OECD/IEA 2016. Fundamentals of. Energy Statistics. IEA Online Statistics Summer School ... Researchers. â« Analysts. â
Fundamentals of Energy Statistics IEA Online Statistics Summer School Session 1
Klaus Pedersen Lucy Shedden Energy Data Centre © OECD/IEA 2016
Learning objectives After this webinar you will know: Why good data are needed; What are good data; How to convert between different units of mass, volume and energy; How to convert between mass/volume and energy; How to calculate a weighted average.
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Who needs energy data? Households (utility bills, car mileage etc.) Companies Researchers Analysts Commodity Traders
Policymakers
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Importance of energy statistics for policy makers Problem Definition and Agenda Setting Policy Formulation Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation (Reporting
Mechanisms)
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What are good data? What are good data? Relevant Reliable Timely Cost efficient
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Guidelines for data quality United Nations: Fundamental Principles of Official
Statistics http://unstats.un.org/unsd/dnss/hb/Efundamental%20principles_A4-WEB.pdf
European Statistics Code of Practice http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5921861 /KS-32-11-955-EN.PDF/5fa1ebc6-90bb-43fa-888fdde032471e15
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What can you do improve data quality? Understand source data? Can you explain change from year to year?
Do you a contact to ask for clarification?
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Challenges in energy statistics Liberalisation of energy markets. From monopoly to 100s of players Confidentiality.
More work passed to statistical offices Renewables. Energy efficiency. Environment. Policy monitoring. Limited resources Fast turnover in staff. © OECD/IEA 2016
The Manual is now available in 10 languages and widely used all around the world
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Basic concepts in Energy Statistics Supply & demand breakdown Basic conversions Calorific values The weighted average
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Primary and secondary energy products Primary Extracted or captured directly from natural resources Physical and chemical characteristics remain unchanged Eg. Crude Oil, Hard Coal and Natural Gas
Secondary Primary commodities transformed into a secondary form of energy Eg. Coke-oven Coke from coking coal © OECD/IEA 2016
Supply & demand breakdown Supply side
Demand side Transformation
Stock build or Exports
stock draw
Losses Total final consumption
Marketed production Imports
Statistical
Industry
difference From other sources
International marine & aviation bunkers
Energy sector
Transport Residential, commercial, agriculture etc. Non-energy use © OECD/IEA 2016
France Production From Other Sources Imports Exports International Marine Bunkers Stock Change DOMESTIC SUPPLY Transfers Statistical Difference TRANSFORMATION ENERGY SECTOR LOSSES Industry Sector Transport Other Sectors Non-energy use FINAL CONSUMPTION
Natural Gas
Terajoules (GVC) 77670 1649710 -30456 -92853 1604071
-20440 49791 17320 2619 661262 28 852611 1513901
Source: Energy Statistics Manual © OECD/IEA 2016
Basic conversions Energy statistics involve various units Mass: Volume: Energy:
kg, ton, kt, lb L, bbl, gal, m3 TJ, ktoe, ktce, GWh, kcal, BTU
Between the same quantities, we always use a
constant!
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Basic conversions Mass 1 kt = 1 000 ton 1 ton = 1 000 kg 1 kt = 1 000 000 kg
Volume 1 bbl ≈ 159 L 1 m3 = 1000 L Energy 1 GWh = 3.6 TJ 1 ktoe = 41.868 TJ 1 ktce = 0.7 ktoe
http://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/unitconverter/ © OECD/IEA 2016
Basic conversions - example Convert 5 ktoe to GWh 1 GWh = 3.6 TJ 1 ktoe = 41.868 TJ
𝑻𝑱 𝟓 𝒌𝒕𝒐𝒆 × 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟒 𝑻𝑱 𝒌𝒕𝒐𝒆 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟒 𝑻𝑱 / 3.6
𝑻𝑱 𝑮𝑾𝒉
= 𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 𝑮𝑾𝒉 © OECD/IEA 2016
Quiz Imagine you are stranded on a deserted island in the
polar sea and you can bring one ton of a fuel. Which one would you bring? 1. A ton of coal (anthracite). 2. A ton of diesel oil. 3. A ton of firewood.
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Calorific values Majority of data collected in physical units (e.g. kt) How do we convert to energy (e.g. ktoe)?
Calorific value:
The heat (energy) obtained from one unit of fuel when combusted Indicates the quality of the fuel Expressed in kJ/kg, MJ/ton, kJ/m3 for gas Should be within expected ranges, also depending on quality Bituminous coal – Kazakhstan: 18581 kJ/kg Bituminous coal – New Zealand: 28201 kJ/kg
2 different calorific values Gross Calorific Value (GCV) Net Calorific Value (NCV) © OECD/IEA 2016
Calorific values When a fuel is combusted, water vapour is produced,
but its energy rarely can be used for energy purposes Water vapours (non-recoverable energy)
GCV
LH2O vap
NCV
Useful heat
Difference between GCV and NCV approximately: NCV = 90% of GCV for natural gas NCV = 95% of GCV for oil NCV = 95% of GCV for coal © OECD/IEA 2016
Calorific values - Example A country produces 2 bcm of Natural Gas Its GCV is 38000 kJ/m3 What is its gross energy content? First, we convert the GCV to more convenient units: 𝒌𝑱 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝒎
=
𝟏𝟎𝟗 × 𝒌𝑱 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟗 𝟑 𝟏𝟎 ×𝒎
=
𝑻𝑱 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒃𝒄𝒎
Then:
𝟐 𝒃𝒄𝒎 × 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑱 𝒃𝒄𝒎
= 𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑻𝑱 (gross energy content)
Or:
𝟕𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑻𝑱 × 𝟗𝟎% = 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑻𝑱 (net energy content)
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The weighted average A
B
A country has 2 coal mines, A & B Mine A produced 100 kt with NCVA = 25000 kJ/kg Mine B produced 100 kt with NCVB = 20000 kJ/kg NCVTOT = ??? 22500 kJ/kg
A
B But what if: Mine A produced 400 kt with NCVA = 25000 kJ/kg Mine B produced 100 kt with NCVB = 20000 kJ/kg NCVTOT = ??? © OECD/IEA 2016
Mine A: 400 kt Mine B: 100 kt
The weighted average
25000 kJ/kg 20000 kJ/kg
Most of the coal is of the higher-quality mine This has to be reflected in the average NCV NCVTOT =
𝑵𝑪𝑽𝑨 × 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑨 + 𝑵𝑪𝑽𝑩 × 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑩 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑨+ 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑫𝑩 𝒌𝑱
NCVTOT =
𝒌𝑱
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈 × 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒕
Generic formula: CVTOT =
=
𝒌𝑱 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝒊(𝑪𝑽𝒊 × 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚𝒊) 𝒊(𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚𝒊)
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Thank you!
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