actuators are sensors power gnd, fuses ... Saturn Vue. Ford Escape ... of
Production-Intent. PHEV Programs. PHEV Development Timeline. 2006. 2010.
2012 .... However, need of non-confidential IC models (black box models).
Models – What ...
Veículos Elétricos e Híbridos Dr. Wanderlei Marinho da Silva BNDES – 12 Maio de 2010 Rio de Janeiro
Overview
2
What is a Hybrid? … something (as a power plant, vehicle, or electronic circuit) that has two different types of components performing essentially the same function. (Your dictionary, 2001)
3
Where we can find Hybrid Philosophy?
And locomotives etc... 4
Urban and Highways drive cycles
5
Urban and Highways drive cycles
6
Urban and Highways drive cycles
7
Automotive Megatrends Going Green Vehicle Stability System
Infotainment Telematics/eCall
FlexRay™
Safety
Hybrid Engine Control Radar
The Affordable Vehicle
Night Vision
Connectivity/ Infotainment
Intelligent Distributed Control
Camera-based Collision Avoidance
8
Today’s Automotive Electrical-Electronics Issues Electric Power Personal Considerations: •Interior lighting •Fans •Audio equipment •Rear entertainment displays •Navigation systems •Heated seats •Heated steering wheel •Active suspension •High-end sound •Computers, business machines, Cost and Technology navigation, communication, Drivers games… Electric Power Fuel Considerations: •Improved starting •Fuel processing systems •Power steering •Electric air conditioning •Electromagnetic valves •Electric drive engine (loads)
Electric Power Safety Considerations: •Exterior lighting •Electric power steering •Electric de-mist / de-frost •Anti-lock braking •Electric-hydraulic braking •Traction / stability control •Adaptive cruise control •Night vision •Collision avoidance systems •Ignition cut-off
Emission Considerations: •Stop/start/idle •Electric start assistance •Electromagnetic valves •Electrically heated catalysts 9
Automotive Component Lifecycle
10 Source: Integrated Vehicle Control System Technology — Steering, Braking, Suspension, and Powertrain Systems, Aloysius J. (Alois) Seewald, TRW Automotive Chassis
VHE – Development Levels of abstraction requirements specification architecture component design system integration 11
EVs and HEVs
12
Vehicle Systems and their Architectures
Vehicle Electrical Architecture
Has a
Made of Distributed Software Architecture
Communication Architecture
Control Algorithm Architecture
Physical Electrical Architecture
Harness Architecture
Vehicle Electrical System Made of
Has a Devices
Harnesses
are Has a ECU Hardware Architecture
power actuators sensors gnd, fuses
ECU Made of comm
I/O
Made of wires
datalinks
Has a rom
CPU
ram
ECU Software Architecture
is
Made of software
hardware
Systems Engineering manages • capacities • properties 13
Hybrid variants Architecture approaches
Micro hybrid
Mild hybrid
Medium hybrid
Full hybrid
Boosting
passive
active
yes
yes
Recuperation
limited / overload
yes
yes
yes
Electric driving
no
no
limited
yes
Start / stop
yes
yes
yes
yes
12 V
12 - 50 V
12 - 100...400 V
12 - 200...500 V
≤ 5 kW
≤ 10 kW
≤ 15 kW
≥ 15 kW
Functionality
Vehicle elec. sys. Voltage level(s) Elec. machines
Power rating
14
The New Transportation Era:
A Portfolio of Technology Options for Personal Transportation Vehicle drive trains become simpler as reliance on internal combustion engines decreases: High
Level of Complexity
Low
PHEV
EREV
BEV
(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)
(Extended Range Electric Vehicle)
(Battery Electric Vehicle)
Utility infrastructure and charging infrastructure needs increase as “electric miles” increase: High
Level of Complexity
Low
PHEV
EREV
BEV
(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)
(Extended Range Electric Vehicle)
(Battery Electric Vehicle)
15
Vehicles in the Pipeline Toyota Prius
Chevy Volt Ford Escape
Volvo Recharge
Mitsubishi Miev Saturn Vue
Daimler Sprinter
BMW Mini Daimler Smart Nissan Cube
Declared Production Programs From GM, Nissan, Ford 2010- 2012
16
Electric Vehicles in Pipeline 2008
A/B A/B
Think City
2009
Subaru R1E
Mitsubishi i-MiEV
2010
Tata Indica Vista
Nissan EV-02 Tata Nano
2011
Smart ED
VW Twin Drive
Mercedes A-class?
