Toilet soaps generally have been carefully washed free of any alkali remaining ... exceptional soap maker. A recommended
EXPERIMENT : SOAP MAKING (SAPONIFICATION)
In this experiment we prepare soap from animal fat (lard) or vegetable oil. Animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of carboxylic acids; they have a high molecular weight and contain the alcohol, glycerol. Chemically, these fats and oils are called triglycerides (See chapter 27.3 of 372 5160 [1 ]d 13 gr end 1Bruice). [0 I 7840 1620 1580 1760 2300 2780 8300 8280 7820 7860 211 I2900 1620 63 1540 1660 4020 4140 2780 2900 1780 3040 1820 1680 2880 4120 3980 3220 53 1320 20 1620 1580 2020 2600 2780 8300 8280 8140 D2900 St D 295 St [14 1320] 1660] 3800] 4140] 2560] 2900] 3980] 3960] 2740] 1680] 2880] 4120] [1 92 acids I20 A I8300 1580 r chemdict /bs[[1 1320 1 1620 begin DDSt St [15 1540 [2 SPII2020 8280 16201660 2740 1320] DDSt St [16 I 8140 1660 1680 DSt D St [4natural [17 I 1620 I 8140 3800 2880 D StDS [ The principal in3960 animal fats and vegetable oils can[3 beI 2600 prepared from the triglycerides by alkaline hydrolysis (saponification). You may also choose to add a scent to your %w userdict/chemdict L/gr/grestore L/tr/ xl lpp SA RA -1 st -8 py np gs efill o cp a5 w dp 0 In x 6 2}b/OrA{py 0 dp/cY y cw py 0 1 2 -1 g bW -2 dp ChemDraw CopyRight sc 8 p cm fill pp}{sqrt 0 pA -1 m2 }{6 gr ix o D 2 pl-9.6 dv 1 rtransform 2lt{1 180 p -2 A}{cw m mv ssc px a}b/P exec}{al o -1 scm 2 0m gr}{pp}{gs dv sdp m gmv H dp o{dp dv -.6 rO xsc b2 py exec W 012 A}{dL st sm xl -1 CA lp np neg 0npy w LB mv I1.2 pgr T{8 a}{ex 7 pbd sc -9.6 est at p1 neg 5Fmv ppx clip}b/Ct{bs OA -1 lLaser npL/gs np 1986, arcn pp l0L/xl/trans aL m neg}if/py gs gr 2p mv cp st}b/HA lOB p ex r1at 2.25 0m 16.8 smv omv w px }{1 90 gs n8 1ls0lfil 12 ac 145 counttomark{bs py n/ex lp y /gsave np ro bW s3.375 edp sg ix aR 1P py t}{0 l0.6 0.3 ro bd w 1987, 78-1 O ac gr rep px SA sc cv 1rad fill x-1 m1 0aL dict p B/bL 0DL xeq{D nsc 1.2 0 1 at end}b/D dp {lW 8py late -9.6 x0ey lne{bW DA rSA p0L/ie/i gr py m sc bd dp px -1 mt 120 B p sCambridge rot put l}for rad m pn/ey rO 180 b1 emv cm 0-1 L/S{s }{dL 2 xD}{D 121.6 D m/ p 0ro 0lpy 50gbW dv -.6 ac A}{cw CA 0 p180 lt{-1 -1 a}ie}b/WW{gs a}ie}b/BW{wD chemdict w felse sm -1 0tr/dy 12 bs st aA 2xb{bs{dp dp 0 l8 px py xsc 0 2.2 -8 cp dx r1.5 dv}{bd}ie fS}ie 0 st}{A pgr}{gs O erot 0np m}b/dA 6py dv sm py L 1g D ne{bW 324.6 A}{1 pcm 16 n/dx 360 -1 180 x/dx pSA /ix/index aScientific 5LB sc 2-1 0glneg lp 5mv px sqrt px rm s400 sc gs begin/version neg}if/px rm -1 sac arc type[]type -4.8 DA 12 arc gs gi x1sp0-1 180 0.6 epy Llo st}{0 {[3 dy 0r3 ac 2 mv dp 0rO 52.25 B al 0.5 O gs sw CB 20}{dL lW 1dv/bd py p 25.8 c-1 2.2 16 gs B n/dy wD F eq{DB}{D pp S]}b/dL{dA cw rev{neg}if 6ac begin L/l/lineto w r90 lComputing, 1 sCB m 1rerO -1 lp px 2SA 0.5 gsg 02px p dv os-2 xsc 1CA cW dv cv begin fill 16 m rpy lecX x 0p np[{py 1x}i fill eq{dp SA 0sdv DA sg np cm neg 0lx bs dp p-1.6 mv wy sarc 0 1OA agr lp ne etgray f24 0lgr ly fil rlineto D 1bW np sm 0e}{cw pcp bs cm 0eac S}ie wx L/mt/matrix sgs oA}{2.25 g/w lorO ac 27 }{1 def/b{bind cm plc}b/O sc mv 0py gr 0 s16 dp