identify
and
instars
small
this
would
Unfortunately, early
of
the
three
4 could hold true f o r
taxon
enter
(larger individuals)
instars,
be
good
b e c a u s e I was I
could
not
i n d i v i d u a l s came f r o m t h e same
However, e v i d e n c e c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e s e
that,
ion
+
instars.
treatment,
hypothesis
instars
H
( s m a l l i n d i v i d u a l s ) of a g i v e n
unable t o t a x o n o m i c a l l y
population.
drift
this
more r a p i d l y t h a n l a t e r
determine
stream
on
invertebrates, early
than a r e l a t e r
early instars
the
New
hypothesis.
Hypothesis
If
effect
increased
presented
in
showed t h a t l o w e r i n g
were i n c r e a s e d a t t h e
those
this
1.
aluminum a d d i t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s c o n d u c t e d
Hall
water t o
not
these
groups only
f o r Chironomidae and P l e c o p t e r a .
experiments
distinguished
by s i z e ,
one—Ephemeroptera, Contrary
but
to expectations,
66
there
was
a
noticeable
Ephemeroptera entering
only
the d r i f t
response
to
difference
in
experiment
sooner a f t e r
HCl.
chironomids f a i l e d
According t o show
according
to
size
2,
with
smaller
exposure
than
larger
to this c r i t e r i o n ,
greater
in
animals ones
in
P l e c o p t e r a and
sensitivity
among
smaller
size classes. Although low
laboratory
pH a n d e l e v a t e d
stage
for
some
there
are
few
invertebrates.
tests
aluminum
fish
It
concentration
species
similar is
h a v e shown t h a t s e n s i t i v i t y t o
(Bell
currently
1971;
results known,
Raddum
insufficient
with
life
( e . g . Baker and S c h o f i e l d 1982), available
for
freshwater
though, t h a t d u r i n g e c d y s i s and
e m e r g e n c e , m o r t a l i t y c a n be e s p e c i a l l y h i g h waters
varies
and S t e i g e n
f o r animals
1981).
in
acid
Thus, t h e r e i s
evidence t o e i t h e r support
or r e j e c t t h i s
hypothesis. Hypothesis;
Increased
experiments
drift
resulted
from
density
observed
response
to
in
field
elevated
Cl'
concentrations. This hypothesis laboratory nymphs. HCl
supported
In laboratory t e s t s exposing
and
than
drift
not
t e s t s with e i t h e r chironomid
H S0 2
4
solutions
been shown t h a t t o x i c pH
was
with
behavior,
unaffected
by
the
anion
concentration to
toxicity,
concentrations
exposure period i t i s s t i l l
(3 h)
l a r v a e or Ephemeroptera
aquatic
a t t h e same H
short-term
+
invertebrates
concentration,
e f f e c t s a r e more c l o s e l y
as o p p o s e d anion
by
i t has
associated
(Gaufin would
i s unknown.
p o s s i b l e that animals
1973). be
to
with
Whether
relatively
Over a would
longer respond
67
although,
based
upon
field
experiments
comparing
r e s p o n s e s t o H C l a n d H SO« a d d i t i o n s , H a l l e t a l .
(1985b)
2
concluded that elevated observed reject
drift
responses.
the hypothesis
c a u s e d by e l e v a t e d
_4.J_._2 B e h a v i o r a l Acid of
played
also
no r o l e i n
T o g e t h e r , t h e s e r e s u l t s l e a d me t o
that observed
increased
drift
density
was
CI" concentrations.
response
precipitation
rates
i s essential.