2012
Toyota IQ?
VW UP?
segment segment
C/D C/D
Kewet Buddy
Nice Cars Zero
BYD F3DM
Miles XS500
Fiat Doblo (Micro-Vett)
ZAP X
Bolloré Bluecar
BYD F6DM
Toyota Prius PHEV
BYD F3E
segment, segment, SUV SUV
G G segment segment
17
Tesla Roadster
Heuliez/Orange/ Michelin Will
GM Volt Opel Ampera
Saturn Vue PHEV
BYD F6E
Tesla Model S
Mini E
Fisker Karma
17
PHEV Development Timeline
2008
Annual New Plug-In Vehicle Sales
16,000
12,000 2,500 10,000 2,000 8,000 1,500 6,000 1,000
4,000
500
2,000
10
11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30
20
09
0 20
20
2010
18,000
14,000
3,000
0
Production Ramp Up
Other OEM PHEVs, EVs Enter Market
2006
Annual Sales (thousands) Cumulative Sales (thousands)
3,500
Cumulative Plug-In Vehicle Sales
4,000
First Announcements of Production-Intent PHEV Programs 1st PHEV Introduction
2012
Begin SAE Standards Efforts
Launch of 1st Gen 2 Programs
2014
2016
Production Implementation of Smart Charging and AMI Integration Efficient Building Systems
Utility Communications
2003
Internet
Begin Utility-Auto Collaborations
Consumer Portal & Building EMS
Finalize Finalize Connector Communications (J1772) (J2836)
Dynamic Systems Control
Distribution Operations
Advanced Metering
Plug-In Hybrids
Data Management
Distributed Generation & Storage
Renewables PV
Control Interface
18 Smart End-Use Devices
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/hybsales-20100107.html
19
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/hybsales-20100107.html
20
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/hybsales-20100107.html
21
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/hybsales-20100107.html
22
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/hybsales-20100107.html
23
Electric Vehicles Are Coming
3,000
18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000
2,500 10,000 2,000 8,000 1,500 6,000 1,000 500 0
4,000
Cumulative Plug-In Vehicle Sales
3,500
Annual Sales (thousands) Cumulative Sales (thousands)
2,000 0
20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 20 20 20 21 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30
Annual New Plug-In Vehicle Sales
4,000
24
Electric Vehicle Power System Power system components
25
Vehicle Design considerations for Vehicle based Mobile Electric Power Application
Electric Vehicle Power System
Vehicle Design considerations for Vehicle based Mobile Electric Power Application 26
Electrical vehicles with varying drive concepts, requirements and applications Electric motor drive
Electricity grid / solar
Comb. engine / elec. motor drive (hybrid) Fuel
Elec. equip.
Charger
3 AC
Battery
Comb. engine drive / elec. loads
Fuel
Generator
Elec. grid
Comb. engine
Energy store Generator
Inverter Generator
Vehicle elec. sys. Comb. engine Elec. motor
Elec. motor
Transf ormer
Vehicle elec. system Electrical loads
27
Series HEV Configuration
28
Parallel HEV Configuration
29
Electric Vehicle Technology Competences • • • • •
Energy converters Energy storages Power electronic converters Control Auxiliary systems
• • • • •
Transmission Weight issues Packaging Laboratories Research and Development R&D
30
Typical Power Electronics Applications
Automotive Power Electronics – opportunities and chalenges Ecostar Electric Drive Systems Company
31
Electric Machines and Power Electronics cost evaluation
Handbook of automotive power electronics and electric drives
32
Insulation faults in electric/hybrid vehicles: Example of possible
33
Overview of standards Germany
International
DIN VDE 0122:1986-08 Elektrische Ausrüstung von Straßenfahrzeugen (Electric equipment of electrical road vehicles)
-
DIN EN 61851-1 (VDE 0122 T1):2001-11 Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen
IEC 61851-1:2001-01 Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 1: General requirements