cY cm nw px eInc. lsm 0tcm gat 0ac 1.6 neg sWI gpgr}b/OB{/bS bgs cli 5-1 pp}{2 2 px ne{bW 1m 2div 0lp sm pne mt cp 2lsx0m 0eq{gs t}{As ppath 3st sc cm 1v{O m mv 27 py p4 bs se0or{4 pssl w ro filW edup SA st st}]e gr lt}{px 0gi neg 270 0ll}b/SA{aF ls4.8 eprO bL cp 1.5 4tr pm rA 0gr py def}bind ZLB g/bb al L/mv/movet 2lm clOA gi dp mv fill 0 1w st 2fil cp ac edv/bd rad bd 25.8 AA gs cpt SA pp 1 put 39 rO lW rp yS xl}{xl al lgr 1px 0.4 4}{1.5 cm 0gs end ap a/py -1 lt{pp 4xow s}{1 pp eac gD 1np set 02w m cv py 3g0oat -1 s0.5 1 mv A}{270 sc pr}if sx}if cp dv bm}b/CB{np[{[{CS}{CS}{ ix D def/L{load exec dv gr}b/In{px px xl gray etdas -0.4 pp eq{dL m -1 lro}ie}b/A x8SA sc px 40T}]o 2rad 13sw 4app lW 24.6 py oround sc g/cX 0 1t}{1.0 gpp}ifelse S}i ZL 0ix lW x-1 gr}ie}b/Cr{0 O -0.4 L/m/ Bd 1fill h}d/cR w ppp a/px 180 rO lm/aL xl A}{1 B 0f/lp }if prnH CA ap 9.6 -2 n3xgr}b/w ggr ac gs 3 360 o/cX ac smul 62pAc}{0.5 w -1 AA cgldv x1-1 A DA def}b/d/def dx px cm 21.6 4o1px lexbLB gs exec}b/CS{p lp SA s{nH {np r12 w 1rarc gi n oaL sg p5L}{1 s/w ne{py py xs0}{180 10 cX elt{e}if /n/ 2mv m g/cY gs D dp/cY al OA d/ 39.6 fill 01S cm nrad pm 2sx-1 18 360 1cY neg 0wF dv pp aR 1Ac}{1 dv t}{0 mv rO dv xw }{1 gr rsm 16.8 rO s0sc dy sxdic eCA gdp DS xl snpp /w 1.5 dp 0p px ra cm L np xbL sgm 1fi a0p-n0s soap by adding an essential oil. You can purchase the scent you want to add or isolate it from the natural source using a process of steam distillation (see ‘Natural Product Isolation’ procedure at the end of this lab)
O R 1C
O
CH
O
CH
O
CH
-
R 1CO O Na
2
+
HO
CH
2
R 2CO O- Na + + H O
CH
2
CH
2
O R 2C
NaOH saponification or hydrolysis
O R 3C
Triglycerides (Fat or Oil)
-
2
R 3CO O Na Carboxylic acid salts (Soap)
+
HO
Glycerol
The natural acids are rarely of a single type in any given fat or oil. In fact, a single triglyceride molecule in a fat may contain three different acid residues (R1COOH, R2COOH, R3COOH), and not every triglyceride in the substance will be identical. Each fat or oil, however, has a characteristic statistical distribution of the various types of acids possible—See chapter 26.3, pg 1121 of Bruice for some examples. The fats and oils that are most common in soap preparations are lard and tallow from animal sources, and coconut, palm, and olive oils from vegetable sources. The length of hydrocarbon chain and the number of double bonds in the carboxylic acid portion of the fat or oil determine the properties of the resulting soap. For example, a salt of a saturated long-chain acid makes a harder, more insoluble soap. Chain length also affects solubility. Tallow is the principal fatty material used in making soap. The solid fats of cattle are melted with steam, and the tallow layer formed at the top is removed. Soapmakers usually blend tallow with coconut oil and saponify this mixture. The resulting soap contains mainly the salts of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from the tallow, and the salts of lauric and myristic acids from the coconut oil. The coconut oil is added to produce a softer, more soluble soap. Lard (from hogs) differs from tallow (from cattle or sheep) in that lard contains more oleic acid.
