evaluation of tree seeds and seedling system in ...

EVALUATION OF TREE SEEDS AND SEEDLING SYSTEM IN ETHIOPIA WITH FOCUS IN WOLAITA AND ARSI

ABAYNEH DERERO

SEPTEMBER 2012, ADDIS ABABA

Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully thank all the respondents interviewed during the study for their kind collaboration. My special thanks go to Aster Gebrekirstos for overseeing all the project activities and Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø for his technical inputs. This work was financed by the USAID Africa Rising early win project “Sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification as a pillar for the Ethiopian climate resilient green economy initiative.”

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Table of Contents Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................... ii Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... iv Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Study objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Study sites description .................................................................................................................................. 3 Approaches and survey methods................................................................................................................... 3 Actors in tree seeds and seedlings production and marketing ...................................................................... 4 Public sector tree seed and seedling supply .................................................................................................. 4 Private sector tree seed and seedling supply ................................................................................................. 6 Seed sources and genetic quality ................................................................................................................ 10 Seed physical and physiological quality ..................................................................................................... 11 Seed marketing and seed flow .................................................................................................................... 11 Public vs. private seed supply ..................................................................................................................... 14 Nurseries and seedling production .............................................................................................................. 15 Constraints and challenges in seed/seedling system ................................................................................... 27 Summary and conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 29 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................................ 31 References ................................................................................................................................................... 34 Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 35

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Executive summary This report was produced as a component of the sustainable tree-crop-livestock intensification quick win project, which is supposed to serve as a pillar for the Ethiopian climate resilient green economy initiative. The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the tree seed and seedling production and supply systems in Ethiopia. The constraints in forest development in Ethiopia include inadequate and poor quality seed supply, poor seedling quality and inappropriate silviculture, poor research extension linkage and poor coordination in the sector. Several actors are involved in the tree seed and seedling production systems in both public and private sectors.

The actors include the Forestry Research Center, various offices of agriculture, NGOs, projects, churches, town administrations, universities, farmers, farmers training centers (FTCs) private nurseries, community nurseries state forest enterprises, seed vendors, cooperatives and schools. Offices of agriculture, NGOs and others involved in seedling production get seeds mainly through purchase from the FRC or from seed vendors through a bidding system and only sometimes through own collection.

In Sodo town there are over 20 licensed tree seed suppliers. Three of the major suppliers sell over 50 different forest tree, fodder and fruit tree species and other fodder, grass and vegetable species. The mean amount of seeds supplied by the three Sodo vendors in 2011/12 was 8500 kg whereas the mean amount of tree seeds supplied in the last five years (2006/07-2010/11) by the FRC was 7245 kg. In addition, the three Sodo vendors have supplied high amount of mango and avocado fruits. However, meaningful comparison on seedling production capacity of the seeds distributed by the private vendors and the FRC could not be made as the seeds of the former lack information on purity, germination percentage and number of seeds per kg.

The genetic quality of the tree seeds in distribution by the private suppliers is apparently low, and much remains to be done to ensure the supply of high genetic quality by the public sector. No regard is given to seed sources quality, number and phenotypic attributes of mother trees and provenance-site matching both from the suppliers and the customers' side. The private seed vendors in Sodo town get their seeds mainly through purchase from farmers.

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Over 70% of the seed collections of the Forestry Research Center come from planted forests and natural forests, and a quarter of the collection comes from trees planted in rows or irregularly in boundaries, as ornamental and shade trees, and natural regeneration or remnants found scattered in various compounds, whereas the majority (80%) of the seed sources of the Sodo vendors for the forest and fruit trees and fodder species are farmlands. The FRC and the Sodo suppliers are dealing with a total of 81 species; 38% are dealt by both, 33% by the FRC only and the rest 30% by the Sodo group only. Both the FRC and the Sodo seed vendors have customers all over the country.

The physical and physiological quality of the seeds in distribution by the private suppliers is not known. In some cases, customers communicate their feedbacks on the germination of the seeds they purchased to the private vendors through official letters. The importance of quality in terms of purity and germination percentages is well perceived by the private seed suppliers and the customers. The Sodo seed vendors interviewed requested for fair and transparent bidding system so that supplying high purity and high germination seeds would be rewarding.

The Sodo seed vendors obtain their seeds from the 12 districts of Wolaita Zone as well as from neighbouring Zones and special Woredas in the SNNP Region and from some Zones of Oromia Region and some Zones of Amhara Region as well as from Gode (Somali) and Assaita (Afar). The majority (80%) of the seed sources for the forest and fruit trees and fodder species are farmlands. The other seed sources are urban areas and other compounds (10%), natural forests (7%) and planted forests (2%). All the vegetable seedlings are bought from Addis Ababa.

The Sodo seed vendors have customers all over the country; they have been supplying seeds, vegetative parts as well as seedlings. The FRC and the Sodo suppliers are dealing with a total of 81 species; 38% are dealt by both, 33% by the FRC only and the rest 30% by the Sodo group only.

Reports indicate that close to 143 million seedlings in Arsi Zone and 137 million seedlings in Wolaita zone were produced in 2011/12 budget year. Generally, the documentation and reporting formats conceal essential data. For example, in both Zones, detailed species based reporting is v

lacking, instead there is categorical reporting. However, there is a weekly follow up and a strong checking mechanism on nursery and overall activities in Wolaita Zone. The majority of the seedlings produced in both Wolaita and Arsi Zone were bare-rooted. There were substantial number of undersized seedlings in the nurseries visited, especially in Arsi Zone and very rarely oversized seedlings.

The following general recommendations are made to improve the seed and seedling system so as to overcome the shortcomings observed in the system.

Recommendation one: Devise ways to ensuring genetic quality in seeds under distribution Recommendation two: Create enabling environment to further promote the private tree seed supply sector and increase its competitiveness Recommendation three: Devise ways to improving seedling quality and seedling survival Recommendation four: Develop proper forestry and agroforestry information system, especially install proper documentation and reporting systems in offices of agriculture, NGOs, seed vendors and other relevant stakeholders in the seed and seedling system Other specific recommendations are made.

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Acronyms ADB

African Development Bank

ASSP

Agricultural Sector Support Project

CRGE

Climate Resilient Green Economy strategy of Ethiopia

CSA

Central Statistical Agency

EIAR

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

FAO

United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization

FRC

Forestry Research Center

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GIZ

German International Cooperation

GO

Governmental Organization

GTP

Growth and Transformation Plan

IBC

Institute of Biodiversity Conservation

MERET

Managing Environmental Resources to Enable Transition

MoFED

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

NGOs

Non Governmental Organization

NTSP

National Tree Seed Project

OECD

Organization for Economic Development

ORDA

Organization for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara

PA

Peasants' Association

PASDEP

Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty

PSNP

Productive Safety Net Program

SLM

Sustainable Land Management (SLM)

SNNP

Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples

WDA

Wolaita Development Association

WNCHCA

Wolaita Nation Culture and Heritage Conservation Association

WSU

Wolaita Sodo University

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Introduction The mean contribution of agriculture (crop, animal farming and hunting, forestry, fishing) to the GDP over the last ten years (2002-2011) was 46.3%, whereas that of forestry was 4.5%; but the contribution of forestry was declining steadily from 6.3 in 2002 to 3% in 2011 (CSA, 2012).

Ethiopia has 12.296 million ha of forests, which covers 11% of the landmass (FAO, 2011). Of this, planted forests are estimated to cover only around 230,000 ha, excluding small scale tree plantations by local people. These plantations are mainly composed of Eucalyptus species (59.3% of industrially planted area) and Cupressus lusitanica (20.6%), followed by the indigenous Juniperus procera (5.7%) (Lemenih and Bongers, 2011).

Afforestation/reforestation and tree planting in Ethiopia is carried out in many ways and for various purposes, which includes establishment of woodlots, homestead and boundary plantings, plantings on soil conservation structures and for degraded area rehabilitation, peri-urban fuelwood plantations, buffer zone and timer plantations in state forests, enrichment plantings in degraded natural stands, establishment of seed stands and plantings in church compounds and in urban areas. The reforestation activity also includes excluding degraded areas from interferences for ensuring natural regeneration.

The Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy of Ethiopia targets afforestation and reforestation of 3 million ha by 2030 with the aim of re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as carbon stocks (FDRE, 2011). Other near past and ongoing programs targeting tree planting in Ethiopia as one of their interventions include the Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP), which was active from 2005/06-2009/10 (MoFED, 2006), the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) for the period 2010/11 to 2014/15 (MoFED, 2010), the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), which has been operating since 2005 (second phase from 2011-2015) and the Sustainable Land Management (SLM), which is being implemented as of 2001.

The bulk of forestry development activities are being underway in various regional states under the Bureau of Agriculture. Some of the stakeholders in forestry development activities in the 1

regional states include local and international NGOs. The NGOs sometimes provide material support to tree nursery activities, provide fruit trees and run various rehabilitation projects.

However, the impact of the ongoing forest development activities in the forest cover is not precisely known due to lack of periodic inventory though some area have become greener through area exclosure, soil and water conservation and tree planting activities (Derero et al., 2011a).

The constraints in forest development in Ethiopia include inadequate and poor quality seed supply, poor seedling quality and inappropriate silviculture, poor research extension linkage and poor coordination in the sector (Derero et al., 2011a).

The Forestry Research Center has been supplying tested tree seeds now for over three decades. Other actors (potential) in seed collection, distribution, test and storage in Ethiopia include the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (IBC), state forest enterprises, associations established with participatory forest management, private seed suppliers, farmers, individual seed collectors, as well as religious, academic and military institutions (Derero et al., 2011b).

Tree seed sources in OECD's Forest Seed and Plant Scheme are classified as (1) identified seed stands, (2) selected seed stands, (3) seed production areas, (4) provenance stands and (5) seed orchards, in increasing order of levels of stand improvement. However, a recent classification argues that the above classification is suitable for industrial plantation species but it can't be applicable for the majority of tree seeds used by smallholder farmers, and hence introduces four seed source types and an additional germplasm source type: (1) natural forests, (2) farmland (3) plantations and (4) seed orchards, and (5) vegetative propagation (Lillesø et al., 2011).

Study objectives The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the tree seed and seedling production and supply systems in Ethiopia with focus in selected districts/woredas of Wolaita Zone and Arsi Zone, and analysis of the public tree seed supply sector. The specific objectives of the study were to (1) determine tree seed flows and identify actors for the major seed and seedlings produced 2

and (2) to identify leverage points to enhance the efficiency in the seed system and reach smallholders with quality material.

Study sites description Arsi zone, located in Oromia Region, has an area of 19,825.22 square kilometers and is divided in to 24 woredas. The population of the zone currently is estimated to be 3,056,372 with a density of 154 persons per square kilometers, whereas Wolaita zone, located in SNNP Region, has an area of 4,208.64 square kilometers and is divided in to 12 woredas. The population of the zone currently is estimated to be 1,750,079 with a density of 415.8 persons per square kilometers (CSA, 2012). The population and area sizes and the urban/rural proportions of woredas surveyed are given in Table 1. Arsi Zone is predominantly food secure and it is categorized as high potential cereal zone whereas Wolaita zone is predominantly food insecure area and it is categorized as high potential perennial crop zone.

