Finite-Element Simulations of Electrically-Driven Fluid ...

Conference Organizations

Advisor Prof. Dr. Ir. Bambang Sugiarto M. Eng Dean of Faculty of Engineering, UI Dr. Ir. Dedi Priadi, DEA Vice Dean of Faculty of Engineering, UI Dr. Ir. Sigit Pranowo Hadiwardoyo, DEA Faculty Secretary of Faculty of Engineering, UI Chairman Dr. Ir. Bondan T. Sofyan, M.Si. VICE Chairman Dr. Mohammed A. Berawi, M.Eng Technical COMMITTEE Dr.-Ing. Eko Adhi Setiawan Toha Saleh, ST., M.Sc Ir. Warjito, M.Sc., Ph.D Dr. Ir. Badrul Munir, ST., M.Sc.Eng Yulia Nurliani Lukito, ST., M.Des.S Arian Dhini, ST., MT Farizal, Ph.D SECRETARIATE Ayomi Dita Rarasati, ST., MT Herra Astasusmini, SE Lanny Delima Bastari Nuruli Exsiarni

Treasurer Evi Supriningsih, S.Pd, MM PROGRAM & PROTOCOL Dr. Ir. Anondho Wijanarko, M.Eng Dwinanti Rika Marthanthy, ST., MT PUBLICATION & DOCUMENTATION Dr. Abdul Halim Tikka Anggraeni, S.Sos Pijar Suciati, S.Sos Aryadi WEB & SYSTEM INFORMATION Arief Udhiarto, ST., MT Dr. Abdul Muis, ST., M.Eng Dedi Triyanto, ST I Gde Dharma N., ST., M.T Elmansyah, ST SPONSORS & EXHIBITION Armand Omar Moeis, ST., M.Sc Deni Ferdian, ST., M.Sc VENUE Dr.-Ing. Ir. Nandy Setiadi Djaja Putra Teguh Iman Santoso, ST Jumiardi CATERING M.G. Sri Redjeki

Conference Organizing Committee : Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia Dekanat Building 3 rd Floor Kampus UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia Phone : +62 – 21 - 9114 5988/ 786 3503 Fax : +62 - 21 – 7270050 Email : [email protected], [email protected] www.eng.ui.ac.id

Preface

Welcome from the Rector of University of Indonesia I am honoured to have the opportunity to officially welcome you to the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) 2009. The conference provides an excellent forum for engineering professionals, business executives, industry practitioners, and academicians to exchange ideas and to share their experience, knowledge and expertise with each other. I believe the participants will also learn about the latest trends in the development of new tools, knowledge and skills in various engineering design and technology. As we agree that engineering products or projects bring together resources, skills, technology and ideas to achieve business objectives and deliver business benefits and it comes in all shapes and sizes from the simple and straightforward to the large and unmentionably complex, thus we need an application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques necessary to develop and successfully execute the products or projects plan so it will meet or exceed our customer and stakeholder needs and expectations. The ultimate concern of engineering product or project is three-fold: the product/project meeting its targets and purposes, the product/project on schedule, and the product/project cost within budget. As the Indonesian economy is growing, local enterprises are obliged to upgrade their skills in innovation and product design. There are also increasingly aware of the importance of professionalism in various engineering areas for industries needs and many professionals are keen to upgrade their capability. Having said that, I hope this conference can be a kick-off for strengthened our action and partnerships on creating th international thinkers, academics, government officials, business executives and a platform for us; national and practitioners, to present and discuss the pivotal role of engineers in the achievement of excellence organizations. I am sure you will find the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) 2009 both informative and stimulating. I would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia for organizing this meaningful and timely event, and the supporting organizations for their participation and contributions. With this, I wish you all a fruitful conference. Thank you.

Prof. Dr. der. Soz. Gumilar Rusliwa Somantri Rector of University of Indonesia University of Indonesia

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Preface

Welcome from Dean of Engineering University of Indonesia On behalf of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, it is my greatest pleasure to th warmest welcome to all of you to the 11 International Conference on QiR (Quality extend our in Research) 2009. As we know that this conference is conducted to cover a wide range of engineering design and technology issues. I hope these four days of the conference will be spent in interesting discussion and exchange of ideas. I also hope this conference would be able to provide a state-of-the-art information and knowledge in the challenging world of engineering design and technology. The growing success of our institutions and expertise should urge us to develop our competitive capabilities, especially as we face certain challenges which would be overcome with more hard work and working together hand by hand. We will work together to develop a common path and collaboration opportunities for future action and research on multi disciplinary engineering areas. I am delighted that you have accepted our invitation to this conference in such large numbers as indicated that we will have many international keynote speakers’ lectures and papers from various countries to be presented and discussed during these two days conference. We will explore various engineering techniques and tools in various industries that can be used to build better stakeholder performance and relationships, to enable us to create wealth through innovation, to promote productivity through technology, and to foster our collaboration. I would like to thank you to our sponsors, supported bodies and various contributors for their generous support of this conference. I would also like to thank our distinguished speakers for agreeing to share their insights with us. To our friends from overseas and other provinces of Indonesia, I would also like to extend a warm welcome to you and wish you an enjoyable stay in Jakarta. Last but not least, I would invite you to join me in thanking the committed staff that made this conference happen and to make it a success. I wish you a very pleasant stay here in Jakarta and a successful and productive discussion at the conference. Thank you. Prof. Dr. Bambang Sugiarto Dean of Engineering University of Indonesia

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Preface

Welcome from the QiR 2009 Organizing Committee On behalf of the Organizing Committee, it is my greatest pleasure to extend our warmest welcome to all of you to the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) 2009. I am sure that you will all find this conference stimulating and rewarding. As we are aware of, the impact of globalization has resulted in a very competitive business environment that makes the fulfillment of customer/clients’ ever-sophisticated project or product or service needs most challenging. Without any doubt, a good engineering design and technology is powerful in helping our industries to enhance their productivity and competitiveness. Thus, it is our aim and hope that the conference would be able to provide an international forum for exchange knowledge and research expertise as well as to create prospective collaboration and networking on various fields of engineering and architecture. With its continuous presence in the last 11 years, QiR has become an icon of Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia in serving the objectives to provide engineering excellence for both national and international needs. The QiR 2009 consists of 2 special issues and 4 symposia covering almost all aspect in engineering, design and architecture. I am delighted to inform you that we have such large numbers of participants today as indicated that we will have 7 keynote speakers’ presentation and more than 240 papers from various countries to be presented and discussed during these two days conference. We are fortunate to have a lot of good quality of papers that belongs to: 70 papers on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as a Bridge between Computing and Telecommunication 36 papers on Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Development and Tropical Eco-Urbanism. 56 papers on Industrial Engineering Approach for Productivity Improvement 56 papers on Advanced Materials and Processing 30 papers on Energy Conservation through Efficiency in Design and Manufacturing I would like to thank you to various contributors, speakers and participants for your generous support of this conference. It is my pleasant duty to thank all the members of Organizing Committee and the International Board of Reviewers for their advices and help. We are grateful to all the Sponsors, Supporters and Exhibitors for their spontaneous response and encouragement by way of committing funds and extending help in kind. I would like to sincerely thank the Dean of Engineering, for fully supporting the Committee and providing all supports to make this conference happen and to make it a success. I wish you a very pleasant stay here in Jakarta and finally, let me wish all of you a meaningful and fruitful conference. Thank you and hope to see you again in QiR 2011. Dr. Bondan T. Sofyan Organizing Chairperson of QiR 2009

