GeoConference on INFORMATICS ...

14th INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC GEOCONFERENCE SGEM2014

GeoConference on INFORMATICS, GEOINFORMATICS AND REMOTE SENSING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS VOLUME III

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PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING CARTOGRAPHY AND GIS - -

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17-26, June, 2014 Albena, BULGARIA

DISCLAIMER This book contains abstracts and complete papers approved by the Conference Review Committee. Authors are responsible for the content and accuracy. Opinions expressed may not necessarily reflect the position of the International Scientific Council of SGEM. Information in the SGEM 2014 Conference Proceedings is subject to change without notice. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of the International Scientific Council of SGEM.

Copyright © SGEM2014 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM Published by STEF92 Technology Ltd., 1 “Andrey  Lyapchev”  Blvd.,  1797  Sofia, Bulgaria Total print: 5000 ISBN 978-619-7105-12-4 ISSN 1314-2704 DOI: 10.5593/sgem2014B23 INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC GEOCONFERENCE SGEM Secretariat Bureau Phone: Fax:

+359 2 975 3982 +359 2 874 1088

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Organizers, International Scientific Committee

ORGANIZERS BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS SLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE INSTITUTE OF WATER PROBLEM AND HYDROPOWER OF NAS KR NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF ARMENIA SCIENCE COUNCIL OF JAPAN THE WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (TWAS) EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, ARTS AND LETTERS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF MOLDOVA MONTENEGRIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS CROATIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS, CROATIA GEORGIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS AND DESIGN IN BRATISLAVA TURKISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BULGARIAN INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATION BULGARIAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER HONORED ORGANIZER BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXCLUSIVE SUPPORTING PARTNER

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing PROF.  ING.  ALEŠ  ČEPEK,  CSC.,  CZECH  REPUBLIC PROF. G. BARTHA, HUNGARY PROF. DR. DAMIR MEDAK, CROATIA PROF. PETER REINARTZ, GERMANY PROF.  DR.  JÓZSEF  ÁDAM,  HUNGARY PROF. RUI MIGUEL MARQUES MOURA, PORTUGAL PROF. DR. ISIK YILMAZ, TURKEY PROF. DR. ING. KAREL PAVELKA, CZECH REPUBLIC PROF. DR. MARCEL MOJZES, SLOVAKIA

14th SGEM GeoConference on Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing

ASSOC. PROF. DR MILAN HOREMUZ, SWEDEN DR. TIBERIU RUS, ROMANIA DR. MARKO KREVS, SLOVENIA

Contents

CONTENTS PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING 1. AN ADAPTIVE FILTERING ALGORITHM FOR BUILDING DETECTION FROM LIDAR DATA, You Shao, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Samsung Lim, University of New South Wales, Australia ......................................................................................................3 2. ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA OBTAINED FROM ULTRALIGHT MEASURING PLATFORM MOUNTED ON GYROCOPTER, Anna Adamek, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ...........................................11 3. ASPECTS ON DIGITAL CADASTRAL MAP OF IASI CITY CREATED BY MEANS OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUE, Assist. Prof. Ph.D. Eng. Dragos-Constantin Nica, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania ...................19 4. ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF RELATIVE RADIOMETRIC NORMALIZATION METHODS FOR SOME VEGETATION INDICES, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Iosif Vorovencii, Lecturer Dr. Cornel Cristian Teresneu, Lecturer Dr. Maria Magdalena Vasilescu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania ...................27 5. ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF A NEAR-REALTIME PROCESSING METHOD OF LASER SCAN DATA APPLIED ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES, Prof. Dr. Ing. Greta Deruyter, MSc. Timothy Nuttens, MSc. Cornelis Stal, Prof. Dr. ir. Alain De Wulf, Ghent University, Belgium ................35 6. ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF AERIAL IMAGE RADIOMETRY ON THE QUALITY OF POINT CLOUDS GENERATED BY SEMI-GLOBAL MATCHING, M. Sc. Eng. Wojciech Dominik, Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Poland .................................................................43 7. AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST STAND BOUNDARIES BASED ON RESULTS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY, Jakub Solanka, Miriama Kurcikova, Assoc.Prof. Frantisek Chudy, Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia ...........................................................................................................................55 8. AUTOMATIC TEMPLATE GENERATION FOR INDIVIDUAL TREE IDENTIFICATION IN REMOTE SENSING DATA USING (1+1) EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM, Linda Gulbe, Ventspils University College, Latvia ........................................................63 9. BUILDING EXTRACTION FROM HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES USING MATLAB SOFTWARE, Ms Susheela Dahiya, Prof P. K. Garg, Dr Mahesh K. Jat , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India ......................................71