Tallow
CH 3(CH 2)14CO OH
CH 3(CH 2)16CO OH
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
CH 3(CH 2)7CH
CH(CH 2)7CO OH Oleic acid
Coconut oil
CH 3(CH 2)10CO OH
CH 3(CH 2)12CO OH
Lauric acid
Myristic acid
Pure coconut oil yields a soap that is very soluble in water. The soap contains essentially the salt of lauric acid with some myristic acid. It is so soft (soluble) that it will lather even in seawater. Palm oil contains mainly two acids, palmitic acid and oleic acid, in about equal amounts. Saponification of this oil yields a soap that is an important constituent of toilet soaps. Olive oil contains mainly oleic acid. It is used to prepare Castile soap, named after the region in Spain in which it was first made. Toilet soaps generally have been carefully washed free of any alkali remaining from the saponification. As much glycerol as possible is usually left in the soap, and perfumes and medicinal agents are sometimes added. Floating soaps are produced by blowing air into the soap as it solidifies. Soft soaps are made by using potassium hydroxide, yielding potassium salts rather than the sodium salts of the acids. They are used in shaving cream and liquid soaps. Scouring soaps have abrasives added, such as fine sand or pumice. To Prepare for this lab: Read section 17.14 of Bruice for a review of Soaps. Prelab to be turned into your instructor before you begin: 1)Write the balance equation for this reaction (use a C18 triaceylglyceride for you ‘oil’) 2) State what oil (or mixture of oils) that you will be using to make your soap. Use 100g of total oil. Also be sure to have calculated the amount of sodium hydroxide and water that you will be using (see procedure below for an explanation). Think about what mold you may want to use --the bottom of quart size milk carton is pre lined and works great and bring one if you can. The soap making procedure and advice below was graciously produced by Sean Choi, an exceptional soap maker. A recommended soap making website that you can refer to is ‘Thesage.com’. This website will also give you ideas as to what oils to use and scents (essential oils) that can be added. Note that you can add an essential oil to scent your soap. Many oil will be provided (olive oil, Veg oil and a few others) but you are encouraged to purchase/bring some from home to produce you own unique soap. You can also purchase soap molds and essential oil at Zenith supply on 63rd and Roosevelt. http://www.zenithsupplies.com/
SOAP MAKING ADVICE AND PROCEDURE: Introduction: The reaction in making soap (saponification) is a base (usually NaOH or KOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides to make three salts (soap) and glycerol. The molecules crystallize differently depending on the base used. NaOH produces a harder bar while KOH is used more frequently for liquid soaps.
