Experimental and Numerical Investigations of ...

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Francesca Bozzano, Salvatore Martino, Alberto Prestininzi, Gabriele ..... Giordano G. (2008) carta geologica del di RomaYFoglio 354 scala 1:50000, DiparY.
Chapter 34

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Nonlinearity in Soils Using Advanced Laboratory-Scaled Models (ENINALS Project): From a Site-Test to a Centrifuge Model Francesca Bozzano, Salvatore Martino, Alberto Prestininzi, Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza, Luis Fabian Bonilla, Alberto Bretschneider, Jean Louis Chazelas, Sandra Escoffier, Luca Lenti and Jean-François Semblat

34.1

Introduction

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34.3

Seismic Input

The dynamic input considered in this study represents the maximum expected seis mic action in 5RPH,WZDVUHSURGXFHGRQWKHVRLOFROXPQVE\G\QDPLFFHQWULIXJH PRGHOLQJIROORZLQJWKUHHDSSURDFKHV L DQDWXUDOVLJQDO LL DQHTXLYDOHQWVLQX VRLGDOVLJQDODQG LLL DPXOWLIUHTXHQWLDOHTXLYDOHQWVLJQDOGHULYHGE\WKHUHFHQWO\ SURSRVHG/(0$B'(6DSSURDFK7KHWKUHHVLJQDOVDUHKHUHGHVFULEHG

34.3.1

Natural Reference Input

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34.3.2

Cyclic Mono-Frequency Input

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34.3.3

LEMA_DES Multi-Frequency Input

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LEMA_DES signalREWDLQHGVWDUWLQJIURPWKHQDWXUDOVLJQDOLQWHUPVRIHTXLYDOHQW DFFHOHUDWLRQLVVKRZQRQ)LJF:LWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHSURFHGXUHE\/HQWLDQG 0DUWLQR   WKH &RQYHUJHQFH 5HODWLYH (UURU &5(   IRU WKH KHUH REWDLQHG VLJQDOLVHTXDOWRFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDPLGGOHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHGHULYHGVLJQDO

34.4 34.4.1

Centrifuge Modelling Experimental Project

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34.4.2

Experimental Device

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34.4.3

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Experimental Setup

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34.4.3.1

Preparation of the Sample Boxes: Soil Columns #1 and #2

)RUSUHGLVSRVLQJWKHER[RIWKHVRLOFROXPQWKHVDQGZDVDLUSOXYLDWHGXVLQJ WKHILQH)RQWDLQHEOHDXVDQGDZHOOVRUWHGVLOLFDILQHVDQGZLWKD' PPD D PPDQGDQXQLIRUPLW\FRHIILFLHQW&8 7KHYDOXHVRIGU\XQLWZHLJKW DUH Ȗd min  N1P3 DQG Ȗd max  N1P3 Hmin  DQG Hmax 7KH UHODWLYH GHQVLW\ RI WKH SOXYLDWHG VDQG LV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH IROORZLQJ SDUDPHWHUV GLPHQVLRQRIWKHVORWIRUWKHVDQGPRYLQJVSHHGRIWKHKRRSHUKHLJKWRIIDOO7R SUHSDUHWKLVER[DVORWRIPPDVSHHGRIWKHKRRSHURI+] H[SUHVVHGDVWKH IUHTXHQF\YDOXHRIWKHPRWRU DQGDKHLJKWRIIDOORIFPZHUHVHW$SSO\LQJWKHVH SDUDPHWHUVWKHVDQGOD\HUKDGDUHODWLYHGHQVLW\RIDQGDȖd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 ([SHULPHQWDODQG1XPHULFDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQVRI1RQOLQHDULW\« )LJ௘ )ORZFKDUWVKRZ ing the procedure adopted to prepare the multilayer soil FROXPQ

