The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 9, No. ... Faculty of Science, University of TunisYEl Manar, Tunisia. 3 ..... sALARY real. No. 4. Table 8. The state of the sALesMAN relation before sC2 (Part a) and after sC2 (Part b).
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO 1R1RYHPEHU
(IILFLHQW0DQDJHPHQWRI6FKHPD9HUVLRQLQJLQ 0XOWL7HPSRUDO'DWDEDVHV =RXKDLHU%UDKPLD0RKDPHG0NDRXDU6DOHP&KDNKDUDQG5DILN%RXD]L] )DFXOW\RI(FRQRPLF6FLHQFHVDQG0DQDJHPHQW8QLYHUVLW\RI6ID[7XQLVLD )DFXOW\RI6FLHQFH8QLYHUVLW\RI7XQLV(O0DQDU7XQLVLD /$06$'(/DERUDWRU\8QLYHUVLW\RI3DULV'DXSKLQH)UDQFH
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
x 6QDSVKRW '%V ZKLFK FRQWDLQ RQO\ VQDSVKRW UHODWLRQVDUHWUDGLWLRQDO'%V x 7UDQVDFWLRQ WLPH '%V ZKLFK FRQWDLQ RQO\ WUDQVDFWLRQ WLPH UHODWLRQV WLPHVWDPS WXSOHV ZLWK WKHLUWUDQVDFWLRQWLPHV WUDQVDFWLRQVWDUWWLPH 767 DQG WUDQVDFWLRQ HQG WLPH 7(7 &KDQJHV FDQ RQO\ DSSO\ WR WKH FXUUHQW WXSOHV SDVW GDWD FDQ QRW EH PRGLILHG DQG IXWXUH WXSOHV FDQ QRW EH LQWURGXFHG 7KHGRPDLQRI7(7LQFOXGHVWKHYDOXH³8&´ 8QWLO &KDQJH >@ DWXSOHWKDWKDV8&DVWKHYDOXHRILWV 7(7UHSUHVHQWVWKHFXUUHQWWXSOHRIDQHQWLW\ x 9DOLG WLPH '%V ZKLFK FRQWDLQ RQO\ YDOLG WLPH UHODWLRQV WLPHVWDPS WXSOHV ZLWK WKHLU YDOLG WLPHV 9DOLGLW\ 6WDUW 7LPH 967 DQG 9DOLGLW\ (QG 7LPH
9(7 6R LW LV SRVVLEOH WR VWRUH SDVW FXUUHQW DQG IXWXUH GDWD %XW DIWHU DQ\ GDWD FRUUHFWLRQ WKH HUURQHRXVYDOXHZLOOQRWEHUHWDLQHG7KHGRPDLQRI 9(7LQFOXGHVWKHYDOXH³1RZ´>@DWXSOHWKDWKDV QRZ DV WKH YDOXH RI LWV 9(7 UHSUHVHQWV WKH FXUUHQW WXSOHRIDQHQWLW\XQWLOVRPHFKDQJHVRFFXU x %LWHPSRUDO '%V ZKLFK FRQWDLQ RQO\ ELWHPSRUDO UHODWLRQVXVHERWKWUDQVDFWLRQWLPHDQGYDOLGWLPHWR WLPHVWDPSWXSOHV $ '% ZKLFK FRQWDLQV UHODWLRQV RI GLIIHUHQW IRUPDWV 6177WLPH97DQG%7 LVFDOOHGDPXOWLWHPSRUDO '%>@ ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH FRQVLGHU PXOWLWHPSRUDO UHODWLRQDO '%V7KLVLVMXVWLILHGDVIROORZV x 7KH FKRLFH RI WKH PXOWLWHPSRUDO HQYLURQPHQW LV GXH WR RXU DLP WR VWXG\ DOO FDVHV RI VFKHPD HYROXWLRQLQFOXGLQJIRUPDWFKDQJHV HJPLJUDWLRQ IURP61WR%7IRUPDW x 7KH FKRLFH RI WKH UHODWLRQDO HQYLURQPHQW LV GXH WR RXU DLP WR HVWDEOLVK IRXQGDWLRQV RI VFKHPD YHUVLRQLQJ IRU WHPSRUDO '%V WKURXJK D ZHOO IRXQGHGGDWDPRGHO LHUHODWLRQDOPRGHO :HZLOO SURFHHGODWHUWRWKHUHYLVLRQDQGWRWKHH[WHQVLRQRI RXU DSSURDFK WR PDNH LW DSSOLFDEOH LQ DQ REMHFW RULHQWHGRUDQ;0/HQYLURQPHQW
6FKHPD9HUVLRQLQJ 6FKHPD(YROXWLRQ9HUVXV6FKHPD9HUVLRQLQJ ,Q'%VVFKHPDVDUHDOVRVXEMHFWWRFKDQJH7KHUHDUH
(IILFLHQW0DQDJHPHQWRI6FKHPD9HUVLRQLQJLQ0XOWL7HPSRUDO'DWDEDVHV