The two most commonly used methods to make soap at home are called the cold process and the hot process. Both require a heat source and careful calculations to ensure that no caustic base is left unreacted in the soap. The hot process uses heat to speed the reaction resulting in fully saponified soap by the time you pour your soap into molds. The cold process uses just enough heat to ensure that all the fat is melted prior to reacting it with the base. I prefer the cold process because it is simpler, requires less time and energy, while resulting in a creamier bar. We will use the cold process in this experiment. In this experiment you must calculate the amount of base required to make a soap using a specific oil. To calculate the amount of NaOH required, you must refer to the table at the end of this experiment. The figures in the third column (NaOH – Bar Soap) give the grams of base required to saponify 1 gram of the oil. For example, 1.0 gram of avocado would require 0.133 g of solid NaOH. In this experiment, you will use a 5 % excess of the oil to ensure that nearly all of the sodium hydroxide is consumed in the saponification process. Otherwise, the soap will be too basic and could be harmful to use. If 100 g of avocado oil were used, then the amount of NaOH required (assuming a 5% excess of oil) would be 95 g oil x 0.133 g NaOH/1.0 g oil = 12.63 g of solid NaOH. Water is also required for this soap. For most soaps, a good amount of water is 35% of the mass of oil used. In this case, the amount of water required would be 35 g ( or 35 mL). It is sometimes desirable to use more than one kind of oil. Here are the calculations for a soap containing 30% coconut oil and 70% olive oil. Assume that 70 g of coconut oil and 30 g of olive oil are used. First, calculate the mass of 95% of each oil to ensure that there is a 5% excess of oil. Then do the following calculation:
28.5 g coconut oil x 0.181 g NaOH/g oil + 66.5 g olive oil x 0.134 g NaOH/g oil = 5.16 g + 8.91 g = 14.07 g NaOH required. The recipe would be 30 g of coconut oil, 70 g of olive oil, 14.06 g NaOH, and 35 mL of water. Note: A great all around soap is made with 30% coconut oil, 35% Crisco shortening, and 35% olive oil. Not too dry and good cleaning. PROCEDURE 1. Determine how much soap you want to make. In this experiment, you should use 100 g of oil, either 100% of one oil or a mixture. 2. Decide which oil/oils you will be using. Each oil has differing properties that react differently and produce different qualities in your soap. For example, coconut oil will give you a hard bubbly bar with excellent cleaning properties, however, bars with more than 40% coconut oil can be drying to the skin. On the other hand, olive oil makes a super moisturizing soap but the bar is softer, doesn’t last as long, and can leave behind an oily feeling. 100% olive oil bars also take considerably longer to react. In general, oils that are great for cleaning produce a harder bar but aren’t that moisturizing, while moisturizing oils produce softer bars and don’t clean as well. 30% coconut oil and 70% other oil/oil blend reacts easily and makes a great all around bar. 3. Each oil requires a different amount of base to react completely and can be looked up in a saponification table (attached). Calculate the amount of NaOH required to react all but 5 % of your oil(s). You want a 5% excess of oil in your soap to ensure that no caustic base remains unreacted in your soap. The excess oil is also great for the skin. 4. Prepare your mold, anything that will hold its shape will do. You will want to either grease your mold with petroleum jelly or line with freezer paper, parchment paper, or plastic wrap. DO NOT use aluminum foil because it will react with your base and release hydrogen gas. The bottom of quart size milk carton is pre lined and works great. 5. Make your aqueous base solution. Weigh out the amount of NaOH calculated in step 3 and put aside. Then pour 35.0 mL of distilled water into a 250-mL beaker. Slowly add the base to the water (never water to base!) while stirring with a glass stirring rod until dissolved and let cool to 33-43°C. Caution: NaOH is caustic and can burn you! Wear gloves! When NaOH is dissolved in water, a lot of heat is given off. This solution may become very hot.
6. Weigh and place oils into a beaker and melt/heat on a hot plate to 33-43°C. Mixing the oils and base at similar temperatures facilitates the reaction and prevents separation. 7. Once both the base solution and your oils are 33-43°C, you can begin slowly pouring the aqueous base solution into the oils while stirring. A magnetic stir bar may facilitate this process. Continue stirring until the mixture begins to thicken and you can see trails of your mixture on the surface upon lifting your spoon/stirrer above the surface. This stage is called ‘trace’ and some oils take longer than others to reach this stage. Once you have reached ‘trace’, you can add any fragrances or additives, mix thoroughly, then pour into your mold. Be mindful not to pour your stir bar into the mold. If you do, wear gloves when fishing it out and change gloves afterwards. (A helpful hint for cleaning the beaker is to let it sit until next lab period. By that time, the glass will be lined with soap rather than an oily caustic film. This is one of the few times in life where it pays off to put it off!) 8. Optionally you can insulate your mold with towels to trap heat and facilitate the reaction, or not. Some prefer to even chill the mixture at this point to prevent the soap from going through a ‘gel’ stage which occurs when the reaction heats up, turning the soap transparent for a short time before turning opaque again. The soap will appear different having gone through, or not having gone through ‘gel’ stage. Either way, your soap should be nearly completely saponified in 24-48 hours, at which point it can be removed from the mold. Though safe to use at this point, curing for 4-6 weeks will react any trace amounts of base and evaporate excess water, resulting in a smoother and longer lasting bar. 9. Before using your soap, you must test the pH to make sure that it is not too basic. You will test the pH in three different ways. Using a sharp device such as a knife or scalpel, shave off about 1 g of your soap in small pieces. Add to 20 mL of water in a small beaker and stir. Transfer about 2 mL of this mixture to a test tube and add a couple drops of phenolphthalein. The test range for phenolphthalein is ~ pH 8-10, changing from colorless to a deep pink. Colorless to light pink is fine. The more intense the pink, the more basic it is. A soap that gives a deep pink color may be an indication of an erroneous measurement or non-uniform mixture. A soap giving a deep pink color could be dangerous. Verify the pH using a pH meter. Soaps with a pH > 10 can be irritating to the skin depending on skin type. Soaps with a pH > 11 should NOT be used on the skin. They can be grated and used as laundry soap which generally has a pH of 10-12. Finally test a couple drops of the soap solution on pH paper to see if you get similar results.