DIN EN 61851-21 (VDE 0122 T 2-1):2002-10 Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge – AC/DC-Versorgung
IEC 61851-21:2001-05 Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 21: EV requirements for conductive connection to an ac/dc supply
DIN EN 61851-22 (VDE 0122 Teil 2-2):2002-10 – Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge – AC-Ladestation
IEC 61851-22:2001-05 Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 22: AC electric vehicle charging station
DIN EN 1175-1 (VDE 0117 T1):1998-11 Sicherheit von Flurförderfahrzeugen – Elektrische Anforderungen
EN 1175-1:1998-01 Safety of industrial trucks – Electrical requirements Part 1: General requirements for batt. powered trucks
DIN EN 1987-3:2000-07 Elektrisch angetriebene Straßenfahrzeuge - Besondere Festlegungen für die Sicherheit Teil 3: Schutz der Benutzer gegen elektrische Gefahren
EN 1987-3:1998 Electrically propelled road vehicles – Specific requirements for safety – Part 3: Protection of users against electrical hazards UL 2231-1:2002-04 Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits: General requirements UL 2231-2 – Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits: Particular Requirements for Protection Devices for Use in Charging systems
34
Automotive Power Electronics
35
Electromagnetic Compatibility Concerns
36
37
EMC and EMI - Case
Electromagnetic Compatibility Concerns
λ=c/f [m] C= velocidade da luz ~300.000 km/s f=freqüência do sinal 38
Automotive Emission Testing
39
How do I keep my equipment from emitting? • Chassis Material - Highly conductive • Chassis Joints - Tight and conductive
• Signal and power lines - Proper filtering • I/O Cables - Shield with proper terminations
• Quiet Noisy Circuits - Minimize spikes
• Magnetics - Magnetic and electric shielding
Noisy Circuit
Receiver
Equipment Chassis
Minimize EMI generated and contain in the chassis 40
How do I keep my equipment from emitting?
• Chassis Material - Highly conductive chassis or line plastic chassis with metal
All Quiet!
Receiver
• Chassis Seams and Lids - Provide tight, corrosion resistant Metal-to-Metal interfaces, use conductive gaskets or spring fingers, keep fastener spacing small or use lip seals • Quiet Noisy Circuits - Minimize ringing and reflections, provide local decoupling capacitors for high frequency circuits, use laminated buss bars and snubbers with power switches to eliminate ringing and overshoot
Noisy Circuit
Equipment Chassis
• I/O Cables - Use common mode and differential mode power line filters, feedthrough filter pins on I/O signals if needed, overbraid signals that are noisy by design (i.e. serial data buses) • Magnetics - Transformer gap radiation, use belly band or encase in steel can. Faraday shield can help with common mode noise.
Don’t make much noise and keep the noise you make
41
How do I avoid susceptibility? • Chassis Material - Highly conductive • Chassis Joints - Tight and conductive • Signal and power lines - Proper filtering
• Sensitive circuits - Bypass and in-line filtering • I/O Cables - Shield with proper terminations • Power distribution - Power and ground planes
Sensitive Circuit Transmitter
Equipment Chassis
Good design practice and experience leads to EMC 42
Component Level Tests Conducted Emissions Radiated Emissions
Radiated Susceptibility
Conducted Susceptibility
43
Models – What for ? Equipment designers want to predict EMC before fabrication
© Siemens Automotive Toulouse
• Most of the time, EMC measurements are performed once the equipment is built. • No improvements can be done at conception phase. • Predict EMC performances IC, board, equipment optimizations • However, need of non-confidential IC models (black box models) 44
Automated Chamber supported Units
45
How to interconect all?