WZRWHFKQLTXHV> @WRPDQDJHWKLVFKDQJH x 6FKHPD (YROXWLRQ :KLFK LV SURYLGHG E\ D V\VWHP WKDW DOORZV UHFRYHU\ RI SUHYLRXV H[WHQVLRQDO GDWD DIWHU HDFK VFKHPD FKDQJH H[FHSW GDWD RI GURSSHG FROXPQV2QO\WKHODVWVFKHPDYHUVLRQLVNHSW x 6FKHPD9HUVLRQLQJ :KLFKLVSURYLGHGE\DV\VWHP WKDW DOORZV ERWK PDLQWHQDQFH RI H[WHQVLRQDO GDWD DQG PDQDJHPHQW RI SUHYLRXV VFKHPD DIWHU DQ\ VFKHPD FKDQJHV ,W RIIHUV IDFLOLWLHV ZKLFK VXEVXPH WKRVHRI³6FKHPDHYROXWLRQ´ %HIRUHJRLQJIDUWKHUZHQHHGWRGHILQHWKHFRQFHSWRI VFKHPDYHUVLRQRIDUHODWLRQ x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³$´ IURP D VFKHPD ³6´ 9DOXHV RI ³$´ FDQ QRW EH UHWULHYHG DIWHU GRLQJ WKLV RSHUDWLRQ LI WKH'%06GRHVQRWNHHSWUDFNRIWKHVFKHPD³6´DQG DOOWXSOHVGHILQHGXQGHU³6´6RWKH'%06KDVWRNHHS WUDFN RI ERWK VFKHPD DQG GDWD HYROXWLRQ WKURXJK VFKHPDDQGGDWDYHUVLRQVUHVSHFWLYHO\ ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH GHDO ZLWK VFKHPD YHUVLRQLQJ LQ PXOWLWHPSRUDO UHODWLRQDO '%V VFKHPD FKDQJH RSHUDWLRQVDQGWKHLUHIIHFWRQWKHXQGHUO\LQJGDWD :H SURSRVHDQDSSURDFKIRUVFKHPDYHUVLRQLQJWKDWDYRLGV WKH WKUHH IROORZLQJ SUREOHPV ZKLFK DULVH ZKHQ WKH '%06GRHVQRWVXSSRUWVFKHPDYHUVLRQLQJ x 3UREOHP ([LVWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV ZULWWHQ EHIRUH D VFKHPDFKDQJHFDQQRWZRUNDIWHUWKLVFKDQJHZKHQ WKH VFKHPD LV EHLQJ XSGDWHG LQ D GHVWUXFWLYH
PDQQHU 7R EH RSHUDWLRQDO WKH\ PXVW EH UHZULWWHQ DQG UHFRPSLOHG DIWHU VXFK D VFKHPD FKDQJH HJ GURS RI FROXPQV RU UHODWLRQV VLQFH WKHVH DSSOLFDWLRQVZHUHFRPSLOHGDJDLQVWWKLVVFKHPD x 3UREOHP 3RVVLEOH DPELJXLW\ FDQ RFFXU IRU WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQVRIWXSOHVDIWHU DVFKHPDFKDQJHWKDWPRGLILHVWKHIRUPDW ³+RZWR LQWHUSUHW WKH YDOLG WLPHV RI WXSOHV GHILQHG XQGHU D VQDSVKRW UHODWLRQ ZKHQ WKH '% DGPLQLVWUDWRU FKDQJHVLWVIRUPDWWREHDELWHPSRUDORQH"´ x 3UREOHP /RVVRIGDWDFDQRFFXUDIWHUGURSSLQJD UHODWLRQ RU DIWHU D VFKHPD FKDQJH ZKLFK GURSV RU PRGLILHVGRPDLQVRIVRPHDWWULEXWHVRIDUHODWLRQ
6WUXFWXUHRIWKH3DSHU 7KHUHVWRIWKHSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV6HFWLRQ LQWURGXFHV EDVLF IHDWXUHV RI RXU DSSURDFK IRU VFKHPD YHUVLRQLQJLQPXOWLWHPSRUDOUHODWLRQDO'%V6HFWLRQ SUHVHQWV RXU WHFKQLTXH IRU PXOWLWHPSRUDO '%V FRQYHUVLRQ ZKHQ WKHLU VFKHPDV HYROYH 6HFWLRQ LOOXVWUDWHV RXU DSSURDFK E\ DQ H[DPSOH 6HFWLRQ LV GHYRWHG WR D EULHI UHYLHZ RI UHODWHG ZRUNV DQG WR WKH GLVFXVVLRQ RI RXU DSSURDFK LQ VXFK D FRQWH[W )LQDOO\ FRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHIRXQGLQVHFWLRQ
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x 9NB5 .$ .$ « .$Q 1.$ 1.$ « 1.$P LI LWV IRUPDW LV VQDSVKRW WKLV WDEOH VWRUHV RQO\FXUUHQWWXSOHV x 9NB5 .$ .$ « .$Q 767 7(7 1.$ 1.$«1.$P LILWVIRUPDWLVWUDQVDFWLRQWLPH WKLVWDEOHVWRUHVSDVWDQGFXUUHQWWXSOHV x 9NB5 .$ .$ « .$Q 967 9(7 1.$ 1.$ « 1.$P LI LWV IRUPDW LV YDOLG WLPH WKLV WDEOHVWRUHVSDVWFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUHWXSOHV
