Effect of EGR on CI Engine Performance using Cotton

“National Conference on Trends in Mechanical Engineering (TIME-15), held at JNTUACE, Ananthapuramu, on 23rd September, 2015”

Effect of EGR on CI Engine Performance using Cotton seed oil with Diesel fuel 1

P.V.Ramana, 2 B. Umamaheswar Gowd,3 D.Maheswar

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Assoc.professor(Mech)-NallaMallaReddyEngineering colllege-(Research scholarJNTUA)-Hyderabad 2 Professor in mechanical Engineering-JNTU college of Engineering-Anantapuram 3 Principal –KeshavMemorial Institute of Technology-Narayanaguda-Hyderabad 1 [email protected],2 [email protected],in,[email protected] energy scenario now is heavily biased towards the usage of conventional energy sources such as petroleum Abstract- It is observed from the present trend the usage of products, coal, atomic energy etc, which are finite in petroleum products are increasing year to year as a result exhaust gas nature and are causing environmental pollution. Due to emissions also. To avoid faster depletion of fuel reserves controlling urbanization and increased transportation most of the of fuel consumption by using bio diesel is essential. So its available energy, u til izat i on is for meeting the experimental study given importance to know the engine performance and exhaust emissions to improve further by applying r equir emen t of urban and metropolitan cities. One side is latest technologies .Now a day’s worldwide alternative source of in cr easing the population and usage of mor e energy energy given more importance and conducting many experiments due to due to in crease of mor e vehicles and oth er sides faster depletion of fossil fuels reserves. Thus biodiesel derived in cr easing ur banization and in cr easing transportation fuels are preferred as alternative fuels for IC engines due to its of train s, busses and goods carr ying vehicles abundant availability, environmental fr i endl y and renewable con suming mor e petr oleum fuels and causing n at u r e. this present study given importance to covers the various aspects of biodiesels fuel derived from cottonseed oil. Cottonseed oil en vir onmental damage due to atmosph eric pollution is converted to cottonseed oil methyl esters by transesterification by th e engin e emission s. So importance is given to process This experimentation work carries usage of cotton seed oil con ser ve th e fossil fuels and contr olling the exhaust with different proportions with EGR and without EGR for finding emission s. Many researchers started adding a small best feasible way of alternative solution to minimize the consumption quantity of renewable oils in diesel and conducting of petroleum products and to control the exhaust emissions. experiments on performance to get best suitability importance given to conduct this experiment is one is to know the Performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific alternative to the diesel so that fuels reserves can last for fuel consumption (BSFC) and second is to know the emissions for several years .There are different types of Biodiesels are different EGR rates of the Engine like Emissions of hydrocarbons available such as Sunflower, Soya bean, Cottonseed, (HC), NOx, carbon monoxide (CO), exhaust gas temperature, and Linseed, Mahua, Jatropha, Pongamia, etc . The vegetable smoke opacity of the exhaust gas, etc. were measured. Another oils can be used in Diesel engines by various techniques reason motivating the development of alternate fuels for the IC such as fuel modifications by Transesterification, Diesel engine is concern over the emission problems of gasoline engines. Vegetable blends and Vegetable oil heating etc. The Many research reports are expressed NOx emission operated with p u r e diesel is less than the exhaust from biodiesel fuel. The aim present work was to investigate the per forman ce of the present investigation is to reduce NOx emission by using evolution of Cotton seed oil with Diesel. Experiments an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) with biodiesel as fuel so were carried out at constant speed1500 rpm and at different experiments are conducted on single cylinder, four stroke, water loads 1 KW, 2KW, 3KW with different blends B10, B20, cooled, direct injection, naturally aspirated diesel engine fitted B30 of cotton seed oil mixed with diesel oil with short loop EGR syste m with Diesel and biodiesel blends. An experimental investigations was carried out on C.I Various engine performance parameters such as thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption were calculated w i t h a n d Engine with Bio Diesel blends of cotton seed oil.The without EGR for both diesel and bi odies el bl ends engine used for the experiments was single cylinder Four a r e s t u d i e d from the obtained d a t a . Stroke water cooled, constant speed diesel engine .The blends Keywords: Bio-diesel, EGR, Performance, of various proportions of the cotton seed oil methyl esters Transesterification, Optimization, cottonseed oil (CSOME) with diesel were prepared, analyzed and compared (CSO), B10, B20, B30 with diesel fuel, and comparison was made to suggest the better option among the bio diesel. Various Tests have been I. INTRODUCTION carried out to examine performance of different blends (CSO10, CSO20, and CSO30) of cotton seed oil methyl Energy is key input for technological, industrial, social esters in comparison to diesel. The experimental results are and economical development of a nation. But present

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observed for both performances of diesel and biodiesel blends, results are compared and graphs are plotted. II. EXHAUST GAS RECIRC UL ATION (EGR)