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Reviewers

International Board of Reviewers : • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Prof Dr James Holm-Kennedy, University of Hawaii, USA Prof. Dr.-Ing. Axel Hunger, University of Duisburg, Germany Dr. Monto H Kumagai, XtremeSignPost.Inc, Davis, California, USA Prof. Chit Chiow Andy T, PhD, BSc (Eng), FIEAust, Peng, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Prof. Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo, PhD, Chiba University, Japan Prof. C.F. Leung, National University of Singapore Prof. Dr. Low Shui Pheng, National University of Singapore Prof. Dr. Ghassan Aouad, University of Salford, United Kingdom Dr. Roy Woodhead, EDS Consulting Service, United Kingdom Prof. Dr. Hamzah Abdul Rahman, University of Malaya, Malaysia Prof. Tae Jo Ko, Yeungnam University, South Korea Prof. Dr. Freddy Boey, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Prof. Dr. M. Misbahul Amin, University Malaysia Perlis A/Prof. Iis Sopyan, International Islamic University Malaysia Prof. Ir. Gunawan Tjahjono, M.Arch., Ph.D, University of Indonesia Prof. Abidin Kusno, British Columbia University, Canada Prof. Lai Chee Kian, National University of Singapore Prof. Efstratios Nikolaidis, PhD, University of Toledo, USA Prof. Katsuhiko Takahashi, Hiroshima University, Japan

National Board of Reviewers : • • • • • • •

Prof. Dr. Ir. Djoko Hartanto, M.Sc, University of Indonesia Prof. Dr. Ir. Tommy Ilyas, M.Eng, University of Indonesia Dr. Ir. R. Danardono A. Sumarsono DEA. PE, University of Indonesia Dr –Ing. Ir. Bambang Suharno, University of Indonesia Prof. Dr. Ir. Djamasri, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia Ir. Isti Surjandari, Ph. D, University of Indonesia Prof. Dr. Ir. Mohammad Nasikin, M. Eng, University of Indonesia

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE Preface from Rector of University of Indonesia……………………………………………………………….....v Preface from Dean of Engineering University of Indonesia…………………………………………………...vi Preface from QiR 2009 Organizing Committee………………………………………………………………...vii

SYMPOSIUM PAPER A. SPECIAL ISSUES ON RFID A. Kusumadjaja_ Electrical Characterizations of Electro osmosis in Prototypes of Saight Microchannel.…………………..……………………..……………………..……………………..…………….....1 Aditya Inzani_ Dielectric Loaded Cylindrical Cavity Resonator…………………..……………………........6 Adyson Utina_ Estimation Analysis of Measurement Error in Power System……………………..……………………..……………………..……………………..…………………....10 Agus Purnomo_ Impact Of RFID to Retail Supply Chain Collaboration…………………………………....13 Agus R. Utomo_ Study of Reliability and Continuity Supply of Micro Wind Power at Sebesi Island……………………..……………………..……………………..……………………..……………………..19 Anak Agung Putri Ratna_ Improvement of SIMPLE-O Increased Computational………………………..23 Angga R_ Optimization of Renewable Energy Penetration for Electrical Supply at Base Transceiver Station……………………..……………………..……………………..……………………..…………………....29 Asvial_ Performance Analysis of Spatial Multiplexing MIMO OFDM……………………………………...35 Basuki Rahmat_ Network Modeling for Broadband PLC……………………..……………………………..40 Budi Sudiarto_ The Study of Single-Tuned Filter Design as a Solution for Harmonic Problem…………..……………………..……………………..……………………..…………………………….44 Catherine Olivia_Design of Interface System RISC Processor with RTC based on Advanced Microcontroller…………..…………………….. …………..…………………….. …………..………………….49 Catur Apriono_ Near Field to Far Field Transformation Using FFT Method for Antenna Measurement…………..…………………….. …………..…………………….. …………..…………………....56 Chairul Gagarin Irianto_ Performance Analysis of Delta-zigzag…………..……………………………….60 Damar Widjaja_ Prototype Design of Broadcast AM Radio Communication System…………………….70 Damar Widjaja_ Protoype Prototype Design of Broadcast FM Radio Communication System………….77 Dede A. Budiman_ Observation and Analysis of Negative Group Delay in Electronic Circuits…….......84 Dinar Mutiara_ The effectiveness E’ Government services either using mobile phone Technologies…..89 Dodi Sudiana_ Automatic Vehicle Identification and Inventory System…………………………………..97 Endra_ Discrete Wavelet Transform – k-Nearest Neighbours Method for Speaker Recognition………..102 Engelin_ The Effects of Vertical Scaling to the SiGe HBT with Different Lateral Dimension…………....106