Table 1 List of woredas/districts surveyed and their respective population statistics

Zone

Arsi

Woreda

Female

Total

Percent Female

Area in Km2

Density

Rural

Urban

Percent Urban

Digeluna Tijo

80,440

82,139

162579

50.5

928.34

175.1

145216

17363

10.7

Hetosa Limuna Bilbilo

72535

71,747

144282

49.7

689.99

209.1

121491

22791

15.8

103,639

105,943

209582

50.5

1185.21

176.8

180799

28783

13.7

Tiyo Wolaita

Male

50,199

50,038

100237

49.9

605.38

165.6

92191

8046

8.0

Boloso Sore

113,373

119,268

232641

51.3

303.07

767.6

190135

42506

18.3

Damote Gale

87,316

90,254

177570

50.8

255.54

694.9

144909

32661

18.4

Sodo Zuria

91,321

94,392

185713

50.8

404.35

459.3

82790

102923

55.4

Source: CSA, 2012

Approaches and survey methods The main activities undertaken were: (i) Desk study on seed sources and the tree seed provision by the Forestry Research Center; and (ii) Semi-structured interview of experts in GOs and NGOs, and seed vendors and nursery foremen in Wolaita Zone (Sodo town and Boloso Sore, Damot Gale and Sodo Zuria districts) and Arsi Zone (Assela town and Digalu Tijo, Hetosa,

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Lemu Bilbilo and Tiyo districts) of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) and Oromia Regional State, respectively (Appendix 1).

Actors in tree seeds and seedlings production and marketing Public sector tree seed and seedling supply The Forestry Research Center (FRC) of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) has been the sole supplier of tested tree seeds in Ethiopia since its establishment in 1975. At that earlier time FRC was known as "Sholla Silvicultural Research Center" and later renamed as "Sholla Seed Center". A better capacity was built through the National Tree Seed Project (NTSP) which ran from 1992 to 2002 (Derero, 2004). Currently, the construction of Regional Seed Centers is in progress in the SNNP, Oromia and Amhara Regional States and there is an additional plan to construct another seed center in Tigray Regional State.

Data on tree seed request and supply at FRC from 20006/07-2010/11 indicated that the center on average was supplying 7,278 kg of pure seeds annually in the stated period satisfying 78% of the request it received. However, national demands for tree seeds can be much higher. In the same period, the FRC had a total of 419 seed customers, of which 59% were governmental organizations (GOs) and 36% non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Figure).

GO

NGO

Private

Projects

4% 1% 36%

59%

Figure 1 Proportion of tree seed customers of FRC

Since FRC is not a profit making organization it used to distribute seeds for free in the earlier times and then introduced some prices. The current selling price was set in 2003. However, the FRC are not involved in seedling sale.

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Other actors in seed and seedling system in the public sector include various governmental organizations such as regional bureaus of agriculture and their offices at zonal and woreda levels, higher learning institutions, research centers and farmers training centers (FTCs). Several NGOs support the public sector and are involved in tree seeding production and planting. Notable NGOs with significant involvement in the national tree seed and seedling system include World Vision Ethiopia, Menschen für Menschen Foundation and the Organization for Rehabilitation and Development in Amhara (ORDA).

The actors in seed and seedling system in the public sector in Wolaita Zone are the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) Regional Bureau of Agriculture, the Zonal Department and Woreda Offices of Agriculture respectively, projects (e.g. MERET Project, Agricultural Sector Supply Project, Damota Mountain Rehabilitation Project, Faidherbia albida project in Belate watershed), Sodo Town Administration, Wolaita Sodo University, community nurseries and the Forestry Research Center in Addis Ababa. NGOs supporting the public sector include the Wolaita Development Association, Wolaita Nation Culture and Heritage Conservation Association, World Vision Ethiopia, Concern, Wolaita Zone Red Cross Society and churches (e.g. Kale Hiwot Church). Both MERET and ASSP are under the Zonal Department of Agriculture. MERET Project is funded by the world Food Program (WFP), and runs nursery activities and is also involved in soil and water conservation activities through both physical and biological means. ASSP is funded by African Development Bank (ADB) and is involved in water harvesting and watershed management activities. The money from this source is used for area exclosure and running nursery activities, but not for seed purchase. Seeds are purchased from the Safety Net Program (SNP); there is no problem to purchase seeds or polyethylene bags of the required quantity and amount, it is only limited by the nursery capacity. However, payment for casual labour is not allowed from the SNP.

Multiple actors are as well involved in Arsi Zone public sector. These include the Oromia Bureau of Agriculture, Zonal and Woreda Offices of Agriculture, projects (agricultural sector supply project, Kulumssa Integrated Watershed Development Project), Oromia State Forest Enterprise, Assela town Administration, farmers' training centers (FTCs) and public schools.

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NGOs supporting the public sector include the Green Foundation Ethiopia, Ketar Development Association, World Vision Ethiopia, and churches (e.g. Huruta Church Nursery).

Private sector tree seed and seedling supply The private tree seed supply is not strong in Ethiopia. However, some individuals here and there are involved in the production, processing and marketing of tree seeds. For example, there are over 20 licensed seed suppliers in Sodo town of Wolaita Zone alone. In addition farmers are involved in seed collection and sale to the vendors in Sodo. Farmers and other individuals do also run private nurseries in Wolaita Zone. Farmers, private nurseries, a private seed supplier and a seed supplier farmers' cooperative are involved in the seed and seedling system in Arsi Zone. In Sodo town, the three interviewed vendors, namely (1) Agri-Seed-Inputs Supplier, (2) Gezahegn Agroforestry, Vegetables, Fruits and Forage Seed Supplier and (3) Simon Sintayehu Plant Seed Supplier (Boxes 1-3) supply over 50 different forest tree, fodder and fruit tree species and other fodder, grass and vegetable species. The mean amount of seeds supplied by the three Sodo vendors in 2011/12 was 8500 kg. In addition, the three Sodo vendors have supplied high amount of mango and avocado fruits as well as banana seedlings. Box 1. Simon Sintayehu Plant Seed Supplier Simon Sintayehu Plant Seed Supplier was established in 1997 (and got licensed in 2004) by Mr. Simon Sintayehu, who used to work in nursery and as a gardener in World Vision in Humbo. Mr. Simon is the pioneer supplier of tree seeds in Sodo town. He used to collect and supply seeds of mango, avocado, Grevillea robusta, Acacia saligna and Moringa stenopetala through the food for work scheme of the World Food Program (WFP), which was active in Badessa, Boloso Sore, Damot Gale, Humbo and Sodo Zuria districts. Mr. Simon says, Grevillea robusta was not known in Sodo Zuria and neighbouring districts, and it was him who introduced the species under the WFP food for work program to the area, from a plantation established by Self-Help Ethiopia in Kemba district (Deremalo, Maze PA). Simon also says, the then head of the Zonal Department of Agriculture advised him to open seed shop and wrote him support letter, name then was Simon Forest- Agroforestry Seed Supplier, new name is since 2011. He is convinced that a televised program is necessary to appreciate his contributions in forest development activities. Simon 6

Sintayehu says he has mechanisms in place for quality assurance, which are inspection of seed sources, observation of level of maturity of fruits/seeds and giving advices to seed collectors from which trees to collect from. Simon then provides sacks and canvas to collectors, and finally performs the seed purchase. He has a store, seed drying structure and vehicles to deliver the seeds to customers. He has received many certificates for the high germination performance of his seeds from customers. Simon Sintayehu Plant Seed Supplier supplies seeds of about 40 different tree, fodder and grass species. Major consumers in the last few years included Zonal Agricultural Offices of Arsi, East Shoa and North Shoa in Oromia Region, Amhara Bureau of Agriculture, World Vision (for Amhara Region), Afar Region Pastoral and Agropastoral Bureau (fodder species), Somali Region Pastoral and Agropastoral Bureau/FAO (fodder species), Debub Omo, Sidama, Dawro, Hadiya, Bench-Maji, Guraghe, Wolaita and several woredas in SNNP.

Box 2.Agri-Seed-Inputs Supplier The Agri-Seed was established in 2004 by a former staff of the Office of Agriculture, Mr. Fanta Urago. Agri-Seed supplies seeds of over 40 different tree, fodder and vegetable species. The seeds come from the 12 districts of Wolaita Zone, and from neighbouring Zones and districts and as far as from East Gojam in Amhara Region. Agri-Seed gets the seeds mainly through purchase from farmers. Quality of the seeds is monitored visually during purchase from the farmers. The seeds are stored in sacks in own store, and seeds are not generally tested for their physiological and physical qualities prior to sell. However, some of the customers such as the Tigray Bureau of Agriculture have a mechanism to check for ensuring higher quality in their purchase. After winning a bid and after signing agreement on delivery, the Tigray Bureau first checks the germination performances of the seedlots prior executing the payment. Hence, Mr Fanta says, he sometimes conducts germination on Petri Dish for species such as Acacia decurrens, A. saligna, alpha-alpha and lablab. Customers of Agri-Seed in the last few years included Tigray Bureau of Agriculture, Offices of Agriculture of Basketo and Arbamich Zuria Woredas in SNNP Region and Debrezeit, Mojo, Holleta, Goro, Ginnr and Berbere in Oromia Region, Sodo World Vision, Catholic Mission, GIZ (Addis Ababa) and Kaliti Bull Station (Addis Ababa).

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Box 3. Gezahegn Agroforestry, Vegetables, Fruits and Forage Seed Supplier Gezahegn Agroforestry, Vegetables, Fruits and Forage Seed Supplier was established in 2004 by. Mr. Gezahegn H/Mariam to fill the gap in tree seed supply. By then; the Wolaita Zone Department of Agriculture was facing shortage of seeds. Gezahegn Supplier used to be involved in seed source identification and farmers did the collection; however since operational costs got higher now is restricted only on the purchase. Gezahegn and other suppliers were given training by the SNNP Region Bureau of Agriculture in 2007 and 2008, and they were provided with manuals. Gezahen says the competition among the suppliers is not fair, it is rather discouraging. He is on the way of closing the business (shop already closed, now sale performed in the store). But had there been a sound system of marketing and a quality assurance mechanism like the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange is doing, he would be encouraged to continue in the industry. The customers of Gezahegn Supplier included Bureaus of Agriculture of Tigray and Amhara, East Gojam Zone Department of Agriculture, Woreda Agricultural Offices of AlichoWeriro, Dalocha, Sankure, Mareko, Kucha, Debub-Bench, Ofa in SNNP Regional State, Kobo, Gishe, Mehal Meda in Amhara Region, CONCERN (Sodo), World Vision Ethiopia (Sodo), SodoHosana Catholic Church, World Vision (Dilla), Wolaita-Sodo University, FARM Africa (A.A.), Jinka Agricultural Center, Soge Agricultura Development Enterprise, Pastoralist Welfare (Dolo, Somali Region), Kembata Kale Hiwot and Wolaita development Organization.