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO 1R1RYHPEHU
x 9NB5 .$ .$ « .$Q 967 9(7 767 7(7 1.$ 1.$ « 1.$P LI LWV IRUPDW LV EL WHPSRUDO LWVWRUHVSDVWFXUUHQWDQGIXWXUHWXSOHV 1RWLFHWKDWWKH'%06FUHDWHV9NB5DXWRPDWLFDOO\DQG ZLWKRXWDQ\WXSOHDWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQWLPHRIWKHVFKHPD YHUVLRQQXPEHUNRI5 7RVWRUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVFKHPDRIUHODWLRQVDQG WR EH DEOH WR PDLQWDLQ KLVWRU\ RI VFKHPD FKDQJHV ZH SURSRVHWKHFDWDORJXHVSUHVHQWHGEHORZ$PRQJDOOWKH UHODWLRQDO V\VWHP FDWDORJXHV ZH SUHVHQW RQO\ WKH WZR FDWDORJXHVGHVFULELQJWKHUHODWLRQVDQGWKHLUDWWULEXWHV VLQFH WKH\ DUH WKRVH PRVWO\ LQYROYHG LQ VFKHPD YHUVLRQLQJ 5HODWLRQ 5HODWLRQB1DPH6FKHPDB9HUVLRQB1XPEHU 6FKHPDB9HUVLRQB)RUPDW$SSOLFDWLRQB6WDUWB7LPH $SSOLFDWLRQB(QGB7LPH6FKHPDB9HUVLRQB6WDWH
7KLVFDWDORJXHNHHSVIRUHDFKUHODWLRQLWVQDPHDQGIRU HDFK VFKHPD YHUVLRQ RI WKLV UHODWLRQ LWV QXPEHU LWV IRUPDW LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ VWDUW WLPH LH WKH WLPH IURP
ZKLFK WKLV VFKHPD YHUVLRQ LV DSSOLHG LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ HQGWLPH LHWKHWLPHIURPZKLFKWKLVVFKHPDYHUVLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG DV D SDVW RQH DQG LWV VWDWH 3DVW (UURQHRXVRU&XUUHQW $WWULEXWH 5HODWLRQB1DPH6FKHPDB9HUVLRQB1XPEHU $WWULEXWHB1DPH'RPDLQ.H\ $WWULEXWHB2UGHUB1XPEHU
7KLV FDWDORJXH VWRUHV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW DWWULEXWHV RI UHODWLRQV XQGHU WKHLU GLIIHUHQW VFKHPD YHUVLRQV ,W NHHSVIRUHDFKDWWULEXWHWKHQDPHRIWKHUHODWLRQDQG WKHQXPEHURIWKHVFKHPDYHUVLRQWRZKLFKLWEHORQJV LWVQDPHLWVGRPDLQ VWULQJLQWHJHUUHDO« LILWLVSDUW RIWKHSULPDU\NH\DQGLWVRUGHUQXPEHULQWKLVVFKHPD YHUVLRQ 7KH V\QRSWLF GLDJUDP RI 9(56,26 LV GHSLFWHG LQ )LJXUH :KHQ UHFHLYLQJ DQ RUGHU IURP WKH '% DGPLQLVWUDWRUDERXWFKDQJLQJWKHVFKHPDRIDUHODWLRQ 9(56,26 FUHDWHV D QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ RI WKLV UHODWLRQDQGXSGDWHVWKHFDWDORJXHV
)LJXUH6\QRSWLFGLDJUDPRI9(56,26
6FKHPD&KDQJH2SHUDWLRQV :H KDYH GHILQHG WKUHH FDWHJRULHV RI VFKHPD FKDQJH RSHUDWLRQV >@ WKDW ZH FRQVLGHU WKH PRVW XVHIXO IRU DSSOLFDWLRQVXVLQJPXOWLWHPSRUDOUHODWLRQDO'%V x 2SHUDWLRQV$FWLQJRQD5HODWLRQ &UHDWLRQGHOHWLRQ UHQDPLQJ RU FKDQJH RI WKH IRUPDW RI D UHODWLRQ DFWLYDWLQJDGHOHWHGUHODWLRQ x 2SHUDWLRQV $FWLQJ RQ DQ $WWULEXWH RI D 5HODWLRQ $GGLWLRQ GHOHWLRQ UHQDPLQJ RU FKDQJH RI WKH GRPDLQ RI DQ DWWULEXWH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI DQ DWWULEXWHLQWRDUHODWLRQ LHUHLILFDWLRQ x 2SHUDWLRQV $FWLQJ RQ 0RUH WKDQ RQH 5HODWLRQ DW D 7LPH )XVLRQ RI PDQ\ UHODWLRQV LQWR D VLQJOH QHZ UHODWLRQ VSOLWWLQJDUHODWLRQLQWRVHYHUDOUHODWLRQV 6LQFHRXUSXUSRVHLQWKLVSDSHULVWRGHVFULEHORJLFDO VROXWLRQV IRU VFKHPD YHUVLRQLQJ ZH OLPLW WKH GLVFXVVLRQ WR D VXEVHW RI FKDQJHV DSSOLHG WR D VLQJOH UHODWLRQDQGWKHLUDWWULEXWHVFKDQJHVWKDWZHMXGJHWKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW IRU DSSOLFDWLRQV :H VWXG\ LQ SDUWLFXODU DOO WKH FDVHV ZKLFK LPSO\ DQ LQFUHDVH VKRZ LQ 7DEOH RU D GHFUHDVH VKRZ LQ 7DEOH RI WKH WHPSRUDO GLPHQVLRQ RI D UHODWLRQ ZKHQ LWV IRUPDW FKDQJHV
