ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ASSESSMENT ON ...

Proceeding – 4th Kuala Lumpur International Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation Disember 12 – 13, 2016. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

ISBN 978-967-2072-01-0

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ASSESSMENT ON PROTECTED AREA (PA) IN MALAYSIA

Noor Hazmira Merous Economy and Strategic Analyses Pogramme Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Mohd. Parid Mamat, Social Forestry Programme Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Azreena A. K. Social Forestry Programme Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Norliyana A. Social Forestry Programme Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Malaysia as a country rich in biodiversity is very committed in PA management to ensure the sustainability of PA biodiversity and sustainability. Malaysia has 444 PAs covers 4.1 ha which is 11.1% of Malaysia total area. The management of PA is joint responsibility of federal, state and local government covering Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysia East (Sabah and Sarawak). This paper will discover the history of PAs establishment in Malaysia, PA management in Malaysia and review previous research projects in ecosystem services assessment on PA conducted in Malaysia to see on what extend the ecosystem services assessment research has been conducted over the PAs in Malaysia. Most of studies done were on provisioning services; forest goods regulating services; watershed, carbon stock and carbon sequestration and cultural services; recreation area. The methodology applied on those assessment and the results of the analyses will be further discussed. The topics of research were broad covering up the PAs’ community surrounding; income generated by indigenous people, the visitors’ willingness to conserve PA and value of various forest goods and services. The results indicate that, the economic value of the areas varies according to the subject of research conducted in pertinent PAs and type of PAs. PAs economic values are crucial to ensure the conservation and the management efficiency of PAs. A PA management index would be a great next step on PA management to ensure PAs sustainability and its ability to play a role as a source of income to the community surrounded consequently to Malaysia economy growth. Keywords: Protected area, ecosystem services, economic value

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INTRODUCTION Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) with total land area of 32,984,700 ha; Peninsular Malaysia with 13,100,000 ha land area (39.7%) and East Malaysia with 19,884,700 ha land area (60.3%). PA in Malaysia divided into two PAs which are Wildlife and Permanent Reserve Forest (PRF). Wildlife is for wildlife protection that includes biodiversity conservation (National Parks, State Parks, Wildlife Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Nature Reserves). Malaysia has four types of forest major functions; Production forest, Protection forest, Amenity forest and Research and education forest. (UNDP, 2012) Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or the entire enclosed environment. Sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded (United Nations Environment Program, UNEP) Malaysia has 444 PAs covering 4.1 million ha of Malaysia total area. Terrestrial PA is 10% and Marine PA1.1% of Malaysia size (NRE, 2013). Figure 1 to 4 shows PAs in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak and marine protected area. Figure 1. Protected area & land management classes in peninsular malaysia Adapted from United Nation Develoment Programme (UNDP)

Figure 2. Protected Area & Land Management Classes in Sabah Adapted from Sabah Forestry Department

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Mount Kinabalu Park Kota Kinabalu Sandakan

Sipitang

Semporna

Maliau Basin Lost World

Danum Valley

Tawau Hills Park

Figure 3. Protected Area & Land Management Classes in Sarawak Adapted from Sarawak Forestry Department

Figure 3. Marine protected area in Malaysia Adapted from UNEP

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First PA in Malaya (as Peninsular Malaysia was then known), the Chior Wildlife Reserve being gazette in 1903 in Perak State. In 1951 Malaysia involved in International Plant Protection Convention in Rome and many more enacted parks and related laws throughout the year. PAs’ ownership and management of PAs is direct joint responsibility of federal, state and local government. Table 1 shows the agencies responsible for PA management in Malaysia. National parks are under the jurisdiction of the federal government while various states, under the Malaysian constitution, have jurisdiction over land and forests. The management focuses are on planning and implementation programs for longterm conservation in reducing conflicts between human & the environment and to ensure optimum benefit to human, prosperity to the environment for the present & future generation. Table 1: agencies responsible for PA management in Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia Department of Fisheries Malaysia

Malaysian Nature Society

Department of Marine Park Malaysia

Perak State Park Corporation

Department of Wild Life and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia

State Government Secretary

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia

Johor National Parks Corporation

Local Authority Malaysia East Sabah Foundation

Sabah Parks

Sabah Forestry Department

Sabah Wildlife Department

Sarawak Forestry Department LITERATURE REVIEW Type of ecosystem services evaluation conducted in Malaysia PAs are provisioning services, regulating services and cultural services. Provisioning services includes the economic values of selected forest goods and services, regulating services includes the valuation of carbon stock and carbon sequestration, valuation of watershed services, economic benefit of REDD+ and conservation and wildlife value while cultural services valuing recreation and tourism of tropical forest parks past studies on ecosystem services and valuation method. Table 2 summarizes the type of ecosystem services assessment, the approach used and the method of study applied. A number of valuation techniques and studies of environmental goods and services have been developed over the years. Most of studies done were on provisioning services; forest goods that usually applied residual value technique with

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market-based approach. Regulating services that consists of watershed, Carbon stock and carbon sequestration were mostly analyzed using contingent valuation method, travel cost method (TCM), Choice Modeling (CM) and Market Evaluation Method applying stated preference approach. Cultural services for example recreation were also analyzed with TCM method applying revealed preference. These economic values are crucial to ensure the conservation of the area and for management efficiency. Table 2: Type of ecosystem services evaluation conducted in Malaysia PAs Ecosystem services assessment

Approach

Method of study

Forest goods : Timber, Rattan, Market-based Bamboo, Medicinal Plants & Wild fruit

