Dubai. 44. Beijing. 46. Shanghai. 47. Conclusion. 48. cHaPTer 7. GreeN ciTY cUlTUre & .... the âBusiness Case for
solidiance
THE Top 10
Global Cities
for Green Buildings June 2016 Solidiance has produced this white paper for information purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information and data contained herein, Solidiance bears no responsibility for any possible errors and omissions. All information, views, and advice are given in good faith but without any legal responsibility; the information contained should not be regarded as a substitute for legal and/or commercial advice. Copyright restrictions (including those of third parties) are to be observed.
Two International Finance Center, Hong Kong
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Today, ‘green buildings’ have become one of the most famous and fastest growing construction and design concepts; in fact, green buildings are doubling every three years worldwide. Owners, developers, architects, designers and even consumers are realizing its importance in sustainability, and expressing deep interest in the cost-efficiency, energy saving solutions, modern design, and the quality of life that such buildings are offering to present and future generations.
Due to the built environment playing such a substantial role in the sustainable development discourse, Green Buildings hold particular importance, especially in cities; this is largely because buildings are the largest energy-consuming sector worldwide – accounting for more than 40% of global energy-use and responsible for an estimated 30% of city-wide emissions. In addition, buildings hold the most promise when it comes to “potential for global energy savings”; the International Energy Agency posits that the world’s built stock accounts for up to 41% of global energy savings potential by 2035. This is primarily due to green buildings using ~40% less energy and ~30%
2
less water than in standard buildings of the same size. Furthermore, there are roughly 8-10 million new buildings constructed each year, worldwide. Imagine a world where each of those new buildings erected each passing year were resource- and cost-efficient, consuming less energy and water, releasing less CO2 emissions, improving air quality, and built to be more durable than our standard building stock; the world would undoubtedly be making a gigantic step towards sustainable development and the greater good. Although the area of sustainable and green development has received a lot of attention from researchers and practitioners, with many papers being published on “Green Cities” or
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
“Sustainable Cities”, very few public papers have tried to collate and evaluate data on the progress made in the development of green buildings in Global Cities. In particular, few report on the rate of green building adoption, or the efficiency and performance of the built environment within these cities. This paper seeks to compare the performance of 10 Global Cities specifically with regards to Green Buildings. In order to rank these cities’ green building performance, a set of criteria has been developed. The methodology developed assesses the Global Cities for their green building performance across four categories, out of which three focused on total number of green
buildings, performance and initiatives, and one category focused on the city’s green initiatives, which provides a supportive infrastructure that fosters a healthy green building movement. After assessing the 10 Global Cities for green building performance, the leading cities were found to be Paris, followed by Singapore and London. Sydney, Tokyo and Hong Kong came respectively in the fourth, fifth and sixth positions. While New York, Dubai, Beijing, and Shanghai were the laggards on this ranking.
considering the large number of highly internationally-certified buildings currently standing within these cities.
When evaluating the Global Cities on the number of green buildings and the certification systems in use (for green buildings), the research identified Singapore, London and Paris as the top scorers. These three top cities are advanced in the adoption of new and existing green buildings, and experience a high level of green building activity.
Although attempting to compare and rank the numerous green building policies and codes would pose a challenge due to their volume and diversity, Singapore did indeed stand out as a pioneer in the industry by putting a comprehensive and bold set of policies and targets for greening the city’s built block. As a city that has committed to greening 80% of its builtstock by 2030, Singapore stands out as one of the most ambitious cities on the list of cities evaluated.
It should be noted that though Beijing, Dubai and Shanghai lagged in many green building indicators compared to its other Global City peers, these cities are among the most recent joiners of the green building movement; when considering the limited number of years that Beijing, Dubai and Shanghai have been working to green their built stock, the achievements of these cities are profound, especially when
When the Global Cities were ranked based on the overall performance and efficiency of the built stock, the research concluded that Paris and Singapore are amongst the best performers; this confirms that the green building efforts in Singapore and Paris are palpable, and that the local green building standards are stringent enough to produce tangible results.
Finally, the assessment of the citylevel green initiatives established that both Sydney and Hong Kong have set higher than average CO2 reduction targets amongst the 10 Global Cities, and have also proven themselves as they perform noticeably well with low CO2 emissions city-wide and high
percentages of waste recycling. Paris, Singapore, and New York also seem to perform extremely well on the green initiatives by implementing appropriate green solutions for waste and energy efficiencies. Thus, for all the above mentioned reasons, it is important to benchmark and publish the green building performance of the largest, most attractive Global Cities, in order to evaluate global progress towards sustainable development, increase knowledge-sharing, share bestpractices, and better understand what is and is not working.
Disclaimer This white paper was conducted independently by Solidiance, a growth strategy consulting firm, though it was in part commissioned by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore. The methodology for the white paper was developed independently by Solidiance, to objectively assess the performance of the top 10 global cities in terms of green buildings.
Indiana University South Bend, U.S.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
3
Hotel Éclat Beijing, China
4
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
TABLE OF C ONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 CHAPTER 1. 6 METHODOLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS
6
Selecting the Global Cities in the Ranking
6
Ranking Cities by Green Building Performance
7
Green Building Metrics
8
1.
City-wide Green Building Landscape
8
2.
Green Building Efficiency and Performance
8
3.
Green Building Policies and Targets
8
Green City Metrics 9 1.
Green City Culture and Environment
9
School of the Arts, Singapore
CHAPTER 6. 33 GREEN BUILDING POLICIES AND TARGETS
33
What Policies and Targets are Global Cities setting directly related to Green Buildings?
34
Tokyo 36
CHAPTER 2. 10
Singapore 37
INTRODUCTION TO GREEN BUILDINGS 10
Paris 38
The Green Building Movement
10
New York 39
What are Green Buildings?
12
Hong Kong 40
Benefits of Building Green
12
London 42
Prevailing Trends in Green Buildings
13
Sydney 43
CHAPTER 3. 15 RANKING OF THE 10 GLOBAL CITIES FOR GREEN BUILDING PERFORMANCE 15
Dubai 44 Beijing 46 Shanghai 47 Conclusion 48
CHAPTER 4. 18 CITY WIDE GREEN BUILDING LANDSCAPE
18
How Green is the Built Stock of Global Cities?
18
Green Building Certifications
19
Who’s Performing Better In The Total Number Of Green Buildings? 22
International Certifications, Local Systems, or Both?
24
Credentialed Professionals 27 Conclusion 28
CHAPTER 5. 29 GREEN BUILDING EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE 29 How efficiently do buildings in Global Cities perform?
29
How much CO2 do Cities’ Buildings Emit?
30
How much Energy do Cities’ Buildings consume?
31
How much Water do Cities’ Buildings consume?
32
Conclusion 32
CHAPTER 7. GREEN CITY CULTURE & ENVIRONMENT 50 Do Global Cities enable a Green Building Agenda by Fostering a “Green City” Environment?
50
Climate Action Plan 51 CO2 emissions 52 Waste recycling 53 Consumption of Renewable Energy
54
Waste Water Recycling
54
Conclusion 55
CHAPTER 8. 56 CASE STUDIES 56 Abu Dhabi 57 Boston 59 Copenhagen 61 Melbourne 63 Oslo 65 San Francisco 67 Vancouver 69
CONCLUSION 71 ANNEX 73 REFERENCES 76 AUTHORS
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The Bridge Office, Bucharest, Romania
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
5
CHAPTER 1
METHODOLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS Selecting the Global Cities in the Ranking The Global Cities selected for this white paper were adopted from The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) approach, which is a leading academic think-tank that classifies and researches Global Cities.
Table 1: List of top Global Cities selected based on GaWC 2012 classification
List of top 10 Global Cities selected for GB ranking
No
Final Global Cities
1
London
2
New York
3
Beijing
4
Dubai
5
Hong Kong
6
Paris
7
Shanghai
8
Singapore
9
Sydney
10
Tokyo
Alpha ++ City
Alpha + City
Source: The Globalization and World Cities Research Network 2012 Classification
6
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
As per GaWC, Global Cities are heavily ranked based on economic factors, followed by political and cultural factors. Cities are sorted into three major categories: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. The top 10 Global Cities are comprised of the Alpha++ and Alpha+ cities, which are vastly more integrated with the global economy than others. Due to the similar levels of integration, pressures, and dynamics of these top 10 GaWC Global Cities, these were the Global Cities (outlined in Table 1) selected to become the basis of this white paper.
Shanghai water front, China
Ranking Cities by Green Building Performance This paper seeks to compare the performance of these 10 Global Cities specifically with regards to Green Buildings. Each of these cities were analyzed to assess each city’s green-building policies and targets, adoption of green building certification and construction projects, and the efficient performance of the city’s built-environment. In order to rank these cities’ green building performance, a set of criteria was developed. The methodology developed assesses the Global Cities for their green building performance across four categories, out of which three focus on the total number of green buildings, performance and initiatives, and one category focuses on the city’s green initiatives and performance. The data used across all metrics was collected up to the end of year of 2014. Figure 1. The Defining 4 Categories in the Methodology for Ranking 10 Global Cities on Green Building Performance
GREEN BUILDING METRICS – 67.5% 1
City-wide Green Building Landscape
2 30%
Assessment of green building and the availability of credentialed professionals by city
Buildings Efficiency & Performance
3 25%
Assessment of the current efficiency and performance of buildings
GREEN CITY METRICS – 32.5% Green Building Policies & Targets
Assessment of the availability of green building policies and targets
4 12.5%
Green City Culture & Environment
32.5%
Assessment of the city’s green initiatives and performance
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
7
Green Building Metrics 1. City-wide Green Building Landscape This category assesses the total number of green buildings in each city, and assesses the 10 Global Cities on the number of green buildings, the certifications given to those buildings, and the availability of green building credentialed professionals in the city. The metrics in this category are as follows: • The % of green buildings versus total number of buildings • Number of green buildings • Number of green building credentialed professionals per building The abovementioned metrics are assessed and analyzed thoroughly in Chapter 4.
2. Green Building Efficiency and Performance This category evaluates the current efficiency and performance of buildings within each of the 10 Global Cities by measuring CO2 emissions and energy use of each city’s built environment. Water consumption was also evaluated, but not enough reliable data was available for inclusion. The metrics in this category are as follows: • CO2 emissions from buildings • CO2 emissions from buildings per capita • CO2 emissions from buildings per GDP • Energy consumption from buildings • Energy consumption from buildings per capita • Energy consumption from buildings per GDP Bank of China Tower & Cheung Kong Center, Hong Kong
The abovementioned metrics are assessed and analyzed thoroughly in Chapter 5.
3. Green Building Policies and Targets This category identifies available city green building codes and targets, and compares them amongst the 10 Global Cities. The metrics in this category are as follows: • Green building code • City-wide green building targets The existence of the abovementioned metrics is assessed and discussed in Chapter 6. It should be noted that only the development and existence of green building codes and targets were assessed for the purpose of this paper; the effectiveness or resulting impact of these codes and targets being put in place was not compared, as the analysis required is too subjective. Thus, this chapter discusses the differences between city-wide codes and green building targets, solely for the purpose of knowledge-sharing.
8
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Green City Metrics 1. Green City Culture and Environment This category looks at the city-level green initiatives in each city and evaluates the effectiveness of the adoption of those initiatives. Because the green building movement thrives in sustainability-oriented cities which have policies and leadership that provides an enabling and fostering environment, it was important to have one set of metrics that measured the sustainability culture of a city.
The metrics in this category are as follows: • Climate action plan • City-wide CO2 emissions • City-wide CO2 emissions per capita • City-wide CO2 emissions per GDP • % of CO2 emission reduction targets • % of renewable energy consumed by the city • % of waste recycled by the city The abovementioned metrics are assessed and analyzed thoroughly in Chapter 7.
One Angel Square, Manchester, England
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO GREEN BUILDINGS The Green Building Movement In 1987, the Brundtland Commission (formerly known as the World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED) issued the Brundtland Report at the United Nations, which first defined sustainable development as the “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Therefore, the pursuit of sustainability requires holistic thinking in order to understand how and to what degree each developmental element affects its surroundings. By understanding and measuring these impacts, we can seek to minimize each effect. Today, ‘Green Buildings’ have increasingly become one of the most growing construction and design concepts. Owners, developers, architects, designers and even consumers are realizing its importance in sustainability. When the resource-efficiency of these green buildings are
10
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
coupled with modern designs and an enhanced quality of life – the “Business Case for Green Buildings” quickly become an attractive one, to both present and future generations. The aim of this white paper is to evaluate Global Cities particularly on green building performance. This is particularly important because green buildings are one of the most important elements to the sustainable development discourse, and the built environment plays a very substantial role in cities. In fact, buildings are the largest energyconsuming sector worldwide – accounting for more than 40% of energy use and responsible for an estimated 30% of city-wide emissions. The focus of this chapter will be to introduce the concept of green buildings, highlight the benefits of building green, and identify prevailing trends in the green building movement.
Alibaba Headquarter, Hangzhou, China
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
11
What are Green Buildings? Green Buildings present itself as an opportunity to generate tangible results towards sustainable development. The practice of green buildings drives environmental, economic and social benefits; this is done by fostering the efficient operations of buildings through the responsible use of resources in construction and operations, enhancing durability, and therefore lowering both operational and longterm maintenance costs, and often driving up the quality of life in these built environments. Green buildings are known to have less negative impacts on the environment in comparison to standard buildings of the same size. They are designed, developed, and run by taking into consideration key elements such as indoor air quality, efficient resource use (e.g. use of energy, water, and materials), outdoor views, and synergy with the surrounding landscape.
Benefits of Building Green Green buildings play a major role in… •
Decreasing energy use. With the integration of renewable and zero carbon technologies, green buildings are made more comfortable, less costly to operate, and increasingly energy efficient. In essence, 42% less energy is used in a green building than in a standard building of the same size.
•
Reducing water waste. Innovative ways are adopted in order to achieve water conservation. In fact, statistics show that 34% less water is wasted in a green building than in a standard building of the same size.
•
Minimizing waste and encouraging reuse. Waste generation can be minimized through the use of durable materials and the design of recycling systems. This will lower waste costs since recycling generally costs less than getting rid of landfill.
•
Conserving natural resources. By maximizing the use of re-usable, renewable, sustainably managed materials, it is ensured that buildings make truly low impacts.
•
Boosting employee productivity. Employee productivity in a green commercial building can be boosted by 15%, which can strongly affect the attraction and retention of human capital.
•
Supporting a healthier lifestyle and enhancing well-being. Commercial and residential green buildings produce efficient heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems to provide high quality indoor air, and incorporate natural light and views. This creates an excellent environment for the people residing in or occupying those buildings, which in turn enhances their comfort and satisfaction.