EGR is an effective technique of reducing NOx emissions from the diesel engine exhaust. Controlling the NOx emissions primarily requires reduction of in-cylinder temperatures. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is effective technique to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) from diesel engine exhaust because it lowers the flame temperature and the oxygen concentration of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. EGR involves replacement of oxygen and nitrogen of fresh air entering in the combustion chamber with the carbon dioxide and vopours of water from the engine exhaust. The recirculation of part of exhaust gases into the engine intake air increases the specific heat capacity of the mixture and reduces the oxygen concentration of the intake mixture and lead to significant reduction in NOx emissions. However, the application of EGR results in reduction in NOx more fuel consumption and increases HC, CO, and particulate emissions along with slightly higher specific fuel consumption and Smoke emissions at high loads. Therefore, Engine operation with oxygenated fuel and EGR results in NOx reductions without deteriorating brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emission. hence there is a tradeoff between NOx and smoke emission. To get maximum benefit from this trade-off, a particulate trap may be used to reduce the amount of unburnt particulates in EGR, which in turn reduce the particulate emission also. Engine operation with oxygenated fuel and EGR results in NOx reductions without deteriorating brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions. EGR (%) is defined as the mass percent of the re-circulated exhaust (MEGR) in total intake mixture (M). The EGR rate was calculated based on mass flow rate (volumetric basis)

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However, mass of re-circulated exhaust gas was calculated based on difference in manometer column for consecutive revolution (position) of EGR valve. For respective EGR valve position decrease in difference in manometer column was observed compared to (without EGR) total intake charge suction. This decrease in column is nothing but mass of exhaust gas re-circulated during respective valve position. Therefore, this value of mass of exhaust gas re-circulated was determined. III. PRE P AR AT I ON O F B I OD I E S EL

Many oils can be used to produce Bio diesels. There is going on research into finding more suitable crops. A. Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Este r:

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Some of the ways of producing bio diesels are a. direct use /blending b. micro-emulsion c. pyrolysis d. transesterification a. Direct method: Directly cotton seed oil is used in diesel engine without any engine modifications .the main advantage of this method is complete accessibility and renewability. The direct use of cotton seed oil arises few problems in engine like injector choking, ring sticking, poor atomization and improper consumption due to high viscosity and density of bio fuels b. Micro emulsion: In micro emulsion colloidal dispersion of fluid microstructure (1-150µm) in solvent forming two immiscible phases takes place. c. paralysis’: Pyrolysis is the process of conversion of one substance in to another substance using heat. Catalyst is used to increase the rate of reaction low hydrocarbon are obtained as the product of pyrolysis of cotton seed oil that can be used as a fuel d. transesterification :The process of converting vegetable oil to biodiesel Fuel is called Transesterification. Chemically Transesterification means taking a triglyceride molecule or a complex fatty acid, neutralizing the free fatty acid, removing the glycerin and creating an alcohol ester. This is accomplished by mixing methanol with sodium hydroxide to make sodium methoxide. This liquid is then mixed into the vegetable oil. After the mixture has settled, glycerin is left on the bottom and methyl esters or bodies’ is left on top and is washed and filtered. The final product biodiesel Fuel when used directly in a diesel engine will burn up t o 75% cleaner than mineral oil Diesel fuel. B. other reasons to use biodiesel Mainly there are two reasons to mix biodiesel with petroleum based diesel. a) To run the engine at a lower temperature (13 °C) it should mix biodiesel with petroleum diesel. A 50:50 mixture will work for cold weather. Pure biodiesel with thicken and cloud at (13 °C). Which could clog the fuel line and it may stop the engine b)If the engine has natural rubber seals or hoses, in case to use a mixture of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel called (B20) ,it not cause any problem on rubber seals. Pure biodiesel can degrade natural rubber. C. bio diesel blending percentage In this experiment we have selected Cotton seed oil to produce the biodiesel and the engine was run for trail with 100 ml of cotton seed oil with 900 ml of diesel as one blend(B10) ,200 ml of cotton seed oil with 800 ml of diesel as second blend(B20) , 300 ml of cotton seed oil with 700 ml of diesel as a third blend (B30) and performances are recorded. B10 means 10% cotton seed oil mixed with 90% diesel, B20 means 20% cotton seed oil mixed with 80%

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diesel, B30 means 30% cotton seed oil mixed with 70% dieseL Table 1: prepared bio diesel blends Type

Biodiesel

B10

10% cso

90% diesel

diesel

100%

B20

20% cso

80% diesel

100%

B30

30% cso

70% diesel

100%

B50

50% cso

50% diesel

100%

B100

100% cso

0% diesel

100%

IV. EXPERIMENTAL ENGINE SETUP

Total

Fig: 2 shows EGR set to the Single cylinder Diesel Engine A.ENGINE SPECIFICATION

Fig: 1 pure diesel and prepared Bio dieses oils Bio diesel Stability is noticeably demised after 10days and the fuel may be unusable after 2 months. Temperature affects fuel stability in that excessive temperature may denature the fuel. D. properties comparison Table 2: properties comparison of bio-diesel blends with diesel Property

Diesel

CSO

C10

C20

C30

Heating value(kJ/kg)

42500

39648 42308

42116 41834

Carbon residue (% by weight) Density (g/cc)