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10. BUILDING THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MAP OF THE BULGARIAN TERRITORY WITH MODIS TOOLBOX AND ARCGIS, PhD Severin Cazanescu, PhD Adriana Pienaru , IPCT INSTALATII SRL, Romania ...........................................79 11. CAPABILITIES OF A SMARTPHONE FOR GEOREFERENCED 3D MODEL CREATION: AN EVALUATION, Krzysztof Bakula, Adrian Flasinski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ...................................................................................85 12. CERTAIN RESULTS OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONS FOR THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING AND ROMANIAN ICZM PROCESS IMPLEMENTATION, Razvan Mateescu, Ichinur Omer, Luminita Buga, N.I.M.R.D. Grigore Antipa, Romania ...........................................................................................................................93 13. COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS FOR CREATION OF A DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES, Marin Govorcin, Mag. Ing Geod Et Geoinf, Prof. Dr. Bosko Pribicevic, Doc. Dr. Almin Dapo, University Of Zagreb, Faculty Of Geodesy, Croatia ..................99 14. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE METHODOLOGY OF THE USE OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING METHODS IN STUDIES ON GEOTHERMAL ANOMALIES, Dr. Tomasz Pirowski, Dr. Wojciech Drzewiecki, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland ...................................................................................109 15. CREATION OF LARGE SIZE BORE-SIGHT CALIBRATION FIELD FOR PROFILE LASER SCANNER WITHIN AUTONOMOUS MAPPING AIRSHIP PROJECT, Ing. Bronislav Koska Ph.D., Ing. Tomas Kremen Ph.D., Prof. Ing. Jiri Pospisil, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic .....................................................................121 16. DATA FUSION AND SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATIONS WITH LIDAR DATA AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY, Ophelie Sinagra, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Samsung Lim, University of New South Wales, Australia ...........................................129 17. DETAILED MAPPING OF ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL MICRORELIEF FORMS IN FOREST STANDS, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Frantisek Chudy, Dr. Jozef Sadibol, Dr. Daniel Tunak, Ing. Marko Pasko, Dr. Boris Belacek, Dr. Martina Slamova, Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia .....................................................................137 18. DETERMINATION OF DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE WATER VELOCITY IN THE RIVER USING SEQUENTIAL IMAGES, Zuzanna Kaczynska, Michal Kowalczyk, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ..............................................145 19. DIGITAL AEROTRIANGULATION WITH VERTICAL DATUM SCALE MODIFICATION RESPECTS NATIONAL HORIZONTAL COORDINATE SYSTEM, Ing. Zdenek Svec, Ing. Martina Faltynova, Prof. Dr. Ing. Karel Pavelka , CTU in Prague, Czech Republic.............................................................................................153

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20. ENHANCEMENT OF THE VERTICAL ACCURACY OF LIDAR DATA WITH THE USE OF AUTOMATIC IMAGE MATCHING, M. Sc. Eng. Wojciech Dominik, Warsaw University of Technology - Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Poland ............................................................................................................................161 21. FIELD COMPARISON OF PULSE-BASED AND PHASE-BASED LASER SCANNERS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, MSc. Timothy Nuttens, MSc. Cornelis Stal, MSc. Jasper Wisbecq, Prof. Dr. Ing. Greta Deruyter, Prof. Dr. Ir. Alain De Wulf, Ghent University, Belgium .......................................................169 22. FLYING LABORATORY OF IMAGING SYSTEMS (FLIS) AT CZECHGLOBE, MSc. Jan Hanus, MSc. Tomas Fabianek, Dr. Veroslav Kaplan, Dr. Lucie Homolova, Centrum vyzkumu globalni zmeny AV CR, Czech Republic ..........177 23. IDENTIFICATION OF HISTORIC ROADS IN THE FOREST LANDSCAPE BY MODERN CONTACTLESS METHODS OF LARGE-SCALE MAPPING, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Frantisek Chudy, Dr. Jozef Sadibol, Dr. Martina Slamova, Dr. Boris Belacek, Dr. Noemi Beljak Pazinova, Jan Beljak, Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia .........................................................................................................................183 24. IMPROVEMENT OF THE DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC OF THE 4TH GENERATION FOR THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ORTHORECTIFICATION, Ing. Zdenek Svec, Ing. Eva Matouskova, Prof. Dr.Ing. Karel Pavelka, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic ...........................................................191 25. INFLUENCE OF ILLUMINATION AND WHITE REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS, Ing. Eva Matouskova, Prof. Dr. Ing. Karel Pavelka, Ing. Martina Faltynova, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic.................................................................................................199 26. LASER SCANNING FOR GEOMETRY ANALYSIS OF THE RIBBED VAULTS FROM LUXEMBOURG TIME, Ing. Tomas Kremen Ph.D., Ing. Bronislav Koska Ph.D., CTU in Prague, Czech Republic .............................................................207 27. LYTRO CAMERA TECHNOLOGY AND ITS USABILITY FOR CLOSERANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY, Ing. Jaroslav Sedina, Ing. Zdenka Bila, Ing. Bc. Eliska Housarova, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic .....................................................215 28. MOBILE MAPPING AND THE USE OF BACKSCATTER DATA FOR THE MODELLING OF INTERTIDAL ZONES OF BEACHES, MSc. Cornelis Stal, MSc. Annelies Incoul, Prof. Dr. Philippe De Maeyer, Prof. Dr. Ing. Greta Deruyter, MSc. Timothy Nuttens, Prof. Dr. ir. Alain De Wulf, Ghent University, Belgium .................223 29. MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ELEMENT USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS, Ing. Jan Hamouz, Ing. Jaroslav Braun, Ing. Rudolf Urban, Ph.D., doc. Ing. Martin Stroner, Ph.D., doc. Ing. Lukas Vrablik, Ph.D., CTU in Prague-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic ..............................................................................................................231 iii