“People spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors — from homes to offices, schools, retail stores, fitness centers, health care facilities, and more — which means that buildings, and everything in them, can have a profound effect on human health and well-being. Our built environment can shape our habits and choices, regulate our sleep-wake cycle, drive us toward healthy and unhealthy choices, and passively influence our health through the quality of our surroundings. The WELL Building Standard™ (WELL) is the first building standard to focus on health, and health provides a framework to incorporate a variety of strategies to integrate human health and well-being at the heart of building design, construction and operations. The standard also has the potential to transform the way humans interact with the buildings and spaces they live in through innovative design.” – Paul Sciallia, Founder of WELL Institute, U.S.
Central Park Sydney, Australia
12
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
When considering just some of the benefits of ‘building green’, it is easy to see why this is a strategic initiative worth pursuing for many cities and countries at a government level. Green cities are also linked to better well-being and greater popularity, which can enhance a city’s competitiveness, leading to enhanced tourism and other economic revenues for a city. As more and more cities are trying to mitigate their negative footprint on the environment and reduce the operational costs of running their own cities, a “green-built environment” becomes increasingly important.
Figure 2. Projected Levels of Global Building Activity based on Global Firms’ Share of Green Building Projects between 2009 and 2015
Projected levels of global green building activity based on global firms' share of green building projects (2009-2015) 100%
Activity Level
13%
75%
28%
11%
51%
13% 21%
50%
30% 19%
25%
26%
17%
6%
10% 2%
2012
2015
33%
0% 2009
20%
More than 60% of projects considered Green 31% to 60% of projects considered Green 16% to 30% of projects considered Green 1% to 15% of projects considered Green Exploring (No Green Involvement)
Source: Statista; Solidiance Research and Analysis
Prevailing Trends in Green Buildings The global supply and demand for green building is on the rise as owners, engineers, contractors, and tenants realize the importance of the long-term market opportunity. 1. There is a major shift in the expectations stakeholders have of their own buildings. The level of education in relation to green buildings and green materials from key stakeholders such as architects, developers, and end-users is growing. The global green building materials market is anticipated to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 13% during the 2015-2020 period. As already explained, green buildings are service providers of enhanced health and well-being, better environment, and minimized operating costs. Consequently, the green building
material market is also expected to reach USD 234.77 billion by 2019. 2. An increasingly cost-conscious and financially conservative world has emerged in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, coupled with the recent volatility in the price of fossil-fuel based energy. In such a global context, the long-term costsavings of a green building that consumes less energy and utilizes renewable energy is growing in demand. Accordingly, the International Energy Agency (IEA) posits that renewable energy will represent the largest single source of electricity growth over the next five years, and is expected to top 700 gigawatts by 2020 – which is more than twice Japan’s currently installed power capacity. 3. Globalization is boosting sustainable real estate development worldwide and aligning regulations. The flow of economic and intellectual capital
in international trade is helping to emphasize the adoption of energy-efficient building practices and world-class designs; this has contributed significantly in achieving public awareness on environmental concerns and the need for adopting greener solutions. With the increasing demand for green buildings, developers and clients are realizing the business, social and environmental value that green projects are providing. Global green building activity is steadily on the rise. In 2009, only 13% of developers responding to a survey stated that over 60% of their firms’ construction projects were a ‘green building’. In 2015, green activity was four times higher, where over 50% of all respondents stated that more than 60% of their firms’ construction activities were ‘green’ (Figure 2).
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
13
“Singapore can certainly be considered a leader in the field of green building. The city target for 80 per cent of buildings to achieve BCA Green Mark standards by 2030 is ambitious but achievable, and the Singapore Green Building Council (SGBC) will play a key role in delivering this!” – Terri Wills, CEO of World Green Building Council, United Kingdom
Marina Bay, Singapore
14
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
CHAPTER 3
RANKING OF THE 10 GLOBAL CITIES FOR GREEN BUILDING PERFORMANCE
The research, assessment and evaluation undertaken for this white paper has produced the following results in the ranking of Global Cities, based on their Green Building performance:
1. PARIS
2. SINGAPORE
3. LONDON
4. sydney
5. tokyo
6. hong kong
7. New york
8. dubai
9. beijing
10. shanghai
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
15
Figure 3. Global Cities Ranking based on Green Building Performance
Global Cities for Green Building Performance Index 71.74%
Paris
City by Ranking
Singapore
70.32%
London
67.77% 62.93%
Sydney
59.99%
Tokyo Hong Kong
51.75%
New York
50.62% 43.52%
Dubai Beijing
41.00% 36.94%
Shanghai
City-wide Green Building Landscape Green Building Efficiency & Performance Green Building Policies & Targets Green City Culture & Environment Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
“Singapore and London are the cities which have the highest green building activity, and Costa Rica, France, Singapore, and the United Kingdom are the countries that witness high demand for green building materials” – Michael Scarpf, Head of Sustainable Construction at Lafarge Holcim, Switzerland After assessing the ten Global Cities for green building performance, the winning city is Paris, followed closely by Singapore. London rounds out the Top 3 performing cities. Paris and Singapore took the top spot by excelling in all four assessment categories: City-wide green building landscape, green building efficiency and performance, green building policies and targets, and green city culture and environment. They were the only cities that ranked within the Top 5 in every category. Both Paris and Singapore have strong building efficiency and performance, which shows that both local and international certification standards are yielding high-performance on green buildings. London benefits from high yield of green buildings in the city, which can be linked to the fact that the United Kingdom was the first country ever to introduce a green building certification system (e.g. BREEAM). Paris
16
fell just slightly short of Singapore in the absolute number of green buildings in the city, and by not setting out a clear city-wide green building target. Sydney, Tokyo, and Hong Kong came respectively in the fourth, fifth and sixth positions. Although the three cities performed extremely well on the green city culture and environment, Sydney and Hong Kong’s ranks were negatively affected with the poor results they achieved on their green building landscape and performance. Quite surprisingly, Sydney had the fewest absolute number of green buildings in the city, with only 67 green buildings to date. New York followed as number 7. It has a relatively healthy number of green buildings constructed within the city, with 287 (5th) and 320 (4th) green buildings respectively, due to having the largest built-environments in comparison to the other cities, the percentage of green buildings as per the total built landscape ranked these cities as laggards.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Finally, Dubai, Beijing, and Shanghai were the last cities on the list; this was an unsurprising result, as these three cities are amongst the most recent to join the green building movement. It is expected that these rankings should see changes in the future as these newer ‘green building cities’ are setting ambitious targets in order to catch up to other cities’ levels. Dubai, for example, launched its local green building standard last among these 10 Global Cities, in 2010, resulting in fewer locally certified buildings (8th), and only launched its green building regulations and specifications in 2012. Despite the slow start, Dubai ranks 5th in internationally certified green buildings (104), and has a total of 147 internationally and locally certified green buildings erected on its cityscape. Dubai already ranks 6th for ‘green buildings as a percentage of total buildings’ and is certainly a city to watch, as the city seems to work quickly to recover lost time.
“The UAE is running behind, compared to its European counterparts, but it won’t be like that for long. We are learning from others’ experience, mistakes and best practices, and adapting ‘old concepts’ to our own environment and situation. This is placing the emirate at a privileged position where we can focus on the right aspects from the very beginning and become a playground for innovation and an example for the other countries in the region.” – Saeed Al Abbar, Chairman of Emirates Green Building Council, United Arab Emirates
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
17
CHAPTER 4
CITY WIDE GREEN BUILDING LANDSCAPE How Green is the Built Stock of Global Cities?
Green Buildings are doubling every 3 years worldwide.
*The absolute number of green buildings: The total number of green building projects or certification applications submitted for each city.
18
Green Buildings are rapidly increasing – doubling every three years worldwide as a response to accelerating demand for sustainability. Green Buildings have proven to not only minimize the impact of humankind on the environment but also to improve social and economic conditions. That being the case, cities worldwide are taking the action to “green” their built stock and integrate sustainability principles into the design and planning process of construction. Therefore, Global Cities were assessed on the basis of their green building landscape, which is defined as the total number of green buildings and green building certification systems in use. The Green Building landscape is an important dimension to consider since it shows the overall current uptake of
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Green Buildings across our 10 Global Cities. London, Singapore and Paris take the top 3 spots with regards to Green Building Landscape. This is primarily due to these three cities scoring in the top 3 for both *the absolute number of green buildings and on the ‘green buildings as a percentage of total number of buildings’ metrics. London and Paris particularly scored high with 68% and 64% of the built environment comprising green buildings, respectively; Singapore followed with 48% of its built landscape being “green”. Singapore and London, in particular, also had a very high rate of absolute number of green buildings with 2,339 and 1,729, respectively. Paris also ranked 3rd in absolute number of green buildings, but scored relatively low in comparison to the top 2 cities with just 456 green buildings
Figure 4. Ranking of Global Cities based on Green Building Landscape Metrics
City-wide Green Building Landscape 20.24% 16.88%
16.30% 12.14%
6.69%
London
Singapore
Paris
Tokyo
6.34%
Shanghai New York
5.65%
4.96%
Dubai
Beijing
3.88%
2.75%
Hong Kong Sydney
Source: Solidiance Research & Analysis based on Figures 1, 6
in total. Though Paris and London did not perform particularly strong with regards to the number of green building credentialed professionals, Singapore ranked 4th with 889 individuals. This chapter gives a brief overview of sustainability ratings for building and construction projects, and the associated certifications systems; and evaluates cities based on the total number of green buildings, comparison of the number of locally and internationally certified buildings, and certified credentialed professionals.
Green Building Certifications Green Building Certification is an integral part of the planning and construction of sustainable buildings. From the early 1990s, the number of sustainability tools along with the number of buildings certified have increased dramatically worldwide. In addition to standards for design and construction of buildings in line with sustainability goals set by government authorities, there now exist more than 600 green building certification systems globally. These green building ratings or certification systems are measuring tools that provide guidelines for the planning and construction of buildings while taking into consideration
environmental, economic and social factors. Moreover, they allow building owners and developers to confidently label their buildings as “green” in a standardized and recognizable format. The assessment instruments measure, rate and certify the level of compliance and performance of a building with alignment to specific environmental goals and requirements set by the standardization organization, often in line with city-targets, thereby contributing to the achievement of those targets. The first Green Building rating system in the world was created in the UK in 1990 and named the Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM). It is a multi-attribute rating system that integrates the assessment of the following key categories: Water, Energy, Material, Innovation, Management, Land Use & Ecology, Health & WellBeing, Pollution, and Waste. Being highly recognized globally, it has served as a basis for numerous countryspecific schemes for rating systems, such as Hong Kong’s 4-star Green Building Certification System. Despite BREEAM being the first green building rating system, the most widelyused Green Building rating system around the globe is the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system, launched in the United States. It was established by the U.S. Green Building Council in 2000 for
the sustainability assessment and rating of green building projects. LEED assesses projects on the basis of credits earned across the following seven categories: Site Selection, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Regional Priority, and Innovation in Design. Credits are evaluated and eventually result in a point score compatible with four levels of LEED certification: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. In order to stimulate the demand for sustainable buildings and to suit the individual climatic, cultural and legal boundary conditions, many countries have designed and began adopting their own Green Building rating systems (Figure 5). In fact, all 10 cities in our Global Green Building Cities Ranking have developed their own local certification. Although each certification differs in the ratings awarded and categories assessed, the Green Building evaluation principle of “awarding credits for each pillar” is the same.
Today, there exists more than 600 green building certification systems globally.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
19
“Part of the difficulty with both LEED and BREEAM systems is the one approach across multiple geographies, climates and cultures. For example, transportation needs in Texas are very different from Singapore; water security in Beijing is different to Manila which requires different issues to be ranked differently to match local/ regional environment and regulations.” – Scott Dunn, Vice President at AECOM, Malaysia
20
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Cayan Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
ASSESSMENT SECTIONS
RATINGS AWARDED
Figure 5. List of Green Buildings Certification Systems, their Ratings Scheme, and their Assessment Tools LEED
BREEAM
Estidama
BEAM
3-Star
HQE
CASBEE
Green Mark
Green Star
USA
London
Dubai
Hong Kong
Beijing Shanghai
Paris
Tokyo
Singapore
Sydney
Platinum
Outstanding
5 Pearls
Platinum
3 Stars
Exceptional
Platinum
6 Star
Gold
Excellent
4 Pearls
Gold
2 Stars
Excellent
Class A
Gold Plus
5 Star
Silver
Very Good
3 Pearls
Silver
1 Star
Very Good
Class B+
Gold
4 Star
Certified
Good
2 Pearls
Certified
Passable
Class B~
Certified
3 Star
Pass
1 Pearl
Class S (excellent)
2 Star
Class C (poor)
Unclassified
1 Star
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Resource
Water
Water
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Material
Material
Material
Material
Material
Innovation in Design
Innovation
Innovating Practice
Innovation
Indoor Environmental Quality
Management
Integrated Development Process
Indoor Environmental Quality
Indoor Environmental Quality
Sustainable Sites
Land Use & Ecology
Livable Communities
Site Aspects
Management
Ecomanagement
Regional Priority
Health & Wellbeing
Natural Systems
Land & Outdoor environment
Ecoconstruction
Pollution & Waste
Material Innovation
Health & Comfort
Transport
Local Environment
Indoor Environmental Quality
Indoor Environmental Quality
Outdoor Environment
Environmental Protection
Management
Other Green Features
Land Use & Ecology Emissions Transport
Source: CoreNet Global by Ove Arup & Partners Ltd.: International Sustainability Systems Comparison
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
21
No
*Green Buildings: The total number of green building projects or certification applications submitted for each city.
Ranking based on % of Green Buildings*
1
London
68%
2
Paris
64%
3
Singapore
48%
4
Shanghai
15%
5
Beijing
11%
6
Dubai
8%
7
Tokyo
8%
8
Sydney
6%
9
New York
5%
10
Hong Kong
4%
“All three cities – London, Paris, Singapore – are clearly advanced in the field of green buildings in terms of standards and actual certified buildings and landmarks. They also have a long history of urban planning, research, regulations and frameworks, which make them examples for other cities in the world.” – Saeed Al Abbar, Chairman of Emirates Green Building Council, United Arab Emirates
WHO’S PERFORMING BETTER IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF GREEN BUILDINGS? By ranking the Global Cities by total number of green buildings, Solidiance has estimated the number of Green Buildings as a percentage of total number of buildings in each city (Figure 6). It should be noted that ‘the total number of buildings’ was derived from adding up the total number of skyscrapers and the total number of high-rise buildings in a city. Due to the inconsistency of available data, and green building certifications generally targeting high-rise buildings firstand-foremost, low-rise buildings and
other types of buildings (ie. churches, etc.) were removed from the total building count for the purposes of this paper. The total number of Green Buildings for each city is a sum of building projects certified by LEED, BREEAM and local certification systems. With regards to the city leading the Green Buildings chart, London has the highest percentage of green building projects (68%) for its total number of green buildings among the ten Global
Cities chosen. Abreast of London, Paris also has more than half of the built stock (64%) certified as ‘Green’. Singapore, with the concerted efforts of its government agencies, round out the top three Global Cities with 48% percent of total number of green buildings. It is worth noting here that the fact that the total number of buildings was limited to two types of buildings (High-rise buildings1 and Skyscrapers2 ), had an impact on generating such high percentages.