In Arsi Zone, there are no licensed tree seed suppliers. However, two unlicensed suppliers (Deme Tulu in Assela town and Vision Tree Seed Suppliers Cooperative in Bekoji town) were encountered during the survey (Boxes 4 and 5). The two suppliers together supply less than 190 kg of seeds of about 11 species annually.

Box 4 Deme Tulu: private seed supplier Deme Tulu is a private supplier of tree seeds in Assela town but doesn't have a license for the

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business. Deme is a gardener at Adama University, Assela campus, and started the business in 2002 by collecting seeds of Eucalyptus globulus. Currently he collects seeds of Acacia melanoxylon, A decurrens, Faidherbia albida, Cordia africana, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Rhamnus prinoides, Dovyalis caffra and Sesbania sp. He conducts the seed collection during harvest of trees and wherever and whenever they are available. He has also a nursery where he checks the germination performance of the seeds. He sows 100 seeds or handful of seeds as appropriate depending on the size of the seeds, and sometimes visits the nurseries of his customers. He is careful not to sell seeds with poor germination. For example, he tries to sell out Hagenia abyssinica and Dovyalis caffra seeds only in the same year they are collected otherwise they loss their viability, he is convinced. When they are not sold out and he is obliged to sell them next year, he would test their germination and performance, if their germination is not satisfactory he would remove them. He sells 30-50 kg of seeds annually. He also produces and sells seedlings of some species such as Grevillea robusta, Dovyalis caffra and Coffea arabica.

Box 5 Vision Tree Seed Suppliers Cooperative The cooperative was established in 2011 with 10 members and a capital of 5000 birr, and hopes to get financed under the micro financing scheme in the Woreda. The cooperative has collected and sold 139 kg of seeds of Juniperus procera, Cupressus lusitanica, Hagenia abyssinica, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata and Eucalyptus globulus per annum. Seeds were distributed only within the Woreda. The cooperative conducts the collection in response to requests from the office of Agriculture and other offices; sometimes they sell seeds of Eucalyptus globulus to farmers. They have shortage of equipments and have no store, but they have the wish to even deliver seeds to other Woredas.

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Seed sources and genetic quality Over 70% of the seed collections of the Forestry Research Center come from planted forests (established for some other purposes than seed production) and natural forests. A quarter of the collection comes from trees planted in rows or irregularly in boundaries, as ornamental and shade trees, and natural regeneration or remnants found scattered in various compounds. Small portion of the collection comes from farmland and from the stands the FRC established for seed production. The FRC generally collect from acceptable number of mother trees (at least 20 trees) but occasionally from smaller number of tree. However, careful selection of mother trees and species based collection guidelines are still lacking, and hence genetic quality is not guaranteed in the collections. The seed distribution also fails to follow the seed zonation system developed for the country or any other strict guideline which further undermines the genetic quality.

1% 3%

a

2%

Farmland 33%

38%

b

11%

Farmland

7%

Natural Forest

Natural forest

Others

Plantation

Plantation 25%

80%

Seed stand

Others

Figure 2 Proportions of seed source types of the FRC (a) and Sodo private suppliers (b)

The genetic quality of the tree seeds in distribution by the private suppliers is apparently low. No regard is given to seed sources quality, number and phenotypic attributes of mother trees and provenance-site matching both from the suppliers and the customers' side. The private seed vendors in Sodo town get their seeds mainly through purchase from farmers, whereas the suppliers in Arsi carryout own collection. The suppliers in Arsi collect and mix seeds from only 2 to 10 trees in the majority (73%) of the cases. It is highly probable that the number of trees from which the seeds are reaching the Sodo seed vendors are very much similar as in the case of Arsi seed suppliers.

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The Sodo seed vendors obtain their seeds from the 12 districts of Wolaita Zone as well as from neighbouring Zones and special Woredas in the SNNP Region including from KembataTembaro, Hadiya, Silte, Halaba, Gamo Gofa, Gedeo, Sidama, Konso and from some Zones of Oromia Region including from East Shoa, Bale, North Shoa, and from East Gojam, South Wello and north Shoa Zones of Amhara Region as well as from Gode (Somali) and Assaita (Afar). The majority (80%) of the seed sources for the forest and fruit trees and fodder species are farmlands. The other seed sources are urban areas and other compounds (10%), natural forests (7%) and planted forests (2%). All the vegetable seedlings are bought from Addis Ababa.

Seed physical and physiological quality Generally the FRC supply seeds with high/ acceptable physical and physiological quality. Routine tests in the FRC seed laboratory include determination of number of seeds per kg following ISTA rule, and tests on moisture content, purity and germination percentages. Seeds are stored in a cold store at 5 0C mainly in plastic jars, and their viability is checked periodically through germination tests. Occasional tests include cutting test in the field before collection and tetrazolium test to check for viability.

The importance of quality in terms of purity and germination percentages is well perceived by the private seed suppliers and the customers. However, the physical and physiological quality of the seeds in distribution by the private suppliers is not known. In some cases, customers communicate their feedbacks on the germination of the seeds they purchased to the private vendors through official letters.

Seed marketing and seed flow The FRC sells seeds to customers all over the country. Seeds are packed in plastic bags and labelled with all necessary information on seed source and seed physical and physiological qualities. Since FRC is the sole supplier of tested seeds and situated in Addis Ababa, it faces no challenges to sell the seeds rather unable to satisfy demands properly.

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The Sodo seed vendors also have customers all over the country; they have been supplying seeds, fruits and vegetative parts as well as banana seedlings. However, the two suppliers in Arsi Zone (Deme Tulu and Vision Tree Seed Suppliers Cooperative) are dealing with few species and the distribution of the seeds is limited within some woredas of Arsi Zone only. The seed flow to and outside of Sodo town is depicted in Figure 3. However, seed destinations can be even more locations than shown in the Figure as Regional offices of Agriculture further distribute them to their respective Zonal and Woreda offices.

Figure 3 Seed inflow to and outflow from Sodo (S) town, Wolaita Zone

Seed purchase in Wolaita Zone is performed mainly from licensed private suppliers in Sodo town or from the FRC. In 2011/12 budget year, purchase was made from a private supplier in Sodo town; the purchase was expensive but of less quality. Purchase is performed by the bid system.

In 2011/12MERET supplied the Boloso Sore Woreda Office of Agriculture with seeds of Melia azedarach, and the Wolaita Zone Office of Agriculture with seeds of seven species, originally from Regional Bureau of Agriculture. 12

Seeds in Damot Gale woreda were obtained by local collection (i.e. Cordia africana, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Croton macrostachyus, Podocarpus falcatus and Hagenia abyssinica) and by purchase (e.g. Grevillea robusta, Casuarina sp, Hagenia abyssinica and Albizia lebbeck) through the Safety Net budget. Seed purchase is performed by Woreda finance with the involvement of an expert from the Office of Agriculture. Of the total seeds sown (1236 kg), in 2011/12, purchased seeds amounted to 670 kg. The seed purchase for Grevillea robusta in the same budget year was made from a private supplier but the rest of the purchase was made from FRC. However, the purchases in the last 3-4 years were made from the private suppliers stationed in Sodo town. The Zonal Department of Agriculture sent to the Office seeds of Cordia africana, Acacia albida, A decurrens and apple seedlings in 2011/12. In addition the Regional Office of MERET project in Hawassa has been sending the Woreda office seeds of Cajanus cajan, cassava cuttings and banana seedlings since 2009.

Seed purchase by the offices of agriculture in Arsi is performed by a normal bidding system from private supplier or direct from the FRC, which do not normally bid for sale of seeds. Some of the offices of Agriculture avoid purchasing from the FRC to abide by the stringent finance regulations on bidding. In 2009/10, seeds were purchased from Deme, a staff in Adama University, Assela campus. In 2010/11, seeds were purchased by the zonal office, whereas in 2011/12, seed purchase was conducted by the Oromia Bureau of Agriculture. The Zone purchases seeds from the Forestry Research Center and from private suppliers, e.g. Bereket and Simon (Sodo town) and Eden Field Agri-Seed (Addis Ababa). The Woreda offices also conduct their own purchases. Major source of seeds is purchase not local collection. Oromia Bureau of Agriculture seeds to the zonal office for the 2011/12 budget year. However, the purchase of 50 kg of Grevillea robusta seeds from private suppliers was a total failure; the purchase was performed by the Bureau.

Seeds by Lemu and Bilbilo Woreda office of Agriculture were purchased from Hawassa. Farmers also supply seeds, which includes Hagenia abyssinica and Juniperus procera. The suppliers include individuals and organized youth. The purchase is done through Performa following financial regulations. A recently started Agricultural Growth Program (AGP) (200413

2008 E.C.) supports seedling production and promotes Performa purchase and, they said, doesn't support purchase from FRC. Previously the office used to buy from Hawassa and from farmers.

In Digelo and Tijo Agricultural Office, local collection is conducted for Hagenia abyssinica, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Juniperus procera from farmlands around Digelo from any number of mother trees. Chamaecytisus proliferus is bought from farmers. World Vision provides the office with tree seeds, originally from the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), germination of seeds is poor, and seeds from local collection are preferred in terms of germination performance. In addition purchase is performed from unlicensed private supplier is Assela, and also from FRC and Debrezeit. The Woreda Office also gets seeds from the Arsi Zone Office of Agriculture. There is shortage of budget for tree seed purchase. Purchased seeds and seeds obtained include Grevillea robusta, Casuarina sp., Acacia decurrens, A. melanoxylon, A. saligna, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Sesbania sp., Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Hagenia abyssinica, Juniperus procera, Prunus africana and Dovyalis caffra. Seed shortage was faced for Acacia melanoxylon, Grevillea robusta and Dovyalis caffra. Seeds also arrive late from the Zonal Office, and generally only about 50% of the seeds obtained are the right species and arrive in the right time. There is no organized seed supplier in the Woreda.

Hetosa Woreda purchased 21 kg of various tree species from FRC, 75 kg mango and 75 kg avocado from Melkassa were purchased. In addition, Eucalyptus globulus, Dovyalis caffra and Juniperus procera seeds were purchased from farmers. Own collections include Dovyalis caffra from live fences, Melia azedarach from live fences and own compound, E. globulus from farmland and woodlots, Juniperus procera from the compound of Gonde Cooperative and schools. In addition 71 kg of seeds were obtained from the Zonal Office.

Public vs. private seed supply Comparison of the tree seed supply by the public sector (the Forestry Research Center) and the three Sodo seed vendors interviewed indicated that: 1. FRC is collecting and distributing seeds of 58 tree/shrub species.