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30. MULTIPLE HOMOGENEOUS COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS USED IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY & REMOTE SENSING, Assoc. Prof. PhD Eng. Gabriel Popescu, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine - Bucharest, Romania ....................................................................................239 31. OBJECT MONITORING IN URBAN LANDSLIDE AREAS USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING, Branko Kordic, dipl. ing. geod, Prof. Dr. Bosko Pribicevic, Doc. Dr. Almin Dapo, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Croatia ...........................................................................................................................247 32. PRESERVATION AND REVITALIZATION OF ERDODY CASTLE IN JASTREBARSKO, CROATIA, Luka Babic, Dipl. Ing. Geod, Prof. Dr. Bosko Pribicevic, Doc. Dr. Almin Dapo, University Of Zagreb, Faculty Of Geodesy, Croatia ...........................................................................................................................255 33. PROGRAMMABLE SYSTEM FOR PUMPING UNITS CONTROL IN PETROLEUM EXTRACTION, Assist. Prof. Dr. Gabriela Bucur, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adrian Moise, Assist. Prof. Dr. Cristina Popescu, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania .........................................................................................................................263 34. RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FOR RIVER DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT, Ing. Jitka Elznicova, Ph.D., Bc. Lukas Plotnarek , J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.................................................................................................269 35. REDUCE NOISE OF LASER SCANNING DATA, Ing. Petr Jasek, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic.................................................................................................275 36. RESEARCH METHODS AGROLANDSCAPES OF THE MOUNTAIN RIVER BASINS BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGES (AN EXAMPLE THE BASIN OF RIVER KEGEN), PhD. Yerkin Kakimzhanov, MS. Aigerim Prnazarova , al-Faraby Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan......................................................................283 37. RPAS AS A TOOL FOR THE MONITORING OF A NATURAL RESERVE, Prof.Dr. Karel Pavelka, Ing. Eva Matouskova, Ing. Jan Reznicek, Ing. Martina Faltynova, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic ...................................................................................291 38. SPATIAL DOCUMENTATION AND VISUALISATION OF HISTORICAL ARTIFACTS, Ing. Zdenka Bila, Ing. Jaroslav Sedina, Prof. Dr. Ing. Karel Pavelka, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic.............................................................................................299 39. STUDIES ON THE USE OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING IN THE MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS BELONGING TO THE CULTURAL HERITAGE, Magdalena Bernat, Artur Janowski, Slawomir Rzepa, Anna Sobieraj, Jakub Szulwic, Politechnika Gdanska-Wydzial Inzynierii Ladowej i Srodowiska, Poland .......................................................................................................307

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40. TESTING MOBILE PHONE APPLICATIONS FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRICAL 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF OBJECTS USING IMAGE CORRELATION METHOD, Ing. Eva Matouskova, Ing. Jan Reznicek, Ing. Zdenka Bila, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic ..............................................................319 41. THE APPLICATION OF CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR A DOCUMENTATION OF METALLURGICAL ART-HISTORICAL OBJECTS, Ing. Katarina Pukanska, PhD; Ing. Karol Bartos, PhD; Dr.h.c. prof. Ing. Gabriel Weiss, PhD.; Ing. Stefan Rakay, ml., PhD., Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia ...........327 42. THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING TERRESTIAL LASER SCANNING, Krystyna NagrodzkaGodycka, Jakub Szulwic, Patryk Ziolkowski, Politechnika Gdanska Wydzial Inzynierii Ladowej i Srodowiska, Poland ......................................................................................335 43. TWO-STAGE SUBPIXEL IMPERVIOUS SURFACE COVERAGE ESTIMATION: COMPARING C 5.0/CUBIST AND RANDOM FOREST, Katarzyna Bernat, Wojciech Drzewiecki, Mariusz Twardowski, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland ...................................................................................343 44. UAS AERIAL DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR LANDSCAPE MODELING AND REHABILITATION DESIGN OF "SAN FRANCESCO" ABANDONED MINE (SARDINIA-ITALY), Dr. Stefano Cara, Dr. Maddalena Fiori, Dr. Carlo Matzuzzi, Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingeneria IGAG Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR, Italy ............................................................................351 45. URBAN HEAT ISLAND DETECTION BY INTEGRATING SATELLITE IMAGE DATA AND GIS TECHNIQUES. CASE STUDY: CLUJ-NAPOCA CITY, ROMANIA, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alexandru Imbroane, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adina-Eliza Croitoru, PhD. Stud. Ionut Rus, PhD. Stud. Ioana Herbel, Prof. Dr. Danut Petrea, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania ...............................................................................359 46. USEFULNESS OF THE FRACTAL DIMENSION IN THE CONTEXT OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA DESCRIPTION, Michal Krupinski, Dr.Anna Wawrzaszek, Dr. Wojciech Drzewiecki, Sebastian Aleksandrowicz, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland ...................................................................................367 47. USING PANORAMIC PICTURE FOR MEASURING PURPOSES, Eliska Housarova, Prof.Karel Pavelka, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic ................................375 48. USING RADAR DATA IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, Ing. Karolina Hanzalova, Prof. Dr. Ing. Karel Pavelka, Ing. Ivana Hlavacova, Ph.D., CTU in Prague, Czech Republic ..............................................................................................................383 49. UTILISATION OF LASER SCANNING FOR INVENTORY OF AN ARCHITECTURAL OBJECT USING THE EXAMPLE OF RUINS OF THE KRAKOW BISHOPS' CASTLE IN ILZA, POLAND, M.Sc. Eng. Jakub Markiewicz,

