Maximum plant height (112.21 cm), number of fertile tillers per hill (24),. 1000-grain .... The data on days to 50 percent heading, plant height (cm), flag leaf length,.
J Agric. Res., 2016, Vol. 54(2):195-205 ISSN: Online: 2076-7897, Print:0368-1157 http://www.jar.com.pk
EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC INPUTS ON SOIL PARAMETERS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF COARSE RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L. CV. IR-9) Abdul Aziz Khakwani, Umar Khitab Saddozai, Inayat Ullah Awan, Muhammad Safdar Baloch* , Qadrat Ullah Khan**, Muhammad Munir***, Gazanfarullah Saddozai and Imam Bakhsh*
ABSTRACT Present research was carried out at Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK Pakistan during 2012 to study the effects of organic manures (Sarzamin, Simba and Sara) alone and in combination with full and half NPK doses of inorganic fertilizers on the yield and yield attributes of coarse rice (CV. IR-9) and soil health. Experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications and 10 treatments including T1 (NPK 140:90:60 kg/ha), T2 (NPK 140:90:60 kg/ha + Sarzamin @ 250 kg/ha), T3 (NPK 140:90:60 kg/ha + Simba 62.5 kg/ha), T 4 (NPK 140:90:60 kg/ha + Sara 25 kg/ha), T 5 (NPK 70:45:30 kg/ha + Sarzamin 250 kg/ha), T6 (NPK 70:45:30 kg/ha + Simba 62.5 kg/ha), T 7 (NPK 70:45:30 kg/ha + Sara 25 kg/ha), T8 (Sarzamin 250 kg/ha), T9 (Simba 62.5 kg/ha) and T10 (Sara 25 kg/ha). Maximum plant height (112.21 cm), number of fertile tillers per hill (24), 1000-grain weight (25.99 g), chlorophyll content (39.40), paddy yield (8.88 t/ha) and biological yield (23.23 t/ha) were recorded in T2. Whereas, solitary application of Sarzamin, Simba and Sara did not show significant results. The economic analysis indicated that a combined application strategy for organic and inorganic fertilizer is viable and productive. Soil amendment with organic and inorganic fertilizer was found to be a feasible solution for the growers who cannot afford sole application of high cost inorganic fertilizers. KEYWORDS: Oryza sativa; rice; organic manures; inorganic fertilizers, soil health; productivity; growth; yield; Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION In Pakistan, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is cultivated on 2.80 million hectares with an annual production of 9.80 million tonnes (6). It is exported to UAE, Iran,
*Department of Agronomy, **Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan, **Frontier Agriculture, SOYL Precision Crop Production Division, Newbury, United Kingdom.
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Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Afghanistan and Europe. Although, its production and export declined after severe floods in Pakistan during 2012, yet, Pakistan earned US$ 944.07 million from its export during July-December 2013-14 (4). It is also observed that the area under rice cultivation is reduced by 2.5 percent but its production is enhanced by 2.3 percent with the use of modern agronomic practices (3). However, the average rice yield is 1.83 tonnes per hectare in Pakistan, compared to Egypt (8.4 t/ha) and USA (6.6 t/ha) (9). Organic and inorganic fertilizers deliver essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, boron, molybdenum and chlorine. In Pakistan, rice growing farmers applied 217.29 thousand tonnes of chemical fertilizer in 2012-13, which is the 6 percent of fertilizer application after wheat (50%), cotton (25%) and sugarcane (8%) (5). Inorganic and organic fertilizers and their combination enhanced rice yield (12,18). Although inorganic fertilizers provide readily available energy to the plants but are expensive in developing countries such as Pakistan (13). Hence, efforts are needed to apply inorganic fertilizers economically and to ensure sufficient availability of macro and micro nutrients for obtaining higher yield (7,14). Similarly, the use of organic materials to the crops not only provide macro and micro nutrients but also enhance microbial activities, which improve soil physical and chemical properties and nutrient holding capacity (20). Application of organic manures allows their nutrient value to be used for the benefit of crops and soil fertility, which may save the use of inorganic fertilizers. Moreover, the residual effect of organic manures last for few years due to microbial activities, which convert organic form of nutrients into inorganic one. Keeping the above facts in view, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of organic manures alone and in combination with inorganic fertilizers on sustainable rice production and soil health.