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Fanny Fauzi_ Performance Comparison of rtPS QoS Class on mSIR and WRR Scheduling Algorithms……………………..……………………..……………………..…………………………………….110 Farizal_ Economic Analysis of Mobile Mining Fleet Replacement Using Mean Time Between Failure…………………….. ……………………..…………………….. …………………….. …………………117 Fetty Amelia_ Design of Voice Authentication System Using Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient…………………….. …………………….. …………………….. …………………….. ……………121 Fitri Yuli Zulkifli_ Design of GSM Authentication Simulation with A3 Algorithm Using Microcontroller…………………….. ………………………….…………………….. ……………………..…...126 Hendrik_ Finite-Element Simulations of Electrically-Driven Fluid Transport in Straight Channels…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………130 Herawati_ Performance of Toroid Core Permanent Magnet with RLC Loads…………………….. ……..135 Herlina_ CO2 Emission and Cost of Electricity of a Hybrid Power Plant in Sebesi Island South of Lampung…………………….. …………………….. …………………….. …………………….. ……………..139 I. Daut_ Single Axis Sun Tracking Using Smart Relay…………………….. …………………….. ………...144 Indra N_ The Stabilization of Soft Clay and Coconut Fiber Increases the Bearing Capacity of Highway Subgrade…………………….. …………………….. …………………….. ……………………………………..148 Indra Surjati_ Dual Band Triangular Microstrip Antenna Using Slot Feed By Electromagnetic Coupling…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...152 Ismail Daut(Dina MM)_ In-plane Flux Distribution in 23o T-joint of 3Phase Transformer Core………158 Ismail Daut_ The Localized Loss on 100kVA 3-Phase Distribution Transformer assembled…………...164 Ismail Daut(Dina MM)_Simulation of Flux Distribution and Loss Calculation at Three-Phase Three...167 Ismail Daut_Investigation of Harmonic Effect in Laboratory due to Non Linear Loads…………………171 Ismail Daut_No-Load Current Harmonic of a Single-Phase Transformer with Low Frequency Supply……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...175 Ismail Daut_Normal Flux Distribution in 23° T-joint of Three Phase Transformer Core with Staggere……………………………………………………………………………………………………………179 Ismail Yusuf_The Operating Method of a Stand Alone WindDieselBattery Hybrid Power System……183 Iswanjono_Algorithm for RFID-Based Red Light Violation Detection…………………………………….188 K. Anayet_Test of 0.5 HP AC Induction Motor Based on DC Resistance and Block Rotor Test…………194 Karel_RISC Processor NICCOLO32 Design dan Implementation…………………………………………..199 Larasmoyo Nugroho_ Designing Process of a UAV-Rocket Boosted Separator…………………………..206 M. Khairudin_Modelling and Analysis of A Two-Link Flexible Robot Manipulator Incorporating Payload…………………….. …………………….. …………………….. …………………….. ……………….213 M. Khairudin_Modelling and Vibration Suppression of A Two-Link Flexible Robot Manipulator…….219 M.Rosyid_Performance and Evaluation of Sonoelectrolyzer Cell…………………………………………..224 Margaritifera_Security Analysis of Smart Card System in Universitas Pelita Harapan………………….227 P.Velrajkumar_Mobile Robot with Prospective Memory for manufacturing……………………………..233 Pranowo_ Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Solving Steady and Unsteady Incompressible Navier Stok………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 238 Prima Dewi Purnamasari_Design of a Flexible Framework for a Synchronous Groupware……………245 Purnomo Sidi_ Development of Optical Free-Space Communication System to Improve Flexibility….253

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RatnasariNR_Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) Web-based System…………………………………258 Ridwan_The Influence of Moment Inertia to Induction Motor Rotation in Sensorless Direct Torque…………………..…………………….. …………………….. …………………….. ……………………263 Riri Fitri Sari_Web Extraction Techniques Advancement Towards Mashup for Indonesian Electronic Journal Citation Index………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…………271 RMardian_Approaching Distributed Mobile Robot Network in Dynamic Environment by Using Artificial Potential………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………...278 Romi_Comparation Measurement Result of IMU and GPS Carried in Vehicle for INS Algorithmx……282 Rudy Setiabudy_Analysis of Thermal Characteristics of PVC Cable Rating Voltage of 300500 Volt under pverload operation………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……..288 Sardjono Trihatmo_An Internet Telemetry Design For a medium – scale Manufacturing Company………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…………292 Sardjono Trihatmo_The Development of an ADS-B Signal Receiver for Civil Aviation in Indonesia………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…………297 Sirat_VoDSL Feasibility Analysis and Targeted Applications………..……………..……………..………..302 Sriwahjuni_Video Streaming Content Development Over a Piconet Network Based on Java API JSR82………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……310 Supriyanto_Selecting a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Generator Polynomial for CEH (CRC Extension………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…………316 Surya Hardi_Power Quality of Low Voltage Consumer Loads………..……………..……………..………322 Suzanne A Wazzan_Cognitive Radio as a Regulator of Radios Spectrum………..……………..………..328 Ucuk Darusalam_Palapa Ring Project Optical Power Budget Supporting Radio over Fiber Technology………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……….335 Wahyudi_A Comparison between Exponential Filter and FIR Filter On Accelerometer Data Acquisition………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……….338 Yohanes_Preeliminary Design of Finger model of Glucose Permittivity for Non-Invasive blood Glucose………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…………...343 Yuli Kurnia Ningsih_Novel Design Wideband Switched Beam Antenna Array using Modified 3 dB Hybrid………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…………….347 Zulhelman_Performance Comparison of Drop Tail and RED Queueing in AODV ++ for Mobile Ad Hoc Network………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..…….352

B. SPECIAL ISSUES ON GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Abdur Rohim Boy Berawi_Development of Railway Track Degradation Model for Maintenance Optimization………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……..359 Abu Hassan Abu Bakar_Sustainable Housing Practices in Malaysian Housing Development Towards establishing sustainability index………….………….………….………….………….…………….363 Ayomi Dita R_The Trigger of Contractor Associates Involvement in Construction Bidding Process………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….……….376 Cynthia E.V Wuisang_Application of Green Infrastructures Approach an Assessment for Conservation………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….……………381

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Damrizal Damoerin_Preloading Effects on Shear Strength of Soft Soils Under Consolidated Drained Test ….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……..387 Djoko M. Hartono_Qualitative Study of Conducting Urban Infrastructure after Flood….……….……..391 Dwita Sutjiningsih_Situ Gintung Dam Controversy, Rebuilt or Removed! ….……….……….…………396 Eva A. Latifa_Impact of Salty Water to the Strength of both Mortar and Concrete….……….…………...406 Gabriel Andari_Review on Public Helath Consequences of Indoor Air Polltion to Jakarta Population…….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……411 HeddyRA_EvaluationofPedestrianCharacteristicsforDifferentTypeof Facilities and its Uses…………...414 HeddyRA_Identification of Deteroriation of Special Lane Flexible Pavement under Repetitive Loading….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…420 Herawati_Integration Of Value Engineering And Risk Management….……….……….……….………....428 Hong_A Comparison Study of Façade Design in Leo Building and Zeo Building in Malaysia….………436 Inge Komardjaja_Barrier-free Infrastructure for Disabled People Sustains Green Infrastructure………444 Irma G_Study of Participative Concept Within Design of Green Infrastructure…………………………..449 Lukas B. Sihombing_The Model of Toll Road Length to Population in East Asia………………………..455 R. Didin K_Transport Planning Around Conservation Forest Area at Supiori as a New Expanding Regency of Biak Island….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….………….464 Reny Syafriny_Percepetion of Urban Communiry Concerning the existence and Performance of Public….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…...472 Retno Susilorini_Failure Analysis of Nylon Mesh as Beam confinement Based on Fracture Mechanics….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….478 Rr. M.I. Retno Susilorini_Fracture based Approach for Failure analysis of Nylon F Fiber….…………..484 Sangkertadi_Thermal Impact of Pedestrian Environment Materials to Dynamic Discomfort in Tropical….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…491 Siti Nur Fadlillah_Evaluation Model Development on Jakarta Transportation System by Dynamic System….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…..499 Soelistyoweni_Concept Study of Solid Waste Management….……….……….……….……….………….506 Sutanto Soehodo_Heuristic Solution of Minimum Concave-Cost Multi Commodity flow problem…...511 Suyono Dikun_Preliminary Study on the Potential of Developing High Speed Train in Jawa Island… 517 Suyono Dikun_Toward the Establishment of Jabodetabek Rail-Based Urban Public Transport System….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…..529 Yudi Arminto_Building a Knowledge Sharing Culture for Successful Lessons Learned in Construction….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…….540

C. SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL ECO-URBANISM Antony Sihombing_The Images of Jakarta View from Kampungs….……….……….……….……………554 DyahN_Considerable Study Application of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Existing….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……….…562 Floriberta_Energy-Efficient Window Concept For Classroom in Warm Tropical Area….……….………567 Moediartianto_Quality of Life Status in Multi-storey Low Income Housing….……….……….…………575

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Ninin Gusdini_Identification of Environmental Factors….……….……….……….……….……….……...583 Suparwoko_Landscape Analysis to the Informal Settlement on the Code Riverfront……………………588 Yulia Nurliani_ Rebalancing Our Perspectives in Looking at and Interpreting Urban Spatiality………594

D. SYMPOSIUM IN ENERGY CONSERVATION TROUGH EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING Adi Surjosatyo_Study of Characteristic Experimental Combustion of Coconut Shell in a Fluidized…..603 Anggito P_The Calculation of Water Filtration System with Capacity……………………………………..606 Annisa Bhikuning_Calculating Thermodynamic properties of Dioxin Formation by Gaussian ’98…….611 AtokS_Influence of Anhydrous Ethanol Addition on the Phsycochemical properties of Indonesia Regulator ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….618 Azridjal_Performance of an Air Conditioning as Hybrid Refrigeration Machine Uses Hydrocarbons Refrigerant (HCR22) As Substitutes For Halogenated Refrigerant (R22) …………………………………..626 BambangI_DimensionlessInvestigationofAirMixedandDisplacementVentilation Systems Based on Computational…………………………………………………………………………………………………….631 CandraB_OptimizationofHeatingCharacteristicandEnergyConsumptionatBearingHeateUModel220 Voltusing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..639 Fransiscus_Dynamic Analysis Experimental Investigation of Vibration Characteristic Generated by Looseness of Bearing the Internal Combustion Engine………………………………………………………646 Gandjar_Multi-axis Milling Optimization through Implementation of Proper Operation Strategies ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....655 Gatot Prayogo_Prediction on High Strain Rate Properties for Nylon and GFRP Composite Materials…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...663 Gatot Y_Aggregate Planning of Airbrake at the Machining Department, PT “X” – Bandung…………...669 Hadi Suwarno_Hydrogen Absorption properties of the Mg-Ti Alloy prepared by Mechanical Alloying……………………………………………………………………………………………………………675 Harinaldi_Determination of Residence Time in the Flow Exchange Between Recirculation Zone…….679 IMade Kartika_Burner Tip Temperature on Flame Lift-up Phenomenon…………………………………684 IMadeKartika_Influence of Air-Injection to the Alteration of Lifted-Distance Of A Propane…………...688 IspaF_Application of CFD software to analysis of air velocity and temperature distribution in hospital operating theater……………………………………………………………………………………….693 Jung Whan Park_Optimal Tool Orientation for Positional Five-axis Machining of Molding Die Surface……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..698 Lies A_The effects of Ethanol Mixture in Gasoline (Bio Ethanol) E-20……………………………………..703 Mahmud S_Production Sharing Contract (PSC) Scheme Model……………………………………………709 NandyP_Development of Thermoelectric Generator…………………………………………………………716 NandyP_Effectiveness of Plate Heat Exchanger on Split Air Conditioning Water Heater System……...723 Nirbito_Application of Modified Equalizer Signal Processing……………………………………………...729 Nugrahanto Widagdo_Fireproofing Required Area at Process Train………………………………………736 Ojo Kurdi_Finite Element Analysis of Heavy Duty Truck Chassis Subjected by Cyclic Loading………740

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Pratiwi, D.K_Enrichment Combustion of South Sumatra Non-Carbonized Coal Briquette……………..746 Ridho Hantoro_Unsteady Load Analysis on a Vertical Axis Ocean Current Turbine……………………749 Soeharsono_Analytical Study of Self Excited Vibration……………………………………………………..754 WPambuko_Modified Particle Swarm Optimization for Multi Odor Localization with Open Dynamics Engine…………………………………………………………………………………………………760 YeongHCho_Optimal Tool Orientation for Positional Five-axis Machining of Molding Die Surface…..765

E. SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED MATERIALS AND PROCESSING A.Limbong_The Effect of Fatiguing on the Polarization Profiles of Ferroelectric Polymer Films……….772 A.Zulfia_Effect of Firing on Producing SiCAl Ceramic Matrix Composite by Directed Melt Oxidation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..779 Achmad Chafidz_Morphological, Thermal, and Viscoelastic Characteristic of Polypropylene-Clay Nano………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..784 Achmadin Luthfi_Continuous Transesterification by Biocatalytic Membrane Microreactor for Sysntehis of Methyl Ester………………………………………………………………………………………...790 Agus W_Preparation and Characterization Nano Catalyst from Pyrite (FeS2) for Coal Liquefaction…..795 Akhmad Herman Yuwono_ Investigation into the nanostructural evolution of TiO2 polymethyl methacrylate nanohybrids derived from the sol–gel technique……………………………………………..799 Alfian Noviyanto_Influence of Cr addition on Fe-Al coating obtained by high energy milling………...807 Anika_Material Properties of Novelty Polyurethane Based On Vegetable Oils…………………………...811 Anisatur Rokhmah_Design of Diethyl Carbonate Reactive Distillation Column Process………………..816 Asep Riswoko_Characterization of Composite Membranes Synthesized by Photo-Grafting Polymerization……………………………………………………………………………………………………820 Basso D. Makahanap_Reduction Kinetic Characteristic of Lateritic Iron Core……………………………824 Bondan T Sofyan_Fading of Al-5Ti-1B Grain Refiner of 0.081 and 0.115 wt. % Ti in AC4B Alloy Produced by Low Pressure Die Casting………………………………………………………………………..832 Caing_Titanium Effect on Aluminum Alloy AA3104 Against the Drawn Wall Ironing During Can Body Making Process…………………………………………………………………………………………….840 Dani Gustaman Syarif_Electrical Characteristics of TiO2 Added-Fe2O3 Ceramics For NTC Thermistor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………845 Dawam_Resin flow on Manufacturing Process of KenafPolyester Composite by Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) Method………………………………………………………………………………….850 Deni S. Khaerudini_Synthesis and Characterization of Macro Pores Ceramics Based on Zeolite and Rice Husk Ash…………………………………………………………………………………………………….855 Dewi Sondari_Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle with Polymer Stabilizer……………………………860 Endang Warsiki_Efficacy of Chitosan-based Antimicrobial (AM) Packaging…………………………….864 F. Nurdiana_Preliminary simulation of temperature evolution in comminution processes in ball mill…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………867 F.Citrawati_The Effect of Tensile Loading on Time-Dependent Strain Development in Low Alloyed TRI P Steel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………870