chemical
perturbations
into at l e a s t three (a) no
CI" ion concentrations
animal
response,
rates i s a problem
i n w h i c h an u n d e r s t a n d i n g
The r e a c t i o n by s t r e a m i n v e r t e b r a t e s described
i n my s t u d i e s c a n be d i v i d e d
major c a t e g o r i e s , (b) d e l a y e d
to
b a s e d upon r e s p o n s e
response,
and
rate:
( c ) immediate
response. No r e s p o n s e F a i l u r e of i n d i v i d u a l s t o respond column
can
be
interpreted
in- a t
by least
chemical
i s p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y non-reactive,
present
in
while
located
water
concentrations,
(4) n e g a t i v e l y
a r e unable
experiments
harpactacoid
nor
(2) t h e
to
be
the
ways:
water (1) t h e
substance
(3) a n i m a l s swept
succumb into
buoyant
animals
(e.g.,
carried
by
current,
the
is
the cased and
some a n i m a l s may r e s p o n d by b u r r o w i n g i n t o t h e s u b s t r a t e . In
or H
five
i n h a b i t a t s where t h e y c a n n o t be
column,
Trichoptera) (5)
undetectable
entering
+
1 a n d 2, P l e c o p t e r a
copepods f a i l e d
ion concentrations. Hydracarina
responded
of a l l s i z e c l a s s e s and
t o respond t o e i t h e r increased
As w e l l , n e i t h e r to
acid
large
additions
Al
3 +
Ephemeroptera (experiment 2 ) .
68
W i t h t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n o f l a r g e P l e c o p t e r a , none animals
is
particularly
drifting
under n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s a t t h i s
Consequently, response with
i t is unlikely
interface
and
presumably, escape.
inability these
then, t h i s
The
and a l l a r e
found
(see S e c t .
A.2).
to d r i f t
prevented a
animals.
Furthermore,
found
enter
near
the
r o u t e was
the
water
benthic/water
column
open t o a n i m a l s
and
either
these
mildly elevated H
chemoreceptors
lack
and A l
+
well
the
applied
chemicals
known
Plecoptera
and G n a t z y
1974;
possess
Kapoor and
Zachariah
s t o n e f l i e s are considered
moderately
t o l e r a n t based
upon l a b o r a t o r y b i o a s s a y s ( B e l l and
1969;
Bell
field
Stoner
et
and
al.
1984;
studies Mackay
(Otto
and
4.0
i n N o r r i s Brook,
a significant net o u t f l u x 3,
I
shift
in drift
density
a
similar
s u g g e s t i n g a weak r e s p o n s e Responding
result by
riffle
a n i m a l s may
1985).
1983;
However, to
H SO„ 2
(1982) d i d o b s e r v e
f o r t h i s group
where
Nebeker
Svensson
(^ 25 d a y s )
H a l l et a l .
of a n i m a l s from the a c i d i f i e d
observed
aluminum.
N.H.,
and
Kersey
f o l l o w i n g prolonged e x p e r i m e n t a l exposure a t pH
such
larvae
acid
1971)
or
levels.
that
as a group,
were
tested,
sensory c a p a c i t y to detect
ion
3 +
(Rupprecht
Still,
the
to
interpreted
n o n - s t r e s s f u l w i t h i n the time frame
animals
is
that
drift;
attempting
a b s e n c e of a d e t e c t a b l e r e s p o n s e c a n be
physiologically
It
typically
routinely
indicating
1983).
in
site
these
p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n s o f c o p e p o d s and H y d r a c a r i n a , many
of t h e s e a n i m a l s a r e
that
that
from b e i n g d e t e c t e d
the
as
n e g a t i v e l y buoyant,
of
region. there
stoneflies
indicating In
a
experiment
was
evidence
to
elevated
h a v e become s e n s i t i z e d t o
Al
3 +
69
after
48 h
of
HCl exposure.
acid disturbances common
(Hall
suggested acidity
frequently
et
a l .
occur,
1985b).
that shredders
may
i n h e a d w a t e r s where
shredding
stoneflies
Mackay and K e r s e y
be
more
tolerant
there
are
at
of
r e d u c e d by o r g a n i c a c i d s .
least
13
species
of
are
(1985) have increased
b e c a u s e t h e y a r e a d a p t e d t o l i v e among d e c a y i n g
where pH may be n a t u r a l l y Creek
Nonetheless,
leaves,
At
Mayfly
Plecoptera
(Sect.
A. 1 . 2 . 1 ) , most o f w h i c h a p p e a r t o be t o l e r a n t o f m i l d l y e l e v a t e d Al
3 +
and H
+
12 h) t i m e In low,
ion concentrations
(pH 5 . 9 ) , a t l e a s t
for
short
periods.
Mayfly
but
Creek, h a r p a c t a c o i d copepods t y p i c a l l y
relatively
constant,
rate
(see Sect.
d r i f t at a
A . 2 ) , a n d were
l a r g e l y u n a f f e c t e d by e l e v a t e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f e i t h e r A l H .