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan during 2012. The experiment was carriedout with ten treatments and three replications. The net plot size was 1.8m 5m (9 m2), whereas, plant to plant and row to row distance was 25 × 25 cm (16 hills/m). Rice cultivar IR-9 was transplanted manually in 2nd week of June. Phosphorus, potash, commercial organic fertilizers (Sarzamin 250 kg/ha, Simba 62.5 kg/ha and Sara 25 kg/ha) and half dose of nitrogen were applied at the time of transplanting. The remaining half dose of nitrogen was applied in two equal splits i.e. 15 days after transplantation and at panicle initiation stage. Hence, the recommended J. Agric. Res., 2016, 54(2)
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full dose of NPK applied was 140:90:60 kg per hectare. Treatments were as under:Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
= = = = = = = = = =
140:90:60 kg/ha NPK 140:90:60 kg/ha NPK + Sarzamin (250 kg/ha) 140:90:60 kg/ha NPK + Simba (62.5 kg/ha), 140:90:60 kg/ha NPK + Sara (25 kg/ha), 70:45:30 kg/ha NPK + Sarzamin (250 kg/ha) 70:45:30 kg/ha NPK + Simba (62.5 kg/ha) 70:45:30 kg/ha NPK + Sara (25 kg/ha) Sarzamin (250 kg/ha), Simba (62.5 kg/ha) and Sara (25 kg/ha).
The data on days to 50 percent heading, plant height (cm), flag leaf length, number of fertile tillers per hill, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight (g), sterility (%), paddy yield (t/ha), biological yield (kg/ha), harvest index (%), chlorophyll content, and crop growth rate were recorded and analyzed using analysis of variance technique of MSTAT-C and treatment means were compared using least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Days to 50 percent heading Data (Table 1) showed that T4 followed by T6 and T7. Different fertilizer treatments showed a varied response, however, higher fertilizers doses increased the heading period while application of organic fertilizers alone resulted in early heading. The higher doses of fertilizers might have enhanced vegetative growth and delayed flowering. Plant height (cm) Moreover, maximum (112.21 cm) plant height was measured in T2 which was statistically at par with T1 and T3. Plant height was minimum (97.12 cm) in T7 after T9 (97.52 cm). Usman et al. (21) observed taller plants in plots where poultry manure was applied along with mineral fertilizer. Similarly, Babu et al. (8) reported that FYM alongwith recommended dose of fertilizer produced taller plants. J. Agric. Res., 2016, 54(2)
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Flag leaf length (cm) No organic and inorganic fertilizers had no significant effect on flag leaf length. Fertile tillers per hill Maximum number of fertile tillers T2 (24.00) followed by T3 (23.77) and T1 (22.57). However, application of Simba, Sara and Sarzamin alone produced minimum number of fertile tillers i.e., 14.07, 14.27 and 14.60 respectively. Usman et al. (21) and Babu et al. (8) obtained maximum number of tillers with the combined application of organic manures and mineral fertilizers. Number of grains per panicle Data regarding number of grains per panicle was also statistically nonsignificant in all treatments. 1000-grain weight The highest 1000-grain weight (26.71 g) was recorded in T4 followed by T1. Whereas, lowest 1000-grain weight (23.86 g) was recorded with T7. It is supposed that grain weight is a genetic character which is least affected by external inputs. Our results are in line with Hossaen et al. (11) who obtained highest 1000-grain weight with combined application of NPK and poultry manure. Similarly, Laware (15) reported 11 percent increase in grain weight of rice when NPK and organic fertilizers were applied as combined treatment. Sterility percentage Minimum sterility (16.56 %) was recorded in T1 whereas it was maximum (32.41%) in T10 followed by T9 (31.49 %). Similar results were recorded by Laware (15) with the combined application of NPK and organic fertilizer.