For the saponifcation table below simply find you oil that you are using, and multiply the grams that you will use of that oil times the value given under the base you are using (in this case sodium hydroxide). This product of this value is the weight of base (in grams) that you need (see sample calculation above). Oil
SAP
NaOH
KOH
Sodium
Potassium
Hydroxide
Hydroxide
(Bar Soap)
(Liquid Soap)
INCI Name
Almond Butter, Sweet
90 - 140
0.098
0.139
Prunus amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil
Almond Oil Sweet
190 - 200
0.137
0.194
Prunus amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil
Almond Oil, Sweet, Organic
190 - 200
0.137
0.193
Prunus amygdalus dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil
Aloe Butter
220 - 260
0.176
0.247
Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil and Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract
Aloe Vera Oil
185 - 200
0.135
0.191
Apricot Kernel Butter
130 - 145
0.097
0.1361
Prunus armeniacae (Apricot) Kernel Oil
Apricot Kernel Oil
185 - 195
0.135
0.190
Prunus armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil
Apricot Kernel Oil, Organic
185 - 195
0.135
0.190
Prunus armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil
Avocado Butter
177 - 198
0.132
0.186
Hydrogenated Persea gratissima (Avocado) Seed Oil
Avocado Oil
177 - 198
0.133
0.188
Persea gratissima (Avocado) Oil
Babassu Oil
245-256
0.178
0.251
Orbignya oleifera (Babassu) Seed Oil
Baobab Oil
190 - 220
0.143
0.202
Adansonia digitata (Baobab) Seed Oil
Beef Tallow
190 - 200
0.140
0.196
Beeswax White
89 - 103
0.067
0.095
Beeswax
Beeswax, yellow
89 - 103
0.067
0.095
Beeswax
Blackcurrant Oil
185 - 195
0.134
0.188
Ribes nigrum (Blackcurrant) Fruit Oil
Borage Oil
175 - 196
0.134
0.189
Borago officinalis (Borage) Seed Oil
Brazil Nut Oil
245-256
0.176
0.247
Camellia Oil
185 - 197
0.134
0.189
Candelilla Oil
43 - 65
0.038
0.053
0.132
0.187
0.127
0.179
Canola Oil
Castor Oil
175 - 187
Camellia oleifera (Camellia) Seed Oil
Ricinus communis (Castor) Seed Oil
Cherry Kernel Oil
182-202
0.138
0.194
Prunus avium (Cherry) Kernel Oil
Cocoa Butter (deodorized)
188 - 200
0.136
0.192
Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter Deodorized
Cocoa Butter (food grade)
188 - 200
0.136
0.192
Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter
Cocoa Oil
173-188
0.127
0.179
Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) Oil
Coconut Oil 76
250 - 264
0.181
0.256
Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Oil
Coconut Oil, Organic
250 - 264
0.178
0.252
Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil
Cod Liver Oil
0.132
0.1848
Coffee Seed Oil
0.130
0.182
Corn Oil
0.135
0.190
Cottonseed Oil
0.137
0.192
Emu Oil (Fully Refined)
185 - 200
0.135
0.191
Emu Oil
Evening Primrose Oil
175 - 196
0.133
0.188
Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil
Evening Primrose Oil, Organic
175 - 196
0.133
0.188
Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil
Flax Seed Oil
188 - 196
0.135
0.190
Linum usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil
Flax Seed Oil, Organic
188 - 196
0.135
0.190
Linum usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil
Fractionated Coconut Oil
325 - 340
0.237
0.334
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride
Grape Seed Oil
185 - 200
0.134
0.187
Vitis vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil
Hazelnut Oil
180 - 200
0.136
0.192
Corylus americana (Hazel) Seed Oil
Hemp Seed Butter
175 - 200
0.133
0.1875
Cannabis sativa Seed Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
Hemp Seed Oil