Although
+
few s t r e a m r e s e a r c h e r s
s m a l l enough t o r o u t i n e l y
3 +
or
u s e n e t s w i t h a mesh
size
sample s m a l l c r u s t a c e a n s ,
did
f i n d c o p e p o d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h mosses i n
As
well,
Norway
in
eastern
North
America
an
(Keller
Frost
acidic
1981) a n d
(Hobaek a n d Raddum 1 9 8 0 ) , c a l a n o i d and d i a p t o m i d
are o f t e n abundant i n a c i d feed
among
decaying
lakes.
vegetation
Since
that
animals
such
(1942) stream. southern
copepods
harpacticoid
copepods
( W i l s o n and Yeatman 1 9 5 9 ) ,
t o o may be r e g u l a r l y e x p o s e d t o e l e v a t e d a c i d i t y . possible
(
6 h)
disturbances. increased
and
may
the
be
susceptibility
acidification,
animals
and
failing
to other
life
to
the
greatest
seasonal
impacts
periods
( B e l l and
not
to depart
stream
nature
of
that
acid
and
Increasingly
there
i s evidence
chemistry
acidification "tolerable"
in altered
(Hawkins
biota.
favor
exposure
i s most
of
probable.
be
the
on s p r i n g -
sensitive
species composition,
It is likely
already
may
inputs to streams,
to
to acids
acidification
but
can
environments
t h a t t h e most s e n s i t i v e
been
northeastern
eliminated,
et a l .
1982).
lead to (Whitton
species in
U.S.A.
leaving
tolerance
to
behind
changes
and a in
Like eutrophication,
i s , in part, a n a t u r a l process by
succumb i n
that long-term
community of o r g a n i s m s w i t h a b r o a d e r water
still
1971).
headwater streams i n e a s t e r n Canada, have
quality, following
reduce
are p a r t i c u l a r l y
Bell
Scandinavia
to
e m e r g e n c e have been shown
1969;
1975).
due
Thus,
o f c o n t e m p o r a r y a c i d i f i c a t i o n may
Nebeker
Say
be
acidification
the e v o l u t i o n of s p e c i e s l i m i t e d t o a c i d and
may
i n which a c i d i f i c a t i o n
i n which animals
only r e s u l t s
physiological
may
factors.
patterns
emerging s p e c i e s , f o r moulting be
delayed
factors.
history
i n d i v i d u a l s to periods
of
(> 24 h)
other
As an a g e n t o f s e l e c t i o n ,
Due
result
while
to p r e d a t i o n , changes i n food
of these
l o n g t e r m due
invertebrate
avoidance,
Longer term responses
or a c o m b i n a t i o n
the
detection
and,
as
such,
is
What i s i n t o l e r a b l e t o some s p e c i e s i s
the r a t e at which changes take p l a c e
in their
medium.
77
4.2 Each
time
(experiments the
drift
I
Physical-chemical
added
aluminum
chloride
1 and 3) foam a c c u m u l a t e d nets.
This
y e l l o w c o l o r and incorporated
foam
appeared
was
to
i n the m a t r i x .
to
Mayfly
i n b a c k w a t e r a r e a s and i n
frothy, tinted
have
Creek
minute
with a
organic
slight
particles
A p p a r e n t l y , a d d i n g aluminum
causes
d i s s o l v e d o r g a n i c molecules to c o a g u l a t e ; the accumulating indicated
reduced
surface
tension
(Hall
et
probably contained elevated metal concentrations al.
al.
foam
1985a) and
(Eisenreich
et
1978). The
and
increased
2 was
that
conductivity
expected, for H a l l
et a l .
(1980,
1985a)
have
shown
i n c r e a s i n g .stream water a c i d i t y m o b i l i z e s exchangeable
from
the
benthos
conductivity. during
the A1C1
aluminum t r i a l levels.
which
What
e x p e c t a t i o n was
was
these
contribute were
due
to
elevated
lower
readings My
dissolved
CI"
and
Al
ion
3 +
foam p r o d u c t i o n e x t r a c t e d s u f f i c i e n t numbers o f
increased Ca , +
conductivity.
Mg , +
Na , +
and K
experiments confirm r e s u l t s
+
concentrations
pH
B a s e d upon f i e l d
(Hall et a l .