Consolidation of a 9 cm or 18 cm clay layer



Pluviation of 13.5 cm Fontainebleau sand - Id=57%

Saturation of the 1st layer of sand

Installation of the clay layer on the saturated sand layer

Pluviation of the 2nd layer of sand Id= 57%

Saturation of the 2nd layer of sand

E\DJHRWH[WLOHZDVVHWXSDWWKHERWWRPRIWKHER[)RUWKLVFOD\OD\HUGUDLQDJHZDV DOORZHGERWKDWWKHWRSDQGWKHERWWRPVXUIDFHV7KHVDWXUDWHGFOD\ZDVFRQVROL GDWHGIROORZLQJDUDPSRILQFUHDVLQJVWUHVVHVZLWKDILQDOYHUWLFDOVWUHVVRIN3D

34.4.3.2

Preparation of the Sample Boxes: Soil Columns #3 and #4

)RUWKHVHWXSRIWKHPXOWLOD\HUVRLOFROXPQVWKHFOD\ZDVILUVWSUHSDUHGVHSDUDWHO\ DQGWKHQSXWLQWRWKHER[DIWHUSOXYLDWLRQDQGVDWXUDWLRQRIWKHILUVWVDQGOD\HU7KH ZKROHSURFHVVLVH[SODLQHGLQWKHIORZFKDUWRI)LJ 6LPLODUO\WRWKHKRPRJHQHRXVFOD\VRLOFROXPQWKHOD\HULVSUHSDUHGE\PL[LQJ SXUH6SHVZKLWHFOD\ZLWKZDWHUWRREWDLQDVOXUU\DURXQGZDWHUFRQWHQW7KH VOXUU\ZDVWKHQSRXUHGLQDFLUFXODUER[‘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³FXWDQGLQVWDOO´SURFHGXUHZDVH[SHULHQFHGWRUHDOL]HWKHPXOWLOD\HUVDPSOHV The process of installation of the consolidated clay layer used a suction pad and a FXWWLQJVNLUWPDGHRI39&VKHHWVIL[HGRQWKHSHULSKHU\RIDIODWVXFNHU7KHSURFHVV LVGHWDLOHGLQ)LJ

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)LJ௘ Installation of the consolidated clay layer in the ESB box

:KHQWKHFOD\LVFRPSOHWHO\FXWWKHFOD\EORFNLVH[WUDFWHGDQGPDLQWDLQHGXQ GHUWKHVXFNHUE\WKHYDFXXP7KHEORFNZDVWKHQWUDQVIHUUHGWRDWDEOHZKHUHWKH FXWWLQJSODWHVDUHZLWKGUDZQDQGUHSODFHGE\DVLPSOHODUJHWDSHEDQGFRYHULQJWKH OLPLWEHWZHHQWKHVXFNHUDQGWKHFOD\7KHFOD\EORFNWKHQZDVOLIWHGDQGVHWXSRQ WKHVDWXUDWHGVDQGOD\HULQWKH(6%ER[7KHYDFXXPFOHDQHUFDQEHVZLWFKHGRII DQGWKHWDSHDQGWKHVXFNHUUHPRYHG .HOOHUSRUHSUHVVXUHWUDQVGXFHUVDQG% .W\SHPLFURDFFHOHURPHWHUVZHUH LQVWDOOHGZLWKLQWKHVDPSOHER[HVDVH[HPSOLILHGLQ)LJ/9'7GLVSODFHPHQW VHQVRUVZHUHLQVWDOOHGDIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHPRGHOLQWKHFHQWULIXJH

34.4.4

Seismic Signals Analysis

34.4.4.1

Signal Reproduction

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natural signal )LJ ZDVYHU\ZHOOUHSURGXFHGE\ WKHVKDNHUDVFDQEHVHHQFRPSDULQJWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQERWKLQWLPHDQGIUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQV

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 240 mm

300 mm 200 mm

400 mm 200 mm

10 mm 135 mm

30mm

12

60 mm 30mm

120 mm

60 mm 30 mm

90 mm

360 mm

60 mm 120 mm

135 mm

30mm

90 mm

LEGEND B&K accelerometerstype 4517 Keller Pore pressure sensors

90 mm

3 2

Sand (S) Clay(C)

Potentiometer displacementsensors

)LJ௘ 6NHWFKLOOXVWUDWLQJWKH(6%ER[LQVWUXPHQWHGZLWKWKHPRQLWRULQJV\VWHPLQWKHFDVHRI a multilayer sample

Some spurious accelerations are not completely negligible on the x direction be FDXVHWKHJOREDOOHYHOLVZHDNIRUWKHVKDNHUZKLOHWKH\DUHQHJOLJLEOHRQWKHz direc WLRQ$OOWKHIUHTXHQF\YDOXHVUHSRUWHGKHUHDIWHUDUHUHIHUUHGWRWKHSURWRW\SHVFDOH The LEMA_DES signal )LJ   SUHVHQWV DQ H[FHOOHQW ILWWLQJ LQ WKH IUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQWLOO+]VRPHIUHTXHQF\KLJKHUWKDQWKHUHIHUHQFHFDQEHQRWHGDURXQG +]7KHVSXULRXVPRYHPHQWVRIWKHWDEOHDUHUHOHYDQWRQO\IRUVRPHIUHTXHQFLHV DURXQG+]EXWLQJHQHUDOWKHVLJQDOTXDOLW\LVJRRG7KHVKDNHUDOVRUHSURGXFHG YHU\ZHOOWKHsinusoidal signal )LJ ZLWKDQH[FHOOHQWFRUUHVSRQGHQFHRI WKHVLJQDOVXSWR+]6RPHIUHTXHQFLHVDURXQG+]JHQHUDWHVRPHWURXEOHVRQ WKHVLJQDO6SXULRXVDFFHOHUDWLRQVDUHQHJOLJLEOH7KHVSXULRXVPRYHPHQWVRIWKH WDEOHDUHUHOHYDQWRQO\IRUVRPHIUHTXHQFLHVDURXQG+]EXWLQJHQHUDOWKHVLJQDO TXDOLW\LVJRRG

34.4.4.2

Signal Transmission

,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIWKHLQSXWUHSURGXFHGE\WKH shaking table to the bottom of the soil column the accelerations recorded at these SRVLWLRQVZHUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW7KH)DVW)RXULHU7UDQVIRUPV ))7 RIWKHVLJQDOV

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)LJ௘ Natural signal reproduced by the shaker upscaled to prototype scale: a))7 ௘top-left b Arias Intensity of the natural signal ௘top-right cDFFHOHURPHWULFWLPHKLVWRULHV ௘bottom

IRUWKHWKUHHNLQGVRIVROLFLWDWLRQVDQGIRUWKHUHFRUGVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRFKDQQHOVWZR DQGWKUHHRI)LJZHUHFRPSXWHG $VSHFWUDOHVWLPDWRUXVHIXOWRSXWLQHYLGHQFHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHVLJQDOV UHFRUGHGDWFKDQQHOWZRDQGWKUHHZDVDGRSWHGIROORZLQJWKH(TEHORZ