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Proceeding of the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia, 3-6 August 2009 ISSN 114-1284

Gatot S_Ionic Species Study of PM2.5 and PM10 under Stagnant Atmospheric Conditions in the GIST Area, Gwangju, South Korea ……………………………………………………………………………………878 Haipan S_Temperature and pH effect in Carbon Steel Corrosion Rate using Hydrogen Sulfide gas environment……………………………………………………………………………………………………….885 Haryanti Samekto_Finite element micro mechanical modeling of the plasticity of dual phase steel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………889 Heindrich Taunaumang_Study of Aggregation and Orientation of Photo-Responsive Molecule of Disperse Red 19 Film Deposited on Silane Substrate Surface………………………………………………..895 Heri H_The Thermodynamic Analysis of Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether by Using Chemcad 5.2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...903 Hery H_Preparation and characterization of Chitosan Mont Morillonite (MMT) nanocomposite systems…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….908 Indra N_ The Stabilization of Soft Clay and Coconut Fiber Increases the Bearing Capacity of Highway Subgrade…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...915 Irfan Hilmy_ Predicting Crack Initiation Location on Adhesive Joint due to Multi-axial Loading……..922 Kiagus Dahlan_Crystallinity of Hydroxyapatite Made of Eggshell’s Calcium and Diammonium Hydrophospate…………………………...…………………………...…………………………...……………...930 Koswara_Characterization of Aluminum Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Produced by Powder Metallurgy Process…………………………...…………………………...…………………………...…………935 M.Anis_Anaysis of Microstructure Formation in AISI 304316L Dissimilar Stainless Steel Welds……...938 M.Anis_Failure Analysis of Automotive Lateral Control…………………………...……………………….941 M.Sontang_Optimation of the Hydoroxyapatite in Bovine through Sintering Process ………………….945 Mahmud S_ Production Sharing Contract (PSC) Scheme Model For Coalbed Methane (CBM) Development…………………………...…………………………...…………………………...………………..955 Mahmud S_Design & Economic Analysis of Small LNG Plant From Coalbed Methane………………...963 Moh Hardiyanto_Quantum States at JUERGEN Model for Nuclear reactor Control Rod Blade based on Thx Duo2 Nano-Material………...…………...…………...…………...…………...…………...…………...968 Myrna_Etchant Selection for the High Metallographic Quality of HSLA-0,037%Nb Prior-Austenite Grain Boundaries………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..……974 Nanik I_Carbon Analysis produced by High Rise Combustion of Palm Fibre………..………..…………980 Priyono_Development and characterization of Magnetic Material Barium Hexaferrite for Microwave………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..….984 Rusnaeni N_Development of Pt-NiC Alloy Nanocatalysts For The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..…………..992 Sabar D. Hutagalung_AFM Lithography A Simple Method for Fabrication of Silicon Nanowire Transistor……………………….………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..……...1000 Sri Harjanto_Aluminium foam fabrication by means of powder metallurgy and dissolution process………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..……..1004 Sri Vidawati_AFM and Ellipsometry Study of Thin Film Monolayer Organic using LangmuirBlodgett Me………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..…………1007 Suryadi_The Effect of Ultrasonic Wave on Reduction of particle size Process of Silica………..………..1012 V.Indrawati _Performance of Portland-Blended Cement as future’s ‘Green Cement’………..…………1016

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Proceeding of the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia, 3-6 August 2009 ISSN 114-1284

Vita Astini_Effect of Boron Addition on the As-cast Structure and Mechanical Properties of 6.5% V………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..………..…….1018 Wahyono_Comparison of Porosity Defects on Duralumin Produced with Permanent Mold at Conditioned Atmosphere and Vacuum Castings……………………………………………………………..1026 Wahyu B. W_Formation Mechanism of Nano Sized Geometry on Mechanical Alloying of Bi-Mn System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1031 Wahyu F_Dvelopment of Direct Reduction process of Iron sand into Pig Iron……………………………1036 Wiendartun_Electrical Characteristics CuFe2O4 Ceramics With and Without Al2O3 for Negative Thermal Coefficient (NTC) Thermistor………………………………………………………………………...1045 Willy Handoko_ Modification of Microstructure of AC4B Aluminum Cast Alloys by Addition of 0.004………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1049 Winarto_Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure & Hardness in the Solution Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steel Welds……………………………………………………………………………………………...1055

F. SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY Agus Ristono_ Hybrid Heuristic For Minimization of Cell Load Variation……………………………….1061 AgusPurnomo_The Influence of Collaboration to the Supply Chain Performance……………………….1067 AkhmadH_Integration of ISO IEC 177992005 and ISO IEC 27002005 in the Information Technology Department…………………………….…………………………….……………………………………………1075 Ali Parkhan_Product Miniature Quality Design with Multi Responses Taguchi Method……………….1080 Arian Dhini_Optimum Routes Determination for Cylinder Gas Distribution Using Differential Evolution…………………………….…………………………….…………………………….………………...1086 Boy Nurtjahyo_Process Improvement Effort of Software Engineering in Bank X through Capability Maturity Model Implementation………………………………………………………………………………..1093 Budiarto_Confirming Relationship among Service Quality, Tourist’s Satisfaction, and Behavioral In Bandung Tourism Object………………………………………………………………………………………...1098 Debora Anne Yang Aysia_Preventive Action for Quality Improvement of the VTL Lamp in the End Process Quality Controll………………………………………………………………………………………....1106 Dodi Permadi_Developing Industrial Cluster trough Enterprise Engineering Modelling Framework...1111 Dwi Novirani_Designing Integrated Terminal - Feasibility Study Of The Gedebage Integrated Terminal…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1123 Elisa Kusrini_Performance Measurement Supply Chain By Using Method SCOR (Supply Chain Operations Reference) and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) Case study in Furniture Industry Dheling Asri, Yogyakarta………………………………………………………………………………………..1128 Emerson Raja_Application of radial basis function neural network for tool wear condition monitor….1144 Endang Wiwit_Customer Loyalty Measurement Model for Prepaid Card Products from Provider X…1151 Farizal_Economic Analysis of Mining Fleet Replacement Using Optimal Replacement Interval Method……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1158 Fauzia Dianawati_Modelling Human Resources Investment on Human Capital Competency………...1164 Gatot Yudoko_Production Plan for Wafer Stick Department Using Linear Programming………………1169 Gembong Baskoro_Managing Soft Innovation Process Under Certainty………………………………….1174