1980).
and l a b o r a t o r y
(Norton
other
such
i n c r e a s e under a c i d i c
1981)
a s Zn, Mn,
observed
obtained in similar
increasing
2
metals,
electrical
s h o u l d have been h i g h e r i n t h e
e x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g H SOi, and 4
the
to
ions
experiment than d u r i n g the HCl experiment.
3
that conductivity
Perhaps
The
then
unexpected
ions to reduce e l e c t r i c a l
in
measured d u r i n g e x p e r i m e n t s 1
stream water
experiments,
field
acidity
(Hall et a l . concentrations
to 1980) of
F e , Cd, and Cu, a r e e x p e c t e d t o
c o n d i t i o n s as a r e s u l t
of d e s o r p t i o n
from
78
the
stream
substratum.
This
presumably
because
experiments, elevated.
The
increased
for
streams
Furthermore, background 119.8
meq/L),
theoretical
and to
is
the
range
i n t h i s area
currently
was
of
(M.
concentrations
Mayfly
relationship
acidic precipitation site
acidity
magnesium (0.3 mg/L
(105.7 Meq/L) f o u n d a t
not observed
i n these only
field
slightly
ion c o n c e n t r a t i o n s recorded i n these
e x p e r i m e n t s were w e l l w i t h i n expected
was
predicted
(NRCC 1 9 8 1 ) . relatively
Feller, of
= 24.7
Creek
normal
fluctuation
unpub.
calcium
(2.4 mg/L
m e q / L ) , and
are
very
for
data).
alkalinity
close
waters
to
the
u n a f f e c t e d by
This helps confirm that
u n a f f e c t e d by a c i d
t h e a q u a t i c community s h o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , be
=
this
precipitation,
relatively
naive
acidification. Temperature
plays
toxicity
directly;
chemistry
it
can
a
minimal
however,
role
through
indirectly
in its
affect
(Burrows
can
1977).
be
affected
Decreasing
aluminum s a t u r a t i o n ; t h i s (Baker
and
Schofield
temperature at
which
supersaturated
(May
c o l o r presumably During t h i s measured
were
due
by
i n t u r n can
these et a l .
s t r e a m s a t t h e U.B.C.
on
water
example,
aluminum s o l u b i l i t y
results
and
as
increased toxicity
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s at the
experiments 1979)
in
lead to increased
Aluminum
were
conducted
were
indicated.by a faint milky
t o aluminum h y d r o x i d e s .
study, background below
For
metal
temperature, a l b e i t minimally
temperature
1982).
influence
toxicity.
a l t h o u g h p r e d o m i n a t e l y c o n t r o l l e d by pH, speciation
controlling
the
annual
chloride mean
Research F o r e s t .
ion
concentrations
expected f o r However,
headwater
because
Cl"
79
concentrations minimum d u r i n g
here late
concentrations
maximum
unpub.
data).
summer
recorded
the HCl and A 1 C 1 double
vary with discharge
( F e l l e r and Kimmins
were n o r m a l .
experiments,
3
values
and a r e t y p i c a l l y 1979),
Nevertheless,
at a
the
during
both
C I " c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were a t
recorded
low
least
a t nearby S p r i n g Creek
(Feller
4._3 M e t h o d s e v a l u a t i o n Many a u t h o r s nets
to capture
(1980)
and
have commented on t h e n e c e s s i t y
e a r l y i n s t a r s o f many s p e c i e s .
Z e l t and C l i f f o r d
i n d i v i d u a l s of
a
s i z e , over
population
must
50% o f t h e a n i m a l s
Many o f t h e s m a l l a n i m a l s study
were c h i r o n o m i d s ,
including Sect.
some a q u a t i c
D.1.2.1,
I
passing
be
field
particles
experiments.
combined
present
through
but other
sampled.
found
were
can s t i l l
similar
By u s i n g s m a l l
capture
missed
drift
density
at this
large
(86 Mm)
quantities
nets
in
of
during
the
field
sieve i n the laboratory, I a n d remove
to counting
site
well,
As- o u t l i n e d i n
most
of
the
the samples.
