Exploiting Symmetries to Test Programs - Semantic Scholar

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of particular interest for programs for which neither an oracle, nor any formal ...... Ammann andзж night [ 1 9] described the data diversity approach which aims at ...
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Exploiting Symmetries to Test Programs Arnaud Gotlieb

N˚4810 Avril 2003

ISSN 0249-6399

ISRN INRIA/RR--4810--FR+ENG

THÈME 2

apport de recherche

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