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Ass.Prof. Dorota Zawieska, Dr Eng. Michal Kowalczyk, Dr Rafal Zaplata, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland .................................................................................391 50. VEGETATION CHANGE DETECTION IN LANDSAT TM TIME SERIES USING SINGULAR SPECTRUM ANALYSIS AND REGULAR FOREST INVENTORY DATA, Linda Gulbe, Assoc. Prof. Galina Hilkevica, Ventspils University College, Latvia ..............................................................................................................397 51. VISUALIZATION OF TRACKS USING DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL AND IMAGE PROCESSING METHODS, Ing. Martina Faltynova, Ing. Eva Matouskova, Ing. Zdenek Svec, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic .....................................................405

CARTOGRAPHY AND GIS 52. A BUSINESS PROJECT APPROACH TO ASSESS SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES, Dr. Agnieszka Zwirowicz-Rutkowska , University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn , Poland ....................................................................................413 53. A MAP OF HISTORIC NAMES AS A FORM OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION, M.Sc. Malgorzata Brzezinska-Klusek, Prof. DSc Janusz Golaski, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Poland ..............................................................421 54. AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING AND GIS APPLICATION IN PROTECTION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF FORTIFICATIONS, Wojciech Ostrowski, Dorota Zawieska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ...................429 55. APPLICATION OF GIS AND AHP FOR LANDFILL SITE SELECTION, Ass. Prof. Svemir Gorin, Ass. Prof. Ivan Radevski, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, FYR of Macedonia ........................................................................................................437 56. APPLICATION OF THE NATIONAL DATABASE OF TOPOGRAPHIC OBJECTS IN MONITORING CHANGES OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SELECTED POLISH CITIES, PhD, Eng. of Architecture Anna Majewska, PhD, Eng. of Architecture Malgorzata Denis, PhD, Joanna Jaroszewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland .......................................................................................................445 57. APPLICATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR TEMPERATURE AND AIR HUMIDITY MONITORING IN THE BOTANIC GARDEN, MSc. Vendula Hejlova, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic ..................453 58. APPLIED GEOINFORMATION SYSTEM OF SPACE MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, Dr Leonid Grekov, Anatoliy Kuzmin, Cand. Sc., Georgiy Veriuzhsky, Elena Medvedenko, Aleksey Petrov Cand. Sc., Viktor Skavronsky, NVP Agroresurssistemi TOV, Ukraine .........................................................................461

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59. APPLYING THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS TECHNOLOGIES ON THE ANALYSIS OF HAZARDOUS NATURAL CLIMATIC PROCESSES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF WEST SIBERIAN TAIGA ZONE), PhD Olga Nevidimova, PhD Elena Volkova, Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS, Russia ............................................................................................................................469 60. APPROACHES IN SPATIAL DATA GEOPORTALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION - CASE STUDY: NATIONAL PARK IN ROMANIA, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ana-Cornelia Badea, Lecturer Dr. Viorica David, Prof. Dr. Gheorghe Badea, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Romania ..................475 61. ASPECTS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF OBLIQUE IMAGES IN URBAN MANAGEMENT, Lecturer Dr. Viorica David, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ana-Cornelia Badea, Prof. Dr. Gheorghe Badea, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, Romania .........................................................................................................................483 62. ASPECTS OF USING MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR ACHIEVING NETWORKS SUPPORT, PhD. Octavius Coltan, Prof. Valeria Ciolac, Assoc. Prof. Elena Pet, Assoc.Prof. Ioan Pet., Assoc.Prof. Eleonora Nistor, Lector Livia Barliba, Prof.PhD. Nilanchal Patel, Universitatea De Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara A Banatului Regele Mihai I Al Romaniei Timisoara Statiunea Didactica Timisoara, Romania .........................................................................................................................491 63. ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD HAZARD AND RISK USING GIS AND HISTORICAL DATA. CASE-STUDY: THE NIRAJ RIVER BASIN (TRANSYLVANIA DEPRESSION, ROMANIA), PhD. Sanda Rosca, Prof. Phd. Danut Petrea, Lecturer Stefan Bilasco, Asoc.Prof. Ioan Rus, Prof. Ioan Irimus, Lecturer Ioan Fodorean, Lect. Iuliu Vescan, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania ......................497 64. CARTOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF BOUNDARIES IN ACADEMIC ATLAS OF THE CZECH HISTORY, Ing. Pavel Seemann, CTU in Prague-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic ...............................................................................505 65. CHATEAUX AND CASTLES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: OLD MAPS AND PLANS PROCESSING, Doc. Jiri Cajthaml, Ing. Jiri Krejci, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic .........................................................................................................................513 66. CONCEPT OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE PURPOSES OF SPATIAL PLANNING OF DEGRADED AREAS, MSc. Agnieszka Turek, Dr. Eng. Joanna Jaroszewicz, Warsaw University of Technology - Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Poland ................................................................................521 67. CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF FARMLAND RECORDS, PhD. student Octavius Coltan, Prof. Valeria Ciolac, Assoc.Prof.Elena Pet, Assoc.Prof.Eleonora Nistor , Universitatea De Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara A Banatului Regele Mihai I Al Romaniei Timisoara Statiunea Didactica Timisoara, Romania .....................................................529