High-rise buildings are defined as a multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors. (source: http://www.emporis.com/building/standard/3/high-rise-building) 2 Skyscrapers are as defined as a multi-story building at least 100 meters tall. (source: http://www.emporis.com/building/standard/75/skyscraper) 1
22
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Green Buildings as a % of Total No. of Buildings London
New York
5%
21 LEED 0 BREEAM 299 Energy Star
68% 33 LEED 1,696 BREEAM
Beijing
Dubai
11%
8%
116 LEED 0 BREEAM
104 LEED 0 BREEAM 42 ESTIDAMA
Tokyo
8% 22 LEED 0 BREEAM 197 CASBEE
Paris
64%
12 LEED 356 BREEAM 88 HQE
Hong Kong
4%
65 LEED 0 BREEAM 222 HKBEAM
Shanghai
15%
223 LEED 11 BREEAM
Singapore
48%
38 LEED 1 BREEAM 2,300 GREEN MARK
Figure 6. City-wide Green Building Landscape
While looking at the number of total buildings, the inconsistency between the percentage of Green Buildings and number of total buildings is noticed. For instance, although it makes sense for Singapore and London to achieve high percentages of green buildings from the built stock since they both rank first and second respectively on total number of green buildings (Figure 8), Paris’ result (Figure 9) can be questioned as the city does benefit from having the lowest number of total buildings (Figure 7). For those that may claim that Singapore performs particularly well because it is a relatively
Sydney
6%
5 LEED 0 BREEAM 62 GREEN STAR
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis based on Figures 9, 11, 12
small city, Figure 8 quickly lays those arguments to rest; Singapore has the highest number of absolute green buildings with 2,339 Green Buildings built to date, outperforming London by 35%. The disparity between those top three cities mentioned above and cities following them is high. As such, the percentage of Green Buildings in Shanghai, which comes fourth after Singapore, is 15%. The fifth city in the rank is also Chinese: Beijing with 11% of the total number of green buildings. Dubai, Tokyo, Sydney, and New York
City come as the next, whereas Hong Kong complete the list with the lowest percentage (4%). Having New York City and Hong Kong achieve the lowest ratings might be attributed to the fact that they both have double or triple the average total number of buildings in the other cities (Figure 7), knowing that they come in fourth and fifth place when ranked based on total number of green buildings (Figure 8). Another reason could be the fact that those cities have been focusing on constructing new green buildings, without placing much effort on retrofitting existing buildings.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
23
Figure 7. Total Number of Buildings* *Total number of buildings account only for high-rise buildings and skyscrapers
Figure 8. Number of Green Building Projects* *Total number of green building projects is a sum of LEED, BREEAM and locally (Figure 5) certified green building projects Total No. of Green Building Projects
Total No. of Buildings
Total Number of Buildings
Total Number of Buildings
Total Number of Green Buildings
7,956
Hong Kong New York
6,933 4,857
Singapore
1
Singapore
2
London
3
Paris
456
2,339 1,729
Tokyo
2,886
4
New York
320
London
2,536
5
Hong Kong
287
Dubai
1,740
6
Shanghai
234
Shanghai
1,602
7
Tokyo
219
Sydney
1,058
8
Dubai
146
Beijing
1,030
9
Beijing
116
10
Sydney
67
Paris
714
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis based on Figures 7, 11, 12
Source: Emporis Building Directory
“The current green building development has been focused on new buildings but is shifting towards existing buildings. For significant progress, the focus of stakeholders in Hong Kong should shift from new to existing buildings which make up the bulk of the building stock. Potentially, more effort can be made to incentivize sustainability for existing buildings, promote microgrid / renewable systems to reduce dependence on coal-powered electricity, and divert waste from precious landfill space.” – Vincent Cheng, Director of Building Sustainability at ARUP, Hong Kong
Figure 9. Green Building as a percentage of total number of Buildings in the City
International Certifications, Local Systems, or Both?
% of Green Building Projects Green Buildings as a % of Total No. of Buildings
1
London
2
Paris
3
Singapore
4
Shanghai
5
Beijing
6
Dubai
8%
7
Tokyo
8%
8
Sydney
6%
9
New York
5%
10 Hong Kong
4%
68% 64% 48% 15% 11%
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis based on Figure 8
24
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Cities such as London, New York and Hong Kong, which have adopted their own rating tools in the 1990s, accordingly have the largest ‘locally certified’ green buildings (Figure 11). Likewise, cities lagging behind have adopted their own local green building certification systems in the past 10-15 years. However, Singapore is an exception to this rule. Despite having launched Green Mark only recently in 2005 – 15 years after BREEAM (UK) and 10 years after HKBEAM (Hong Kong) – Singapore’s green building movement has grown rapidly to include the largest number of locally certified green buildings in the world (e.g. using Singapore’s Green Mark certification system).
Media Corp Building, Singapore
Figure 10. Number of capita per Green Building
1
Singapore
2
London
4,974
3
Paris
4,978
4
Dubai
5
Hong Kong
6
New York
7
Tokyo
8
Sydney
9
Shanghai
10
Beijing
2,351
15,959 25,226 26,531 60,731 75,625 103,205 185,345 Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
The ranking based on the number of capita per green building (Figure 10) did not show a large difference from the ranking cities based on the number of green buildings. The top three cities for green buildings – Singapore, London, and Paris – remained in the same position when compared on the population level, i.e. how many people are allocated to each green building. The only two cities that jumped in the ranking are Dubai and Sydney. This could be due to the fact that both cities have smaller populations in comparison to Hong Kong, New York, Shanghai, and Beijing. The number of capita per green building highlights cities that are making notable effort in building design and construction, as well as to create a healthier environment for inhabitants and workers. The indicator was not included in the methodology, but simply illustrates the ranking of the cities based on the number of capita per green building.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
25
Figure 11. Timeline of the Development of Green Building Rating Tools
HQE France HKBEAM Hong Kong
1996 1990 BREEAM UK
3 Star China
CASBEE Japan
2001
1995
2000 2002
ENERGY STAR USA
LEED USA
Green Star Australia
2006 2005 Green Mark Singapore
2010 Estidama UAE
Source: CoreNet Global by Ove Arup & Partners Ltd.: International Sustainability Systems Comparison
The number of buildings certified locally versus those certified internationally vary slightly across the cities. The general pattern and trend is for cities to have a larger number of buildings certified locally instead of using international standards (Figure 12 vs Figure 13). The only cities outside of the trend line are Paris and Dubai with the larger stock of buildings certified internationally than with locally developed standards (Paris using BREEAM primarily, and Dubai using LEED). This can be partially explained here. In the case of Paris, the small number of green buildings certified by HQE certification is believed to be due to the greater complexity of local versus international standards. HQE brings with it a greater number of requirements, whereas BREEAM and LEED certifications have far fewer requirements. Moreover, the BREEAM certification is less demanding about the integration of prerequisites, and processing times for the certification is more streamlined. One Paris-based
26
green building professional reported that LEED and BREEAM certification applications can be sent via online platforms without on-site audits; On the other hand, HQE (Paris’ local certification system), requires on-site visits by HQE certifiers on up to 3 separate occasions to conduct various audits. In the case of Dubai, it is largely explained by two factors. Firstly, the local Estidama Pearl Rating system is relatively new, having only launched in 2010. Secondly, Estidama is a rating system developed by the Abu Dhabi Government, for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi, being the capital of the United Arab Emirates, made Estidama available and recommended its use to all other emirates, including Dubai – but government regulations requiring the use of Estidama was only passed through Abu Dhabi’s policies. Having been left with the choice, Dubai continues to use international standards rather than subscribing to their neighbouring state’s certification process.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
“It is important to note that a building can be sustainable and incorporate green best practices without having a certification behind it. Certifications, however, are useful tools for measurement and can serve as guidelines for best practice. Nonetheless, Dubai does not have a specific certification or rating systems such as Estidama in Abu Dhabi, but the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system is used and recognised broadly.” – Saeed Al Abbar, Chairman of Emirates Green Building Council, United Arab Emirates
Figure 12. Total No. of Locally Certified Green Building Projects
Figure 13. Total No. of Internationally Certified Green Building Projects 3
Total No. of Locally Certified Green Buildings
Total No. of Internationally Certified Green Buildings LEED Certified Green Buildings
Locally Certified Green Buildings
1
Singapore
2
London
3
New York
4
Hong Kong
5
Tokyo
6
Paris
7
1
London
33
2
Paris
12
3
Shanghai
222
4
Beijing
197
5
Dubai
88
6
Hong Kong 65
Sydney
62
7
Singapore
8
Dubai
42
8
New York
21
9
Shanghai
9
Tokyo
22
10
Beijing
10
Sydney
2,300 1,696 299
Source: Greenbooklive Certified BREEAM Assessments, HQE in the world, Energystar Buildings, C40 & USGBC Green Building City Market Briefs, China Green Building Design Label Rated Buildings, Estidama Pearl Qualified Buildings
3
BREEAM Certified Green Buildings
1,696 356 223
11
116 104
38 1
5
Source: LEED Projects Directory, Greenbooklive Certified BREEAM Assessments
Please see Annex for more details on cities’ ranking based on LEED certified Projects
Oslo Opera House, Norwegia
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
27
Credentialed Professionals Whereas the ranking of Global Cities in the previous sections is based on the number of green buildings certified internationally and locally, the ranking in the data-set of Figure 14 is based on the number of LEED, BREEAM and local Credentialed professionals. Figure 14. Total Number of Credentialed Professionals (City-wide) Total Number of LEED & BREEAM Credentialed Professionals (City-wide) Number of LEED Credentialed Professionals
2
1
40
53
78
Sydney
Paris
Tokyo
Number of BREEAM Credentialed Professionals
2
1
2
129
172
324
458
426
673
676
2,398
Singapore
Beijing
Hong Kong
London
Shanghai
Dubai
New York
Total Number of Local Credentialed Professionals (City-wide) Number of Locally Credentialed Professionals
3,999 Ministry of Housing & Rural Development Beijing
Shanghai
2,323 73
129
141
Paris
London
Sydney
180
884
Dubai
Singapore
913 New York Hong Kong
Tokyo
Source: LEED - USGBC LEED People Directory; BREEAM - GreenBookLive BREEAM Accredited Professional; Beijing & Shanghai - Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Department; Paris – beHQE Referents Directory; London GreenBookLive BREEAM Accredited Professional; Sydney – Green Building Council Australia Accredited Professional Directory; Dubai - C40 & USGBC Green Building City Market Briefs; Singapore - Building and Construction Authority of Singapore; New York – Energy Star Licensed Professional (PE or RA) Directory; Hong Kong - C40 & USGBC Green Building City Market Briefs
Overall, there are more LEED accredited professionals than those upholding the BREAAM certification system, and there is a growing trend where locally credentialed professionals are increasing. Tokyo is the leader both in the total number of professionals, as well as in the normalized metric, which looks at the total number of credentialed professionals per building (Figure 15). Figure 15. Number of Green Building Credentialed Professionals per Building 1.41
0.49
Tokyo
Dubai
0.48
New York
0.42
Shanghai
0.35
0.32
Hong Kong
Beijing
0.219
0.217
0.18
0.17
London
Singapore
Paris
Sydney
Source: Solidiance Research & Analysis based on Figure 16
28
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Conclusion This chapter has assessed the green building landscape of each global city by measuring the number of green buildings, breaking down those green buildings by certification system type and evaluating the number of credentialed professionals per building. Overall, the trend is an increasing number of Green Buildings certified locally instead of internationally, and cities such as London, Singapore and Paris rank highest due to both high number of total green building projects in the city, and high percentage of green buildings as per total number of buildings in the city.
Thomas Jefferson School of Law, California, U.S.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
29
CHAPTER 5
GREEN BUILDING EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE How efficiently do buildings in Global Cities perform? Buildings are a substantial element in every city. They are the largest energy-consuming sector worldwide – accounting for more than 40% of energy use and responsible for an estimated 30% of city-wide emissions. As a city commits to building green, it is important for it to set measurable goals for emissions and energy efficiencies, water conservation, and waste management in order to ensure that building projects are in fact contributing into enhancing the environment. The previous chapter evaluated the number of ‘certified green buildings’ each city had, and whether they were to a local or international standard. This chapter steps in to evaluate, regardless of the number of certified
green buildings in the city – the overall efficiency and performance of the built stock in each city. The efficiency and performance of the built environment in each city involved zooming into 2 major interrelated environmental impacts, namely, CO2 emissions and energy use. Space heating and cooling together with water heating are estimated to account for nearly 60% of global energy consumption of buildings. CO2 from energy use is the dominant factor leading to greenhouse gases emitted in the buildings sector. Water use was also an indicator, which was evaluated, but the lack of data and inconsistency of city-wide data led to the removal of this metric.
Figure 16. Ranking of Global Cities based on Green Building Efficiency & Performance Metrics Green Building Efficiency and Performance
Paris
23.73%
Sydney
22.39%
Singapore
21.45%
Tokyo
20.24%
London
18.66%
Hong Kong
18.65%
Dubai
14.15%
New York Beijing Shanghai
12.67% 11.68% 5.75%
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
“Globally, buildings account for 40% of energy consumption and 30% of carbon emissions. There is a real need for the building industry to undertake greater environmental responsibility and mitigate the impact of our activities on the environment. Moreover, we also witness that there is a strong business case for sustainability. This has been proven as integrating sustainability into our corporate vision and strategy has not only created long-term business value for CDL, but also for our investors and customers.” – Esther An, Chief Sustainability Officer at City Developments Limited
30
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Paris, Sydney, and Singapore take the highest ranking spots with regards to each city’s green building efficiency. This is primarily due to the three cities not only being very low CO2 polluting cities in general, but also because they have a very low percentage of emissions which can be attributed to the city’s built-environment.
How much CO2 do Cities’ Buildings Emit? While green building efforts are already underway for all of these Global Cities studied in this report, a majority of the top Global Cities emit relatively high levels of CO2 into the environment, with the exception of Paris and Sydney (Figure 17). Consequently, both cities also perform well in terms of CO2 emissions as a result of the built environment.
