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Eurosurveillance, Volume 11, Issue 41, 12 October 2006
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Personal (nonpharmaceutical) protective measures for reducing transmission of influenza – ECDC interim recommendations Cluster of measles cases in the Roma/Sinti population, Italy, June September 2006 Outbreak of legionellosis suspected to be related to a whirlpool spa display, September 2006, Lorquin, France
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Announcements EXPRESSION OF CONCERN FOR EURO SURVEILL. 2015;20(25) Expression of concern regarding paper by Park et al, published on 25 June 2015: “Epidemiological investigation of MERSCoV spread in a single hospital in South Korea, May to June 2015”, Euro Surveill. 2015;20(25):pii=21169. It has been brought to our attention that some of the authors may not have been informed about the content of the above paper. There is a lack of clarity regarding rights to use the data. The editorial team are investigating what action needs to be taken. EBOLA OUTBREAK Read our articles on the ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa TWITTER Follow Eurosurveillance on Twitter: @Eurosurveillanc All announcements
Citation style for this article: Filia A, Curtale F, Kreidl P, Morosetti G, Nicoletti L, Perrelli F, Mantovani J, Campus D, Rossi G, Sanna MC, Zanetti A, Magurano F, Fortuna C, Iannazzo S, Pompa MG, Ciofi Degli Atti ML. Cluster of measles cases in the Roma/Sinti population, Italy, JuneSeptember 2006. Euro Surveill. 2006;11(41):pii=3062. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3062
Cluster of measles cases in the Roma/Sinti population, Italy, JuneSeptember 2006 A Filia1 (
[email protected]), F Curtale2, P Kreidl 3, G Morosetti 3, L Nicoletti 4, F Perrelli 2, J Mantovani 2, D Campus5, G Rossi 5, MC Sanna6, A Zanetti 6, F Magurano4, C Fortuna4, S Iannazzo7, MG Pompa7, M Ciofi degli Atti 1 1Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute (CNESPS), Istituto
Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy 2Prevenzione e Tutela della Salute, LaziosanitàAgenzia di Sanità Pubblica, Rome, Italy 3Provincia Autonoma di BolzanoAlto Adige, Italy 4Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy 5Servizio Prevenzione Assessorato Igiene Sanità e Servizi Sociali, Regione Sardegna, Italy 6Ufficio Igiene Pubblica, Alghero, Sardegna, Italy 7Ministero della Salute, Rome, Italy Three clusters of measles cases occurred between June and September 2006, in the Roma/Sinti populations in three different Italian regions: the Autonomous Province of BolzanoSouth Tyrol in northern Italy; Lazio in central Italy; and the island of Sardinia in the southwest (Figure 1). The Roma people, often referred to as gypsies, are a heterogeneous ethnic group who live in many countries of the world but primarily in Europe. The Sinti are usually considered to be a subgroup of the Roma people. Although no official data exists, it is believed that approximately 110 000 Roma/Sinti currently live in Italy, and many live in caravans in either temporary or permanent/semipermanent settlements. Figure 1. Regions affected by clusters of measles cases, Italy, JuneSeptember 2006
Related articles Postvaccine measles in a child with concomitant influenza, Sicily, Italy, March 2015 An ongoing measles outbreak in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2014 to 2015 Letter to the editor: Measles outbreak linked to an international dog show in Slovenia – primary cases and chains of transmission identified in Italy, November to December 2014 Authors’ response: Measles outbreak linked to an international dog show in Slovenia, 2014 An outbreak of measles associated with an international dog show in Slovenia, November 2014
South Tyrol cluster The first cluster of cases occurred in BolzanoSouth Tyrol in northern Italy. Seventeen cases of measles were reported in the city of Merano between 21 June and 11 August 2006; 13 of these cases occurred among the local Roma/Sinti population It is estimated that approximately 700 Sinti and 200 Roma people live in BolzanoSouth Tyrol, in mainly permanent settlements. The first reported case was in a 15 year old girl, who was not Roma/Sinti, who was admitted to hospital with rash, fever, diarrhoea and otitis. Active surveillance found two more cases who had been admitted to hospital two weeks previously, in people from the Sinti community: a 23 year old pregnant woman with bronchopneumonia, and her 2 year old son. Both had developed rash only after being discharged from hospital so no isolation precautions had been taken. Both cases were serologically confirmed. An additional 11 cases were identified by active surveillance among the Sinti population in Merano, and three in the general nonRoma/Sinti population. The latter included a 29 year old paediatrician who is thought to have acquired the infection through healthcareassociated exposure, and a pair of 5 yearold twins for whom the source of the infection was not identified. The median age of those infected in this outbreak was 13 years (range 229 years); 53% of cases (9/17 cases) were below 15 years of age. Overall, 10 of 17 cases, including 6 of the 13 Roma/Sinti cases, were serologically confirmed, and the remaining 7 were epidemiologically linked. Measles virus genotype D4 was isolated from 3 cases. Lazio cluster A second cluster of 161 measles cases occurred in the Lazio region, in central Italy, between 24 June and 20 September 2006. The cluster initially involved the Roma/Sinti population of the cities of Rome and Latina, and then spread to the general population, mainly to contacts (including nosocomial contacts) of infected Roma/Sinti children. The first case to be notified was a 9 year old Roma child of Romanian nationality, who had never been vaccinated and who developed symptoms on 24 June 2006. The source of his infection was not determined but it is known that the child transmitted the infection to his three siblings and to two other children living in caravans in the same permanent settlement. Other cases were then reported in this and other Roma/Sinti settlements across the Lazio region, and also in the general population. As of 20 September 2006, 74 cases had been reported in seven settlements and a further 87 cases had been reported in the general population. The epidemic curve for the outbreak, with the number of reported measles cases by week of onset of symptoms, in nomadic (Roma/Sinti) and nonnomadic (general) populations, is shown in Figure 2. Two epidemic peaks can be seen: the first occurred in midAugust in the nomadic population, and the second occurred in the beginning of September in the general population. Figure 2. Reported number of measles cases by week of onset of symptoms, in nomadic and nonnomadic populations, in the Lazio region, June September 2006 (n=161)