B e c a u s e h a r p a c t a c o i d c o p e p o d s do n o t show d i e l in
as
by t h e 86 urn mesh n e t s
small animals
tiny organic p a r t i c l e s p r i o r
be m i s s e d .
r e s u l t s u s i n g a 296 um mesh
Unfortunately, captured
However,
t h e 120 /nm mesh i n h i s
l a r v a e were
w i t h a l a r g e r mesh (296 Mm)
was a b l e t o b o t h
Bishop
w i t h n e t s o f 120 um
insects in early instars.
sieve i n the laboratory. organic
S u t e r and
fine
c y c l e s t u d i e s i n which
M u n d i e (1971) "showed t h a t even when s a m p l i n g mesh
use
( 1 9 7 2 ) recommend n e t s w i t h a mesh
s i z e o f 100 Mm o r s m a l l e r f o r use i n l i f e all
to
(see Sect.
fluctuations
A . 2 ) , t h e y a r e good
80
indicator
s p e c i e s t o use
data
these
in
between d r i f t
i n e v a l u a t i n g methods
experiments.
densities
The
Despite
relatively
variability
i n copepod d r i f t
sites.
As
well,
recorded at
the
between-date control
(Ephemeroptera,
site
results,
is difficult
experiments
to
i n August
for
results
and
from mountain
coast
in
different
lotic
However, relative
results
obtained
sensitivity
experiments August
systems
these
p a t t e r n s observed
elsewhere.
appears
in
considered 1981),
a
were
but
measurement.
from
short
nS/cm),
able
to
steel
f l o w chamber.
associated
s t r e a m s on t h e w e s t
geographic experiments
regions. c o n f i r m the
in synoptic
surveys
and
findings. quantitative
it
i s , however,
indicator
of
a c i d c o n c e n t r a t i o n (ASTM
precautions
must
be
tendency
generally
observed
i n r u n n i n g w a t e r s o f low
s t r e a m i n g p o t e n t i a l s can d e v e l o p overcome t h i s
term
acidity;
For example,
( 2 mm = l a r g e ) b a s e d upon total body length. I n a l l , 10 g r o u p s were e n u m e r a t e d : l a r g e a n d s m a l l P l e c o p t e r a , l a r g e a n d small Ephemeroptera, large and s m a l l Chironomidae (Diptera), T r i c h o p t e r a , H y d r a c a r i n a , H a r p a c t a c o i d a (Copepoda), and Simulium (Simuliidae: Diptera). Numerically, these groups made up > 95 % o f a l l d r i f t i n g a n i m a l s c a p t u r e d . D.J_.2 S o r t i n g a n d e n u m e r a t i o n Because l a r g e numbers o f o r g a n i c p a r t i c l e s were t r a p p e d i n t h e 86 jum mesh d r i f t n e t s , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o s e p a r a t e animals from d e b r i s b e f o r e enumerating t h e samples. Thus, p r e s e r v e d d r i f t s a m p l e s were p r o c e s s e d by s i e v i n g t h r o u g h a 296 Mm mesh and retaining the f i l t r a t e . A l l a n i m a l s r e t a i n e d on t h e s i e v e were t h e n e x a m i n e d u n d e r 25X a n d i d e n t i f i e d , counted, removed, and preserved. Exuviae a n d h e a d c a p s u l e s were e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e c o u n t a n d s e a r c h i n g c e a s e d when no more a n i m a l s were found a f t e r 2 minutes of examination.