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68. CREATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL GIS–MODELS FOR ANALYSES OF CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCY FLOODS OF OIL ON THE OIL-PIPE   LINE   “EAST   SIBERIA   - PACIFIC   OCEAN”,   Savvinova A.N., North-Eastern federal university named by M.K.Ammosov, Russia ............................537 69. DRAFTING AND FINALIZING OF A PRIVATE PROPRIETY FORESTRY FUND IN SALCIUA NOUA VILLAGE, PhD Dragomir L, PhD Barliba Luminita Livia., PhD Barliba C., Assoc. Prof. PhD Eles G., Assoc. Prof. PhD Calinovici I., University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine of Banat Timisoara, Romania .........................................................................................................................545 70. DRAWING A 3D TOPOGRAPHIC PLAN NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE A GRAPEVINE PROJECT ARRANGEMENT IN RECAS CITY, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA, PhD Barliba Luminita Livia, PhD Dragomir L., PhD Barliba C., PhD Smuleac A., Banat University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Romania .........................................................................................................................551 71. ENSURING INTEROPERABILITY OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND INSPIRE, Prof.Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Muller, Dipl.-Ing. Falk Wurriehausen, Institute for Spatial Information and Surveying Technology, Germany ........................................................................................................................559 72. ESTABLISHMENT OF A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF ADAPTIVELANDSCAPE SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE USING GIS - TECHNOLOGY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF THE ILI ALATAU), PhD student Yerkin Kakimzhanov , al-Faraby Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan ...567 73. FLOOD PREVENTION MAP ON BISTRITA RIVER, ROMANIA, Andreea Calugaru, Lecturer PhD. Doru Mihai, PhD. Assistant Bogdan Nedelcu, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine - Bucharest, Romania ...........................575 74. FLOODPLAIN LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT BASED ON GIS AND REMOTE SENSING DATA. CASE STUDY BUZAU RIVER, Lecturer Dr. Giuliano Tevi, Assist. Professor Dr. Mihaela Scradeanu, Professor Dr. Eng. Daniel Scradeanu, Ecological University of Bucharest - Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Romania .........................................................................................................................581 75. FRAMEWORK FOR PROCESSING RIVER BANK POINT CLOUDS GENERATED BY TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING, Assistant Lecturer Mihai Niculita, Conferencer Dan Dumitriu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania .......589 76. GEOANALYSES OF DATA ON FIRE OCCURENCE IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC – CASE STUDY, Stefan Galla, Peter Ivan, Nemec Jozef, Viktor Moravec, Andrea Majlingova, Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia .........................................................................................................595 77. GEOPOTENTIAL OF THE LANDSCAPE EVALUATED IN GIS ENVIRONMENT (AT