14

2. The Sodo vendors are dealing with more than 52 tree/ shrub, fodder and fruit tree species. They supply seeds, fruits (of mango and avocado), banana seedlings and various grass species. They vendors are addressing various needs of farmers in a rather holistic manner. 3. The FRC and the Sodo suppliers are dealing with a total of 81 species; 38% are dealt by both, 33% by the FRC only and the rest 30% by the Sodo group only.

Nurseries and seedling production Nurseries and seedling production in Wolaita Zone The report of Wolaita Zone indicates that a total of 136.9 million seedlings were produced in 2011/12 budget year: 90.6 million what they call forest tree species (52% bare-rooted), 36.3 million fodder species (96% bare-rooted) and 10 million fruit tree species (69% bare-rooted) (Table 1). The overall proportion of bare rooted seedlings in the zone amounted to 65% of the seedlings produced.

Table 2Proportion of seedling production in Wolaita Zone No of seedlings produced Potted seedlings No

Species

Number

Bare rooted

Percentage

Number

Percentage

Total

1 Forest tree species

43537801

48

47035824

52

90573625

1.1 Indigenous (number)

14645309

45

17695570

55

32340879

50

58232746

Indigenous (percentage) 1.2 Exotic (number) Exotic (percentage) 2 Fruit trees 2.1 Mango

34 28892492

38 50

66

62

3072955

31

6937308

69

10010263

291188

11

2333237

89

2624425

2530805

100

2530805

2.2 Banana 2.3 Avocado 2.4 Others 3 Fodder tree species

29340254

348072

49

367666

51

715738

2433695

59

1705600

41

4139295

1379385

4

34974235

96

36353620

15

3.1 Sesbania sp

783451

6

12928671

94

13712122

3.2 Leucaena sp

547984

14

3277559

86

3825543

47950

18768005

100

18815955

47,990,141

88,947,367

3.3 Others Total

136,937,508

Wolaita Zone Red Cross Society Forest project started in 2003 in Kindo Koysha and Sodo Zuria districts to ensure food security. The focus species were fruit trees (mango and avocado), fodder species and Grevillea robusta. The mango and avocado are already fruiting and benefiting the community. The mango variety propagated was a local variety. Now the activity of the Red Cross is limited only in Boloso Sore district and focus now is given to Desho grass and other fodder species.

The Red Cross runs Shama nursery, which is located in Boloso Sore Woreda in Tedissa PA. Red Cross prepares around half a million potted seedlings and another half a million bare rooted seedlings annually. The seeds were purchased from seed vendors in Sodo town, and there were no germination problems observed. The seedlings are planted in agroforestry schemes, in communal watersheds and schools. In Sodo Zuria, 100 farmers are supplied with 5 seedlings of apple. In other plantation activities, supervision is made to check if the planting site is protected, appropriate and well prepared. The survival of seedlings is around 90%. However, there are some problems with survival of seedlings in communal watersheds, but school plantings are very effective. The society works with the Woreda Offices of Agriculture and development agents.

World Vision, Sodo World vision runs five community nurseries in five PAs through the Community Managed Forestry and Agroforestry Project. Not more than six short listed suppliers are allowed to formal bidding. All purchases are made from Sodo town. Seeds come with no information on germination or seed source, and sometimes total failure in germination occurred, e.g. Hagenia abyssinica and Schinus molle. But generally there is no seed supply problem, and overall germination of seeds is satisfactory.

16

World Vision is running Kokate Nursery, which it established in 2009. The seedlings raised in the nursery include apple, Cupressus lusitanica, Grevillea robusta, Hagenia abyssinica, lablab and Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata. All seedlings produced were potted (8 cm flat top). Pot sizes of 16 cm were also used for Hagenia abyssinica. Seeds used in the nursery in 2011/12 were 6.5 kg of Cupressus lusitanica and 5 kg of Grevillea robusta. Seedlings produced in 2011/12 were 150,200, in 2010/11 were 200,334 and in 2009/10 were 151,000 seedlings. There was germination problem on Grevillea robusta and Hagenia abyssinica seeds. The seedlings produced were distributed to 286 farmers. However, the nursery lacks proper documentation.

Table 3 Seedlings produced in 2010/11 in Kokate Nursery Species

Number

Cupressus lusitanica

114400

Grevillea robusta

74500

Juniperus procera

8000

Lablab

200

Malus domestica

1568

Medicago sativa (Alfa-alfa)

3000

Sum

201668

Box 6 Wolaita Nation Culture and Heritage Conservation Association Wolaita Nation Culture and Heritage Conservation Association was established by elders in 2006 to protect the culture and heritage of Wolaita people. Damot Mountain used to be covered with bamboo and Hagenia abyssinica, and several streams used to flow. Ensete ventricosum was abundant in the homesteads around the Mountain, but now no more. In Wolaita culture, the presence of big shade trees (Podocarpus falcatus, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata and Cordia africana) in front of gates is important.

Wolaita Nation Culture and Heritage Conservation Association (WNCHCA) The WNCHCA is running a nursery with the original aim of restoring indigenous tree species. But, currently Grevillea robusta is also produced with the purpose of substituting Eucalyptus species in the landscape. The association was getting technical support and seeds from the 17

National Heritage Trust stationed in Addis Ababa. Besides, the association also carries out local seed collection. In 2009/10, a total of 50,000 seedlings were produced and planted on Mount Damota (Washi-Gale and Shasha-Gale PAs). In 2010/11, also 50, 000 seedlings were produced. No seedlings were raised in 2011/12. Some of the seedlings were distributed to schools including outside Wolaita Zone, e.g. Gedeo Zone.

Boloso Sore Woreda Office of Agriculture There are 5 permanent nurseries in Boloso-Sore Woreda. There are 29 PAs in the Woreda. One nursery each has been established in 27 of the PAs in 2011/12. At the Woreda level, 9.6 million seedlings were produced (data per species not available in the office) in 2011/12. Efforts were made to place a reliable data generation mechanism by (1) estimation of capacity of nurseries and (2) conducting sudden counts to cross-check reports. Major species in the nurseries include: Juniperus procera, Cordia africana, Moringa stenopetala, Grevillea robusta, Podocarpus falcatus, Jacaranda mimosifolia and Melia azedarach. However, production of Eucalyptus spp is strictly forbidden in government nurseries. Direct sowing is also applied for Cajanus cajan and Sesbania spp.

One of the state run, permanent nurseries of the Woreda is Areka nursery: the nursery was established in 1983. Fruit trees such as improved mango, avocado, apple, apple-mango, banana and pineapple, and forest tree species are propagated and in the nursery. Around 1 million seedlings are produced (62% potted) in Areka nursery (Table 3). The nursery has proper documentation, and the nursery activities are supported by MERET project. No supply problem of pots and seeds, the nursery has been operating to its full capacity.

Table 4 Seedling production in Areka Nursery in 2011/12 Species

Potted

Bare

Total

Acacia saligna

6000

6000

Albizia lebbeck

1500

1500

Carica papaya

6000

6000

Citrus aurantifolia

1000

1000

16000

16000

Cordia africana

18

Cupressus lusitanica Eucalyptus saligna Grevillea robusta

50000

130000

180000

5500 400000

5500 250000

650000

Hagenia abyssinica

12000

12000

Jacaranda mimosifolia

14000

14000

Juniperus procera

6000

6000

Malus domestica

5000

5000

Mangifera indica

10000

10000

Melia azedarach

15000

15000

7500

7500

Musa sp. /banana

20000

20000

Persia americana

10000

10000

1500

1500

17000

17000

Millettia ferruginea

Podocarpus falcatus Spathodea nilotica Total

604000 380000

984000

Farmers living close by the Areka nursery are benefiting from sale of scions and fruits of improved mango, which they originally obtained from the nursery. Main customer of the scions is Office of Agriculture in Butajira, Guraghe Zone.

There is no NGO activity in the district. The Sodo Red Cross society was involved in seedling production, but the distribution of the seedlings was conducted by the Office of Agriculture. MERET project supported cooperatives in Dola PA to produce avocado and mango fruit seedlings. Farmers produce and sell Eucalyptus and Juniperus seedlings.

Sodo Zuria Woreda Office of Agriculture Little budget is allocated for labour expenses and running nurseries. The Zonal Office allocated 279,000 birr in 211/12 budget year for nursery inputs (seeds, polyethylene and equipments), but this money could not be used to cover labour expenses.

The Woreda office used to have three nurseries, but one of them, Amesa nursery (with capacity of producing 1.5 million seedlings) is now closed due to budgetary problems. The other two 19

nurseries i.e. Kokate nursery, which has a capacity of producing 1 million seedlings, and Konto nursery, which has a capacity of 500,000 seedlings, are operational.

The 31 PAs in the Woreda have their own nurseries, and one of them is a school nursery. The PAs get seed both from the Woreda Office and from their own means. Other nurseries in the district include nursery of the Wolaita Development Association (WDA), 2 nurseries of World Vision, 1 nursery of Wolaita Nation Culture and Heritage Conservation Association (WNCHCA) and 1 nursery of Wolaita Sodo University (WSU).

A total of 11.5million seedlings were produced in the Woreda (plan was 12 million), and out of these about 1.4 million seedlings (12%) were produced in the two state nurseries.

The purposes of tree planting include watershed protection and agroforestry development. Species being planted include Grevillea robusta, Cupressus lusitanica, Juniperus procera, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Melia azedarach, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Cordia africana, Hagenia abyssinica, Acacia saligna, Acacia abyssinica, Podocarpus falcatus, Schinus molle and Moringa stenopetala. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata and Podocarpus falcatus have great cultural values and they are planted at the gates for shade purpose. Formerly, fruit trees such as avocado, Annona senegalensis, mango and Prunus persica were produced in the nurseries, but abandoned due to budget problems. However, since some money is coming from the Region, we have started to prepare 60,000 grafted seedlings. The office also is buying mango seedlings from Areka nursery and distributing to farmers at a very subsidized price supported by the Safety Net Program.

ASSP/ADP supports the running of the two state nurseries. Seed purchase was made for 32,000 birr for the year 2011/12, but majority of seeds for Kebele nurseries comes from their own collection. Sodo Catholic Mission also provided 53,000 birr worth seeds to the office. A total of 1910 kg of seeds were used for the seedling production.

Some farmers in Sodo Zuria district produce their own seedlings and sell, especially that of Eucalyptus, but we want to ban eucalyptus seedling marketing so as to discourage its planting. In 20

the district, there used to be 35 springs but were dried up due to plantation expansion of Eucalyptus spp, but due to the efforts of World Vision, five springs have started now to flow after clearing of Eucalyptus and establishment of exclosure.