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Proceeding of the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia, 3-6 August 2009 ISSN 114-1284

Hafid_Analysis on Automotive Components Industry Capabilities by using SHINDAN SHI Model…1178 ID Widodo_Mobile Phone Success Factors Identification…………………………………………………...1186 Ihan Martoyo_The Prospect of Filtering Technology for Online Product Distribution…………………..1191 Insannul Kamil_Effect of Consumer perception to Cellular Phone Design using Kansei Engineering...1197 Insannul Kamil_Implementation of KANSEI Engineering Method into Lazy Chair Design using Anthropometry Data……………………………………………………………………………………………..1201 Insannul Kamil_Working Time Arrangement Evaluation by Work Performance and Energy Expenditure……………………………………………………………………………………………………….1206 IstiS_Analyzing Rural Potency of Lampung in Undertaking USO (Universal Service Obligation) Telecommunication Service by BTIP…………………………………………………………………………...1212 IstiS_Improving Product Quality in Painting Production Line of Motorcyle Parts using Design of Experiments……………………………………………………………………………………………………….1218 Iwan Halim_ Optimizing Injection Moulding Process for Plastics Recycled Material using Design of Experiment Approach……………………………………………………………………………………………1225 Latifah Dieniyah_Relating Service Quality and Service Loyalty in Railway Transportation Provided by KA Parahyangan……………………………………………………………………………………………...1229 Linda Herawati Gunawan_5 Pillars’ Sustainability towards Capable Quality Management…………...1233 Linda Herawati Gunawan_Application of Ergonomics In PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1240 Linda Herawati Gunawan_Usability Evaluation and Design Improvement on Electronic Device……..1246 Lisa Mardiono_Application of Multifactor Productivity Measurement Model in Service Industry….....1252 Lisa Mardiono_Developing Model of Performance measurement in Social Organizations……………...1258 MahrosD_Application of Response Surface Method in Optimizing Process Parameters in Drilling Process……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1266 MahrosD_Optimization of Cycle Time by Response Surface Method in Manufacturing Chamomile 120 ml Bottle Using Blow Molding Process……………………………………………………………………1270 MDachyar_Comparison between Critical Chain and Critical Path Method in Telecommunication Tower Construction Project Management……………………………………………………………………..1274 MDachyar_Measurement of Service Quality Telecommunication Tower Provider Industry by Using SERVQUAL Method and Quality Function Deployment………………………………………………….....1279 Omar Bataineh_ A case study on using SPC tools to improve manufacturing quality of empty hard gelatin capsules:…………………………………………………………………………………………………...1284 Rahmat N_ Analysing And Improving Implementation of FIFO System at Warehouse ………………...1287 Ronald Sukwadi_ The Blue Ocean Strategy Model and Its Application in Transportation Industry…...1295 Sri Bintang Pamungkas_ A Simulation technique with approximation procedure on a Simultaneous Equation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....1302 Sri Lisa Susanty_Design Jig of Fitting Sliding Door Roller for Increasing Productivity………………...1307 Sri Yulis_Taguchi Method for Optimizing the Cycle Time of the Bending and Cutting Compacts……..1314 T Yuri Zagloel_Quality Improvement Using Model-Based and Integrated Process Improvement (MIPI)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1318 Tanti Octavia_Analysis of Base-Stock Level and Cost in Uncertainty Demand…………………………...1324 Yadrifil_Design of reliability models in repairable system to determine optimum time to overhaul…..1330 xvii

Proceeding of the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia, 3-6 August 2009 ISSN 114-1284

Yadrifil_Failure Risk Analysis on Core Network of GPRS equipment using FMEA & FTA method…...1336 YudhaS_Six Sigma e-tools An Overview of Knowledge Management Application for Improvement Activities…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1343

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Special Issues on Radio Frequencies Identification (RFID) as a Bridge Between Computing and Telecommunication

Symposium A

Proceeding of the 11th International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research) Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia, 3-6 August 2009 ISSN 114-1284

Finite-Element Simulations of Electrically-Driven Fluid Transport in Straight Channels for Lab-on-a-chip Systems Hendrika, G.O.F. Parikesitb, A. Sopaheluwakanc, H.P. Uranusd a

Department of Electrical Engineering University of Pelita Harapan, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang 15811, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] b

Laboratory for Aero and Hydrodynamics Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 21 - 2628 CA , Delft, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] c

LabMath-Indonesia Research Institute, Jl. Anatomi No. 19, Bandung 40191, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] d

Department of Electrical Engineering University of Pelita Harapan, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang 15811, Indonesia Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering University of Pelita Harapan, Wisma Slipi, Jl. Let. Jend. S. Parman Kav. 12, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia E-mail:[email protected]

and controlling fluids, ions and other particles on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the computation of electro-osmotic flow (EOF) velocity using our own codes based on Matlab software by implementing finite element method (FEM) to solve the governing equations of EOF using an approach known as the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski (HS) approach. We also modify one equation of the approach so it takes into consideration the effects of electric field leakages through the channel walls using the differential form of Gauss’s law and hence generalizing our method to include the cases of chips with inhomogeneous material composition. For simplicity, we only performed two-dimensional simulations with the assumption that our chip model consists of only a single and straight channel and the fluid material used to conduct the electroosmosis is salt (NaCl) solution. We then studied the relation between four physical parameters with the EOF velocity: (i) voltage difference across the channel, (ii) channel length, (iii) dielectric constant of the channel material, and (iv) salt concentration. The main conclusion of this paper is we managed to simulate the EOF using our own-built code based on Matlab software, which in this case is very cost-efficient (rather than using commercial software e.g. COMSOL). Keywords: Microfluidics, finite element straight channels, simulation.

method,

electroosmosis,

1. INTRODUCTION Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is new technology developed to enable the execution of the laboratory functions such as analyzing