Figure 17. CO2 Emissions from Buildings, normalized per capita and per GDP Total CO2 Emissions from Buildings (Million Metric Tons)
2
5
Paris
Sydney
15
Singapore
85
26
27
32
34
Hong Kong
Dubai
London
New York
45
Tokyo
Beijing
0.7508
0.9473
Paris
Sydney
Singapore
3.3838
3.5387
Tokyo
Hong Kong
3.7433
3.9675
3.9675
4.0086
London
Shanghai
Beijing
New York
Dubai
0.1613
0.1686
Shanghai
Beijing
Total CO2 Emissions from Buildings (Kg) per GDP
0.0024
Paris
Shanghai
11.4155
Total CO2 Emissions from Buildings (Metric Tons) per Capita
2.7120
96
0.0206
0.0243
0.0278
0.0321
0.0385
0.0408
Sydney
New York
Tokyo
Dubai
London
Singapore
0.0616
Hong Kong
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
By analyzing the carbon emissions per capita in the top 10 Global Cities (Figure 17); Paris, Sydney, and Singapore maintained their position as top performers and while Shanghai and Beijing recorded the highest CO2 emissions from buildings, they performed slightly better on this dimension, by ranking seventh and eighth on this metric. However, Dubai has a significantly higher carbon footprint per capita of (11.4MT) as energy consumption is high and its emissions are being spread among a small population. Carbon intensity is usually measured in terms of the CO2 emissions per dollar GDP. A city with low carbon intensity would mean that it is able to produce each unit of output with less CO2 emissions. Paris and Sydney remain undefeated as they also top the scale for carbon intensity of their building stock. Whereas, Singapore and Hong Kong that were in the top 5 for both CO2 emissions from buildings and CO2 emissions per capita, now find themselves ranked just before Shanghai and Beijing. Singapore has recently announced its goals to reduce emissions intensity by 36% from 2005 levels by 2030 and generally performs much better when compared as a country considering that it ranked 113th out of 140 countries, according to IEA Key World Energy Statistics in 2014.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
31
How much Energy do Cities’ Buildings consume? Paris and Singapore are amongst the best performers in how much energy is consumed from their buildings (Figure 18) – an indicator of the cities’ level of eco-consciousness and proof that both the local and international green building certifications used in both these cities are strong certification guidelines which push for greater greener building performance. This, of course, is the main goal. There may be cities where green building policies are in place, targets are set, local certification guidelines are created, but none yield strong green building performance in terms of efficiency of resource use and minimal negative environmental impact. In this light, the performance of the built-landscape in each city is the ultimate end-goal. Indeed, it seems as though the green building efforts in Singapore and Paris are working together, marking tangible progress, and are paying off. Shanghai accounts for the highest level of building energy consumption. New York follows in second place due to relatively high CO2 emissions from buildings, second highest size of built stock and second lowest percentage of total green buildings. Figure 18. Energy Consumption from Buildings, normalized per capita and per GDP Total Energy Consumed from Buildings (GWh)
15,050
23,277
29,250
42,047
49,047
70,263
101,228
Paris
Singapore
Sydney
Dubai
Tokyo
Hong Kong
London
366,259
431,816
New York
Shanghai
166,839
Beijing
Total Energy Consumed from Buildings (GWh) per Capita 0.0431 0.0037
0.0042
0.0060
0.0066
0.0078
0.0097
0.0118
Tokyo
Singapore
Sydney
Paris
Beijing
Hong Kong
London
0.0179
0.0180
Shanghai
Dubai
0.7270
Total Energy Consumed from Buildings (KWh) per GDP
0.0210
0.0303
0.0507
0.0636
Paris
Tokyo
Dubai
Singapore
New York
0.1211
0.1312
0.1689
London
Sydney
Hong Kong
0.2616
New York
0.3297
Beijing
Shanghai
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
When evaluating the per capita energy consumption from buildings, New York still comes as the first with the highest energy use by buildings, further followed by Dubai and Shanghai. Oppositely, Singapore and Tokyo exhibit the lowest building energy consumption level per capita, whereby the population sizes of the respective cities rank as the 8th and 3rd highest out of selected top 10 Global Cities (Figure 18). In part of energy consumption from buildings per GDP, which implies energy efficiency per unit of production, Shanghai and New York have the highest level, whereas Paris, Tokyo, and Singapore’s buildings consume the lowest level of energy in this category (Figure 18). Noticeably, Shanghai and New York do not fare as well in both normalized metrics in comparison to other cities. Under the City Building Energy Saving Projects Special Support Measures introduced in 2012, Shanghai’s government committed to provide energy monitoring and management to building projects, and promoting energy saving and green building features. New York City’s new plan, “One City, Built to Last: Transforming New York City’s Buildings for a Low-Carbon Future” announced in September 2014 seeks to reduce the carbon footprint of the city’s top greenhouse gases emitters - buildings, both public and privately owned. These efforts set out by both cities, if executed well and successful will likely materialize into substantially better results in coming years.
32
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
How much Water do Cities’ Buildings consume? Water consumption from buildings is an important metric that governments worldwide should take into consideration. The benefits of enforcing waterefficiency measures encompass water savings and achieving sustainability goals. Moreover, such measures will reduce buildings’ energy costs since heating water is associated with significant amount of energy use. Additionally, implementing waterefficient practices implies achieving green building certifications thereby fostering healthy green building movement. Recognizing the importance of water consumption from buildings, this metric was however not used in the ranking due to lack of available data (as only data for New York - 1235 billion litres, Dubai - 267 billion litres, Sydney - 101 billion litres, were found). As such, cities should do more to focus on the portion of water consumed from buildings, as it is just as important a resource as energy, if not growing in importance over time. Annex II includes a graph showcasing annual water consumption by city.
Conclusion There are roughly 8 to 10 million new buildings constructed per annum worldwide, most of them in developing countries. According to the International Energy Agency, buildings account for up to 41% of global energy savings potential by 2035, compared with the industrial sector (24%) and the transport sector (21%). Attempts to improve energy consumption in buildings will ultimately lead to better levels of CO2 emissions. Thus, it is crucial for cities to intensify action plans aimed at greening the design of the built environment, so that buildings not only have less impact on the environment during construction, but most importantly, operate in a green and more efficient manner. Greening new buildings at the design stage is much easier than retrofitting existing buildings to operate more efficiently. For these reasons, green buildings are an important pillar to build more sustainable cities around the world.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
33
As covered in the previous chapter, buildings have wide-ranging direct and indirect impacts on the environment. Given the long lifespan of most buildings, decisions made on the design and construction of a building during its project phase will determine its consumption and impacts over its lifetime. This has then prompted the inception of green building standards, certifications, and rating systems targeted to alleviate a broad range of environmental issues through sustainable and greener designs. For this reason, green building codes and targets are imperative in a city’s journey towards greater adoption of Green Buildings. They act as a guideline to demonstrate and inform the respective stakeholders on essential elements to building green and the crucial steps to execute such initiatives within a specific timeframe.
Asia Square Tower, Singapore
34
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
CHAPTER 6
GREEN BUILDING POLICIES AND TARGETS
Figure 19. Green Building Codes & Targets
Green Building Code
Green Building Targets
Beijing
Beijing
Dubai
Dubai
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
London
London
New York
New York
Paris
Paris
Singapore
Singapore
Shanghai
Shanghai
Sydney
Sydney
Tokyo
Tokyo
Source: C40 Cities; News Articles; Solidiance Research and Analysis
How supportive is your Government towards Green Buildings? Singapore is the standout leader in the Green Building Codes and Targets assessment. While all the Global Cities have outlined city-level green building codes, only three cities have achieved their green building targets. Singapore, Beijing and Shanghai are the only cities with both a green building code and green building targets set-out by the city.
What Policies and Targets are Global Cities setting directly related to Green Buildings? Local and regional governments are uniquely positioned to implement policies that influence the commitments towards sustainability measures in the building sector, and to encourage its corporate citizens to build green, and citizens to live green. As such, city-level green building policies were researched for each city. Two metrics were considered in ranking the cities on the Green Building Culture dimension – the existence of green building codes and the existence of green building targets. Amongst the Global Cities in this study, Tokyo took the chronological lead with its Green Building Program having been issued in 2002; Tokyo’s Green Building Program began to take responsibility for the impacts its buildings had on the environment by requiring that newly built or extended buildings submit their building environment plans. In 2006, Singapore then launched its green building policy to spearhead the delivery of green buildings and concentrated on new buildings and those undergoing major retrofitting. The newbies in the green building agenda would be Beijing and Shanghai with recently issued action plans in 2013 and 2014 respectively.
Figure 20. Ranking Global Cities based on Green Building Policies and Targets
Green Building Policies and Targets
Singapore Beijing Shanghai
12.50% 12.50% 12.50%
Paris
10.00%
London
10.00%
Sydney
10.00%
Tokyo
10.00%
Hong Kong
10.00%
New York
10.00%
Dubai
10.00%
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
35
Figure 21. Timeline of launch of local Green Building Action Plans
SHANGHAI Shanghai Municipality 3-Year Green Building Action Plan SINGAPORE Green Building Masterplan
NEW YORK Greener, Greater Buildings Plan
SYDNEY Better Buildings Partnership
DUBAI Green Building Regulations and Specifications
2006 2002 TOKYO Tokyo Green Building Program
2007
2009
PARIS Paris Climate and Energy Action Plan
2011
2012
HONG KONG Buildings Design to Foster a Quality and Sustainable Built Environment
2013 BEIJING Beijing’s Green Building Action Plan
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis LONDON Delivering London’s Energy Future Plan
“Tokyo and Singapore are two progressive Asian cities in terms of green building development. Tokyo is pretty unique with its cap-and-trade program covering even large-scale office buildings. This controls carbon emissions at the source. Furthermore, development in green building technologies are at the forefront. Singapore has mandated energy efficiency standards and energy audits for existing buildings and provided financial incentives for the upgrades. The new smart nation agenda is also interesting with its well thought out vision and extensive scale.” – Vincent Cheng, Director of Building Sustainability at ARUP, Hong Kong
36
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
TOKYO Green Buildings Policy Overview The submission system of “Building Environment Plan”, introduced in 2002, was designed in Tokyo to clarify environment-friendly approaches to buildings and highly evaluate excellent approaches. The system was introduced in June 2002 with the aim of creating a market where environment-friendly and high-quality buildings are evaluated. It is required for those newly built buildings or extended and whose total floor area exceeds 5,000 square meters to submit their building environment plans, which evaluates four points: “streamlining of energy use,” “appropriate utilization of resources”, “protection of natural environment” and “mitigation of heat island phenomenon”.
Energy Efficiency policies The Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program, launched in 2010, is one of the worldʼs first programs which covers buildings and facilities in cities such as offices and commercial buildings and mandates total reduction of CO2 emissions from large facilities (accounting for approximately 40% of emissions from the city’s industrial and commercial sectors). A target to be achieved by the relevant sectors has been established as a cap (emission limit) taking into account the 2020 reduction target for Tokyo as a whole, and a mandatory reduction rate has been set for each facility based on the cap. Each facility is obliged to reduce the aggregate total of emissions for the five years from 2010 to 2014 (the first planned reduction period) by 8% or more (for office buildings, etc.) or 6% or more (for plants, etc.), compared with the amount obtained
by multiplying the baseline annual emission amount by five. Owners of facilities will reduce CO2 emissions by introducing energy-saving measures and renewable energy in their own buildings, as well as by applying credits such as excess reductions and renewable energy credits purchased from other facility owners to their own reductions.
Energy benchmarking / Disclosure of information Under the Evaluation and Publication Programme of Environmental Performance of new buildings, all large newly constructed buildings in Tokyo are obliged to conduct an environmental performance evaluation and publish the building environmental plan, which indicates the evaluation results. The system requires building owners to adopt environmentally conscious designs based on guidelines set down by the government, with the aim of creating a market where environmentally friendly buildings are highly valued, through publication and disclosure of their environmental performance.
Financial incentives In Tokyo, tax incentives have been made available through the Energy Saving Promotion scheme targeting small to medium enterprises. These incentives exempt individuals and corporations from the enterprise tax when they introduce energy efficient equipment and renewable energy projects.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
37
SINGAPORE Green Building Policy Overview In 2005, the Singapore Government’s Building and Construction Authority (BCA) launched the Green Mark scheme, a leading green building rating system, serving as a benchmark tool for evaluating environmental sustainability in buildings. The main purpose was to encourage stakeholders to start building and living green. Thereafter, the city launched its first, second, and third Green Building Masterplans, which currently focus on driving the green building agenda by: 1. adopting green building as the norm for new projects, and 2. greening existing buildings, and 3. focusing on both the hardware and software of the built environment (i.e. energy efficiency of buildings as well as the occupants’ behavior) 4. setting Singapore as the leader in green building and sustainable development In 2010, with the launch of the City’s Sustainability Blueprint, Singapore set an ambitious target of greening 80% of its building stock by 2030 in order to accelerate the green building agenda. By 2014, more than 25% of the city’s entire built-stock were already ‘greened’. The target is set to be achieved by supporting the advancement of green building within the region, raising the community’s engagement and encouraging all stakeholders to get involved in greening the city, and sustaining constant monitoring of energy consumption, and seeking
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solutions for enhancing the well-being of people, and the quality of the built environment.
•
Energy Efficiency policies
It benefits owners and tenants by creating awareness on the energy performance of their buildings and helps them set measureable targets to improve energy efficiency of those buildings
•
Demonstrating building energy performance has become vital in Singapore to ensure an improved quality of the built environment. Existing buildings must comply with high energy standards and optimally operate after undergoing retrofit. Periodical energy efficiency audits are required, to ensure existing buildings comply with the minimum environmental sustainability standards under the Green Mark scheme.
It allows architects, engineers and other consultants to rethink their designs and incorporate best-in-class practices in design and retrofit of green buildings. Research and education communities can also benefit through data sharing and applied research to further advance green building technologies and solutions for the future
Financial incentives
Energy Benchmarking / Disclosure of information Singapore acknowledges the importance of energy and green building data sharing within the industry, and ensures transparency in the performance results. As of 2012, Singapore set requirements for existing building owners to submit annual reports regarding their building information and its energy consumption through the Building Energy Submission System (BESS). This plan is beneficial to many stakeholders: •
It serves the government as it is used as a way to monitor energy consumption and energy efficiency of buildings, thereby providing insights to BCA in the formulation of green building policies and energy performance monitoring strategies
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
There has been several Green Mark Incentive Schemes (GMIS) rolled out by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) over the years, with the Green Mark Gross Floor Area Incentive Scheme being the most impactful for new developments as it drives new and existing private developments to undertake substantial energy efficiency enhancements in efforts to earn high Green Mark ratings. Other major schemes in play include its USD 50 million and USD 100 million GMIS to encourage existing building owners and tenants to improve the energy consumption of their buildings and premises. Moreover, the Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing (BREEF) Scheme financing programme introduced in collaboration with several Financial Institutions provide support to its building owners in overcoming the high upfront cost of carrying out energy efficiency retrofits.
