Environmental impacts of produced water and drilling waste discharges from the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry q. Torgeir Bakke a,*, Jarle Klungsøyr b, ...
Marine Environmental Research 92 (2013) 154e169
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Environmental impacts of produced water and drilling waste discharges from the Norwegian offshore petroleum industryq Torgeir Bakke a, *, Jarle Klungsøyr b, Steinar Sanni c, d a
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway c International Research Institute of Stavanger e Biomiljø, Mekjarvik 12, N-4070 Randaberg, Norway d University of Stavanger, Faculty of Science and Technology, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway b
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Article history: Received 24 May 2013 Received in revised form 18 September 2013 Accepted 20 September 2013
Operational discharges of produced water and drill cuttings from offshore oil and gas platforms are a continuous source of contaminants to continental shelf ecosystems. This paper reviews recent research on the biological effects of such discharges with focus on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The greatest concern is linked to effects of produced water. Alkylphenols (AP) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from produced water accumulate in cod and blue mussel caged near outlets, but are rapidly metabolized in cod. APs, naphtenic acids, and PAHs may disturb reproductive functions, and affect several chemical, biochemical and genetic biomarkers. Toxic concentrations seem restricted to