Damot Gale Office of Agriculture There are 31 nurseries in the district; ten of them are permanent nurseries, and the rest 21 are only started in 2011/12 budget year, and they are also planned to be permanent nurseries. Five of the nurseries are supported by the Safety Net Program where as another five are supported by MERET project. Inventory of seedlings indicated that a total of 9.4 million seedlings were prepared in 2011/12 in the district. About 55% of the seedlings produced were Grevillea robusta. In addition two grass species were distributed to farmers.

Inter-Aid France used to operated in the Woreda from 2006 to 2011 with main focus on propagating grass species.

Table 5 Number of seedlings produced in 2011/12 and seed sources used in Damot Gale Number of Species

seedlings

Seed sources (own collection, purchase)

Acacia sp

985000

Purchase, FRC

Albizia lebbeck

900000

Purchase, FRC Own collection, farmland, homesteads, from 3-5 trees , from

Cordia africana

100000

Adekoysha, Wandara Boliso and Ade Damot Own collection, farmland, homesteads, from 3-5 trees , from

Croton macrostachyus Grevillea robusta

Wondara Bolose, Ade Sibaye and Sibaye Korke 5200000

Purchase, Private Supplier Own collection, natural forest, Kunase Fulasa natural forest, 50

Hagenia abyssinica Juniperus procera

ha, managed by WV 100000

Purchase, FRC

8038

Own collection

Millettia ferruginea

63691

Purchase, FRC

Moringa stenopetala

650000

Purchase, FRC

Olea europaea

130000

Own collection, farmland, homesteads, from 3-5 trees , from

Mangifera indica

21

Fate, Shashagale and Akabilo Persia americana

12700

Own collection Own collection, natural forest, Kunase Fulasa natural forest, 50

Podocarpus falcatus

897683

ha, managed by WV

Woybeta

350000

Own collection

Nurseries and seedling production in Arsi Zone Arsi Zone has 24 Woredas and 498 PAs. Each PA is undertaking 300-500 ha watershed development; physical structures are already completed, planting biological measures would require 2 to 3 years. There are state run nurseries, NGO-owned nurseries, private nurseries at farmer's level, church owned nurseries (e.g. Huruta Church nursery) and school nurseries in the zone.

Seedling production in the zone was planned in four species categories: fodder, soil and water, forest and fruit species. The 2011/12 report of the office indicates that the production of 142.9 million seedlings was realized: 65.4 million seedlings for fodder production, 38 million seedlings for forest development and agroforestry purposes, 34 million seedlings for soil and water protection and 5 million seedlings for fruit production were produced.

FAO was involved in area closure and tree planting activities through the budgetary support to Dodota tree nursery and Ziway fruit tree nursery whereas Ethio-Italian Cooperation: Arsi Bale Rural Development Project has phased out in 2010. Hovever, the money from the Ethio-Italian project is being used as a revolving fund in state nurseries in Robe, Hetosa and Diksis districts. Currently the Agricultural Sector Supply Project (ASSP) is involved in watershed and natural resources management in Ziway Digda, Digelo Tijo, Dodota and Diksis districts. In addition Green Foundation Ethiopia, a local NGO, is working in area exclosures, supply of agroforestry species to farmers in Sire and Lode Hetosa districts whereas Ketar Development, also a local NGO, is working in rural development and runs nurseries in Lemu-Bilbilo district, Bekoji.

Seedling quality: bare rooted seedlings may account 70% of the seedlings produced. Woreda reports are not reliable, and state nurseries may account to 2% of the reported seedlings. Seedling 22

production is increasing from the year 2007 onwards and will continue to increase, but the figures are highly doubtful, for example the seedling production report of the Zone in the last five years was 2 billion seedlings, a seemingly exaggerated figure.

Chilalo Galema Forest and Wildlife District Office Chilalo Galema Forest and Wildlife District Offfice was established in 2008 under the Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise. It is involved in management of existing plantation in its concession area as well as reestablishment of plantations after harvest. The enterprise has two nursery sites in Assela and at Lemu (close to Bekoji town). Species being planted in concession areas include Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna and Pinus patula; up to 50% of the seedlings of the first three species are distributed to farmers. The enterprise also produces seedlings of Grevillea robusta, Hagenia abyssinica, Juniperus procera, Carica papaya, Persea americana, and Psidium guajava to exclusively distribute to farmers and Assela town dwellers. The seedlings are not distributed for free but sold at subsidized price.

Table 6Seedlings produced and seeds utilized by the enterprise from 2008/09-2011/12

No 1

Species Carica papaya

Number

Amount

of

of seeds

seedlings

utilized

produced

annually

annually

(Kg)

3085

0.75

Seed Source Purchased from juice house Plantation, Ardu and Diksis Morticha, from up to 40

2

Cupressus lusitanica

28930.25

1.625

trees Plantation, Ardu, Diksis, Lemu and Walkassa, from

3

Eucalyptus globulus

68763

11.25

up to 40 trees

4

Eucalyptus saligna

6246.75

0.375

Supplied by Arsi Negale (Branch office)

5

Grevillea robusta

2374.25

0.25

Supplied by Arsi Zona Office of Agriculture for free Natural forest, Shirka, (Sole Nagele), from 15-20

6

Hagenia abyssinica

116.25

0.25

7 8

trees

Juniperus procera

400

0.125

Supplied by Arsi Zona Office of Agriculture for free

Persia americana

318.25

23.25

from juice house (for grafting from Malkassa

23

Agricultural Research Center) 9 10

Pinus patula Psidium guajava Total

72117.75

2.875

Plantation, Ardu and Arbagugu, from up to 40 trees

125.5

0.375

Supplied by Arsi Negale (Branch office)

182,477

41.1

Tiyo Woreda (Assela) Tiyo Woreda Office of Agriculture The Woreda is composed of 18 PAs; 9 Dega, 4 Woinadega and 5 Kola PAs. There are 3 temporary and 2 permanent state run nurseries in Tiyo Woreda. Besides, seedlings are produced in schools, by individual farmers and around farmers' Training Centers (FTCs). Kulumssa Integrated Watershed Development runs one of the two permanent nurseries: the project runs from 20010/11 to 2014/15.

Around 200 farmers in Abosera PA involved in seedling production: over 600, 000 seedlings prepared for 2004 planting season. A model farmer in Dosha PA: produced seedlings of Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus spp., Juniperus procera, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Cupressus lusitanica and other multipurpose seedlings.

A total of 6.125 million seedlings were prepared at Woreda level in 2011/12. The seedlings produced had four purposes: 50% for fodder, 25% for soil and water conservation, 20% for forest development and the rest 5% for fruit production. Soil and water species: Acacia melanoxylon, A saligna, A decurrens, Dovyalis caffra, Eucalyptus globulus and E. camaldulensis; forest: Hagenia abyssinica, Podocarpus falcatus, Grevillea robusta, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Cupressus lusitanica and Juniperus procera; fodder: Sesbania sesban, Leucaena leucocephala, Chamaecytisus proliferus, alpha-alpha and grass species (elephant grass and Rhodes grass) and fruit: Coffee arabica, Musa sp. (banana), Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava and avocado

Kulumssa Integrated Watershed Development Project Nursery: The nursery has produced a total of 253,249 (88% potted) seedlings of 15 different species in 2004. Problems with seedling production were delay in input (pot, sand) supply due to delay in budget and the purchasing 24

system followed. Of the seedlings produced in the nursery Leucaena seedlings were less demanded by farmers. However, for the rest were highly demanded by farmers. Less consideration is given to quality of seedlings. No nursery book and calendar of activities in the nursery. Generally, the quota system of seedling production is undermining factual reporting and is also triggering planting of undersized seedlings. But, it is said that even the undersized seedlings survive when protection and follow-up is rendered to the planted seedlings.

Lemu and Bilbilo Woreda (Bekoji) Lemu and Bilbilo Woreda Office of Agriculture Seedling production in the Woreda included 1.95 million for fodder production, 1.17 million seedlings for soil and water conservation purposes, 1.6 million for forest development, and hence 4.7 million seedlings were prepared. Apple seedlings were purchased from Tiyo Woreda, each at 75 birr.

There are 3 permanent state run nurseries in the Woreda. There are 25 PAs, one watershed identified in each PAs but planting taking place on 8 selected watersheds. Demonstration sites are established in 8 FTCs, each having 1 ha of size. Schools are also involved in seedling production, obtaining seeds from the Woreda office. Seedling production plan for 2004 was 8.5 million. Of these, 2.68 million in 2 state run nurseries, farmers, youth and schools have produced 1.3 million and an association (Ketar Development Association) produced 0.7 million seedlings in 2 nurseries. A farmer has supplied seeds of Chamaecytisus proliferus seeds; in addition the farmer supplies Juniperus procera and Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata seeds.

Ketar Development Association, Bekoji Branch Office Ketar Development Association was established in 1995 E.C. to undertake various development activities in Bekoji area. It has its own nursery at a place called Goude with a size of 500 m 2 established in 2002 E.C. Seeds were purchased from Hawassa, and apple seedlings were purchased from Sululta and Assela. Seeds of Eucalyptus globulus, Chamaecytisus proliferus and some others also bought from the surrounding farmers and from unlicensed private supplier in Assela. The species the Association has been working include Chamaecytisus proliferus, Hagenia abyssinica, avocado, papaya, Juniperus procera, mango and Cupressus lusitanica. In 25

2004, 200,000 seedlings were prepared and being distributed to the community free of charge; schools, model farmers and cooperatives and CBOs are beneficiaries of the seedlings distributed. Majority of the seedlings produced were bare rooted.

Digelo and Tijo Woreda (Sagure) Digelo and Tijo Agricultural Office FAO was involved in watershed management activities from 1999 to 2003 E.C., and used to run a nursery, which is no more active. Agricultural Sector Support Program (ASSP) started activities in 2000 E.C. and runs Cheri nursery and assists Digelo nursery activities. Farmers also have their own nurseries in which they produce Chamaecytisus proliferus and Cupressus lusitanica seedlings. Two nurseries at Digelo and Sagure have produced 2 million seedlings. Pots used in the nurseries are 8 cm and 6 cm lay flat.

The total number of seedlings produced in the Woreda amount to 6.4 million. Undersized seedlings are not allowed to stay to the next season of planting because of budgetary problems except in ASSP run nursery, and during the FAO time.

In 23 PA, 60 watersheds are identified, and activity is started on 23 watersheds, one in each PA. ASSP is working on a single watershed.

The Woreda report indicates that 4.2 million seedlings were produced in 2010/11 (but when disaggregated by species, the sum is only 3.9 million) in four nurseries Digelo, Sabure, Chere and Tijo-Mankula) and in other private nurseries. The Woreda from 2007/08-2011/12 reported 5.32 million mean annual production of seedlings for various purposes (i.e., 2.18 million for forest development, 1.49 million for soil and water protection and 1.65 for fodder production. The Woreda has been using 248 kg of seeds annually in the aforementioned period.