PARIS Green Building Policy Overview Thirty large businesses have signed Paris Climate Action Charter initiated by the city authorities thereby undertaking steps to realize aims of Climate-Energy Plan. Under this charter, the Paris District Heating Company supplying 1/3 of public heating launched a programme to reduce pollution and promote renewable energies. By 2020, more than 500,000 tonnes of CO2 will be reduced in the city every year. Built on the initiative of the City of Paris to assist in achieving the goals of the France Climate Action Plan, the Paris Climate Agency has been providing the support to the stakeholders’ projects on green action. For instance, Lumo, a platform for responsible investment in renewable energy projects, has been developed in partnership with local authorities. Paris has also started the plan of one thousand buildings’ energy renovation set to complete by 2020. This involves supporting building owners in their efforts to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) and energy consumption through trainings spreading the word about ways to reach greener buildings while taking into consideration affordability. Moreover, under the environmental law approved by French parliament on March 19, 2015, the rooftops on all new buildings built in commercial zones in Paris must now be partially covered in plants or solar panels aiming to reduce heat and cooling energy consumption by buildings.
In 2012, Paris introduced regional energy and air quality guidelines aligned with three following goals of Energy Action Plan for 2020: •
Improve buildings’ energy efficiency, with a target of doubling the pace of non-residential building refurbishment and tripling it for residential buildings
•
Develop district heating powered by renewable and recovered energies, with a target of increasing the number of connected equivalent housing units by 40%
•
Reduce GHG emissions from road traffic by 20% in combination with a significant reduction in air pollutants
Energy Benchmarking / Disclosure of information Every five years since 2004, the city authorities conduct GHG inventory and energy consumption assessments of government and community. In addition, an annual assessment of the implementation of the climate action plan is realized. The data on performance and practical achievement along with budget spent is published in the “Bleu Climat” report every year.
Financial incentives Every year the City of Paris invests around USD 44 million in retrofitting residential buildings. Paris also supports green initiatives providing loans to green entrepreneurial companies and low rent fee spaces to install green activities.
Energy Efficiency policies Under the Energy Plan, Paris has renewable energy sources starting from January 2016.
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NEW YORK Green Building Policy Overview The City of New York was one of the first jurisdictions to concentrate on improving energy efficiency in existing buildings, and it now leads innovation in Green Building. With energy efficiency and conservation driving its main agenda, New York City (NYC) established an independent, non-profit financial corporation called the New York City Energy Conservation Code (NYCEEC) in 2010 – to assist the city in implementing its Greener, Greater Buildings Plan (GGBP) while advancing the goals of PlaNYC. The GGBP, introduced in December 2009, addresses benchmarking, energy audits and retro-commissioning, as well as the adoption of a new energy code, all working towards increased energy efficiency for the city. Local Law 86 (LL 86), the local Green Building Law, establishes a set of standards for public design and construction projects.
Energy Efficiency policies With ‘One City: Built to Last’, the city will target every public and private building that needs significant energy upgrades. It is an all-inclusive 10-year plan targeted to improve the energy
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efficiency of the NYC’s buildings, and sets an ambitious goal to reduce the city’s building emissions by 30% by 2025. To achieve this goal, the City intends to: 1. Complete efficiency improvements in every City-owned building that has significant energy use and install 100 MW of onsite renewable power. 2. Cost-effectively build highly efficient buildings, looking to Passive House, carbon neutral, or “zero net energy” strategies. 3. Develop interim energy performance targets for existing buildings to be achieved through voluntary reductions and new regulations. Other measures such as LL86 requires that projects (i.e. new constructions, additions and substantial reconstructions) receiving more than a specified amount of city funding achieve a LEED rating level of certified or Silver and/or reductions in energy cost and potable water use.
Energy Benchmarking / Disclosure of information The GGBP requires large commercial and multifamily buildings to benchmark their energy and water consumption
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
with Energy Star where the data will be posted online by the city. Failure to comply will warrant a fine. Local Law 87, also part of the GGBP, mandates that buildings over 50,000 gross square feet undergo periodic energy audit and retro commissioning measures.
Financial incentives New York City is one of the national leaders in terms of providing incentives for energy efficiency, at approximately USD 250mil p.a. covering a variety of programs, including direct incentives for energy reduction and market transformation. Local utilities and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority administer such programs. In addition, the New York State Green Building Tax Credit provides USD 25 million in income tax credits over a nine-year period for owners and tenants of buildings, which meet energy, indoor air quality, materials, commissioning, water conservation, appliance, and size criteria. Low interest loans (i.e. 4% below market rates) are provided for energy efficiency measures and building materials that meet New York green building standards.
Hong kong Green Building Policy Overview The Building Design to Foster a Quality and Sustainable Built Environment (BDF QSBE) was introduced in April 2011 for all new building plans to promote energy efficiency, urban livability, building maintenance, environmental conservation and green features in buildings. BDF QSBE requires that all new buildings undergo the Hong Kong Green Building Council BEAM Plus assessment and designed in accordance with a package of green building measures to receive concessions for additional gross floor area (GFA). Launched in March 2013, HK3030 campaign targets a reduction of 52% in absolute electricity consumption compared to a BAU scenario, which essentially reduces 30% of the absolute building electricity consumption by 2030, as compared to 2005 levels. For government buildings, a 5% electricity reduction target by 2020 (2014 as base) is set.
Energy Efficiency policies In October 1998, the Building Energy Codes laid out compliance standards for which subsequently required mandatory compliance with the enactment of Buildings Energy Efficiency Ordinance (BEEO). The BEEO requires that developers or building owners of newly constructed buildings ensure that building services installation comply with the design standards of the BEC.
Energy Benchmarking / Disclosure of information The BEEO enforced a statutory requirement to perform energy audits every 10 years and that the first round of audits to be completed by September 2016 on owners of commercial and composite buildings. Further requirements mandate that the Energy Audit Form, which contains the annual energy utilization index of the past 12-month period be exhibited in a conspicuous position at the main entrance of the building.
Financial incentives BEEFS, one of the largest government-funded energy saving schemes in the world provided USD 450mil to stimulate private sector building owners to invest in improvements. New matching schemes in operation from 2014 to 2018 by 2 major electric companies will provide an estimated USD 100 million to support energy saving projects. With BDF QSBE, building owners are incentivized to incorporate specific features such as sustainable building design guidelines on building separation, building setback, site coverage of greenery and energy efficiency of buildings in order to obtain a GFA concession of up to 10%.
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“The strengths in Hong Kong green building roadmap are having an actionable market driven plan showing the critical initiatives, showing linkage between events, and the interim milestones along the way. The roadmap is in turn constructed out of a series of interlinked modules, including roadmaps for existing buildings, reporting and benchmarking, regulatory drivers, BEAM Plus, new buildings, GFA incentive scheme, green building financing, carbon markets and education. Such a modular and sequential approach allows a campaign of such magnitude to be tackled.”
– Vincent Cheng, Director of Building Sustainability at ARUP, Hong Kong
Hong Kong water front
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LONDON Green Building Policy Overview For existing buildings, public bodies are coordinating with the private sector to reduce CO2 emissions. This initiative is encouraged by the Green Organisations Programme, which focuses on incentivizing landlords to upgrade their buildings, improving buildings operations, and training staff in both the public and private sectors to educate them on the importance of reducing CO2 and consuming clean energy. Moreover, RE:FIT an award winning non-domestic retrofit programme, was introduced to encourage public buildings to consider retrofit projects and achieve financial savings. The city’s government has also set a national target requiring all new homes built from 2016 and all new non domestic buildings from 2019 to be zero carbon. Finally, developers of new buildings are to abide by the mayor’s energy policies of being lean, being clean and being green. This means improving a building’s energy efficiency, supplying energy efficiently, and using renewable energy technologies.
1. Sustainability statement, which includes BREEAM or Code for Sustainable Homes pre-assessment, resource efficiency, summary of energy approach, climate change resilience measures, and addresses pollution. 2. Energy strategy, which constitutes a comprehensive assessment of the energy demand of the building, all relevant proposed energy efficiency measures and low and zero carbon technologies to be incorporated. Carbon emissions savings are to be also disclosed as per the GLA guidance for energy assessment.
Financial incentives The London Green Fund has set up an Urban Development Fund worth of USD 50 million for investments in energy efficiency projects, the London Energy Efficiency Fund (LEEF). LEEF invests in projects to retrofit London’s public and voluntary sector building stock with energy efficiency and renewable energy measures.
Energy Benchmarking / Disclosure of information For both new developments, and refurbished buildings, two types of information are required for disclosure:
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SYDNEY Green Buildings Policy Overview With an ambitious plan set to reduce carbon emissions by 70% by 2030, Sydney has introduced “Greening your Business” sustainability program which is composed of the following four pillars: 1. Smart Green Business designed to assist program participants, about 70 firms, to reduce energy and water costs and improve waste management. 2. With over 10 years of operation, the CitySwitch Green Office, a program for office-based companies, provides its participants with guidelines to improve sustainable business operations via support of program manager, access to case studies, regular workshops, and a yearly awards providing recognition for environmental leadership. 3. Better Buildings Partnership has been created to support the efforts and commitment of leading commercial property owners to Sydney 2030 vision. It has already cut the energy costs by USD 30 million a year since the year of establishment. 4. Environmental upgrade finance (please see further section “Financial incentives” for details) As per Green Buildings, the city built stock is assessed by national Australian
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Green Buildings rating systems such as Green Star and NABERS. In addition, Sydney is the first government in Australia to be certified as Carbon Neutral under the National Carbon Offset Standard.
Energy Efficiency policies The city of Sydney has set the Energy Efficiency Master Plan with the following 11 enabling actions: 1. Safeguard energy savings – by maintaining core existing programs. 2. Improved building compliance – ensure buildings meet standards and codes. 3. Raising the bar – increasing minimum practice. 4. Show by doing – best practice for City of Sydney owned buildings. 5. Education, training and capacitybuilding – working with businesses and residents. 6. Building tune-up program – optimising building controls and operations. 7. Building retrofit program – plant and equipment upgrades. 8. Access to finance and incentives – funding to improve energy efficiency. 9. Ratings and disclosure – for sectors where there are gaps. 10. Sector targets and monitoring – for feedback and evaluation.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
11. Equity – for low income sectors.
Energy benchmarking / Disclosure of information The city has designed benchmarks for water use of business operations illustrated by key business activity indicator (KBAI). KBAI is a measure of how much water an efficient business uses for specific activities. Furthermore, GHG and water use performance have also benchmarks developed by National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS).
Financial incentives Sydney provides financial support to sustainability initiatives in the community through the Environmental upgrade finance and Environmental Grants Program. The Environmental Upgrade Finance operates through a contract known as an environmental upgrade agreement (EUA) under which lender provides capital to the building owner to construct or upgrade sustainable works. The loan is further repaid through the City’s existing rates collection process, as an environmental upgrade charge (EUC). The State-sponsored Environmental Grants Program funds projects aiming to increase environmental performance and benefit to the City community. Whereas, priority is given to projects aligned with Sustainable Sydney 2030.
DUBAI Green Building Policy Overview In 2012, Dubai Municipality (DM) launched the Green Building Regulations and Specifications code for public buildings and later in 2014 for private commercial buildings. The purpose of the code is to increase resource-efficiency of buildings and to support Dubai’s Strategic Plan. The green buildings in Dubai are also assessed in accordance with the Estidama Pearl Rating System. Although this system is designed by and tailored to the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (the country’s capital and home to the federal government), its principles and indicators are applicable to other Emirates such as Dubai as well. As per “greening” the existing old-aged built stock initiative, the local Green Building Council introduced the Technical Guidelines for Retrofitting Existing Buildings in 2015, which implies refurbishment works with the purpose of increasing energy and water efficiency. In terms of the city’s Green Building achievements, Dubai has managed to – in a short period of time - green 8.4% of the city’s built stock via international rating and certification tools as well as the local Estidama Pearl Rating system. The city also has the world’s largest LEED Platinum government building which achieved 66% reduction in energy consumption and 48% reduction in water consumption.
Energy Efficiency policies
energy efficiency requirements and labeling systems on water fixtures, lighting, electrical appliances and air conditioners. Furthermore, ESMA banned the import of inefficient incandescent lamps into the country in July 2014. As part of Dubai’s smart city initiative, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) aims to install 250,000 smart meters and deploy smart-grid to automate power consumption in all residential, industrial and commercial properties by 2018. DEWA has also launched the “Shams Dubai” smart initiative in 2015 to encourage building owners to install photovoltaic solar panels to generate electricity from renewables.
Energy Benchmarking / Disclosure of information The department for energy conservation and energy efficiency of Ministry of Energy are enforcing the energy use efficiency by establishing a database and local benchmarks for various energy consuming sectors across the UAE.
Financial incentives Dubai in partnership with the private sector has allocated USD 544.5 million funds for the plan of retrofitting 100,000 buildings to meet green buildings standards. Aiming to reduce energy consumption by 30 percent by 2030, Dubai also allocated USD 13.6 billion for renewable energy projects.
In terms of energy efficiency, the Emirates Authority for Standardization & Metrology (ESMA) has set mandatory Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
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“One of our main mandates is to increase awareness of the benefits of green building among industry stakeholders and as such we regularly organise focus days, workshop and training. In addition, this year we are also working on a Green Building Toolkit, to further educate industry and community by sharing green building tips. The Toolkit is an interactive communication web tool that provides relevant information on green buildings, allowing visitors of varying technical capacities to understand how different aspects of green buildings are applied to schools, offices, and homes.” – Saeed Al Abbar, Chairman of Emirates Green Building Council, United Arab Emirates
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
BEIJING Green Building Policy Overview Issued in June 2013, the key highlights of Beijing’s Green Building Action Plan: •
Asks that all new public and private buildings constructed in Beijing must achieve a 1-star rating (out of 3-stars) under the Chinese Green Building label-3 (more commonly known as 3-Star rating) and accumulated new green building area should be at least 35 million square meters.
•
Encourages government-invested and public buildings sized >20,000 m2 to follow the requirement of China Green Building Standards 2-Star or above.
•
Promotes the development of green eco-demonstration areas such as the Future Science and Technology City.