FOR URBANISATION THE EXAMPLE OF viii

Contents MICROREGION MINCOL, SLOVAKIA), Dr. Lucia Kunakova, Dr. Vladimir Cech, Dr. Juliana Krokusova, University of Presov in Presov, Slovakia ................................603 78. GEOSPATIAL MODEL FOR VISUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF USERKAF'S PYRAMID AT SAQQARA, EGYPT, Prof. Valdis Seglins, Dr.Agnese Kukela, Dr.Maris Kalinka, University of Latvia, Latvia ............................................................611 79. GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE – A CASE STUDY OF A VANISHED TOWN IN NORTHWESTERN BOHEMIA, Ing. Renata Duchnova, Ing. Ruzena Zimova, Ph.D., CTU in Prague-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic ....................................619 80. GIS METHODS IN EVALUATION OF ARABLE SOILS' SPATIAL-TIME EROSION DYNAMICS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN PLAIN, Alina Avvakumova, Prof. Oleg Yermolaev, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia ............................................................................................................................627 81. GIS-A TOOL FOR MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF EPIDEMICS, PhD Dragomir L, PhD Barliba C., PhD Barliba Luminita Livia., Assoc. Prof. PhD Calinovici I., Assoc. Prof. PhD Eles G., University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine of Banat Timisoara, Romania ........................................................................635 82. GREEN VERSUS RED: EYE-TRACKING EVALUATION OF SEQUENTIAL COLOUR SCHEMES, Alzbeta Brychtova, Alena Vondrakova, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic .............................................................................................643 83. HIGH RESOLUTION IMPERVIOUS AND TREE COVER LAYERS AS AN ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF DATA ON LAND COVER STATUS IN POLAND, Anna Debowska, Milena Napiorkowska, PhD.Agata Hoscilo, Marta Gruziel, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Poland ................................................................................651 84. IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF THE ETHNO-ECOLOGICALECONOMIC CONFLICTS OF NATURE USE IN SOUTHERN YAKUTIA (NORTH-EAST RUSSIA) USING GIS, Savvinova A.N., Filippova V.V., NorthEastern federal university named by M.K.Ammosov, Russia.......................................659 85. IDENTIFICATION OF HOMOGENEOUS SPATIAL PLANNING ZONES WITH THE USE OF STATISTICAL CLUSTERING METHODS, Dr. Dominika Strumillo-Rembowska, Dr. Iwona Cieslak, Dr. Karol Szuniewicz, Dr. Michal Bednarczyk, University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland ..............................................667 86. IMPLEMENTING INSPIRE COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION SERVICES - ROMANIAN INSPIRE GEOPORTAL, Vlad Teodor, Dr. Lucian Zavate, Dr. Cristian Vasile, Esri Romania, Romania ....................................................675 87. INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR EASY ACCESS OF THE FIRST MILITARY SURVEY, Ing. Jan Pacina, Ph.D., Mgr. Eva Chodejovska, Ing. Jan Popelka, Ph.D., J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic ..............................................683 ix

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88. INTERPRETING RESULTS OF A GIS-BASED LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY ASSESSMENT USING GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR A ROAD SECTOR IN NORTH-WESTERN ROMANIA, Prof. Ioan-Aurel Irimus, Dr. Flavia-Luana Marian (Magut), Dr. Sorin Zaharia , Babes-Bolyai University, Romania ...............................................................................691 89. INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT VISUALISATION METHODS FOR CRIME MAPPING, Ass. Prof. Andrea Podor, Sandor Soos, University of West Hungary, Hungary .........................................................................................................699 90. LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN THE NORTH-WEST BOHEMIA AND THEIR VISUALIZATION, Doc. Jiri Cajthaml, Dr. Jan Pacina, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic ..............................................................................................................707 91. LOGISTIC MODELLING TO HANDLE THE THREAT OF FLOODS – THE BODVA RIVER EXAMPLE, Prof. Ing. Miroslav Kelemen, PhD., Ing. Monika Blistanova,PhD., University of Security Management in Kosice, Slovakia .................715 92. LOW COST VIDELOGGING AND GEOREFERENCING AS A COMPONENT OF THE ROAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, Arjol Lule MSc., Eduart Murati, Diana Bardhi, MSc., Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania .........723 93. MAPPING OF RISKS FOR NOT URBANIZED TERRITORIES, Natalya Trofimova, Olga Antamoshkina, Ph. D. Sergey Verkvovets, Ph. D. Natalya Koshurnikova, Siberian Federal University, Russia......................................................731 94. MEASURING INHABITANTS QUALITY OF LIFE USING GIS-BASED ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS, Anna Fijalkowska, M.Sc., Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ........................737 95. METHOD OF ERROR ASSESSMENT IN IMAGE CLASSIFICATION, Assoc. Prof. Dalibor Bartonek, Ing. Jiri Bures, PhD., Ing. Irena Opatrilova, Ing. Alexej Vitula, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic .............................................745 96. MODELLING AS A PLATFORM FOR LANDSCAPE PLANNING, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eva Pauditsova, Ing. Barbora Slabeciusova, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia .......................................................................................................753 97. MONITORING VEGETATION AREAS THROUGH SATELLITE IMAGES. NDVI IN SOUTHERN PART OF OLTENIA PLAIN (LEU-ROTUNDA AND DABULENI AREAS), PhD student Florina Cristina Rosca, Prof. univ. Danut Petrea, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania ...............................................................................761 98. NEW GEOMETRIC SOLUTIONS FOR WEB MAP TOPONYM PLACEMENT, Assist. Prof. Robert Zupan, prof. Stanislav Franges, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Croatia .............................................................................769