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
)RUPDWRIWKH1HZ6FKHPD 9HUVLRQ
61
7797%7
77
97%7
97
77%7
7DEOH&DVHVRIGHFUHDVHRIWKHWHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQ
)RUPDWRIWKH/DVW6FKHPD 9HUVLRQ
)RUPDWRIWKH1HZ6FKHPD 9HUVLRQ
%7
617797
77
61
97
61
(IILFLHQW0DQDJHPHQWRI6FKHPD9HUVLRQLQJLQ0XOWL7HPSRUDO'DWDEDVHV
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³DSSOLFDWLRQ WLPH´ (DFK VFKHPD YHUVLRQ LV WLPHVWDPSHG ZLWK DQ DSSOLFDWLRQ VWDUW WLPH DQG DQ DSSOLFDWLRQHQGWLPHZKLFKDUHGHILQHGEHORZ x 'HILQLWLRQ 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQVWDUWWLPHRIDVFKHPD YHUVLRQRIDUHODWLRQ5LVWKHLQVWDQWIL[HGE\WKH'% DGPLQLVWUDWRU WR DSSO\ WKLV VFKHPD YHUVLRQ )URP WKDWLQVWDQWWKLVVFKHPDYHUVLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGWREH WKHFXUUHQWVFKHPDYHUVLRQIRU5 x 'HILQLWLRQ 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQHQGWLPHRIDVFKHPD YHUVLRQRIDUHODWLRQ5LVWKHLQVWDQWIL[HGE\WKH'% DGPLQLVWUDWRUWRPDNHHQGWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKLV VFKHPD YHUVLRQ )URP WKDW LQVWDQW WKLV VFKHPD YHUVLRQ LV QR ORQJHU WKH FXUUHQW RQH DQG LV FRQVLGHUHGWREHDSDVWVFKHPDYHUVLRQRI5
7KHFRQVWUDLQWVWKDWZHKDYHSXWRQYDOLGWLPHD[LVWR KDYH WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ WLPH IRU VFKHPD YHUVLRQLQJ DUH GHVFULEHGLQWKHIROORZLQJ x 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI D QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ RI D UHODWLRQZLWKSURDFWLYHHIIHFWLVQRWDXWKRUL]HG x 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI D QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ RI D UHODWLRQ ZLWK UHWURDFWLYH HIIHFW LV DXWKRUL]HG RQO\ DQGRQO\LILWLVGRQHZLWKWKHVHWDVNV x 3UHYLRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQV ZKLFK DUH FRPSOHWHO\ RYHUODSSHGE\WKHDSSOLFDWLRQWLPHLQWHUYDORIWKH QHZVFKHPDYHUVLRQDUHQRWGHOHWHGEXWWKH\DUH NHSW ZLWK WKHLU XQGHUO\LQJ GDWD ZLWKRXW DQ\ FKDQJH2QO\VWDWHVRIWKHVHVFKHPDYHUVLRQVDUH FKDQJHG IURP ³3DVW´ WR ³(UURQHRXV´ LQ WKH FDWDORJXHV x 3UHYLRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQV ZKLFK DUH SDUWLDOO\ RYHUODSSHGE\WKHDSSOLFDWLRQWLPHLQWHUYDORIWKH QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ KDYH WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ WLPH LQWHUYDOVDFFRUGLQJO\UHVWULFWHG x $OOSURJUDPVWKDWZHUHH[HFXWHGXVLQJHUURQHRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQV DQG WKXV WKH\ KDYH SURGXFHG HUURQHRXV UHVXOWV PXVW EH FRPSLOHG DQG SHUIRUPHG DJDLQ ZLWK WKH QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ 7R GR WKLV WKH '%06 PXVW NHHS WUDFN RI DOO SURJUDP H[HFXWLRQV DQG GDWD WKDW KDYH EHHQ PDQLSXODWHGE\WKHVHSURJUDPV 7KXV LQ RXU DSSURDFK VFKHPD YHUVLRQV RI D UHODWLRQ DUH VXFFHVVLYH LQ WLPH 7KHUH DUH QHLWKHU SDUDOOHO QRU PHUJLQJVFKHPDYHUVLRQV
$6PRRWK&RQYHUVLRQRI0XOWL7HPSRUDO '%VZKHQ6FKHPD(YROYH ,QRUGHUWRJXDUDQWHHDFRUUHFWHYROXWLRQRIVFKHPDDQG WKHLU XQGHUO\LQJ GDWD ZH GHILQH ILYH UXOHV >@ WKDW DOORZ D VPRRWK FRQYHUVLRQ LH FRQYHUVLRQ ZLWKRXW SUREOHPVDQGHUURUV RIWKH'%ZKHQVFKHPDHYROYHV :HZLOOLOOXVWUDWHWKHVHUXOHVE\DQH[DPSOHRIVFKHPD HYROXWLRQ x 5XOH $WWKH DSSOLFDWLRQ WLPH RI WKH QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ 9L RI D UHODWLRQ 5 WKH '%06 PXVW QRW FKDQJHVWUXFWXUHVRISUHYLRXVVFKHPDYHUVLRQVRI5 6XFK D FKDQJH KDV WR EH IRUELGGHQ LQ RUGHU WR JXDUDQWHH WKDW H[LVWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV FRQWLQXH WR EH RSHUDWLRQDODIWHUHYHU\VFKHPDHYROXWLRQ x 5XOH $WWKH DSSOLFDWLRQ WLPH RI WKH QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ9LRIDUHODWLRQ5WKH'%06PXVWQRWGR DQ\ DXWRPDWLF PLJUDWLRQ RI GDWD IURP WDEOHV RI SUHYLRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQV RI 5 WR WKH WDEOH V RI 9L 6XFK D WUDQVIHU RI GDWD KDV WR EH IRUELGGHQ VLQFH LW FDQ OHDG WR ORVV RI GDWD ZKHQ WKH QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ GRHV QRW FRQWDLQ VRPH DWWULEXWHV EHORQJLQJWRWKHSUHYLRXVVFKHPDYHUVLRQ x 5XOH $WWKH DSSOLFDWLRQ WLPH RI WKH QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ9LRIDUHODWLRQ5LIWKLVYHUVLRQFKDQJHV
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO 1R1RYHPEHU
WKH IRUPDW RI WKH SUHYLRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQ 9L ZLWK DQLQFUHDVHRIWKHWHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQVHH7DEOH WKH '%06 KDV WR FRQYHUW WKH IRUPDW RI HYHU\ SUHYLRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQ 9N N L RI 5 ZKLFK LVORZHUWKDQWKHIRUPDWRI9LWRDQHZIRUPDWDV PHQWLRQHGLQ7DEOH 7DEOH1HZIRUPDWVRISUHYLRXVVFKHPDYHUVLRQVDIWHULQFUHDVLQJ WKHWHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQ
)RUPDWRI9HUVLRQ9N N L )RUPDWRI 9HUVLRQ9L %HIRUH&RQYHUVLRQ $IWHU&RQYHUVLRQ 7761 7UDQVDFWLRQWLPHRULJLQDWLQJIURP 77 61 VQDSVKRW 97 61 9761 9DOLGWLPHRULJLQDWLQJIURPVQDSVKRW %7 61 %761 %LWHPSRUDORULJLQDWLQJIURPVQDSVKRW 97%7 7761 77%7 9761 %777 %LWHPSRUDORULJLQDWLQJIURP 97%7 77 WUDQVDFWLRQWLPH %797 %LWHPSRUDORULJLQDWLQJIURPYDOLG 77%7 97 WLPH