During the period of the 12th Five Year Plan from 2011 to 2015, Beijing plans to construct at least ten ecological demonstration zones. All buildings within these zones must meet a minimum 1-star certification; with at least 40% of the buildings achieving a 2-star level or higher.
Financial incentives The Chaoyang District in Beijing recently included LEED certifications to their existing incentive structure in which LEED Gold buildings will receive a one-time incentive of USD1.53/square meter of certified space, and LEED Platinum buildings will receive USD 3.06/square meter of certified space. Subsidies are also offered for 2-star and 3-star certified project amounting to USD 3.44/square meter and USD6.12/square meter respectively. For both 1-star and 2-Star certifications in the aspects of design and operation, subsidies ranging from USD 1.2 thousand to USD 1.5 thousand are offered per project.
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SHANGHAI Green Building Policy Overview In 2011, the City of Shanghai was the first city in China to launch a “green standard” in construction to facilitate the promotion of energy efficiency and is actively working towards China’s 2020 aim to green at least 30% of new buildings constructed from 2012. Introduced in mid 2014, the Shanghai Municipality 3-Year Green Building Action Plan (2014-2016), in principal requires: •
New civil buildings be constructed in accordance with green building standards 1 Star and above, and
•
Large public and government office buildings sized above 20,000 square meters to be constructed in accordance with green building standards 2-Star and above.
Enforced on all new and existing buildings, initiatives such as Special Planning Shanghai’s Green Building and Eco-City comprises of government policies, plans and regulations, and professional guidance.
Energy Efficiency policies The various energy management policies in place include: •
Shanghai City Building Energy Saving Projects Special Support Measures (2012) – inclusive of ways the government will provide energy monitoring and management to building projects, and offered subsidies in effort to promote energy saving, green building features.
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
•
Regulation of Shanghai Building Energy Conservation (2011) encompasses the most comprehensive energy policies for the building sector in Shanghai.
•
Shanghai Energy-Efficient Building Design Standards guide encourages contractors to use energy-efficient materials and to adopt energy saving technologies for heating, cooling, ventilating, and lighting public buildings.
Energy Benchmarking / Disclosure of information Systematic monitoring of green building standards is in place and energy audits are conducted. In addition, public buildings are required to implement sub-metering, and monitor and report its energy consumption data to the Municipal Construction and Transportation Committee.
Financial incentives The Shanghai government will be investing up to approximately USD 1.29 million in subsidies which will be awarded to buildings with green features including China Green Building Label certified projects, prefabricated projects, new and existing buildings with high energy efficiency, on site renewable energy, amongst many.
Marina Bay, Singapore
Conclusion This chapter has laid out the major, notable policies/codes, targets, and incentives developed by the 10 cities in our study. Each city has established its own targets and an accompanying policy or action plan to serve as guiding principles to support and grow its number of green buildings and reduce its environmental footprints. Tokyo began its green building journey in 2002 (the earliest of all 10 cities) and introduced a ‘Cap-and-Trade Program’, the world’s first carbon trading scheme, in 2010. Today, the program is being replicated in neighbouring Asian governments and continues to spark interest in surrounding Metropolitan areas. Despite its early start, Tokyo’s green building landscape and performance rank below cities such as London, Singapore and Paris. Findings from ‘An Analysis of Comprehensive Effectiveness of Tokyo’s Climate Policies’ (Kamei, 2013) put forward certain reasons - generally, little information have been provided to building owners to employ energy-efficiency equipment and latest green technologies for their buildings, there has been a lack in subsidies for building owners to upgrade the facilities and while CO2 emissions from a building heavily relies on the energy use of tenants, this policy centers around building owners. New York has numerous initiatives enabling its green building movement but its GGBP has become one of the most comprehensive sets of energy efficiency policies in the United States, and targets the City’s largest existing buildings. However, the City is also trailing behind on its green building landscape and
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Singapore’s success in its green building agenda can be attributed to being a pioneer in the industry coupled with having put in place a set of comprehensive and bold policies for the construction of its buildings. By 2008, the City amended its Building Control Act, requiring all new construction and retrofits of existing buildings to achieve, at minimum, a Certified rating under the Green Mark Scheme. It’s Green Building Masterplan is comprised of policy instruments designed to enforce minimum environmental standards for building codes, stimulate the private sectors, promote research and development in environmental sustainability and grow Singapore’s appetite for green buildings.
performance possibly because, like Tokyo, it is one of the largest and oldest mega-cities in our list of Global Cities; in addition, most of NYC’s initiatives have only targeted large buildings, casting aside ~50% of the city’s floor space – mainly residences and small business, where opportunities for energy reduction are also plentiful. Also, beyond meeting the NYC Energy Conservation Code requirements in force at the time of renovations by 2025, there is no obligation to make any capital improvements based on the energy information generated. With that said, ‘One City: Built to Last’, a comprehensive 10-year roadmap spanning 2015 to 2025 aims to target every public and private building requiring energy upgrades and might be just what the City needs to instigate a significant change in its environmental impacts.
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
While Beijing and Shanghai newly joined the green building movement in 2013 and 2014, their results are already apparent in their total green building area. In Q1 2015, both cities were the top 2 out of 10 cities in terms of green building area (nearly 20 million sq. m.), surpassing major US cities such as Chicago, New York and Washington D.C. They also managed to achieve a higher-rating (LEED and local certifications) green building area of 14 million sq. m. taking up approximately 75% of total green building area. Attempting to compare and rank the numerous codes, incentives and targets across cities would pose a challenge due to the volume and diversity of such initiatives. However, the effectiveness of policies and targets can be linked to and determined by the performance of the city in terms of the rate of adoption of green buildings (i.e. Green Building landscape), and the performance of green buildings in the city (i.e. Green Building performance and efficiency), and the performance of the city on the overall green level (i.e. Green Culture and Environment) as respectively described in previous chapters, and the following one.
CHAPTER 7
GREEN CITY CULTURE & ENVIRONMENT Do Global Cities enable a Green Building Agenda by Fostering a “Green City” Environment? Sustainability is at the core of economic, social and environmental initiatives worldwide. Green buildings result in energy and water efficiency and saving, while further decreasing the impact on the environment. This, in turn, fosters the productivity, creativity and innovation in the cities’ community. As such, the community with developed green city culture and environment will further streamline the sustainability efforts to increase the total number of green buildings. As a result, it is a circle where the sustainable environment and communities’ commitment to it are intertwined, the latter serving as the driving force. Thus, this chapter looks at whether cities adopt a climate action plan, have set targets to reduce their CO2 emissions, and evaluates whether they are actively addressing waste and energy by implementing green solutions such as waste recycling and renewable energy technologies.
Gardens by the Bay & Marina Bay Sands, Singapore
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In ranking of this category, the ‘usual suspects’ in global green city rankings come to the forefront. Sydney, Paris and New York take the top 3 spots, and Singapore is just shy in 4th place. Once metrics are looked at individually, the top performers are somewhat scattered. Sydney and Paris, in particular perform well in terms of having single digit citywide CO2 emissions, with 6 and 7 million metric tonnes, respectively. New York is the standout renewable energy performer with the 17% of the city’s energy coming from renewable sources. Sydney is the clear winner when it comes to recycling; Sydney recycles nearly 70% of the city’s waste. Finally, surprisingly, the 3 Chinese cities ranked in the top 3 when it came to CO2 reduction targets, aiming to reduce CO2 emissions by over 3% per annum.
Figure 22. Ranking of Global Cities based on Green City Culture and Environment Green City Culture and Environment
Sydney
27.79%
Paris
21.71%
New York
21.61%
Singapore
19.49%
Hong Kong
19.22%
London
18.87%
Tokyo Dubai
17.61% 13.72%
Shanghai
12.00%
Beijing
11.86%
Source: Solidiance Research and Analysis
Climate Action Plan A Climate Action Plan is a set of strategies aiming to embark upon sustainability and climate change action. Its primary goal is to guide the efforts and keep the city on the path of carbon emissions reduction. Since such goal means shifting from a fundamental patterns of urban development, buildings and consumption, the Climate Action Plan goes far beyond CO2 reduction. Actions to improve a city’s building energy and water use efficiency ultimately leads to a city’s greater resilience to the impacts of climate change. The top 10 Global Cities listed have each outlined the steps of the plan such as renewable energy use in power plants, transportation, and buildings, reduction of energy waste and greenhouse gases. Chinese cities Beijing and Shanghai, despite the absence of Climate Action Plans set, have adopted policies in line with the goals of Climate Action Plan. For instance, Beijing has set Clean Air Action plan, which tackles transportations’ carbon emissions. The city will also shut down 2,500 polluting firms in 2016 aiming to shift from coal consumption to clean energy. Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, Tokyo, Japan
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
CO2 emissions Global CO2 emissions mainly reflect the world’s fossil energy consumption and make up a substantial 65% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Plotting out the emissions of the 10 Global Cities in Figure 23, Beijing and Shanghai rank the lowest due to the cities’ significant contribution of CO2 emissions, while Sydney and Paris take the lead with much lower quantity of emissions – approximately 6 and 7 million MT in 2014/15.
Figure 23. City-wide CO2 Emissions, normalized per capita and per GDP 160
City-wide CO2 Emissions (Million Metric Tons) 142
6
7
Sydney
Paris
41
43
43
45
46
London
Hong Kong
Dubai
Singapore
New York
62
Tokyo
Beijing
Shanghai
City-wide CO2 Emissions (Metric Tons) per Capita
1
Sydney
3
Paris
18
5
5
5
6
Tokyo
London
New York
Hong Kong
7
7
Shanghai
Beijing
City-wide CO2 Emissions (Kg) per GDP
0.0104
Paris
8
Singapore
0.2688
0.0261
0.0329
0.0381
0.0487
0.0517
Sydney
New York
Tokyo
London
Dubai
0.1026
0.1235
Hong Kong
Singapore
Shanghai
Dubai 0.2810
Beijing
Source: C40 Cities Report, Cities’ Government Website
By normalizing the CO2 emissions per capita and per GDP (Figure 23), Sydney, and Paris remain as top performers. However, while New York and Tokyo show more positive performance after normalization, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Dubai exhibit poor per capita performance in comparison with the other cities. According to IPCC, to limit global warming to 2°C as agreed on by the world’s governments at a 2009 meeting in Copenhagen, global GHG will need to be reduced by 40% to 70% by 2050. In response, the top 10 Global Cities have pledged to reduce, or limit the growth of emissions by setting respective CO2 reduction targets to be achieved within the coming years (Figure 24).
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
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Figure 24. CO2 Reduction Targets By City (2014) Per Annum % of reduction
CO2 Reduction Targets Shanghai
3.80%
19% reduction
Beijing Hong Kong
3.33%
50% reduction
Sydney
2.91%
70% reduction
Dubai
1.88%
30% reduction
Paris
1.56%
25% reduction
Tokyo
1.25%
25% reduction
Singapore
1.10%
11% reduction
New York
1.00%
40% reduction
London
1990
3.60%
36% reduction
0.83%
25% reduction
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source: C40 Cities Report, Cities’ Government Website; Solidiance Research & analysis
To address the high levels of city-wide emissions in Beijing and Shanghai, the cities established relatively high targets to be achieved within a 5- to 10-year period amounting to more than 3.5% per annum. At the other end of the scale are Singapore, New York and London with reduction targets of 1% p.a. and lower.
Waste recycling Waste recycling is becoming crucial for sustaining the environment and avoiding extra pollution of the city. It helps in saving resources and energy, generating revenues and minimizing landfill costs. Governmental institutions, private businesses, and residents are all responsible of keeping their surrounding clean with minimal effect on the environment. This is why many cities are proposing new initiatives concerning waste recycling and management. For the purpose of our study, current performance of the 10 Global Cities on waste recycling was assessed to identify which cities are taking action on this matter.
Figure 25. Percentage of Waste Recycled by City
% Waste Recycled by City 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
~68%
60% 37%
34.5%
34% 23%
Sydney
Singapore Hong Kong
Paris
London
Tokyo
17%
New York
16%
Dubai
2%*
2%*
Shanghai
Beijing
Source: C40 Cities; UNEP; Cities’ Government Website; Solidiance Research and Analysis *Note: Figures for Shanghai and Beijing were estimated based on the available data on China’s waste recycling and renewable energy consumption.
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
Sydney and Singapore topped the list by achieving respectively high percentages of recycled waste (68% & 60%). In fact, Sydney set an interim waste strategy which purpose is to provide sustainable waste and recycling services through 2030. It includes six key focus areas: (1) producing less waste, (2) maximizing resource recovery, (3) having green infrastructure integration, (4) reducing greenhouse emissions, (5) introducing solutions for waste problems, and (6) cleaning the streets. As for Singapore, the city is following an integrated solid waste management system that concentrates on waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Waste-to-energy incineration plants are also adopted to reduce waste volume in the most efficient way. In comparison, the cities of Shanghai and Beijing scored the least among the 10 cities as they don’t show a clear plan for addressing waste recycling and reduction, and do not adopt a city-specific climate action plan.
Consumption of Renewable Energy Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy which have a minimized impact on the environment than any traditional energy source. They are most of the times part of any city’s climate action plan, and considered as a good practice to reduce CO2 emissions. The 10 Global Cities were evaluated based on their consumption of renewable energy and results are shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26. Percentage of Renewable Energy Consumed by City
new york
17%
BEIJING
10% SYDNEY
10%
PARIS
10% SHANGHAI
9%
TOKYO
7% LONDON
6%
Hong kong
3.7% 1% SINGAPORE
1% dubai
Source: C40 Cities; UNEP; Cities’ Government Website; Solidiance Research and Analysis
With constant and close coordination between the public and the private sectors, New York City managed to achieve the highest score for renewable energy consumption. Solar, wind, biomass and hydro are the renewable sources with the greatest short-term potential to provide significant amounts of energy for New York. Sydney is also putting lots of effort into adopting renewable energy technologies through its city master plan. In Beijing and Shanghai, efforts in renewable energy also involve heavy investments in wind farms. On the opposite side, Hong Kong and Dubai still have a long way to go, where the two cities’ use of renewable energy is very low. Recently, Dubai have committed to provide 5 percent of its energy demand from solar power by 2030.
Waste Water Recycling Wastewater recycling is also worthwhile to look at when evaluating the city’s green culture. Wastewater can be an important and valuable source of alternative water. However, it demands appropriate management and processing before it can be reused due to contaminants. The given metric was not included in the ranking because the publicly available data is only at country level.