E=

N

∑ i =1 ( xi − yi )2



ZKHUHiLVWKHVXPLQGH[PRYLQJIURPRQHXSWRWKHPD[LPXPQXPEHURISRLQWVLQ WKH))7xi and yiDUHWKHVSHFWUDODPSOLWXGHYDOXHVUHODWHGWRWKHUHFRUGVDWFKDQQHOV WZRDQGWKUHHDQGEWKHHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHHUURU1RQRUPDOL]DWLRQRQWKHWRWDOQXP EHURISRLQWVZDVDGRSWHGEHFDXVHWKH))7VZHUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHVDPHWRWDO QXPEHURISRLQWVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\EDQG±+] 7KH HUURU YDOXHV DUH   DQG  PV UHVSHFWLYHO\ IRU WKH naturalWKHLEMA_DES and sinusoidal signalsIRUWKHZKROHIUHTXHQF\EDQGUH WDLQHGIRUWKHVXP,IRQO\WKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\EDQG LH±+] LVUHWDLQHGIRUWKH VXPWKHYDOXHVDUHDQGPVUHVSHFWLYHO\IRUWKHnatural LEMA_DES and sinusoidal signals7KLVYHU\SUHOLPLQDU\DQDO\VLVVXJJHVWVWKDWD better reproduction of the signal can be expected for the natural and for the LEMA_ DES signals$Q))7FRPSDULVRQ SRLQWYVRI)LJ ZDVDOVRSHUIRUPHG

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)LJ௘ LEMA_DES signal reproduced by the shake upscaled to prototype scale: a))7 ௘topleft  b$ULDV ,QWHQVLW\ RI WKH ³QDWXUDO LQSXW´ VLJQDO ௘top-right  c accelerometric time histories ௘bottom

WRHYDOXDWHWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIKLJKIUHTXHQFLHV ±+] ZLWKLQWKHPRGHOGXHWR WKHYLEUDWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHVDPSOHER[,WUHVXOWHGLQDYHU\ VLPLODUHUURURIDERXWIRUWKHnatural and the LEMA_DES signalsZKLOHDORZHU HUURU DERXW   UHVXOWHG IRU WKH sinusoidal signal EXW LQ WKLV FDVH LW VKRXOG EH taken into account that the sinusoidal signal FDQQRW UHSUHVHQW IUHTXHQFLHV KLJKHU WKDQ+] 7KLVRXWSXWGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHJRRGTXDOLW\RIWKHHTXLYDOHQWLEMA_DES signalZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHnaturalRQH

34.5

Conclusions

7KHSUHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVREWDLQHGLQWKHIUDPHRIWKH6(5,(6(1,1$/6SURMHFWDUH VXPPDUL]HGLQWKHIROORZLQJ ‡ DFHQWULIXJHPRGHOLQJZDVFDUULHGRXWE\XVLQJPXOWLOD\HUVDPSOHVFRPSRVHGRI DFOD\OHYHOZLWKLQVDQG\RQHV7RWKLVDLPVSHFLILF³FXWDQGLQVWDOO´WHFKQLFDO VROXWLRQVZHUHDGRSWHG

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)LJ௘ Sinusoidal signal reproduced by the shaker upscaled to prototype scale: a))7 ௘topleft  b$ULDV ,QWHQVLW\ RI WKH ³QDWXUDO LQSXW´ VLJQDO ௘top-right  c accelerometric time histories ௘bottom

‡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This application can represent a useful tool for mapping the susceptibility to HDUWKTXDNHLQGXFHGJURXQGHIIHFWVUHODWHGWRVKHDUVWUDLQGHIRUPDWLRQVLHIRUVHLV PLFPLFUR]RQDWLRQVWXGLHV:LWKSDUWLFXODUUHIHUHQFHWRWKHKHUHFRQVLGHUHG5RPH FDVHVWXG\LWLVZRUWKVWUHVVLQJWKDWWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQFDQUHSUHVHQWDFRPSOHPHQWDU\ WRROIRUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH,WDOLDQRIILFLDOWHFKQLFDOUXOH³,QGLUL]]LH&ULWHUL GL0LFUR]RQD]LRQH6LVPLFD´ ,&06  Acknowledgments 7KHUHVHDUFKOHDGLQJWRWKHVHUHVXOWVKDVUHFHLYHGIXQGLQJIURPWKH(XURSHDQ &RPPXQLW\¶V6HYHQWK)UDPHZRUN3URJUDPPH>)3±@IRUDFFHVVWRWKH,)677$5&HQ WULIXJH1DQWHV)UDQFHXQGHUJUDQWDJUHHPHQWQƒ

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