LOC has a lot of advantages compared with the conventional laboratory: 1. Low consumption of fluid volumes, e.g. less than pico liters (10-12 liters). 2. Faster analysis and response times due to small volumes of the fluids and reagents required. 3. Massive parallelization due to compactness, which allows various processes to be executed simultaneously. 4. Portability of the chip, due to its size, which allows it to be carried out with ease. Even though the LOC has many advantages, it also provides some difficulties and challenges: 1. It is a new technology and hence still need development in many areas. 2. Further study is required to investigate the physical effects in smaller scale, e.g. micro- and nano-scale, which are not the same as the physical effects in the larger scale, e.g. milli-scale. 3. As the scale of the channels becomes smaller, it becomes less practical to use hydrostatic pressure to control the flow, as it requires increasingly large pressure to control the flow in such a small scale. This paper discusses one solution to the third problem, where electrodes (rather than pressure sources) are utilized to create electrostatic fields which are then used to direct and control the flow. The technique is called electroosmosis, while the resulting flow is named electroosmotic flow (EOF). In this paper, the EOF velocity is calculated by implementing a numerical technique called the finite element

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method (FEM) to the governing equations of EOF using one approach known as the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski (HS) approach.

and y coordinate, respectively, correspond to the 2-D

2. BASIC TERMS IN MICROFLUIDICS

(1) using the relation E = −∇φ , which is modified for the 2dimensional case.

r

channel geometrical coordinates. The electric field, E , in Eq. (2) can be derived from the electric potential, φ , in Eq.

r

Reynolds number is a dimensionless number which is used to differentiate between the laminar or turbulent flow. It is defined as inertial forces/viscous forces [1]. High and low Reynolds number, respectively, represent the turbulent flow and the laminar flow. Electric double layer (EDL) is a layer formed when an electrolyte is brought in contact with a solid surface. It consists of two layers, i.e. Stern and Diffuse layers, and has a thickness defined by the so-called Debye length, λD . The Stern layer is a fixed layer, usually only one ion wide, whereas the diffuse layer is a mobile layer which can be set in motion upon the application of an external electric field. The Stern and diffuse layer are separated by the Shear Plane whose potential is called the ζ potential.

4. GEOMETRIC DESCRIPTION OF THE MICROFLUIDIC CHIP UNDER STUDY The 2-dimensional geometry of the microfluidic chip is given below. 100mm

4 10mm 60mm

2mm

3mm 3

2

Electroosmosis is the movement of ionized fluid in a capillary tube or microchannel when an external electric field is applied parallel to the surface.

1

Fig. 2 The geometry of the microfluidic chip (see text for details on the number notations)

Details:

Fig. 1 The EOF in a microchannel [2]

3. THE HS APPROACH The Helmholtz-Smoluchowski (HS) approach is an approach to calculate the EOF velocity based on the assumptions: (i) The EDLs thickness is very thin compared to the channel dimensions, e.g. channel height, and hence the EDLs do not overlap with each other, (ii) Low Reynolds number, i.e. steady flow, and (iii) no pressure gradient is applied across the channel [3]. The HS approach uses three equations, i.e. the differential form of Gauss’s law (DFGL) defined by ∂ x ( ε m ∂ xφ ( x , y ) ) + ∂ y ( ε m ∂ y φ ( x , y ) ) = 0

ur

r ⎛ εs ⎞ r ζ ⎟ E ( x, y ) = α eo E ( x, y ) , ⎝ μ ⎠ ur

(1)

(2)

to calculate the EOF velocity, ueo , where ε m is the permittivity of the channel material, ε s is the permittivity of the electrolyte solution, μ is the viscosity of the electrolyte

r

The chip consists of only a single and straight channel with two wells, i.e. the input and output wells, respectively, labeled as ‘1’ and ‘2’ in Fig. 2. Label ‘3’ represents the channel while label ‘4’ represents the other areas of the chip.

2.

The chip is made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which is also known commonly as acrylic.

3.

The channel is placed exactly in the middle of the chip both in the horizontal and vertical direction.

5. FEM IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DFGL The FEM used is the Galerkin method [4], which is initiated by taking the weak formulation of the equation to be solved. The weak form of Eq. (1) is

∫ ( ∂ (ε m ∂ φ ) + ∂ (ε m∂ φ )) w d Ω = 0 , x

x

y

y

(3)

Ω

to calculate the electric potential distribution, φ , and the HS equation defined by ueo ( x, y ) = ⎜ −

1.

solution, E is the electric field in the channel while the x

where Ω is the whole problem domain and w is a test function, i.e. an arbitrary chosen function whose values are not zero. As seen in Fig. 2, Ω can be divided to two subdomains, i.e. sub-domain inside the channel, Ω1 , and subdomain outside the channel, Ω 2 , each having its own permittivity denoted respectively as ε m1 and ε m 2 . The zero Neumann boundary condition (ZNBC), i.e. ∂ nφ = 0 , is also imposed as the boundary condition for the outermost boundary in Fig. 2, i.e. all four sides of the rectangle. This means, physically, that the chip is insulated electrically, i.e.

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no electric potential flux at the chip boundary [3]. Hence, Eq. (3) becomes ∫ ε ( ∂ φ ∂ w + ∂ φ ∂ w ) d Ω + ∫ ε ( ∂ φ ∂ w + ∂ φ ∂ w ) d Ω = 0 . (4) m1

x

x

y

y

m2

Ω1

x

x

y

y

Ω2

The next step is to replace φ with its two-dimensional finite elements approximation, where the three-node triangular elements are chosen. Using the derivation in [5], the discretized form of Eq. (4) is (5) [G ] [φ ] = [ 0] , n×n

n×1

n×1

where [G ] is the global matrix defined as in [5], [φ ] is the electric potential vector, [ 0] is a zero vector, and n is the number of nodes in the domain discretization. The matrix system in Eq. (5) is then arranged using the method in [5], which then can be solved using the direct solver in Matlab.

6. DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMULATION PARAMETERS

2 mm

6.4. Salt Concentration Salt concentration, M , is a measure of the amount of NaCl molecules in water solution. In this paper, the concentration is replaced by the concentration variable defined by pC = − log M , (6) where M unit is in Molar. The pC serves as a useful normalization for the ζ potential on polymer substrates in contact with indifferent univalent counter-ions [6]. The relation of pC with the ζ potential can be approximately fitted to a linear relation, which can be found in [6]. The pC values from 1 until 4 with the interval of 0.5 are used in the simulation.

7. SIMULATION RESULTS

There are 3 observation points in the simulation, i.e. a point near the channel’s inlet, a point in the middle of the channel, and a point near the channel’s outlet. The location of each point is shown in Fig. 3.

Outlet

values for each polymer are as follows: (i) PTFE = 2.0, (ii) PDMS = 2.5, (iii) PC = 3.0, (iv) PMMA = 3.5, and (v) Nylon = 4.5.