46
In-Vehicle Networking complexity Immobilizer Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors
RKE and TPMS Rx Seat Modules
Instrument Cluster
Nav
Display
Chassis Management
Sunroof
Door Module Rear Lighting
Temp
Cooling Fan
Occupant Classification
Fuel Pump
Driver Seat Belt Pretensioner
Blower
Lighting R
Glow Plug
NOX
Rain Sensor
Door Module
Video
Airbag
Steering Column
HVAC
Video Video
Engine Management
Alarm
Lighting L Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors
Radio
Body Controller / Gateway
Rear Module Flaps Flaps Flaps Flaps Flaps Flaps
Amplifier
SJB 4x4
Pass. Seat Belt Pretensioner
Blind Spot Detection
Sensor Cluster
Wipers Battery Management
1996 Typical Vehicle: 6 ECUs 2008 High-End Vehicle: > 70 ECUs
Power Steering
Transmission Active Steering
Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension
Anti-lock Braking
Park Assist Adaptive Cruise Control
47
modern automobile’s networks Buses
Speed
Origin
D2B (5Mbit/s, electrical or optical mainly for digital audio)
High
Auto
MOST (22.5Mbit/s, audio, video,control)
High
Auto
FlexRay (10Mbit/s, x-by-wire, safety-critical control)
High
Auto
Byteflight (10Mbit/s, constant latencies, airbag, sear-belt)
High
Auto
TTP (5~25Mbit/s, real-time distributed/fault-tolerant apps)
High
Auto
Bluetooth (10Mbits/s, wireless for infotainment equipments)
High
Consume r
CAN (50-1000kbit/s control only)
Low
Auto
J1850 (10.4kbit/s and 41.6kbit/s, control)
Low
Auto
LIN (20kbps, control)
Low
Auto
48
Roadmap of in-vehicle networks optics bus
49
Layered Software Architecture Application Layer
Boot Loader
ECU Moding
Distributable Distributable Distributable unit unit unit (supervisory) (feature) (feature)
Library Routine
Middleware Layer
Feature Activation Services
Information Exchange Services
System Services Layer
Real Time Services
Local I/O Filter & Data Translation
COMM Handler
RTOS Timers & Task Scheduling
Memory Driver
Local I/O Device Drivers (HWIO)
COMM Datalink Device Driver
Processor
Memory
Hardware Services Layer Board Support Package Physical Hardware
Processor
Memory
C O N F I G U R A T I O N
Sensors & Actuators Serial Bus Controller
Sensors & Actuators
Serial Bus Controller
50
Software Vehicle Value Chain Customer
Revenue Market Share
Dealer
Satisfaction Aftermarket Sales
Manufacturing & Service
Efficiency Purchasing
Speed Flexibility Economy
Vehicle Engineering 51
Unimpaired
Legend:
Entry
Mid-Level Impaired Deviation
Remedy
Service
Result
Failed
System
Degraded
Faulty
Low-Level Impaired
Information
Malfunctioning
Logic
Erroneous
Component
Ideal
Level →
Defective
Multilevel Model of Dependable Computing
High-Level Impaired Tolerance 52
Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems • Rise of importance of software in the Car
53 Refer to:B. Hardung, T. Kolzow, and A. Kruger, “Reuse of Software in Distributed Embedded Automotive Systems”
EV Infraestructure Developments across the world
54
Future Overview Imaginary fueling station of the future
55
Infrastructure Working Council A Stakeholder Organization for Collaboration on Standards Infrastructure Working Council - Utility-funded stakeholder group - Identify and address needs for codes and standards - Not a standards body
SAE
IEC
Society of Automotive Engineers - J1772 (Connector) - J2836 (Communications)
IEEE
Intl Electrotechnical Comm - TC69 (Charge Infrastructure) - SC23 (Connectors)
NEC National Electric Code - NEC625 (EV Charging Systems)
EPRI IWC
Inst of Elec and Elect Engineers - 1547 (Interconnecting DR)
Others
ANSI, UL, etc.
56
Smart Grid: Enabling PHEV and Other Distributed Resources
http://www.fastcompany.com/1633874/what-will-an-electric-vehicleready-smart-grid-infrastructure-look-like
57
Components of the V2G system
58
Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles ‘on-the-move’ within 2-3 years
http://electric-vehicles-cars-bikes.blogspot.com/2009/10/inductive-road-wireless59 charging-for.html
Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles ‘on-the-move’ within 2-3 OLEV (online electric vehicle) project years
http://electric-vehicles-cars-bikes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wireless%20Power 60 Korea advanced institute of science and technology (KAIST)
Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles ‘on-the-move’ within 2-3 OLEV (online electric vehicle) project years
http://electric-vehicles-cars-bikes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wireless%20Power 61
Nissan wireless battery charging
Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles ‘on-the-move’ within 2-3 years Wintricity project
http://electric-vehicles-cars-bikes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wireless%20Power 62
Nissan wireless battery charging
Accountability Not Simple Wall Outlets Intelligent, Wireless Networked Workstations with the Ability to Generate Reports and Manage the Distribution of Electricity.
http://www.coulombtech.com/subscribers/
63
64
65
66
67
68
Bollard
Pole Mount
Wall Mount
69
Roadmap Today
Future
Tomorrow
Gasoline & Diesel
Syntetic Fuels & Bio-Fuels Hydrogen
Combustion Engines Hybrids
Fuel Cells
70
A caminho do futuro... Século XVIII Século XIX
Século XX Século XXI
Século XXII 71
And in a future of future perhaps a Laser Propulsion system Then we will travel at Light speed…. 300.000 km per second… Wanderlei Marinho 72