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High Park, Hong Kong
Conclusion City-level green initiatives are essential for measuring the sustainability culture of the city, and how it fosters a green environment – which directly and indirectly enables the green building agenda. The top 10 Global Cities have adopted various policies and regulations in line with the goals of their individual Climate Action Plans. To reduce CO2 emissions, all 10 Global Cities have set targets to achieve within a period of time. London and New York started their CO2 reduction plans in the 1990s, which also explains how both do well on green city initiatives. New York performs particularly well in renewable energy consumption (#1) and London performs above average when ranked in their efforts for waste recycling and renewable energy consumption. Both Sydney and Hong Kong have set higher than average CO2 reduction targets amongst the 10 cities, and have also proven themselves as they perform noticeably well with low levels of city-wide CO2 emissions and high percentages of waste recycling. Cities like Beijing, Dubai, and Shanghai have newly joined the movement (in 2010), which explains why the three lag behind on the waste recycling metric, and for Dubai on the renewable energy consumption.
“In SE Asia we see several ASEAN initiatives that will help in harmonizing policies which ideally approach similar corporate levels as the European Union. Renewable energy is becoming a larger part of the energy profile for cities. In the United States the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) has implemented a Cities Leading through Energy Analysis and Planning (Cities-LEAP) program which is led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). This program looks at the Energy Profiles of 23,400+ U.S. cities and is focused on promoting more efficiency of the use of energy in cities.” – Scott Dunn, Vice President at AECOM, Malaysia
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
CHAPTER 8
CASE STUDIES Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
57
Abu Dhabi
a Case Study for Building Holistically Green Cities
Case Study Masdar City in Abu Dhabi represents the world’s current benchmark for sustainable R&D and sustainable city development.
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
BUILDING GREEN CITIES INITIATIVE
Achievements and highlights
Background: In 2008, Masdar was launched: and announced as the world’s most sustainable low-carbon city. The city currently has one of the world’s largest efficient built stocks. The companies operating in this Free Zone must be sustainability-focused. Furthermore, the city vehicles must all be powered by renewable energy.
TARGETS: •
Masdar has nearly 1.5 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity deployed contributing to Abu Dhabi’s target of 7% renewable energy capacity by 2020
•
According to American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers & Estidama Pearl Building Rating System, the energy and water consumption by buildings demands has reduced by 40 per cent
International Renewable Energy Agency HQ It is the UAE’s first Estidama Pearl Building Rating System certified Four Pearl building project. The structure consumes 42% less energy than global energy-efficiency standards and 64% less than typical buildings in Abu Dhabi. Rooftop solar photovoltaic panels generate more than 340,000 kilowatthours per year.
POLICIES: •
All buildings in the city must fulfill a minimum Estidama Pearl Building Rating System certification of three pearls requirement (equivalent to LEED Gold)
•
Building materials used are of 90 per cent recycled aluminium, low-carbon cement, and locally-sourced materials
Masdar Institute Campus The buildings on campus consume: • 95% less in domestic hot water energy; • 75% less in cooling demand; • 70% less in both electricity and potable water. The smart energy-management, shading and recycled building materials enable the structure to reduce the heat in the summer and use solar panels to generate renewable energy.
Siemens Middle East HQ It the first LEED Platinum certified building structure in Abu Dhabi which has a capacity to reduce energy consumption by 45 percent (compared to ASHRAE standard) and water consumption by 50 percent (compared with the LEED baseline). Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
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BOSTON
a Case Study for Green Building Leadership
Case Study Boston’s green building leadership surfaced when the Mayor’s Green Building Task Force recommendations were executed in a holistic green building plan. With impressive results thus far, green building is now ingrained into the development DNA of the city.
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
BUILDING GREEN CITIES INITIATIVE
Achievements and highlights
Background: Boston was the first in the nation to require a green building standard (US Green Building Council’s LEED Rating System) through municipal zoning requirements, known as Green Building Zoning in 2007.
GHG reductions since 2005
•
City wide GHG: 17%
•
Government Ops GHG: ~25%
•
Commercial GHGs: 21.5%
TARGETS: •
Reduce energy consumption across all city-wide large and medium-sized buildings: •
40 million sq. ft. buildings - 12.5%
•
60 million sq. ft. buildings - 5%
•
20 million sq. ft. buildings - 25%
•
15% energy use from co-generation & 10 MW of commercial solar
•
GHG reduction goals: 25% below 2005 levels by 2020 and 80% by 2050
INNOVATION DISTRICT POLICIES: •
Article 37 requires all large-scale projects (>50,000 square feet) to meet LEED certification standards and separate Boston Green Building Credits.
•
“Stretch” Energy Code requires new residential and commercial buildings to achieve approximately 20% better energy efficiency than the state’s base energy code.
•
The Renew Boston energy efficiency program was launched in 2010 to catalyze clean energy solutions across all sectors of Boston innovative network of energy efficiency and alternative energy service providers.
Innovation District on the South Boston waterfront is a geographical area for clean tech and biotech companies to grow their businesses in Boston. The area has grown rapidly over the past few years, adding over 4,000 new jobs in over 200 new companies, including many green-tech companies such as EnerNOC, Fraunhofer, and Sustainserve.
Since January 2011, Renew Boston: •
•
Conducted >7,000 comprehensive energy assessments and over 1,500 insulation improvements in Boston homes, saving residents over USD 2 million a year in energy costs Completed 700 energy upgrades for small businesses, saving over USD 650,000 a year Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
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Copenhagen
a Case Study for Energy Efficiency Policies
Case Study Copenhagen’s Energy Efficiency policies and technologies have made a great example for other cities to follow in order to achieve sustainable building and energy conservation.
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY INITIATIVES
Achievements and highlights
Background: Copenhagen intends to become carbon neutral by 2025. As such, the city has set ambitious targets for sustainable buildings and been adopting many inventive approaches to create the buildings which meet the requirements of the future.
TARGETS:
50%
of the electricity supply will be converted to wind power by 2020
40%
reduction in energy consumption in municipal buildings by 2025 compared to 2010 level
20%
reduction in heat consumption by 2025 compared to 2010 level
60,000 sqm of solar panels to install on new and existing municipal building projects by 2025
•
Copenhagen is one of the world leaders in reusing building materials with a recycling rate of more than 90%. This is due to wide applicability of cradle-to-cradle concept (demolition and reuse of construction waste) in the construction sector.
•
Copenhagen is also one of the world leaders in smart grid development. In 2014, it was ranked as number one on the list of European Smart Cities. As such, it serves as a cluster for test and demonstration of smart building technologies.
CRADLE-TO-CRADLE: CONFERENCE PAVILLON The building materials used are 100% degradable and 100% recyclable materials. •
Solar cells on the roof are angled due to premise of being used most effectively;
•
A thermal pump generates 3x the heat energy consumed in electric energy, thereby saving up a surplus of energy;
•
Green walls have a potential to clean and cool the air, while at the same time improving the indoor comfort experience.
SMART GRID: ENERGYFLEXHOUSE Danish Technological Institute and Henning Larsen Architects built two eco-house labs designed to guide the future green building practices. It comprises of two structures: (1) a technical lab intended to study and test innovative green systems and materials, and (2) a living lab – the first Danish energy neutral living eco-house. Energyflexhouse is a nation-wide project aiming to research and adopt new sustainable green building systems.
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Melbourne
a Case Study for Greening the City through Green Buildings
Case Study The City of Melbourne uses a unique and ambitious set of complementary strategies, comprising of national, provincial and city government policies to better the energy efficiency of its commercial buildings and attain carbon neutrality by 2020.
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BUILDING GREEN CITIES INITIATIVE Background: Launched in 2010, The City of Melbourne’s 1200 Buildings Program aims to provide a platform to engage both building industry stakeholders to catalyze the retrofit of 1,200 commercial buildings (around two thirds of the commercial building stock) within the next 10 to 15 years, forming a key component of the City’s Zero Net Emissions strategy to become a carbon neutral city by 2020.
TARGETS:
~38%
Improvement in energy efficiency in the commercial building sector (equivalent to 383,000 tonnes of GHG emissions p.a.)
5bil liters
Achievements and highlights The City of Melbourne has been certified carbon neutral by the National Carbon Offset Standard Carbon Neutral Program in 2013.
138
Largest concentration of Green star rated buildings of any Australian capital city.
Increase the average National Australian Built Environment Rating System(NABERS) rating of commercial buildings in the city of Melbourne to 4 stars by 2018 (roughly sums up to an average increase in energy efficiency of 40% per building).
Reduction of potable water use in the commercial sector.
USD 2bil
Drive in private sector investment
8k jobs
Buildings above 5,000 m2 are required to prove a 5-Star Green Star certification potential, in turn reducing energy consumption & potable water use up to 50%, producing 45% fewer emissions than those built to minimum building codes.
Creation of green jobs – environmental and sustainability consultants, engineers, etc.
POLICIES: An Energy, Water and Waste Efficiency policy applicable to 90% of new buildings was established to incorporate sustainability at the design stage.
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OSLO
a Case Study for Green Building Designs and Concepts
Case Study Powerhouse Kjørbo is an important demonstration project for refurbishing existing properties into plus-energy buildings. The building was transformed from being part of the energy problem to becoming part of the energy solution.
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
POWERHOUSE CONCEPT Collaboration of companies dedicated to building energy positive buildings
Collaboration
•
Entra Eiendom
•
Skanska
•
Snøhetta
•
NGO ZERO
•
Hydro
•
Sapa
•
•
Objectives
To renovate and/or construct energy positive buildings that annually generate more energy than they use during their lifetime To demonstrate that it is possible to build energy positive buildings, not just in the southern regions of the world, but also in cold Norway
Achievements and highlights Powerhouse Kjørbo, located near Oslo, opened in April 2014. By optimizing and combining existing technologies in new ways, the two office buildings from the 1980s were renovated into energy positive buildings.
Green Aspect
10%
97%
less water use than a typical commercial building
of construction and demolition waste was diverted from landfill
100%
70%
energy savings and positive energy
lower carbon lifetime carbon emissions compared with the reference building
Social Aspect
Projects
•
Powerhouse Kjørbo in Norway
•
Good natural daylighting
•
Powerhouse Brattørkaia in Trondheim
•
Workspaces with access to external views
•
Healthy indoor air quality
•
Powerhouse Telemark in Porsgrunn
•
Safe undercover bicycle parking
•
Good shower and changing facilities Priority parking spaces for electric vehicles
Economic Aspect
80%
Electricity cost reduction in comparison with a Norwagian office building
CERTIFICATION Most environmentally friendly office buildings
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San Francisco
a Case Study for Commitment in Building Green
Case Study San Francisco’s Green Building ordinance requirements, initiatives and incentive programs, together represent the strictest, most ambitious, most comprehensive policy approach to the built environment undertaken by any city in the United States .
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
GREEN BUILDING INITIATIVES Background: San Francisco has historically been an early adopter of environmental legislation. The City has been committed to sustainable, equitable, and healthy buildings since its 1997 Sustainability Plan and the nation’s first green building requirements for city buildings in 1999
POLICIES: •
New commercial construction and alterations greater than 25,000 sq ft. is required to meet a LEED Gold standard.
•
New residential buildings must meet either LEED or California-based GreenPoint rated standards. Certification is not compulsory, but projects committing to LEED Gold certification receive priority in permitting queues .
•
All municipal projects are required to attain LEED Gold certification.
•
All new construction projects of any size or occupancy must: •
Meet the California Green Building Standards code,
•
Beat California’s Title 24 (2008) Energy Standards by a minimum of 15%,
•
Meet stringent stormwater management standards,
•
Recycle at least 65% of construction and demolition debris, and provide for collection of recycling and compost from occupants in operation.
Achievements and highlights
#2
CBRE National Green Building Adoption Index Rankings
70% 97% 40%
Total certified sq.ft of Green buildings Total certified sq.ft of Energy star buildings
Total certified sq.ft of LEED buildings
More than 4 million square feet of municipal facilities totaling USD 6.4 billion in capital investment have met the LEED Gold certification requirement, or are on track to meet them.
San Francisco’s goals for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction are: 25% below 1990 by 2017, 40% by 2025 and 80% by 2040. By 2010, emissions were 14% below 1990 levels.
GHG reduction targets
25%
2017F
40%
2025F
80%
2040F
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Vancouver
a Case Study for Green Building Policies
Case Study Vancouver is evidently progressive in the development and execution of their green building policies. Driven by end results, the City has set ambitious targets for all 10 goal areas in their Greenest City 2020 Action Plan.
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
GREEN BUILDING INITIATIVES Background: The green building code implemented for all developments, encompass policies for rezoning, large developments, higher buildings, and district energy use.
TARGETS: •
All buildings constructed from 2020 onward to be CARBON NEUTRAL in operations.
•
Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in existing buildings to be reduced by 20% over 2007 levels.
POLICIES: •
Projects applying for rezoning (about 50% of new development area) to be certified LEED gold and show a 20% to 50% improvement on the local energy code, and
•
Large developments explore and use renewable or district energy systems when viable .
•
Vancouver’s General Policy for Higher Buildings requires the city’s tallest buildings to achieve a 45% reduction in energy use compared to 2010, to encourage green building design beyond prevailing policy.
•
The Province of BC levies a carbon tax of $30/MT of CO2 on about 70% of BC GHG emission sources. Launched in 2008, it is revenue neutral - having been balanced by reductions in personal income and corporation tax rates.
Achievements and highlights Its “Greenest City 2020 Action Plan” won the World Green Building Council (WGBC) Government Leadership Award for Best Green Building Policy (2013). The Vancouver building by-law is recognized by the WGBC as a world leading green building policy.
31% 150+ 50%
Current renewable energy use
LEED Certified Projects
Increase in green building design & construction (2010 to 2013)
Vancouver’s Rezoning Policy exceeds the Vancouver Building By-Law by 22%, meaning that new buildings have to be that much more efficient if they are built on rezoned land.
The greenest city action plan is projected to reduce 33% of emissions by 2020 with green buildings & district energy initiatives meeting 42% of that goal.
290,000
Tons of emissions saved p.a.