7.1 Electric Potential Distribution

2 mm Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Inlet

Fig. 3. Location of observation points in the channel geometry

Fig. 4. Simulation result of electric potential distribution

6.1. Voltage Difference

Data for the simulation are as follows:

The voltage difference across the channel is produced by the electrodes placed at the channel wells, i.e. circular-shaped electrodes with a diameter of 1mm is placed in the middle of each well. In the simulation, it is assumed that the electrode at the channel outlet connects to the electrical ground (0V) whereas the other electrode connects to positive electric potential. The variation of voltage difference ranges from 10V to 190 V with interval of 20 V. 6.2. Channel Length The variation of channel length is as follows: 11 mm, 12 mm until 18 mm with the interval of 1.5 mm, 19 mm, and 20 mm until 95 mm with the interval of 5 mm. 6.3. Dielectric Constant In addition to acrylic (PMMA), other polymer materials such as poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS), polycarbonate (PC), nylon and poly tetra fluoro ethylene (PTFE or Teflon) are used in the simulation. Many of these materials are currently used for microchip fabrication [6]. The dielectric constant

•

Number of triangular elements = 75392

•

Number of nodes = 37887

•

Voltage difference = 30 V

•

ε s (NaCl solution) = 78.4 ε 0 (inside the channel)

•

ε m (PMMA) = 3.5 ε 0 (outside the channel)

•

Boundary locations = 42.5 mm from the leftmost side and rightmost side of the channel and 28 mm from the uppermost side and lowermost side of the channel

Note: ε 0 is the permittivity of vacuum or free space. In Fig. 4, it can be shown that the electric potential distribution in the chip model is symmetric vertically due to the symmetry of the chip geometry and the imposing of ZNBC.

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7.2. Electric Field Distribution Fig. 5 shows that the magnitude of electric field far away from the channel is zero. This phenomenon is a result of electric field confinement in the chip due to the imposing of ZNBC. Moreover, it can also be shown from Fig. 5 that there is electric field leakage through the channel. This electric field leakage is a result of the application of the DFGL as the governing equation for the electric potential distribution.

Another observation reveals that the EOF velocity at Point 1 (near the channel outlet) is equal to the velocity at Point 3 (near the channel inlet). This characteristic indicates that the distribution of magnitude of EOF velocity in the channel is symmetric horizontally due to the symmetry of the channel geometry. Analyzing the curves quantitatively further shows that for a particular voltage difference, the magnitude of EOF velocity at Point 2 (in the middle of the channel) is a bit smaller than the velocity at Point 1 and Point 3. Thus it can be concluded that the trend of magnitude of EOF velocity observed from the channel inlet is as follows: it has the maximum value near the channel inlet and then continues to decrease until it reaches a minimum value in the middle of channel, and afterwards, it continues to increase until it reaches its maximum value again near the channel outlet. The linear relation between the EOF velocity and the variation of voltage difference can be deduced from Eq. (2), where the magnitude of electric field can be approximated as

Fig. 5. Simulation result of electric field distribution

E ≈

Δφ

, (7) Δd where Δφ is the change in the voltage difference across the

channel and Δd is the change in the distance between the two electrodes in the channel.

8. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS In this section, the EOF velocity data in the simulation obtained from the points of interest mentioned previously are discussed. The EOF velocity is calculated using the parameters as follows, unless stated otherwise: • ζ = -30 mV • •

8.2. Variation of Channel Length

ε 0 = 8.854 × 10-12 kg-1 m-3 s4 A2 μ = 8.9 ×10-4 kg m-1 s-1

8.1. Variation of Voltage Difference

Fig. 7. Curves of magnitude of EOF velocity with variation of channel length

In Fig. 7, it can be shown that the relation of EOF velocity with the variation of channel length is not linear. From Eqs. (2) and (7), it is known that an inverse function defined by ueo = c / xL , should be able to fit the data. Here, ueo is the

Fig. 6. Curves of magnitude of EOF velocity with variation of voltage difference

In Fig. 6, it can be shown that the magnitude of EOF velocity has a linear relationship with the variation of voltage difference. The order of EOF velocity in the figure ranges −5 −4 from 10 m/s to 10 m/s, which is in accordance to the order of velocity in [1]. This fact indicates that the data in the figure are quantitatively correct.

EOF velocity, c is an arbitrary constant, and xL is the channel length. Using the trial and error method, it can be known that the value of c is about 6.7×10-4. Another interesting phenomenon to be observed is that the curves move towards a saturation point, i.e. the point at which the EOF velocity does not change regardless of further extension of the channel length. It can be inferred

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from Fig. 7 that the curves saturate when the channel length reaches approximately 100 mm.

(indirectly) with pC , and due to Eq. (6), it is also proportional to the negative logarithm of the salt concentration, − log M .

9. CONCLUSIONS

Fig. 8. Curves of magnitude of EOF velocity at Point 2 for various chip material with variation of variable concentration

8.3. Variation of Concentration

Dielectric

Constant

and

Salt

It can be shown from Fig. 8 that the relation of EOF velocity with the variation of concentration variable, pC , is linear. The relation can be derived analytically by combining Eq. (2) with the relation of ζ potential and pC in [6]. Therefore, the EOF velocity can be concluded to have linear relationship

Based on the discussed analyses, it can be concluded that the EOF velocity is: 1. linearly proportional to the variation of voltage difference across the channel. 2. inversely proportional to the variation of channel length. 3. linearly proportional to variation of concentration variable, pC , or proportional to the variation of negative logarithm of salt concentration in the fluid, − log M . In this work, we also successfully use our own Matlab code, rather than commercial software (e.g. COMSOL) that may not always be cost efficient for research in Indonesia, to simulate the electric field leakage in the channel, which represents a practical and important phenomenon in LOC applications.

REFERENCES [1]

[2] [3]

[4] [5]

[6]

Parikesit, Gea Oswah Fatah, “Nanofluidic Electrokinetics in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Branched U-Turn Channels,” Ph.D dissertation, Delft Univ., The Netherlands, January 2008. http://www.myfluidix.com/Materials/03_Physics_07.pdf Markesteijn, Anton P., Gea O. F. Parikesit, Yuval Garini, Jerry Westerweel, “Numerical Simulation of Electroosmotic Flow in Complex Micro- and Nanochannels,” Article Barga, 25th April 2006. Kwon, Young W., Hyochoong Bang, “The Finite Element Method Using Matlab,” CRC Press, Florida: 1997. Hendrik, “Finite-Element Simulations of Electroosmosis in Straight Microchannels,” Bachelor thesis, Univ. Pelita Harapan, Indonesia, 2009. Kirby, Brian J., Ernest F. Hasselbrink, “Zeta Potential of Microfluidic Substrates: 2. Data for Polymer,” Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 203-213.

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