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x 5XOH $WWKHDSSOLFDWLRQWLPHRIWKHQHZVFKHPD YHUVLRQ 9L RI D UHODWLRQ 5 ZLWK LQFUHDVH RI WKH WHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQVXFKWKDW9LKDVD97RUD%7 IRUPDWWKH'%06PXVWDGGDYDOLGWLPHLQWHUYDOWR WKH WDEOH RI HDFK SUHYLRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQ RI 5 KDYLQJ D 77 D 7761 RU D 61 IRUPDW 7KHQ WKH '%06 PXVW DVVLJQ 967 DQG 9(7 YDOXHV WR HDFK WXSOHGHILQHGXQGHUWKHVHSUHYLRXVVFKHPDYHUVLRQV DVSUHVHQWHGEHORZ )RU HDFK FXUUHQW WXSOH WKH YDOLG WLPH LQWHUYDO LV GHILQHGDVIROORZV D 7KH967WDNHVRQHRIWKHWZRIROORZLQJYDOXHV x 7KH YDOXH RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ VWDUW WLPH RI WKH QHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ 9L ZKHQ WKLV WXSOH LV
GHILQHG XQGHU D SUHYLRXV 61 FRQYHUWHG WR 9761RUWR%761 VFKHPDYHUVLRQ x 7KH YDOXH RI WKH WUDQVDFWLRQ VWDUW WLPH RI WKLV WXSOHZKHQWKLVWXSOHZDVGHILQHGXQGHUD77 FRQYHUWHG WR %777 RU D 7761 FRQYHUWHG WR %761 VFKHPDYHUVLRQ E 7KH 9(7 WDNHV WKH YDOXH ³1RZ´ >@ PHDQLQJ WKDW LW LQFUHDVHV ZLWK WLPH XQWLO VRPH FKDQJHV RFFXU )RU HDFK SDVW WXSOH ZKLFK ZDV QHFHVVDULO\ GHILQHG XQGHU D 77 RU D 7761 VFKHPD YHUVLRQ 967 DQG 9(7 DWWULEXWHV WDNH UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH YDOXH RI WKH 767DWWULEXWHDQGWKHYDOXHRIWKH7(7DWWULEXWHRI WKLVWXSOH x 5XOH $WWKHDSSOLFDWLRQWLPHRIWKHQHZVFKHPD YHUVLRQ 9L RI D UHODWLRQ 5 ZLWK LQFUHDVH RI WKH WHPSRUDOGLPHQVLRQVXFKWKDW9LKDVD77RUD%7 IRUPDW WKH '%06 PXVW DGG D WUDQVDFWLRQ WLPH LQWHUYDOWRWKHWDEOHRIHDFKSUHYLRXVVFKHPDYHUVLRQ RI5KDYLQJD97D9761RUD61IRUPDW7KHQWKH '%06 PXVW DVVLJQ 767 DQG 7(7 YDOXHV WR HDFK WXSOHGHILQHGXQGHUWKHVHSUHYLRXVVFKHPDYHUVLRQV DVIROORZV )RUHDFKFXUUHQWWXSOHWKH7(7DWWULEXWHWDNHVWKH YDOXH³8&´>@DQGWKH767DWWULEXWHWDNHVRQHRI WKHWZRIROORZLQJYDOXHV x 7KHYDOXHRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVWDUWWLPHRIWKHQHZ VFKHPD YHUVLRQ 9L ZKHQ WKLV WXSOH LV GHILQHG XQGHUDQ\SUHYLRXV61 FRQYHUWHGWR7761RUWR %761 VFKHPDYHUVLRQ9N x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³YDOLG EHIRUH WKH GDWH G´ RU ³KDYLQJ DQ DSSUR[LPDWH YDOLG WLPH LQWHUYDO ,´ UHVSHFWLYHO\ ³LQVHUWHG LQ WKH '%
(IILFLHQW0DQDJHPHQWRI6FKHPD9HUVLRQLQJLQ0XOWL7HPSRUDO'DWDEDVHV
EHIRUH WKH GDWH W´ RU ³KDYLQJ DQ DSSUR[LPDWH WUDQVDFWLRQWLPHLQWHUYDO7´ 1RWLFHWKDW
IURP 6$/(60$1 D QHZ DWWULEXWH 3+21( LV DGGHG WR 6$/(60$1 DQG WKH IRUPDW RI 6$/(60$1 LV FKDQJHG WR EHFRPH WUDQVDFWLRQ WLPH x 6& 2Q D QHZ DWWULEXWH %2186 LV DGGHG WR 6$/(60$1 DQG WKH IRUPDW RI 6$/(60$1LVFKDQJHGWREHFRPHELWHPSRUDO
x (QG XVHUV ZLOO EH DEOH WR SURYLGH H[DFW YDOXHV IRU 967DQG9(7DWWULEXWHVLISRVVLEOH x 7KH DGGLWLRQ RI 967 DQG 9(7 DWWULEXWHV UHVSHFWLYHO\RI767DQG7(7DWWULEXWHV WRWDEOHVRI SUHYLRXV VFKHPD YHUVLRQV GRHV QRW UDLVH DQ\ SUREOHPIRUH[LVWLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVXVLQJWKHVHWDEOHV
7DEOHV DQG VKRZ UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH VWDWH RI WKH 6$/(60$1 UHODWLRQ DQG WKH '% FDWDORJXHV RQ DIWHUH[HFXWLRQRI6& 6XSSRVH WKDW ZH KDYH PDQLSXODWHG VRPH WXSOHV XQGHU WKH WDEOH 9B6$/(60$1 7DEOH VKRZV WKH VWDWH RI WKH 6$/(60$1 UHODWLRQ EHIRUH DQG DIWHU H[HFXWLRQ RI 6& 7DEOH VKRZV WKH VWDWH RI WKH '% FDWDORJXHVDIWHUH[HFXWLRQRI6&
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
KDGXVHGHUURQHRXVGDWDIRUH[DPSOHDQGWRUHGUHVVWKH HIIHFWVRIXVLQJWKHVHHUURQHRXVGDWD
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH DQRQ\PRXV UHYLHZHUVIRUWKHLUYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWVDQGVXJJHVWLRQV RQ WKH HDUOLHU YHUVLRQ RI WKH SDSHU ZKLFK KHOSHG WR LPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHSDSHU
5HIHUHQFHV >@ %RXD]L] 5 DQG %UDKPLD = ³*HVWLRQ 'HV 'RQQpHV 7HPSRUHOOHV 'DQV 8Q (QYLURQQHPHQW 0XOWLYHUVLRQ'H6FKpPDV´7HFKQLTXHHW6FLHQFH ,QIRUPDWLTXHVYROQRSS >@ %UDKPLD=DQG%RXD]L]5³,QWHUDFWLRQ9LVXHOOH 3RXU /¶LQWHUURJDWLRQ 'HV %DVHV 'H 'RQQpHV 7HPSRUHOOHV 0XOWL9HUVLRQV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI VW ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHPV DQG (FRQRPLF ,QWHOOLJHQFH7XQLVLD SS >@ %UDKPLD = %RXD]L] 5 DQG &KDNKDU 6 ³*HVWLRQ'H/¶pYROXWLRQ'HV6FKpPDV'DQV/HV %DVHV 'H 'RQQpHV 0XOWL7HPSRUHOOHV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %XVLQHVV ,QIRUPDWLRQ 0DQDJHPHQW $VVRFLDWLRQ &RQIHUHQFH7XUNH\SS >@ %UHWO 5 0DLHU ' 2WLV $ 3HQQH\ ' 6FKXFKDUGW % 6WHLQ - :LOOLDPV ( DQG :LOOLDPV0³7KH*HPVWRQH'DWD0DQDJHPHQW 6\VWHP´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG &RQFHSWV'DWDEDVHVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQVSS >@ &XULQR & 0RRQ + 7DQFD / DQG =DQLROR & ³6FKHPD(YROXWLRQLQ:LNLSHGLD 7RZDUGD:HE ,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP%HQFKPDUN´LQ3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ (QWHUSULVH ,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV6SDLQSS >@ &XULQR & 0RRQ + +DP 0 DQG =DQLROR & ³7KH 35,60 :RUNZHQFK 'DWDEDVH 6FKHPD (YROXWLRQZLWKRXW7HDUV´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 'DWD (QJLQHHULQJ &KLQDSS >@ 'H&DVWUR&*UDQGL)DQG6FDODV0³6FKHPD 9HUVLRQLQJ IRU 0XOWLWHPSRUDO 5HODWLRQDO 'DWDEDVHV´ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHPV YRO QR SS >@ 'H9ULHV ' DQG 5RGGLFN - ³7KH &DVH IRU 0HVRGDWD $Q (PSLULFDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI DQ (YROYLQJ 'DWDEDVH 6\VWHP´ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 6RIWZDUH7HFKQRORJ\YRO QR SS > @ (W]LRQ 2 -DMRGLD 6 DQG 6ULSDGD 6 7HPSRUDO 'DWDEDVHV 5HVHDUFK DQG 3UDFWLFH 6SULQJHU 9HUODJ >@ )HUUDQGLQD)0H\HU7=LFDUL5)HUUDQ*DQG 0DGHF-³'DWDEDVH(YROXWLRQLQWKH22EMHFW