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Conclusion Green buildings presents itself globally as an opportunity for generating sustainable growth. When considering just some of the benefits of building green, it is easy to see why this is a strategic initiative worth pursuing for many cities and countries, which are trying to mitigate their negative footprint on the environment, reduce the operational costs of these cities, and sometimes add additional sources of revenue (e.g. eco-tourism, competitiveness, green job creation, etc.). This white paper compared the performance of ten Global Cities – Beijing, Dubai, Hong Kong, London, New York, Paris, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, and Tokyo – with regards to Green Buildings. Each of the cities were analyzed to assess each city’s green building policies and targets, adoption of green building certification and construction projects, and the efficient performance of the city’s built environment. The purpose of the paper was to benchmark and publish the green building performance of these Global Cities, in order to contribute to knowledge-sharing, reveal bestpractices, and better understand what is best working for cities on the global green building stage. This white paper has found Paris to be top ranking (1st) in its pursuit of developing a leading Green Building
72
city. Paris is indeed excelling on Green Building efficiency and performance; this can be clearly observed from having the lowest CO2 emissions and energy consumption from buildings. Despite having normalized most of the metrics in this report by GDP and population, the fact that the city’s land area and population being the smallest and the GDP being the 4th largest among the 10 cities gives Paris an advantage. Small cities emit less CO2 and consume relatively less energy than other big cities, and tend to be more efficient. Paris also was the second city to perform well on the Green Culture and Environment dimension following Sydney. The city showed positive performance on city-wide CO2 emissions (2nd), city-wide CO2 emissions per capita (2nd), and city-wide CO2 emissions per GDP (1st). In fact, Paris clearly puts (1) GHG emissions reduction, (2) Energy consumption reduction, and (3) Renewable energy consumption at the center of its climate action plan. Unlike many cities in our ranking, Paris seems to focus all of its efforts on achieving the set goals by encouraging green urban planning, implementing strict regulations on buildings, and providing safe energy supply. Interestingly, Parisian developers seem to have a strong preference for the international BREEAM certification over the city’s local HQE green building standard for this very reason: HQE seemed to be more stringent, and
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
more challenging to achieve. Instead of setting a target of greening a percent of its built stock in the future (i.e. focusing on the numbers), Paris has focused its effort on the endresult – setting quantifiable targets for energy efficiency and building performance. Many cities in our ranking still focus on activity-based goals (ie. number of green building certifications issued), rather than setting city-wide performance-based goals (% reduction of energy consumption by buildings). Singapore followed Paris, and ranked second overall. The city excels in its green building landscape, and green building policies and targets. In fact, both local and international certification standards in Singapore are yielding high-performance in green building, and proving to be efficient. Singapore has rapidly joined the green building movement to reach the largest number of certified green buildings – using both global (LEED and BREEAM) and local (Green Mark) certification systems, with over 2300 green buildings on its cityscape to date. Beyond the outstanding number of certified green buildings on Singapore’s skyline, the overall efficiency and performance of the built stock in Singapore is also performing strongly, indicating the city’s commitment to sustainable performance. Singapore, as a government, is clearly ecoconscious and committed to pushing and monitoring the green building agenda; this is illustrated by the strict
action plan being implemented which aims to green 80% of Singapore’s total built stock by 2030. The city is already encouraging all stakeholders to get involved in greening the city, monitoring energy consumption, and seeking solutions for enhancing the well-being of people, and the quality of the built stock. It is initially surprising that New York does not fare as well as expected on the Green Building metrics. Although the city possesses the 2nd highest GDP, it is far more densely populated in comparison to the other cities with similar land area. Firstly, when evaluated for its built stock, NYC showed that it still has a long way to go for greening its buildings (only 5% of the city built stock is green). NYC’s buildings also consume very large amounts of energy (80%) as well as emit a large volume of CO2 (74%), which explain the poor performance on the Green Building Efficiency and Performance dimension. However, NYC does manage to be in top 3 on Green City metrics. This is because the city performs exceptionally well on the renewable energy metric, and invests a lot of efforts on encouraging energy re-use. Moreover, although the city has one of the highest city-wide CO2 emissions figure (which can be attributed in part to its large population), this figure shows better results when normalized per capita and per GDP pushing NYC to top 5 on these metrics. It seems that NYC is indeed investing a lot of effort on greening the entire environment, but the city may require more focused attention to green buildings, as they still contribute the most to CO2 emissions and energy consumption. NYC has announced many sustainable city initiatives in recent years, which will take time to be implemented and to show performance gains in a report such as this; that said, it will be very interesting to see how NYC fairs in future rankings.
In contrast to NYC, Sydney would have topped the list of Global Cities for green buildings if only it performed better on its built landscape. Sydney ranked first on green building culture and environment and managed to rank second on green building efficiency and performance, but does not have a strong number of green buildings on its skyline. Despite this, Sydney emits the least CO2, recycles the most waste (as a percentage of total waste-to-landfill), and consumes more renewable energy than the vast majority of the other cities (with the exception of New York). Thus, Sydney was close to being in the top 3 if it did better on its green building landscape, but having only 6% of its total built stock “certified green”, totaling only 67 green buildings, Sydney slid in the rankings. Cities are making a lot of efforts in order to turn their built stock green, and many best practices are being put in place for other cities to learn from. For instance, Abu Dhabi has built the world’s most sustainable low-carbon city – Masdar City – which currently has one of the world’s largest efficient built-stocks, and is comprised of only certified buildings; Masdar is still in its infancy, but provides a glimpse into how future cities could be designed. Beijing has set interesting plans to construct ecological demonstration zones, within which all buildings must meet a specific certification standard. Dubai has launched the “Technical Guidelines for Retrofitting Existing Buildings” handbook in both English and Arabic, to educate owners, operators, and end-users on ways to reduce energy and water use, enhance the longevity of the building stock, and improve habitant’s well-being. Though energy efficiency and CO2 emissions are being measured by most Global Cities today, it was disparaging to find that water consumption figures were difficult to gather. Water is arguably the most
precious resource on earth, and to not have city-wide consumption figures in 2014 is unacceptable. We look forward to future Green Building City Rankings which include water efficiency performance measures. Overall, the green building movement in the past 10 years has witnessed exceptional growth, and we have seen “new cities” such as Dubai, Singapore and Shanghai make significant gains. We have also seen older cities like NYC struggle with its old infrastructure and growing population. But Paris proves to us that old cities do not have to be trapped and weighed down by aging infrastructure; a strategic and methodical approach to retrofitting can dramatically improve efficiency. All in all, the intensifying efforts and action plans aimed at greening the built stock in a city is important, not only to reduce the impact on the environment during construction, but also for the buildings to operate in a green and more efficient matter. Green buildings are the pillars to building more sustainable cities around the world; and building more sustainable cities around the world is integral to achieving sustainable development and preserving our world’s resourcing for present and future generations. The Global Cities in our ranking shows us that the green building movement is alive and well, and that there are a myriad of approaches to building and greening a city’s built environment. There is no “right approach” and every city must adjust its strategy based on where in its sustainability journey each city finds itself. The key is to focus on driving gains in performance metrics, versus focusing and measuring green building activity alone. In the green building race, the end-result and bigpicture of living in sustainable, efficient and low-consumption cities is more important than how many buildings can be labeled as “green”.
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“In relation to the rise in green consumerism globally and Singapore’s vision of becoming a cleaner, greener, smarter and more sustainable city, we see unlimited possibilities for greater innovation. By championing various tenant engagement initiatives, we are glad to have helped our tenants use less energy and reduce their carbon footprint through changes in behaviour and daily operations.” – Esther An, Chief Sustainability Officer at City Developments Limited
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
ANNEX I.
NUMBER AND RANKING OF LEED CERTIFIED PROJECTS BY CITY
When looking at the absolute or total number of internationally accredited green buildings (ie. LEED), the highest number of LEED certified building projects is in Chinese cities (Shanghai and Beijing), followed by Dubai, Hong Kong and Singapore (Figure 27). While Tokyo does not rank in the Top 5 LEED certified building cities, it is worth noting that the Japanese capital is an absolute leader in highly-certified LEED building projects, as 82% of its projects are Gold and Platinum (Figure 28).
Figure 27. Total Number of LEED Certified Green Buildings by Project Type
Figure 28. Percentage of LEED Highly Certified Green Buildings
Total Number of LEED Certified Green Buildings by Project Type
% of LEED Highly Certified Green Buildings
LEED Platinum Projects
LEED Gold Projects
LEED Silver Projects
LEED Certified Projects
1
Shanghai
2
Beijing
% of LEED Highly certified Green Buildings
223 116 104
1
Tokyo
82%
2
Hong Kong
80%
3
Shanghai
4
Singapore
71% 70%
3
Dubai
4
Hong Kong
5
Singapore
38
5
Beijing
6
London
33
6
Dubai
7
Tokyo
22
7
Paris
58%
8
New York
21
8
New York
57%
9
Paris
9
London
10
Sydney
10
Sydney
65
12 5
Figure 13. Total Number of LEED Certified Green Buildings by Project Type
76%
62%
30% 20%
Source: Solidiance Research & Analysis based on Figure 13
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
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ANNEX II.
CITY-WIDE ANNUAL WATER CONSUMPTION
Figure 29. Annual Water Consumption by City (in billion litres, 2012)
3,355
1,453
n/a Paris
178
296
310
Tokyo
Singapore
Dubai
492
493
503
540
London
Beijing
Sydney
Hong Kong
New York
Shanghai
Source: China Statistical Yearbook by National Bureau of Statistics of China, Quantity of Water Consumed and Number of Consumers by Type of Consumption Report by Dubai Statistical Center, Water Resources in Hong Kong by Legislative Council Secretariat, State of the Environment report for London by Greater London Authority, History of Drought and Water Consumption by NYC Environmental Protection, Sydney Water Annual Report, Tokyo Statistical Yearbook by Tokyo Metropolitan Government HP
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
ANNEX III. CAVEATS
Metric
Comment
Top Ten Global Cities
The Global Cities were adopted from The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) approach. As per GaWC, Global Cities are heavily ranked based on economic factors, followed by political and cultural factors.
Total Number of Buildings
Total number of buildings account only for high-rise buildings (A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors) and skyscrapers (A multi-story building at least 100 meters tall)
Total Number of Green Buildings
A sum of LEED, BREEAM and locally certified green building projects
Total Number of Credentialed Professionals
A sum of LEED, BREEAM and local green building certification systems’ credentialed professionals Note: Green buildings in China (Beijing and Shanghai) are certified by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Department.
Energy Consumption from Buildings
Figures for Paris, Shanghai and Beijing were estimated based on the % of energy consumed from the building sector country-wide.
Water consumption from buildings
Due to lack of available data, the given metric is not included in the ranking
Green Building Code
A set of green building standards and requirements
Green Building Targets
Only specific green building target out of the built stock (a percentage target) has been taken into consideration
% of Waste Recycled by the City
Figures for Shanghai and Beijing were estimated based on the available data on China’s waste recycling and renewable energy consumption.
% of Renewable Energy Consumed by the City
Figures for Paris, Shanghai and Beijing were estimated based on the % of energy consumed from the building sector country-wide.
City-wide Wastewater Recycling by the City
Due to the available data being of country level. the given metric is not included in the ranking
Greenery per capita
Due to lack of available data, the given metric is not included in the ranking
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AUTHORS DAMIEN DUHAMEL CEO and Managing Partner Asia Damien is the CEO and Managing Partner of Asia at Solidiance. Damien brings with him more than 17 years of consulting-related experience in the Asia Pacific region and has worked with leading Fortune 500 multinationals and government-related projects on market growth strategies in Asia. Recognized as an innovation and competitive strategy expert, he frequently holds presentations and is often interviewed on the topic. Damien holds an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
ERIKA MASAKO WELCH BD Director, Middle East & Head of Sustainability Practice, Asia Erika manages Solidiance’s relationships in the Middle East from our Abu Dhabi office in the United Arab Emirates. She brings over 8 years of strategy consulting experience, specifically in sustainability management and long-term organizational growth strategies. She has worked with leading corporations and government institutions on the development and implementation of company-wide sustainability strategies. Erika holds a BSc from McGill University, Canada and a postgraduate certificate in Sustainable Business from the University of Cambridge, UK.
Sarah Khalil Consultant Sarah is a consultant based out of Solidiance’s Beirut office, in Lebanon. Sarah specializes in examining markets for radical innovation and growth opportunities, with a specific focus on the Middle East. Sarah obtained her MSc in Marketing and Strategy from the University of Warwick (UK).
Yiing Chyi Lim Consultant
Yiing is a consultant based in our Singapore office. Yiing excels in researching and analysing growth in the Asia Pacific region. Her work experience spans over industries such as construction, healthcare, power & utilities, manufacturing, fleet management, airports, and shipping. Yiing graduated from Oxford Brookes University with a First Class Honours in Bachelors of Science.
Inkar Yerzhanova Analyst
Inkar is an Analyst in Solidiance’s office in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. She has excelled in researching and quantifying client performance across various sectors in Asia from green buildings, construction, to market regulations. Inkar earned her Bachelor of Arts Degree in Business Economics from KIMEP University.
Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
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Standard Chartered Office, Hong Kong
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Top 10 Global Cities for Green Buildings
ABOUT US What We Do Soldiance is a corporate strategy consulting firm with focus on Asia, from Turkey in the West to Japan in the Far East. We advise CEOs on make-or-break deals, define new business models and accelerate Asia growth. Through our 12 offices across the Middle East and Asia Pacific, we provide our clients with a better understanding of intrinsic regional issues. To learn more about how Solidiance has helped many Fortune 500, Middle Eastern & Asian Conglomerates to succeed in Asia, please visit: http://www.solidiance.com/clients.
What We Are Focusing On Our industry experience is centered on industrial development, construction materials, green buildings, and urbanization. Our Asia-wide market entry and growth strategy services provide the required insights and the necessary roadmap to capture a profitable market share in the region.
Our Footprint Solidiance has offices in China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam. We are fast expanding and always on the lookout for exceptional people.
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OUR OFFICES solidiance http://www.solidiance.com
[email protected]
China
Suite 2101, Hong Kong Plaza, No 283 Middle Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200021
Indonesia
BRI Agro Building 6th FLoor - Unit 612 Jl. Mampang Prapatan Raya No. 139A, Jakarta 12950
Lebanon
Suite 517, 5th Floor, Markaziah Building – Beirut Central District
Myanmar
4th Floor, Shwe Gon Plaza Kabar Aye Pagoda Road Bahan Township, Yangon Myanmar - 11201
Singapore
Suite 07-05 High Street Centre, 1 North Bridge Road Singapore 179094
UAE
Suite 402D - Dark Green Building, TwoFour54 Sheikh Zayed Road Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates PO Box 769338
Germany
Gardeschützenweg 139 12203 Berlin
India
Suite M-38/1 3/Floor, IBC Tower. Middle Circle, Connaught Place, New Delhi – 110001
Malaysia
23A-02, 8 Lorong Binjai Kuala Lumpur 50450
Philippines
Unit 2105, Tycoon Centre Pearl Drive, Ortigas Centre Pasig City, Metro Manila
Thailand
Interchange Tower 21 #2109 - 21F 399 Sukhumvit Road North Klongtoey, Wattana Bangkok 10110
Vietnam
Suite 704, Satra Dong Khoi Building 58 Dong Khoi street District 1, Ho Chi Minh City