Some farmers earn at least 3000 birr annually from seedling sell. For most tree seeds obtained seed pre-sowing treatment is not known, less attention is given to the sector, training and technical manuals lacking.

26

Table 7 Digelo and Tijo seedling production in 2010/11 Species

Number

Grevillea robusta

Acacia decurrens

430500

Hagenia abyssinica

9170

Acacia melanoxylon

116000

Juniperus procera

15600

Acacia saligna

3900

Casuarina sp.

15560

Chamaecytisus proliferus Cupressus lusitanica Dovyalis caffra Eucalyptus globulus

58300

Melia azedarach

2030

Olea europaea subsp. capensis

5200

1435300

Schinus molle

3800

763250

Sesbania sp.

20000

Total

131900 3924950

914440

Hetosa Woreda (Eteya) Hetosa Woreda Office of Agriculture There are 23 PAs in the Woreda: 6 Highlands, 12 midlands and 5 lowlands. In each PA, one watershed is identified for protection.

The total seedling production was 4.157 million seedlings: Pots used in nurseries are 8 cm lay flat. The majority in Shorima nursery were potted seedlings. Farmers, FTC and schools normally produce bare rooted seedlings. However, the Woreda nursery budget was 15,000 birr but the plan was 6 million seedlings. As in the other Woredas, fodder species, which includes Sesbania sp, lablab and Chamaecytisus proliferus, should account 50% of the seedlings produced in nurseries. There used to be Ethio-Italy Project, which had phased out, but money from this project was still being used as a revolving fund to run the Shorima nursery, and seedlings of avocado and mango were produced and marketed.

Constraints and challenges in seed/seedling system 1. The public sector is unable to satisfy the huge demands for seeds and propagules of tree and other fodder species constrained by poor institutional capacity and institutional arrangement. For example, the public sector seed supplier to date, the FRC, is unable to supply the required type and amount of seeds, and does not satisfy all customers' requests.

27

2. Genetic quality of seeds under distribution is low and very much unknown. Well organized identification and registration of appropriate seed sources is lacking. The Tree Seed Zone developed for Ethiopia is a general seed zonation and itself requires refinement. However, the public sector is following neither this zonation nor another strict guideline to transfer seeds. The majority of the seed sources in the public sector are identified seed sources in natural forests and plantations whereas the private sector relies heavily on farmland resources. Managed seed stands and seed orchards are either minimal or nonexistent. Proper guidelines for ensuring genetic quality during seed collection are also lacking. 3. Issuance of license to individuals in Sodo town that entitles them to the seed service is encouraging. As a result currently there are over 20 seed suppliers in the town with a much higher total capacity of tree seed supply than what the public sector has been offering. However, the license issuance and renewal process follows a weak mechanism of evaluation, and is allowing less qualified and less competent individuals enter the market. In former times, when the Zonal Office of Trade issued licenses, it used to have some criteria, for example, applicants were required to have at least a diploma in the field of agriculture to get license. Other conditions to be fulfilled were store, shop and capital. This was done with the knowledge and approval of the Zonal Bureau of Agriculture. Currently, license is obtained from one of the three sub-city administration offices in Sodo town, and hence the former standard is heavily compromised. Furthermore, the majority of customers give no regard for genetic quality. 4. Seeds with low physical and physiological qualities enter the seed market. There is lack of control and feedback on germination of species by many of the customers, and sometimes less pure seeds are marketed. Sometimes seed buyers from the private vendors encounter poor seed germination (as low as less than 5%) for species such as Podocarpus falcatus, Hagenia abyssinica and Grevillea robusta. 5. The bid purchase is undermining the quality supply system; for example, one may prepare high purity seeds of Grevillea robusta and may bid for a higher price, but others with very poor purity offer for cheaper prices. Hence, due to cheaper suppliers and unfair competitions, quality is compromised. It is felt by respondents that corruption in the system is undermining the marketing of high quality seeds. 28

6. Sometimes, offices of agriculture and other seed customers satisfy their needs from local collection. But some of them seem to be unsure if they can do it. Hence, lack of knowledge and skill and lack of non technical capacities are hindering offices from carrying out own collection. 7. Documentation of seeds used and seedling produced and planted is poor and sometimes lacking. For example, in both Wolaita and Arsi Zones, detailed species based reporting is lacking, instead there is categorical reporting. 8. Nurseries are extremely under budgeted, especially in Arsi Zone. Financial shortage especially to cover labour cost is also a problem in Wolaita Zone. 9. The majority of the seedlings produced in both Wolaita Zone and Arsi Zone were barerooted. There were also substantial number of undersized seedlings in the nurseries visited (especially in Arsi Zone) and very rarely oversized seedlings. It is less likely that the undersized seedlings will be kept in the nursery for the next planting season but are rather planted in this season.

Summary and conclusion Several actors are involved in the tree seed and seedling production systems. The sole supplier of tested tree seeds in the public sector to date is the Forestry Research Center. Private seed suppliers were identified in Wolaita and Arsi Zone, however the suppliers in Arsi Zone were only two, not licensed and with minor impacts whereas there are over 20 licensed seed vendors with very high impacts. The three interviewed suppliers in Sodo town sell over 50 different forest tree, fodder and fruit tree species and other fodder, grass and vegetable species, whereas the FRC supplies 58 tree and shrub species. The supply of the FRC does not include fruits, grass and other fodder species. The Sodo suppliers are more natural and holistic in the range of species they are dealing with. The mean amount of seeds supplied by the three Sodo vendors in 2011/12 was 8500 kg whereas the mean amount of tree seeds supplied in the last five years (2006/072010/11) by the FRC was 7245 kg. In addition, the three Sodo vendors have supplied high amount of mango and avocado fruits.

The genetic quality of the tree seeds in distribution by the private suppliers is apparently low, and much remains to be done to ensure the supply of high genetic quality by the public sector. 29

No regard is given to seed sources quality, number and phenotypic attributes of mother trees and provenance-site matching both from the suppliers and the customers' side. The private seed vendors in Sodo town get their seeds mainly through purchase from farmers, whereas the suppliers in Arsi carryout own collection. The suppliers in Arsi collect and mix seeds from only 2 to 10 trees in the majority (73%) of the cases. It is highly probable that the number of trees from which the seeds are reaching the Sodo seed vendors are very much similar as the case of Arsi.

Over 70% of the seed collections of the Forestry Research Center come from planted forests and natural forests, and a quarter of the collection comes from trees planted in rows or irregularly in boundaries, as ornamental and shade trees, and natural regeneration or remnants found scattered in various compounds, whereas the majority (80%) of the seed sources of the Sodo vendors for the forest and fruit trees and fodder species are farmlands. The FRC and the Sodo suppliers are dealing with a total of 81 species; 38% are dealt by both, 33% by the FRC only and the rest 30% by the Sodo group only. Both the FRC and the Sodo seed vendors have customers all over the country.

The physical and physiological quality of the seeds in distribution by the private suppliers is not known. In some cases, customers communicate their feedbacks on the germination of the seeds they purchased to the private vendors through official letters. The importance of quality in terms of purity and germination percentages is well perceived by the private seed suppliers and the customers. The Sodo seed vendors interviewed requested for fair and transparent bidding system so that supplying high purity and high germination seeds would be rewarding.

Reports indicate that close to 143 million seedlings in Arsi Zone and 137 million seedlings in Wolaita zone were produced in 2011/12 budget year. Generally, the documentation and reporting formats conceal essential data. For example, in both Zones, detailed species based reporting is lacking, instead there is categorical reporting. However, there is a weekly follow up and a strong checking mechanism on nursery and overall activities in Wolaita Zone.

30

The majority of the seedlings produced in Wolaita Zone (65%) and Arsi Zone were bare-rooted. There were substantial number of undersized seedlings in the nurseries visited and very rarely oversized seedlings.

Recommendation General recommendations 1. Ensuring genetic quality in seeds under distribution Both the public sector and the private sector should work towards high genetic quality in their collection. Seed sources and number and type of mother trees to collect seeds from determine the genetic quality in a seed lot. Furthermore, the right provenance should be distributed to the right growing region. Seed zones and provenance tests are instrumental in preparing guidelines for seed transfer. But this was hardly materialized due to capacity limitations of the Forestry Research Center. The private sector and the majority of the customers are unaware of the importance of genetic quality in the seeds under distribution. Hence, seed source certification and transfer guidelines should be prepared to ensure genetic quality as this determines the production capacity of the trees planted as well as the quality of their products. The existing tree seed zone prepared by the FRC/NTSP (Albæk 1993) needs to be updated, and the recently produced potential vegetation of Ethiopia (Friis and Demissew, 2010) may be used as a starting point for the indigenous tree species. However, species specific seed zones or transfer guidelines should also be produced for some of the major tree species.

2. Creating enabling environment for private tree seed supply sector It is obvious that the public sector can not satisfy needs for seeds. The current efforts underway to establishing seed centers in four regional states are encouraging. However, the private tree seed supply sector will still have strong role to play. Hence, the roles of the private seed sector and the public sector should be clearly defined, and the private sector should be encouraged. Model works can be started in Sodo town, where there are already quite several tree seed suppliers to ensuring the supply of high genetic and physiological qualities in the seeds

31

marketed as well as fair marketing environment is created. Then this experience can be scaled out to other parts of the country. 3. Improving seedling quality and seedling survival Improving seedling quality requires resources: inputs, knowledge and good practices. The current establishments of village level nurseries should be encouraged and strengthened through supply of seeds at the right time, training of nursery foremen (which many nurseries are lacking) and the use of proper pot sizes and soil mixtures. The mode of production from predominantly bare rooted to potted seedlings would require to mobilize huge resources. Hence, nurseries need to be well budgeted. However, production of high quality seedlings in central nurseries, and far from the planting sites can not very much guarantee their planting as farmers may not wish to carry the heavy potted seedlings all the way to their sites. In addition much needs to be done to ensure high seedling survival besides producing quality seedlings. Farmers need to be convinced on the importance of tree growing for their livelihood and environmental protection, should get the right species and should render protection and proper care to the planted seedlings as a community and as a household. 4. Developing proper forestry and agroforestry information system Proper and explicit documentation systems need to be introduced both in the public and private sectors. Getting the required information was not easy during this study. There are still a lot of information that could have been gathered but which were difficult to do so. Hence, the Bureaus of Agriculture, research institutions and other stakeholders should develop such a detailed information system on seeds and seedlings.

Specific recommendations 1. Boost fruit trees production in Arsi, and evaluate their adoption 2. Increase the technical capacity of seed suppliers in Sodo town and devise mechanisms for ensuring fair trade, and evaluate changes 3. Synergy is needed among stakeholders during planting. There is also a need for better community mobilization. Follow-up and management activities needed after planting. The Offices of Agriculture are excellent in seed distribution but weak in follow-up. There should be ownership in each planting site.