1 18
D._j_.2.__ M e t h o d
evaluation
To d e t e r m i n e l a b o r a t o r y " l o s s " v i a f i l t e r i n g w i t h a 296 Mm mesh, t h e f i l t r a t e was subsampled and counted using methods developed by Mundie (1971). T h i s i n v o l v e d p l a c i n g 21 s h e l l v i a l s on t h e b o t t o m of a 500 mL b e a k e r t o w h i c h 250 mL of tap w a t e r were t h e n a d d e d . N e x t , t h e f i l t r a t e was c o n c e n t r a t e d , by s i e v i n g t h r o u g h a 56 Mm mesh, and t h e n added t o t h e b e a k e r w h i l e gently stirring. A f t e r t h e a n i m a l s and p a r t i c l e s had s e t t l e d (> 1 h ) , the contents of a l l 21 vials were examined i n d i v i d u a l l y ; a n i m a l s were i d e n t i f i e d and c o u n t e d a s o u t l i n e d i n the previous section. F i n a l l y , t h e number o f a n i m a l s c o u n t e d was m u l t i p l i e d by 2.0025 t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t the area sampled by a l l the vials was o n l y 27.87 cm , c o m p a r e d w i t h 55.81 cm f o r the beaker. 2
2
R e s u l t s showed that nearly a l l large animals (> 2 mm) captured i n the 86 Mm mesh d r i f t n e t s were r e t a i n e d on t h e 296 Mm mesh f i l t e r and more t h a n 80 % o f T r i c h o p t e r a and small Plecoptera were retained. H o w e v e r , t h e 296 Mm f i l t e r a l l o w e d up t o 60 % o f small chironomids, and up to 40 % of small Ephemeroptera to pass through. U s i n g t h e s e m e t h o d s even h i g h e r numbers of Hydracarina (> 75 % ) , and harpactacoid copepods (> 80 %) p a s s e d t h r o u g h . To p r e v e n t b i a s i n t h e a n i m a l c o u n t s , s t a n d a r d i z e d methods were u s e d to separate animals from o r g a n i c d e b r i s p a r t i c l e s . As a r e s u l t o f u s i n g 296 Mm f i l t e r s , d r i f t d e n s i t i e s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s study represent c o n s e r v a t i v e estimates. Data presented and a n a l y z e d i n C h a p t e r 3 have n o t been " a d j u s t e d " f o r t h e l o s s . D.2 D.2._1_ S t a n d a r d i z i n g
Physical characteristics filtered
volume
In theory i t s h o u l d be p o s s i b l e t o d i r e c t l y c a l c u l a t e the. volume o f w a t e r f i l t e r e d by e a c h n e t i n M a y f l y C r e e k b a s e d upon initial velocity measurements. To do so would require establishing r e l a t i o n s h i p s between (1) i n i t i a l and final velocities, and (2) i n i t i a l velocities and v o l u m e of w a t e r filtered. P r e l i m i n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s b a s e d upon d a t a c o l l e c t e d at s i t e 1 on 19-27 August, 1982 show a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y and 2700 s e c o n d velocity (y = 1.24X 0.22, r = 0 . 8 2 ) . Such a r e l a t i o n s h i p i s p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e for i n t e r p r e t i n g data c o l l e c t e d on those dates where o n l y i n i t i a l f l o w m e a s u r e m e n t s were taken, for i t allows volume c a l c u l a t i o n s t o be c a r r i e d o u t . The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n i n i t i a l f l o w v e l o c i t y and v o l u m e filtered was established as follows. A regression, incorporating i n i t i a l and f i n a l f l o w v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s , was c a l c u l a t e d and the r e s u l t s used i n e q u a t i o n D.I. j» = 1/2 m ( t + b/m) - b /2 m Eq. D.1 where m = r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s l o p e 2
2
1
1 19
b =•regression l i n e i n t e r c e p t . T h i s y i e l d e d a v a l u e ( >) r e p r e s e n t i n g cumulative linear water movement through the nets. T h i s equation i s v a l i d o n l y i f the change i n water v e l o c i t y p a s s i n g t h r o u g h the n e t s is constant. S i n c e t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p was l i n e a r , i t i s assumed t h a t t h e r e was a c o n s t a n t d e c e l e r a t i o n i n w a t e r v e l o c i t y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d n e t s were i n p l a c e ; h e n c e , i t i s a c c e p t a b l e t o use e q u a t i o n D.1. T