Overall, children aged 04 years were the most affected age group, representing 46% (74/161 cases) of all reported cases. However, the age distribution of measles cases differs between the Roma/Sinti and general population. In fact, while 68% (50/74) of Roma/Sinti cases occurred in children aged 04 years and over 90% (68/74) were aged below 15 years, in the general population only 52% of cases (44/84) occurred in children below 15 years of age. None of the Roma/Sinti cases had previously been vaccinated against measles. Five of the cases (5.7%) from the general population had received only one dose of measlescontaining vaccine; none seem to have had a second dose. Fifty two cases have been laboratory confirmed and virus genotype D4 was isolated from 16 cases. Sardinia cluster The third cluster of measles cases occurred in the Mediterranian island of Sardinia and affected a Roma/Sinti nomadic camp in the town of Alghero, on the northwest coast. Nine cases were reported from this camp, with symptom onset dates between 12 August and 3 September 2006. All cases were in children aged under 15 years, and two of the nine cases were under 5 years old. Four of the children had recently travelled to Rome to attend a funeral, and had stayed from 3 to 14 August 2006. An epidemiological link with the Rome outbreak is therefore possible. Laboratory confirmation of infection was obtained for 3 of 6 cases and D4 genotype was isolated from one case. Actions taken
In response to the described clusters of measles cases, active tracing and vaccination of susceptible contacts was performed by local health authorities in all three regions and vaccination sessions were conducted directly in campsites affected by the outbreak. A second vaccination dose was also offered to contacts who had previously received only one dose of MMR vaccine. In addition, all local health services were informed by regional public health authorities of the situation and were urged to investigate all suspected cases of measles, notify measles cases immediately, alert general practitioners, family physicians/paediatricians, and hospitals about the outbreak and advise the latter of the importance of isolating patients with suspected measles and of immunising hospital staff. The local media was also informed of the outbreaks. Discussion Various outbreaks of measles have recently occurred in other European countries [17], some of which have affected Roma/Sinti populations [3,7]. Even though most Roma/Sinti do not object to immunisation, none of the Roma/Sinti patients in the above outbreaks had been vaccinated against measles. Such populations are continously on the move and for this, as well as other, mainly socioeconomic, reasons, they are more difficult to reach in routine vaccination programmes Epidemiological surveillance is an essential component of the measles elimination process and, was crucial in detecting the recent clusters in Italy. The rapid response by regional public health agencies and local health authorities allowed good control of measles transmission in the nomadic camps and the general population. Highly motivated and responsive staff played a significant role in controlling the infection. Nevertheless, the occurrence of these outbreaks underscores the need to to achieve and maintain high vaccination coverage with two doses of MMR vaccine, through routine immunisation in the general population, and to ensure that children from hard to reach populations such as the Roma/Sinti and immigrant communities also have access to immunisation. Factors that impede children from hard to reach populations from being immunised must be adequately addressed and special strategies should be developed to reach these populations on a regular basis. In addition, it is important that all healthcare personnel and people travelling abroad are also fully immunised. References: 1. van Treeck U. Measles outbreak in Germany: over 1000 cases now reported in Nordrhein Westfalen. Euro Surveill 2006;11(5):E060511.1. (http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2006/060511.asp#1) 2. van Treeck U, Wichmann O. Measles outbreak in Germany: update. Euro Surveill 2006;11(4):E060413.1. (http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2006/060413.asp#1) 3. GarcíaComas L. Measles outbreak in the region of Madrid, Spain, 2006. Euro Surveill 2006;11(3):E060330.3. (http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2006/060330.asp#3) 4. Muscat M, Christiansen A, Persson K, Plesner A, Böttiger B, Glismann S, Romanus V. Measles outbreak in the Øresund region of Denmark and Sweden. Euro Surveill 2006;11(3):E060330.4. (http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2006/060330.asp#4) 5. Spika J, Aidyralieva C, Mukharskaya L, Kostyuchenko N, Mulders M, Lipskaya G, Emiroglu N. Measles outbreak in the Ukraine, 20052006. Euro Surveill 2006;11(3):E060309.1. (http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2006/060309.asp#1) 6. EUVAC.Net Latest news. Measles outbreaks in Italy (reported 24.07.06) (http://www.ssi.dk/euvac/outbreak/italy.html) 7. Georgakopoulou T, Grylli C, Kalamara E, Katerelos P, Spala G, Panagiotopoulos T. Current measles outbreak in Greece. Euro Surveill 2006;11(2):E060223.2. (http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2006/060223.asp#2) back to top
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