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Contents 99. POSSIBILITIES OF THE DEFINITION OF CITY BOUNDARIES IN GIS – THE CASE STUDY OF A MEDIUM-SIZED CITY, Dr. Jaroslav Burian, Msc. Vit Paszto, BSc. Barbora Langrova, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic .....777 100. PRAGUE URBAN FORM FEATURES AND THEIR IMPACT ON TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY, Vitalii Kostin, Assoc. prof. Lena Halounova, Vojtech Hron, CTU in Prague-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic ............785 101. QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL DERIVED FROM LIDAR, PhD Student Daniela Iordan, Lecturer Dr. Daniela Cristiana Docan, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine - Bucharest, Romania.....793 102. REALIZATION OF OPENSTREETMAP PROJECT POSSIBILITIES: SPECIAL GIS SOFTWARE DESCRIBED BY USING CASE STUDY OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, Dr. Anton Pashkevich, Tallinn University of Technology, Esonia .......................................................................................................799 103. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALTERNATIVE DESIGN OF MLBS APPLICATIONS, Assist. Prof. Robert Zupan and Prof. Stanislav Franges, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Croatia .............................................................................807 104. REQUIREMENTS FOR A WEBSITE SUPPORTING SOCIAL PARTICIPATION IN SPATIAL PLANNING AT THE COMMUNE LEVEL, Dr. Joanna Jaroszewicz, Dr. Pawel Kowalski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ............................................................................................................................815 105. SELECTED BASIC METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THEIR CARTOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION, Ing. Viera Hurcikova, PhD., Ing. Sona Molcikova, PhD., Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia .........................................................................................................................823 106. SETTLING SELECTION PATTERNS IN THE SUBCARPATHIAN AREAS OF ROMANIA. SALT RESOURCES AS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION, PhD Andrei Asandulesei, PhD Marius-Tiberiu Alexianu, PhD Roxana-Gabriela Curca, MA Stefan Caliniuc, PhD candidate Mihaela Asandulesei, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania .............................................829 107. SIMPLE METHOD FOR INCORPORATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL FACTOR INTO GIS-SUPPORTED MULTI-VARIANT RAIL ROUTE SELECTION, Dr. Tomasz Pirowski, Dr. Wojciech Drzewiecki, Emilia Orzinska, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland.............................................................841 108. SOFTGIS AS TOOL SUPPORTING THE MANAGEMENT OF URBAN GREENERY, PhD Magdalena Nowak, PhD Sebastian Goraj, PhD Marta GwiazdzinskaGoraj,, University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland .......................................................853

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109. SOIL AGRICULTURAL MAPS AT A SCALE OF 1:5,000 AS A SOURCE OF DATA FOR SPATIAL PLANNING PROCESS IN POLAND, PhD Anna Bielska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland...................................................................861 110. SPATIAL ANALYSES OF OUTGOING DATA OF FIREBRIGADE RESCUE SERVICE, Prof. Vit Vozenilek, MSc. Dalibor Koutny, MSc. Lenka Zajickova, Dr. Jaroslav Burian, Dr. Pavel Tucek, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic ..869 111. SPATIAL COMPLEXITY OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, Dr. Pavel Tucek, Dr. Miroslav Rypka, MSc. Michaela Tuckova, MSc. Lukas Marek, MSc. Lenka Zajickova, Dr. Jaroslav Burian, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic .............................................................................................877 112. STANDARDIZATION OF THE SPATIAL DATA CONCERNING SPATIAL MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN POLAND, PhD, Eng. of Architecture Malgorzata Denis, PhD, Joanna Jaroszewicz,PhD, Zenon Parzynski , Warsaw University of Technology, Poland .......................................................................................................885 113. STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE ACCURACY OF DETERMINING POINTS COORDINATES IN MOUNTAIN FORESTS FROM BRAN-BRASOV, ROMANIA, Lecturer PhD Cornel Cristian Teresneu, Assoc. Prof. Iosif Vorovencii, Lecturer PhD Maria Magdalena Vasilescu, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania .........................................................................................................................893 114. STUDENTS TELL THEIR STORY BY WEB MAPS – EDUCATIONAL CASE STUDY, Rostislav Netek, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic ..901 115. STUDY OF LANDSCAPE OF THE THIRTY YEARS’   WAR PERIOD IN MORAVIA USING INFORMATION RECORDED IN HISTORICAL ENGRAVINGS, Tomas Janata, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic...............................909 116. TECHNOLOGY OF PROCESSING OF ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DATA, Assoc. Prof. Dalibor Bartonek, Ing. Jiri Bures, PhD., Ing. Irena Opatrilova, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic .............................917 117. THE 3D MODEL OF THE SMALL FORTRESS OF THE TEREZIN MEMORIAL, Ing. Karel Janecka Ph.D., Martin Kutal, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic ..............................................................................................................925 118. THE ANALYSIS OF THE UPDATING TIME OF SUBJECT AND OBJECT DATA DUE TO THE INFORMATION FLOW BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS OF THE REAL ESTATE CADASTRE AND THE LAND AND MORTGAGE REGISTER, Ph.D. Anna Przewiezlikowska, Ph.D. Malgorzata Busko, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland ..............................................................................933 119. THE APPLICATION OF GEOINFORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCE OF REAL ESTATE ATTRIBUTES, Phd. eng.