Residual Value Technique

Marine Protected area

Dichotomous-choice valuation method (CVM)

Stated preference

contingent

Forest services: watershed, Carbon Market-based/ stock and carbon sequestration Stated preference

Contingent Valuation Method (CVM),

Recreation area

Travel cost method

Revealed preferences

Travel cost method, Choice Modelling (CM), Market Evaluation Method

ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS VALUATION IN MALAYSIA Previous valuation studies of protected areas in Malaysia conducted before indicated that, the economic value varies by sites and PA types. The valuation of PA sites, demonstrate the benefits of protecting the area for others, such as to the nearest local community, national income etc. Among the benefit of PA to income of indigenous people range from USD15 – USD 2714 per household as a study in Tasik Bera. The Willingness to pay (WTP) value for Nature Park (KS) range from RM62 – 120 per visitor per trip. The value of recreational and aesthetic benefits of PA creates a tremendous opportunity for the tourism industry. These findings proved that, tourism contributes immensely to the state and national economy. On average the protected area contributes approximately a quarter of household cash income and 40% of total production and consumption (Coad, L. et. al., 2008). In term of carbon sinks, study shows that the value worth RM2.06-25.96 million for Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve. Table show the summary of Economic Value of protected areas in Malaysia. Table 3: Value of ecosystem services in Malaysia PAs Year Assessment

of

State

Protected Area

Author

Value

Terengganu

Rantau Abang 1995 Turtle Conservation Area

Mohd. Shahw ahid RM3.65 mill. (1984-95) (19 95)

Redang Island 2005 Marine Park

Mohd Parid M. & WTP RM11.60 Lim H.F. RM16.87 ($5.23)


Yacob, M.R., The CL model results showed Radam, A. and significant and positive WTP of MPA attributes for ecological Shuib, A. management and employment opportunities for locals.

($3.59)

to

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Selangor

Sarawak

Pahang

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Mohd Parid M., WTP RM10.86 and RM28.69/ Lim H.F. & Woon visitor W. C.

Kuala Selangor 1995 Nature Park

Jamal (1997) (19 W TP RM62-120 per visitor per 95) trip (CVM)


Mohd. Shahwahid US476,252 (1987-2000) (19 95)


Rusmani (2001)

CS RM126 per visitor per visit (TCM) W TP RM15 per visitor (CVM)

Bako Park

National 1982

Chung (1982)

RM990,436/year (consumer surplus) No. of visitors 32,880

Lambir Park

National 1982

Chung (1982)

RM1,011,611/y surplus)

Niah Park

National 1982

Chung (1982)

RM851,761/year surplus)

US$15-2714/ household Mean:US$84/household -

ear

(consumer (consumer

Tasik Bera

1990

Anon (1995)

National Parks

1994

Ahmad (1994)

2000

Norlida and Jamal RM120 – RM280 per visitor per (2000) year

Johor

Mangrove 1999 Protection (Benut Mangrove Fore st)

Bann (1999)

Selangor

Ayer Hitam Forest 2008 Reserve

Norini H. Ismariah A.

Ayer Hitam Forest 2008 Reserve

Ismariah A.

Shuib RM6,530,044 (Total visitor expenditure in the park, including transportation cost)

RM1/household per RM151,000 per year

month

or

& value of five selected forest goods and services RM2.43 billion for the whole 1248 ha RM1.94 million per hectare Carbon sink RM2.06-25.96 million C sequestration ranged from RM 0.87 million to RM 1.45 million yr-1.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Biodiversity of PA underpins socio-economic wellbeing and conservation can bring large payoffs in development and poverty reduction. All of the above study on PA proved that, the economic value of the protected area is significant and income received from forestry related activities under PA system is important in eradicating poverty among local house. A PA management index would be a great next step on PA management to ensure PAs sustainability and its ability to play a role as a source of income to the community surrounded consequently to Malaysia economy growth.

REFERENCES Awang Noor A.G. (2006). Economic Valuation of Forest Ecosystem Services in Malaysia. [powerpoint slides].Retrieve from http://www.jst.go.jp/asts/asts_m/files/0311pdf/09_Seminar_ASTS_Penang_1014_March_2006_Awang_Noor.pdf Bann, C. (1999). A Contingent valuation of the mangroves of Benut, Johor State, Malaysia. Economy and Environment Programme for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA). Coad, L., Campbell, A., Miles, L., & Humphries, K. (2008). The costs and benefits of protected areas for local livelihoods: a review of the current literature. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. Ministry of Natural Reserve (2008). Malaysian parks newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.nre.gov.my/msmy/PustakaMedia/Penerbitan/Malaysian%20Park%20Newsletter%20July%202008.pdf Mohd Parid, M., Mohd Rusli, Y., Alias, R., Awang Noor, A. G., & Lim, H. F. (2013). Willingness to pay for protecting natural environments in Pulau Redang Marine Park, Malaysia. African Journal of Business Management, 7(25), 2420. Mohd Rusli, Y., Alias, R & Ahamad, S. (2009). A contingent valuation study of marine parks ecotourism: The case of Pulau Payar and Pulau Redang in Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(2), 95. Shammi, A. & Tai, S. Y. (2013). Economic valuation of marine protected areas: a review of studies in Southeast Asia. The international journal of Social scinces. Vol 13 (1). ISSN2305-4557 Yeo, B. H. (2004). The recreational benefits of coral reefs: A case study of Pulau Payar Marine Park, Kedah, Malaysia. Economic valuation and policy priorities for sustainable management of coral reefs, 108-117.

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