190 - 195
0.137
0.193
Cannabis sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil
Hemp Seed Oil, Organic
190 - 195
0.135
0.191
Cannabis sativa (Hemp) Seed Oil
Illipe Butter
188 - 200
0.136
0.192
Shorea stenoptera (Illipe) Seed Butter
Jojoba Golden
91 - 93
0.068
0.096
Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil
Jojoba, Organic
91 - 93
0.068
0.096
Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil
Kokum Butter
187 - 193
0.134
0.188
Garcinia indica (Kokum) Seed Butter
Kukui Nut Oil
190 - 195
0.135
0.191
Aleurites moluccana (Kukui) Nut Oil
0.141
0.199
Lard
Lavender Butter
175 - 200
0.133
0.1875
Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil (and) Lavendula angustifloia extract, (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
Macadamia Nut Butter
175 - 200
0.133
0.1875
Macadamia ternifolia Seed Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
Macadamia Nut Oil
190 - 200
0.138
0.195
Macadamia (Macadamia ternifolia) Seed Oil
Mango Butter
183 - 198
0.135
0.190
Mangifera indica (Mango) Seed Butter
Marula Oil
188 - 196
0.135
0.190
Sclerocarya birrea (Marula) Kernel Oil
169
0.120
0.169
Limnanthes alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil
193.2
0.136
0.191
Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Oil
Neem Oil
175 - 205
0.138
0.194
Azadirachtin indica (Neem) Oil
Olive Butter
175 - 200
0.138
0.193
Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
Olive Oil A
184 - 196
0.134
0.190
Olea europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil
Olive Oil, Extra Virgin
184 - 196
0.135
0.190
Olea europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil
Olive Squalane, Refined
184 - 196
0.135
0.190
Meadowform Oil
Moringa Oil
Organic Raspberry Seed Oil
184 - 191
0.133
0.1875
0.155
0.218
220
0.155
0.218
Elaeis guineensis (Palm) Kernel Oil
Palm Oil
190 - 205
0.144
0.203
Elaeis guineensis (Palm) Oil
Palm Oil, Organic
190 - 205
0.144
0.203
Elaeis guineensis (Palm) Oil
0.136
0.190
0.135
0.191
Palm Butter
Palm Kernel Oil
Peanut Oil
Perilla Oil
185 - 200
Pistachio Nut Butter
175 - 200
Rubus Idaeus (Red Raspberry) Seed Oil
Perilla ocymoides (Perilla) Seed Oil
Pistacia Vera Seed Oil (and) Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
Pomace Olive Oil
0.133
0.188
Poppyseed Oil
0.137
0.194
Pumpkin Seed Oil
187 - 195
0.132
0.186
Rapeseed (Canola) Oil
182 - 193
0.124
0.175
Rice Bran Oil
180 - 190
0.131
0.185
Olea europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil
Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin) Seed Oil
Oryza sativa (Rice) Bran Oil
Rosehip Oil
185 - 193
0.133
0.187
Rosa canina (Rosehip) Fruit Oil
Safflower Oil, High Linoleic
185 - 198
0.135
0.190
Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil
Sal Butter
178 - 192
0.130
0.183
Seabuckthorn Oil
130 - 200
0.116
0.163
Hippophae rhamnoides (Seabuckthorn) Oil
Sesame Oil
186-199
0.135
0.191
Sesamum indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil
Shea Butter
170 - 185
0.126
0.178
Butyrospermum parkii (Shea Butter) Fruit
Shea Butter Ultra
160 - 180
0.131
0.185
Butyrospermum parkii (Shea Butter) Fruit)
0.136
0.192
190
0.134
0.188
Glycine soja (Soybean) Oil
185 - 198
0.136
0.191
Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil
0.127
0.178
Sulfated Ricinus communis (Castor) Oil
Shortening (vegetable)/Tallo w
Soybean Oil
Sunflower Seed Oil
Turkey Red Oil
Virgin Coconut Oil
250 - 264
0.178
0.252
Cocos nucifera (Virgin Coconut) Oil
Walnut Oil
190 - 197
0.136
0.192
Juglans regia (Walnut) Seed Oil
Wheat Germ Oil
180 - 200
0.132
0.186
Triticum vilgare (Wheat) Germ Oil