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO 1R1RYHPEHU
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
>@
> @
>@
>@
>@
>@
'DWDEDVH 6\VWHP´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 9HU\ /DUJH 'DWD %DVHV6ZLW]HUODQGSS *DODQWH 5 'RV6DQWRV & (GHOZHLVV 1 DQG 0RUHLUD$³7HPSRUDODQG9HUVLRQLQJ0RGHOIRU 6FKHPD (YROXWLRQ LQ 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 'DWDEDVHV´ 'DWD DQG .QRZOHGJH (QJLQHHULQJ YROQRSS *UDQGL ) DQG 0DQGUHROL ) ³$ )RUPDO 0RGHO IRU 7HPSRUDO 6FKHPD 9HUVLRQLQJ LQ 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 'DWDEDVHV´ 'DWD DQG .QRZOHGJH (QJLQHHULQJYROQRSS *UDQGL)³690JU $7RROIRUWKH0DQDJHPHQW RI 6FKHPD 9HUVLRQLQJ´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI UG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFHSWXDO 0RGHOLQJ&KLQDSS -HQVHQ & DQG 6QRGJUDVV 5 ³7HPSRUDO 'DWDEDVH´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI (QF\FORSHGLD RI 'DWDEDVH 6\VWHPV &RSHQKDJHQ SS .LP : DQG &KRX + ³9HUVLRQV RI 6FKHPD IRU 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 'DWDEDVHV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 9HU\ /DUJH 'DWD%DVHV&DOLIRUQLDSS /DXWHPDQQ 6 ³6FKHPD 9HUVLRQLQJ LQ 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 'DWDEDVH 6\VWHPV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 'DWDEDVH 6\VWHPV IRU $GYDQFHG $SSOLFDWLRQV $XVWUDOLD SS 0RRQ + &XULQR & DQG =DQLROR & ³6FDODEOH $UFKLWHFWXUH DQG 4XHU\ 2SWLPL]DWLRQ IRU 7UDQVDFWLRQ7LPH'%VZLWK(YROYLQJ6FKHPDV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI $&0 6,*02' ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0DQDJHPHQW RI 'DWD 86$ SS 5DKLP 0 .XUPLQ 1 :DKLG 0 DQG 'DPDQ '³(TXL-RLQ7DEOH2SWLPL]DWLRQ7HFKQLTXHIRU 7HPSRUDO'DWD´7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDO RI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\YROQRSS 5RGGLFN - ³$ 6XUYH\ RI 6FKHPD 9HUVLRQLQJ ,VVXHV IRU 'DWDEDVH 6\VWHPV´ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 6RIWZDUH7HFKQRORJ\YROQRSS 5RGGLFN - ³6FKHPD 9HUVLRQLQJ´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI (QF\FORSHGLD RI 'DWDEDVH 6\VWHPVSS 6MREHUJ ' ³4XDQWLI\LQJ 6FKHPD (YROXWLRQ´ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 6RIWZDUH 7HFKQRORJ\ YRO QRSS 7RUS.-HQVHQ&DQG6QRGJUDVV5³(IIHFWLYH 7LPHVWDPSLQJLQ'DWDEDVHV´7KH9/'%-RXUQDO YROQRSS 7UNHU & ³6FKHPD (YROXWLRQ LQ 64/ DQG &RPPHUFLDO 2EMHFW5HODWLRQDO '%06´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RUNVKRS RQ )RXQGDWLRQVRI0RGHOVDQG/DQJXDJHVIRU'DWD DQG2EMHFWV*HUPDQ\SS
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p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