Values f o r v o l u m e of w a t e r f i l t e r e d were c a l c u l a t e d s i m p l y by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e l i n e a r f a c t o r (fy) by t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of the n e t s . Finally, a r e g r e s s i o n was calculated relating i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y t o water volume f i l t e r e d . The a l g o r i t h m y = 20.67X - 2.01 Eq. D.2 gave a good f i t ( r = 0.93) f o r t h e s i t e 1 d a t a m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ; t h i s i n d i c a t e s t h e r e i n d e e d was a direct relationship between i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y and f i n a l v o l u m e o f w a t e r f i l t e r e d . To c a l c u l a t e the volume of water f i l t e r e d at each net p o s i t i o n f l o w v e l o c i t y was multiplied by the c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area of the net o p e n i n g . I n c a s e s where t h e n e t was n o t f u l l y submerged, the c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a was adjusted accordingly. Values were then compared t o t h e s t a n d a r d v o l u m e (10" L) and necessary c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s c a l c u l a t e d . V a l u e s used f o r each of t h e t h r e e f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e D.1. Column 5. c o n t a i n s f a c t o r s by w h i c h a n i m a l c o u n t s ..were m u l t i p l i e d to a d j u s t them t o t h e s t a n d a r d v o l u m e . D.2_. 2 C o n d u c t i v i t y
measurements
Electrical c o n d u c t i v i t y was d e t e r m i n e d on s a m p l e s a t 22 °C using a Radiometer meter ( M o d e l CDM-3); v a l u e s were then s t a n d a r d i z e d t o c o n d u c t i v i t y a t 25 °C. D.3
Chemical
analyses
D. 3. J_ A l u m i n u m Field e x t r a c t i o n s f o r d i s s o l v e d , monomeric a l u m i n u m were analyzed using atomic absorption methods. Extracts were aspirated into a nitrous-oxide-acetylene flame and atomic absorbtion measured at 309.4 nm on a Jarrell-Ash spectrophotometer f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h b l a n k and s t a n d a r d v a l u e s . Known s o l u t i o n s of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 Mg A l / L were p r e p a r e d u s i n g d e i o n i z e d , d i s t i l l e d w a t e r and a s t a n d a r d solution (BDH) c o n t a i n i n g 1 mg A l / m L . T h i s method i s s u i t a b l e f o r w a t e r s w i t h a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n >1 ug/L (Barnes 1975). Total added a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d upon c h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s t r e a m w a t e r s a m p l e s . For each mole o f C I " a d d e d t o t h e s t r e a m , 1/3 mole A l was also added. Assuming Cl" is relatively non-reactive i n Mayfly Creek ( v i z . there are no significant sources or sinks), the theoretical, total amount of a l u m i n u m a d d e d c a n be c a l c u l a t e d 3 +
120
T a b l e D.1
Water volume f i l t e r e d :
Conversion
factors,
Experiment 1 Net Position
1 ,L 1 ,R 2,L 2,R
Mean I n i t i a l Veloc i ty (cm/sec) (SD,N) 14.62 (0.06,2) 12.01 (0.26,2) 11.81 ( a (2.863,4) 9.47 ( a
Cross Sect i o n a l Area (cm ) 2
225 225 172.5 1 65
Volume Filtered ( 1 0 L/
Conversion Factor
3
45 m i n ) 8.88 7.30 5.55 4.22
1.126 1 .371 1.818 2.370
E x p e r i m e n t 2. 1 ,L 1 ,R 2,L 2 ,R
1 5.25 (2.12,3) 1 2.30 (1 .33,3) 11.81 (a (2.86,4) 9.47 (a (2.84,4)
225
9.26
1 .080
225
7.47
1 .338
172.5
5.50
1.818
1 65
4.22
2.370
6.72 9.02 2.61 2.1 6 4.95 3.33
1 . 109 1 .488 12.500 10.341 5.456 8.117
E x p e r i m e n t 3. 1 ,L 1 ,R 3,L 3, R 4, L 4,R
1 4.84 1 1 .06 4.85 4.30 17.71 13.69
225 225 1 65 225 1 04 90
(a P o o l e d v a l u e s f o r 2 5 , 26 A u g u s t
121
from t h e D.3.2
incremental C l " concentration.