32

4. In tree planting, generally ownership, proper planting, protection and management are required to guarantee high survival. 5. The tree seed business is a neglected sub-sector, and it deserves more attention. 6. The Sodo seed vendors interviewed requested for fair and transparent bidding system so that supplying high purity and high germination seeds would be rewarding. 7. Focus on some (mainly exotic) is undermining the biodiversity, hence collection of tree seeds by the public sector should be more diverse. More research should also be done on propagation of certain species to this effect. 8. Need assessment is necessary before production, hence planting purposes should be clearly known before seed and seedling production 9. Forestry extension system should be strengthened and technical manuals for seed collection and handling and seedling production should be produced. 10.

In the future, the seed/seedling system should be analysed together with the value chains

for the intended products produced from the trees. The objective for the subsector review/analysis would be to recommend improvements leading to the use of better genetic quality and to suggest how this could best be organised.

Figure 4 Seed zone map (a) and potential vegetation map (b) of Ethiopia

a

b

33

References Albæk A (1993) Tree Seed Zones for Ethiopia. Danida Forest Seed Center, Humleabaek. CSA. 2012. Statistical Abstracts. Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa. Derero A (2004). Prospects of forest genetic resources conservation and tree seed provision in Ethiopia. In Balcha, G., Yeshitela, K. and Bekele, T., eds. Proceedings of a national conference on forest resources of Ethiopia: status, challenges and opportunities. pp 139149. IBC and GTZ, addis Ababa. Derero A, Mamo N and Kelemu K (2011a) Strategic actions for integrated forest development in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa. Derero A, Fantu W and Eshetu Z (2011b). Trends in Tree Seed Systems in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa. FAO (2011) State of the world's forests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. FDRE (2011). Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy: Green economy strategy. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Friis, I., Demissew, S. and Breugel, P. V. 2010. Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Denmark, 307p. Innovation in input supply systems in smallholder agroforestry: seed sources, supply chains and support systems Lemenih, M. and Bongers, F. 2011. Dry forests of Ethiopia and their silviculture. In Günter, S., Weber, M., Stimm, B. and Mosandi, R, eds. Silviculture in the Tropics. pp 261-272. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Haidelberg. Lillesø JBL, Graudal L, Moestrup S, Kjær ED, Kindt R, Mbora A, Dawson I, Muriuki J, Ræbild A and Jamnadass R (2011) Agroforestry Syststems: 83:347-359 MoFED (2006) Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) 2005/06-2009/10. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Addis Ababa. MoFED (2010) Ethiopia: 2010 MDGs Report: trends and prospects for meeting MDGs by 2015. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Addis Ababa.

34

Appendices Appendix 1: List of contacted institutions and individuals No

Name

Zone

1

Abdi Gudeta

Arsi

2

Alemayehu Dibaba

Arsi

Institution Vision Tree Seed Suppliers Cooperative, Bekoji Lemu and Bilbilo Woreda Office of Agriculture

3

Andarghe Kiflemariam

Arsi

Kulummsa Nursery

4

Ashenafi

Arsi

World Vision

0911-742295

5

Deme Tulu

Arsi

0910-405163

6

Girma Fita

Arsi

Assela Digelo and Tijo Agricultural Office

0912-258473

022-3380005

7

Mamo Ebrahim

Arsi

Arsi Zone Office of Agriculture

0910-777119

022-3314880

8

Mekonnen Tadesse

Arsi

9

Melese Roba

Arsi

10

Sheko Sherte

Arsi

11

Shewarega Kebede

Arsi

12

Abdulsherif M. Siraje

Wolaita

13

Berhanu Wolde

Wolaita

14

Eyuel Heramo

Wolaita

15

Fanta Urago

Wolaita

16

Gezahegn H/Mariam

Wolaita

17

Goa Dogisso

Wolaita

18

Hailemichael Fekadu

Wolaita

19

Mesfin Nigatu

Wolaita

20

Seifu Worku

Wolaita

21

Simon Sitotaw

Wolaita

22

Wondimu Walelegn

Wolaita

Ketar Development Association, Bekoji Branch Office Hetosa Woreda Office of Agriculture Tiyo Woreda Office of Agriculture

Mobile

Office

0922-038780 0912-239480

022-3320368

0912-239375 0911-040746

022-3350027

0924-551100

022-3314827

Chilalo Galema Forest Enterprise Wolaita Zone Department of Agriculture

0911-066829

Kokate Nursery Wolaita Nation Heritage Association

0916-285165

0911-102071

046-5512289

Culture and Conservation 0911-740492

Agri-Seed Inputs Supplier Gezahegn agroforestry, vegetables, fruits and forage seed supplier Damote Gale Office of Agriculture Sodo Zuria Woreda Office of Agriculture Boloso Sore Woreda Office of Agriculture

0912-019925

046-5512820

0911-076718

046-5512877

Wolaita Zone Red Cross Simon Sitotaw Plant Seed Supplier

0916-735375

World Vision Sodo

0910-787003

35

0916-468212 0913-217042 0913-430349

0911-119462

Appendix 2 Annual seed collection and seed sources of FRC Species No

1

Scientific name

Acacia abyssinica

Native (N) or Exotic (E) N

Mean quantity of seeds procured (Kg) per annum

Potential number of seedlings to be produced

294.5

3186834

Seed sources

Type

Location

Natural forest

Lode Hetosa (Shaya) and Bedele (Sebasebat)

Plantation

Muger Cement, Menagesha, Diksis, Holeta, Desse, Ejere, Geferssa, Sebeta & Debremarkos (Aneded)

Plantation

Muger Cement, Adama, Alert (AA),Menagesha, Holeta and Gefersa

2

Acacia decurrens

3

Acacia melanoxylon

E

84

6724278

4

Acacia nilotica

N

18.7

99707

Natural forest

Metehara Sugar and Shoarobit

5

Acacia polycantha

N

40.7

146710

Natural forest

Gibe

Plantation

Mugar Cement, Ejere, Chefedonsa, Minjar-Shenkora, Dukem and Debrezeit

E

258.2

15736872

6

Acacia saligna

E

447.5

21986737

7

Acacia senegal

N

137.9

1266270

Natural forest

Langano and Metehara

8

Acacia seyal

N

4.5

1442806

Natural forest

Langano

9

Acacia tortilis

N

33.5

437011

Natural forest

Langano, Arsinegele and Meki

Albizia grandibracteata

N

15.3

73043

Natural forest

Semayero, Bebeka, Jima (Limu saka)

10

11

Albizia gummifera

N

27

159330

Natural forest

Gore, Smayaro, Dabena, Shashemene, Wellega (Giregna),Jima (Limu saka), Hurumu, D/zeit, Chora

12

Albizia lebbeck

E

62

303659

Plantation

Metehara and Sodore

Natural forest

Bedele (Yebu and Chora),Wellega (Giregna),Illuababora (Hailegna), Jima (Limu saka)

13

Albizia schimperiana

N

66

384714

14

Azadirachta indica

E

12.5

28512

Plantation

Melka Werer, Melkasedi and Sodore

15

Calliandra calothyrsus

E

1

112

Plantation

Bako

16

Callistemon citrinus

E

5.2

3516191

Others

Kuyera, Wodogenet and Wonji

17

Casuarina cunninghamiana

E

1.2

372947

Plantation

Beletechaka

36

No of seed sources 2

9

6

2 1

6

2

3 3

9

2

5

3 1 3 1

Plantation

Wonji, Debrezeit, Beletechaka, Dabena, Wushwush, Bebeka, Alert (AA)

2178995

Plantation+farmland

Kulumssa and Selale

Farmland+Natural Forest

Arjo, Bebeka, Gore, Melkaoda, Zege, Chora, Sebasebat and Dembi

Plantation

Gemeda and Jima(Bedabuna)

18

Casuarina equisetifolia

E

226.4

120976035

19

Chamaecytisus proliferus

E

78.2

20

Cordia africana

N

793.6

2760830

21

Croton macrostachyus

N

1.9

3320

7

2

8

2

22

Cupressus lusitanica

E

411.4

43988449

Plantation

Diksis, Gambo, Dabena, Menagesha, Jima (Mole forest), Kofele, Gonde, Assela, Sole and Chora Degaga(Kuk)e,Sole,Arusi(Gundi)

23

Cupressus pyramidalis

E

2.3

68548

Plantation

Sole, Gambo and Shashemene

24

Delonix regia

E

69.7

91066

Others

Wonji, Metehara and Bebeka

25

Dodonaea angustifolia

N

1.4

27980

Natural forest

Sekoru andDese(Hargu)

26

Dovyalis abyssinica

N

12.3

306828

Natural forest

Kuyera and Wondogenet

27

Dovyalis caffra

E

141.6

3143528

Others

Debrezeit, Akaki and Wondogenet

28

Ekebergia capensis

N

21.2

22014

Natural forest

Dabena and Kofele

29

Entada abyssinca

N

33.4

90984

Natural forest

Arjo, Didessa and Jima

30

Erythrina brucei

N

0.4

940

Natural forest

Arjo, Bebeka and Jima

E

515.3

450270952

Plnatation+Others

Debrezeit , Muger Cement, Dabena, Gechi, Gemeda and Gimbi

6

31

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

32

Eucalyptus citriodora

E

149.3

20790393

Others

Chora, Wondogenet, Belete Chaka, Debrezeit and Yirgalem

5

13

3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3

33

Eucalyptus globulus

E

179.7

50607540

Plantation

Kore,Diksis, Dire, Debrebirhan, Sendafa, Shenkora, Debresina, Gefersa, Holeta, Lemo, Sole, Koffele and Chancho

34

Eucalyptus grandis

E

11.5

15148622

Plantation

Yirgalem, Belete Chaka, Degaga, Gemeda and Suba

5

E

83.1

43572735

Plantation

Belete chaka, Dabena, Wonji, Assela, Degaga, Gumero, Debrezeit and Adama

8

35

Eucalyptus saligna

36

Eucalyptus viminalis

E

24.9

8161041

Seed stand

Elena (Assela) and Hamulo

37

13

2

37

Faidherbia albida

N

232.8

2148579

Others

Hawassa, Wonji, Merti and Arbaminch

4

38

Grevillea robusta

E

5

329598

Others

Debrezeit, Gumero, Bebeka, Wushwush and Chewaka

5

39

Hagenia abyssinica

N

61.2

9004788

Natural forest

Dinsho, Uraga, Bonga and Kofele

4

40

Jacaranda mimosifolia

E

37.9

3472549

Others

Bebeka, Wonji and Debrezeit

41

Jatropha curcas

E

0.3

169

Farmland

Shoarobit

1

42

Juniperus procera

N

89.8

1789985

Natural forest

Menagesha, Sole, Konso, Bale, Shashemene

5

43

Leucaena leucocephala

E

523.9

8909564

Others

Gibe and Metehara Sugar

44

Mearua aethiopica

N

0.9

9767

Others

Wondogenet, Debrezeit and Merti

3

45

Melia azedarach

E

553.9

713305

Others

Debrezeit, Adama, Melkaoda and Hawassa

4

46

Millettia ferruginea

N

262.9

427072

Natural forest

Dabena, Degaga, Zege, Kersa (Arsi) and Bebeka

5

47

Moringa stenopetala

N

151.3

227361

Farmland

Arbamich, Gofa and Konso

48

Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata

N

80.2

355434

Natural forest

Menegesha, Debrelibanos, Woira kebele (South Wello), Chilliom and Gedo (W. Shoa)