Paddy yield Data (Table 2) depicted that T2 produced maximum yield (8.88 t/ha) followed by T3 (8.56 t/ha) and T4 (8.35 t/ha), whereas, T10 produced minimum yield (4.97tha-1). Higher yield depends upon photosynthetic efficiency and conversion of light energy into chemical to accumulate organic matter (17). Similarly, soil microbial activities is also vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity which is encouraged through balanced application of nutrients (1). Combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is more J. Agric. Res., 2016, 54(2)
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effective and economical to increase the yield on sustainable basis than the chemical fertilizer alone (2). Similarly, Usman et al. (21), Siavoshi et al. (19) and Vetayasuporn (22) obtained maximum paddy yield by the application of organic manure combined with NPK fertilizers. The increase in paddy yield in the present study was due to the increase in 1000-grain weight, number of fertile tillers, flag leaf length, number of grains per panicle and decreased number of hollow spikelets per panicle, which increased with combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Biological yield A varied response of organic and inorganic fertilizer was observed regarding biological yield of rice, as it was maximum (23.23 t/ha) in T2 followed by T1 (23.04 t/ha), T5 (22.23 t/ha) and T6 (20.75 t/ha) which significantly decreased in plots applied with organic fertilizers alone (Sarzamin, Simba and Sara).The biological yield depends on plant biomass (plant height and number of tillers) per unit area. Highest biomass production by the combined application of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer might be due to better plant growth, taller plants and increased number of tillers which enhanced dry natter accumulation. More or less similar results were obtained by Laware (15) who obtained highest biological yield from organic and inorganic fertilizer application. Harvest index Data regarding harvest index was non-significant. Chlorophyll content Chlorophyll content was maximum (39.40) in T2 but at par with T4 followed by T5,T9 and T10. However, minimum chlorophyll contents (37.30) was recorded in T8. Similar results were obtained by Abadi et al. (1) who reported that organic manure and bio-fertilizer increased chlorophyll content. Crop growth rate (CGR) Similarly, higher crop growth rate (23.29 g/m2/day) was estimated in T1 which decreased to 13.21 in T10. Soil pH Soil pH varied from 7.35 to 8.41, which indicated an alkaline nature of experimental soil and was not affected by either fertilizer source. J. Agric. Res., 2016, 54(2)
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Soil electrical conductivity (EC) Soil electrical conductivity was higher (663.67 µS/cm) when Simba was applied alone (T1) whereas it was lowest (325.67 µS/cm) in T6. Ganesh et al. (10) reported that the soil physical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, particle density, bulk density, and pore spaces) and biological properties (enumeration of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were found distinctly enhanced in organic amendments and NPK treated soil.
Benefit cost ratio (BCR) Data (Table 3) revealed that maximum benefit-cost ratio (2.02) was recorded in T9 (62.5 kg/ha) followed by T2 (2.00). However, the net income was quite lower as compared to combined application of Sarzamin, Simba and Sara along with NPK140:90:60 kg/ha. Similarly, T1 had 1.91 BCR with maximum net income per hectare (Rs.73000). These results suggested that investing in organic and inorganic fertilizers management strategies showed a financially viable option at existing costs and production prices. Although the highest paddy yield was obtained in T2 yet the cost incurred on this treatment was higher which resulted in lower BCR compared to T3. Therefore, the later organic-inorganic fertilizer combination was cost-effective strategy under agro ecological conditions of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.
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Accepted: June 19, 2015
*** CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS Abdul Aziz Khakwani
:
Contributed in laying out research trial
Umar Khitab Saddozai
:
Conducted the research and prepared the writeup
Inayat Ullah Awan
:
Assisted in writeup
Muhammad Safdar Baloch
:
Assisted in writeup
Qadratullah Khan
:
Did the soil analysis
Muhammad Munir
:
Reviewed the literature and prepared writeup
Gazanfarullah Saddozai
:
Assisted in data analysis
Imam Bakhsh
:
Assisted in data collection
J. Agric. Res., 2016, 54(2)