Chloride
C h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were d e t e r m i n e d by titration with mercuric nitrate (APHA 1984) s t a n d a r d i z e d w i t h a known s o d i u m c h l o r i d e s o l u t i o n and c o m p a r e d w i t h d e i o n i z e d , distilled water blanks. D e t e c t i o n l i m i t s on t h i s t e s t a r e a r o u n d 0.1 mg/L. D.3_.3_ A l k a l i n i t y According to the methods of G r a n ( s e e Stumm and Morgan 1 9 7 0 ) , t i t r a t i o n d a t a were p l o t t e d , and alkalinity determined, using these equations: F = ( V + v) [ H ] Eq. D.3 where F = d e r i v e d l i n e a r f u n c t i o n V = o r i g i n a l volume of sample (mL) v = v o l u m e of s t r o n g a c i d a d d e d (mL) AT = v (N * 50,000) / V Eq. D.4 where Ar = t o t a l a l k a l i n i t y ( a s C a C 0 ) (mg/L) Ae = A T / 5 . 0 0 4 * 1 0 " Eq. D.5 where Ae = a l k a l i n i t y (Meq/L) +
0
0
0
3
2
D.3.4
Metals
Water samples and deionized, d i s t i l l e d blanks ( a l l c o n t a i n i n g 2 mL u l t r a p u r e H N 0 ) were c o n c e n t r a t e d by e v a p o r a t i n g t o < 50 mL a t 40 °C. The presence of HN0 i n the sample ensured that ions remained i n s o l u t i o n even a f t e r e v a p o r a t i o n (M. B l a d e s , UBC C h e m i s t r y D e p t . , P e r s . comm.). S a m p l e s were t h e n s e n t t o ACME A n a l y t i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s , V a n c o u v e r , B.C. for multi-element inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometric (ICP) a n a l y s i s . D e t e c t i o n l i m i t s on t h e I C p a n a l y s e s were 0.01 mg/L f o r A l and K, 0.02 mg/L f o r Ca and Mg, and 0.10 f o r Na. 3
3
D.4 D a t a were a n a l y z e d (Ryan e t a l . 1981).
Statistics
u s i n g the D.5
MINITAB
statistical
package
Computing
Data a n a l y s i s and word processing were done at the B i o s c i e n c e s Data Center, U.B.C. on a VAX -11/750 running Berkeley UNIX 4.2. This t h e s i s was p r o d u c e d u s i n g FMT t e x t formatting software.
Bernard,
David
P. and M . C . Columbia: A i t a t i o n and Bellingham,
F e l l e r . 1982. P r e c i p i t a t i o n Chemistry i n B r i t i s h R e v i e w . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t Symp. o n A c i d i c P r e c i p D e p o s i t i o n : A Western P e r s p e c t i v e . June 2 4 - 2 6 . WA.
Bernard,
David
P. 1 9 8 1 . Acid P r e c i p i t a t i o n i n B r i t i s h Columbia. P r e s e n t e d t o House o f Commons S u b c o m m i t t e e o n A c i d R a i n . February 16. Calgary, Alberta
. 1979. Prime Farmland D i s t u r b a n c e from Coal Surface Mining i n the Corn B e l t , 1980-2000. Argonne N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y , Argonne, II. ANL/ES-70. 50 p . . 1979. The need f o r c o m p r e h e n s i v e a q u a t i c i m p a c t a n a l y s e s : The N o r t h C e n t r a l U n i t e d S t a t e s - - M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r t r a c e m e t a l c a s e study. In M . K . W a l i ( e d . ) . Ecology and Coal Resource Development. Vol. 1 Pergamon P r e s s , New Y o r k . pp. 378-385. . 1979. P r o j e c t e d acreage o f prime f a r m l a n d to be d i s t u r b e d by c o a l s u r f a c e m i n i n g i n t h e C o r n B e l t , 1 9 8 0 - 2 0 0 0 . i_n P r o c . P r i m e F a r m lands Reclamation Workshop, I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n . March 1 5 - 1 6 , 1979. Purdue U n i v . School E n g i n e e r i n g and T e c h n o l o g y , I n d i a n a p o l i s , pp. 135-141. . 1978. Release o f s e l e c t e d trace metals into aquatic ecosystems. J j _ _ A . J . D v o r a k e t a ! . An I n t e g r a t e d A s s e s s m e n t o f I n c r e a s e d C o a l Use i n t h e C e n t r a l R e g i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Argonne N a t i o n a l Laborat o r y , Argonne, I I . ANL/AA-15 p p . 4-1 t o 4 - 2 0 . B e r n a r d , David P. inter alios. 1978. Midwest Region. Argonne N a t i o n a l 844 p .
Regional E n e r g y - E n v i r o n m e n t Data Book: Laboratory, Argonne, I I . ANL/EES-TM-25
. 1974. Bioassay of four f o r m u l a t i o n s o f the mosquito D u r s b a n ® i n A l b e r t a s l o u g h s . C i t y o f Edmonton, E n v i r o . Edmonton, A l b e r t a .
larvicide Serv. Secti