49

Parkinsonia aculeata

E

27.1

258773

Others

Metehara sugar, and Abader

50

Phoenix reclinata

N

10.1

22459

Natural forest

Bedele

Seed stand+Plantation

Duna, Turfe Ketechema, Suba and Belete Chaka

E

7.8

286184

3

2

3

5

2 1

4

51

Pinus patula

52

Podocarpus falcatus

N

196.8

174257

Natural forest

Menagesha, Sole, Dabena, Danshe, Gambo, Chilimo, Addisalem and Gemeda

53

Prunus africana

N

39.7

69533

Natural forest

Chilimo

54

Pterolobium stellatum

N

2.3

1695

Others

Debrezeit, Wondogenet, Agaro and Dabena

4

55

Schinus molle

E

213.1

5054218

Others

Debrezeit, Gonde (Assela) and Shashemene

3

E

383

22731571

Others

Muger Cement, Beletechaka, Dabena, Chora, Tikurwoha, Cherise and Bebeka

7

56

Sesbania aculeata

57

Spathodea nilotica

E

36.8

4621920

Others

Debrezeit, Semayayaro, Bebeka, Dabena and Yayu

5

58

Tamarindus indica

N

60.7

53523

Natural forest

Gibe

38

8

1

1

Appendix 3 Seed source types and amount of seeds sold by private seed suppliers in Sodo town in 2011/12 Agri-Seed

No

Species

1

2

3

Acacia decurrens

Acacia melanoxylon

Acacia saligna

4

Acacia senegal

5

Albizia lebbeck Allium cepa (Onion)

6 7

8

9

Beta vulgaris (beet root) Brassica oleracea (Cabbage)

Cajanus cajan

10

Carica papaya

11

Cassia sp

12

Casuarina sp.

Amount of Seed Sell (kg)

Gezahegn Agroforestry

60

Seed Source farmlands, KembataTembaro Zone, Halaba, Humbo, Bedessa

30

farmland, KembataTembaro, Hadiya

54

farmlands, Halaba, KembataTembaro Zone

45

AA

4

AA

6

AA

20

102

552 not supplied this year

362 not supplied this year

natural, Humbo

20

Amount of Seed Sell (kg)

farmland, Humbo and Konso

farmlands/urban areas, from the 12 districts in Wolaita zone

39

Seed Source

East Gojam Zone

Amount of Seed Sell (kg)

321.6

Seed Source

farmland, Silte Zone, KembataTembaro Zone

Holetta

Halaba

135

Humbo farmland, Hadiya, (Shone) and Sodo Zuria

580

Humbo

108

Simon Sitotaw

farmland, Humbo

583

farmland, Silte Zone

1519

Humbo and Konso

119.5

farmland and state farms, Ziway and Meki

16

Awash Melkassa

245

Awash-melkassa (East Shoa Zone), Kembata-Tembaro Zone, Badessa

13

14

Chamaecytisus proliferus

158

Cordia africana

8

farmlands, Debremarkos (East Gojam Zone)

not supplied this year

farmlands, 12 woredas, Wolaita

15

Cupressus lusitanica

35

farmland, farm boundaries from several districts in Wolaita Zone

16

Daucus carota (Carrot)

19

AA

17

Delonix regia

18

Dismodium sp

farmlands, Sodo Zuria

Dovyalis caffra

live fences, farm boundaries, Badewacho (Hadiya Zone)

19

20

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

21

Eucalyptus citriodora

22

Eucalyptus globulus

23

Faidherbia albida

24

Grevillea robusta

25

Hagenia abyssinica

11

farmlands/urban areas, Bedessa, Arbaminch, Upper Awash

74

3

farmlands, woodlots, Ofa, Damot Woide, Damot Gale farmland, woodlots, KembataTembaro Zone, Sodo Zuria

5

Woodlots, Debremarkos (East Gojam Zone)

6

183 not supplied this year

252

farmland, Sodo Zuria

680

Planted forest, Sodo -Zuria, Ofa and Dawro

550

558

farmlands, KembataTembaro Zone farmland/remna nt, Ofa (Lasho PA)

40

Debremarkos (East Gojam)

urban areas/compounds, Arbamich, Awash Arba

farmlands, Sodo Zuria

335

farmland, Humbo

478

farmland, Duguna Fango, KembataTembaro,

not supplied this year

natural forest, Tinodo-Dide

330.66

Dembremarkos (East Gojam), Debrebrehan (North Shoa, Amhara ), Fiche (North Shoa, Oromia)

580

farmland KembataTembero, Hadiya, Gesuba (Wolaita)

243

Planted forest (Damot, Sodo Zuria) and farmland (Dawro)

126

urban sources and farms, Arbaminch, Abaya Agricultural Development (Wolaita Zone), Upper Awash

58.5

farm/urban live fences,Humbo and Awash Melekassa

66

farmlands, Kembata-Tembaro Zone, Hadya Zone, Sodo Zuria

0.5

farmland, Debremarkos and Debrebirhan

181

farmland, Debremarkos

266

farmland, Gololcha (Arsi Zone)

735

farmland, Kembata-Tembaro Zone

not supplied this year

remnants/farmlan, Gedeo Zone

26

27

Jacaranda mimosifolia

13

urban areas/compound s, Wolaita, Kembata

not supplied this year

Jatropha curcas

28

Juniperus procera

farmland/remna nt, from the 12 districts in Wolaita Zone

29

Lablab purpureus

550

from own seed source

19

farmlands, from the 12 districts in Wolaita Zone

30

Leucaena leucocephala.

31

Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro)

32

Medicago sativa (Alfa-alfa)

33

34

Melia azedarach

Moringa stenopetala

330

8

163

49

farmlands/urban areas, from the 12 districts in Wolaita zone

2

225

urban areas/compounds, Adama town and Upper Awash

farmland, Sodo Zuria (Selam Ber)

897

Bele Jatropha Farm

158

natural forest, Dawro, Debremarkos

380

farm (seed supplied to farmers to multiply), Humbo

543

farmland, Humbo, Ziway

farmland, Wolaita Holleta Agricultural Research Center

1164

urban areas/compounds, kembataTemberao, Humbo

farmlands, Humbo, Arbaminch, Gofa farmland, all woredas in Wolaita

not supplied this year

South Africa

513

Humbo, Arbaminch

625

farmland, Sodo Zuria

35

Olea europaea

36

Panicam virgatum (Switch grass)

37

Parkinsonia aculeata

38

Pepper

39

Phoenix reclinata

30

riverine forest, Dawro, Konta

125

Riverine forest, Dawro

40

Podocarpus falcatus

18

farmland, Wolaita

200

farmland, Sodo Zuria

7

natural forest (Bale Zone), remnants (Silte)

178.25

farmland, Dembremarkos (East Gojam Zone)

66

farmland, KemabataTembaro

454

farmland, Debrezeit

391

farmlands, Adama, Humbo

1285

farmland, Humbo, Arbaminch, Gofa

128

farmlands, Kembata-Tembaro Zone, Hadya Zone

409.5

5

farmlands, Gode and Assaita

16

compounds, arbaminch

53

Riverine forest, Dawro

farmland, Halaba

41

41

42

43

44

45

46

Psidium guajava

Rhodes grass

Schinus molle

Sesbania sesban Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)

Spathodea nilotica

47

Triticale

48

Vicia dasycarpa (Vetch)

49

50

Vicia faba (Faba bean) Vigna unguiculata (Cow pea) SUM

10

farmland, Sodo Zuria

71

farmland, Alamudi, Jinka private farm

26

farmlands/urban areas, Damot Woide, Humbo, Arbaminch, Kindo-Koyisha

21

farmlands, Hadiya Zone, KembataTembero, from the 12 districts in Wolaita Zone

9

83

1500

20

56

not supplied this year

525

urban and farm areas, Ziway

farmlands, Humbo, Debremarkos (East Gojam)

farmland, Gesuba

275

Alamudin farm (Tikurweha), Ziway Amba compund

144

farmland/urban areas, Upper Awash, Adama and Mojo (East Shoa Zone)

887.5

farmland, Silte Zone, Hadiya Zone, KembataTembaro Zone

AA farmland/urban areas, Sodo Zuria, Ofa, Humbo, Bedessa

farmland, Holetta

132

5

125

not supplied this year

farmland, Humbo

4,604

8,246

42

farmlands, Humbo 0

farmlands, Badessa and Humbo

18

own multiplication in Sodo Zuria farms

233.5

farmland, Dessie

6

farmland, Humbo and Badessa

1533

farmland, Humbo and Badessa

12,659

Appendix 4 Amount of fruits marketed by the three Sodo Suppliers Agri-Seed

Gezahegn Agroforestry

Amount No

Species

Amount

(kg)

Seed Source

(kg)

Simon Sitotaw Amount

Seed Source

(kg)

Seed Source

farmland, Boloso Sore, Damot Gale, Damot Woide, Wondogenet, 1

Avocado fruits

200,000

Damot Gale (Seke

Aletawondo

11,030

Arbaminch, (originally 2

Mango fruits

300,000

PA)

farmland, Badessa 296.5

and Damot Gale

333.6

Arbaminch

farmland, Boloso-

from Israel?)

17,200

Bombe

Appendix 5 Private seed suppliers and their seed sources in Arsi Zone Deme Tulu Tree Seed Supplier Species

No of mother

Seed Source Acacia decurrens

Vision Tree Seed Suppliers Cooperative

trees

Woodlot, Assela town

Seed Source

mother trees

4-5

Church compounds + backyards, Acacia melanoxylon

Assela town

Chamaecytisus proliferus

Bekoji town backyards and around

Cordia africana

Scattered farmland trees, Arata

3-4 10

Farmland

several

4-5

Cupressus lusitanica

Plantation, Negesso State Forest Plantation, Negesso State Forest,

Eucalyptus globulus

harvested trees Scattered farmland trees, Tulu-

Faidherbia albida

No of

10 10-15

3

Kiche

Boundary planting, Bekoji 5-6 Hagenia abyssinica

Natural Forest, Chilalo Forest

Natural forest, Harbo/Jara forest Church compounds, Assela town Natural forest, Ardu Forest +

Podocarpus falcatus

farmland

Sesbania sp.

Planted trees in Assela Ranch

15-20

Agricultural research Center

Juniperus procera Olea europaea

Research Station of Kulumssa

5-6 2-3 7-8

43

Natural forest, Bubsa Forest

2-3 20