xii

Contents Malgorzata Renigier-Bilozor, Phd. eng. Andrzej Bilozor, University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland..............................................................................................................941 120. THE EDUCATIONAL DATABASE OF CARTOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR LARGE-SCALE MAPS, Ing.  Pavla  Andеlovа,  Ing.  Eva  Vackovа,  Brno  University  of   Technology, Czech Republic.........................................................................................949 121. THE GIS TOOLS IN THE PROCESS OF FLOOD THREAT EVALUATION, Ing.Monika Blistanova, PhD., Assoc.Prof.Peter Blistan, PhD., University of Security Management in Kosice, Slovakia ..................................................................................957 122. THE INFLUENCE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND CONTROL POINTS ON GEOREFERENCING, Jakub Havlicek, Jiri Cajthaml, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic ..............................................................................................................965 123. THE MAP OF AVERAGE LAND TRANSACTION PRICES - A NEW POLISH CARTOGRAPHIC PRODUCT, Dr. Eng. Tomasz Budzynsk, Dr. Eng. Izabela Karsznia, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland ......................................973 124. THE USE OF EYE-TRACKING FOR THE EVALUATION OF VARIOUS CARTOGRAPHIC TASKS, Alena Vondrakova, Stanislav Popelka, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic .........................................................................................981 125. THE USE OF GIS IN THE STUDY OF BUS LINES: THE CASE OF LISBON AND OPORTO METROPOLITAN AREAS, Prof. Marco Painho, Dr. Tiago H. Moreira de Oliveira, Dr. Luis Almeida, Dr. Igor Boieiro, Arq. Isabel Seabra, Eng. Margarida Roxo, ISEGI Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal ................................989 126. THE USE OF GIS TOOLS IN THE ASSESSMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SPACE USEFUL ELEMENTS, Dr. Karol Szuniewicz, Dr. Iwona Cieslak, Dr. Dominika Strumillo-Rembowska, University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland ...1001 127. THEMATIC ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DATASETS, PhD Student Daniela IORDAN, Lecturer Dr. Daniela Cristiana DOCAN, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine - Bucharest, Romania .......................................................................................................................1009 128. TOURISTIC CAPITALIZATION OF THE GEOMORPHIC KARSTS IN THE HAGHIMAS MOUNTAINS, Phd Student Crisan Hunor Flaviu, Assist. Dr. Szabo Barna , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Targu Mures, Romania .....................1017 129. TOWARDS A USER CENTERED DESING FOR THE CZECH AIR FORCE, Ing. Jana Merickova, Prof. Dr. Scott Bell, Ing. Jakub Vilser, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic ...........................................................................................1023 130. TRAVEL TIME MAP - THE CASE OF WARSAW SUBWAY, Eng. Joanna Tomala, Dr. Albina Moscicka, Prof. Dr. Elzbieta Bielecka, Military University of Technology, Poland ...............................................................................1031 xiii

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131. URBAN PLACES AND SPACES FROM POINT OF VIEW OF THE THREE DIFFERENT METHODS USING OLD MAPS AND PLANS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE URBAN SPACE IN THE LIBEREC TOWN), Bc.Vojtech Blazek, Mgr. Vojtech Hajek, Ladislav Licik, doc. RNDr. Branislav Niznansky, CSc., Mgr. Klara Popkova, Ph.D., Mgr. Jiri Smida, Ph.D. , Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic .......................................................................................................................1039 132. USE OF GIS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE AND SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT IN THE VERNERICKE STREDOHORI MTS., Ing. Johana Zacharova, Ing. Jitka Elznicova, Ph.D., J. E. Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic ................................................................................1047 133. USE OF GNSS IN AVIATION, Ing. Stanislav Durco, PhD., Ing. Peter Korba, PhD., Ing. Jozef Sabo, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia ..............................1055 134. USE OF SATELLITE DATA IN MONITORING ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF URBAN LANDSCAPE, Ph.D. Vladimir Filipovich, Ph.D. Anton Mychak, Ph.D. student Anna Krylova, Ukraine Academy of Science, Ukraine .........1061 135. VISUALIZATION OF FUZZY SURFACES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON USER ASPECTS, Alena Vondrakova, Jan Caha, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic .......................................................................................................................1069

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Section Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

AN ADAPTIVE FILTERING ALGORITHM FOR BUILDING DETECTION FROM LIDAR DATA You Shao Assoc. Prof. Dr. Samsung Lim School of Civil and Environmental Engineering/UNSW, Australia

ABSTRACT Research on lidar data filtering for building detection has continued to flourish in recent years due to the increasing need for 3-dimensional data in urban development and planning. Over the last decade, many filtering algorithms have been developed to classify lidar point clouds. As a result, interpolation-based filters, slope-based filters and morphological filters were widely accepted. Most of the filtering algorithms require ‘raw’  lidar  data  to  be  rasterised i.e. interpolated into grid images. However, rasterisation often causes a significant loss of information after data processing. To overcome the information loss, we developed an adaptive filtering algorithm that classifies lidar data effectively and efficiently into ground and non-ground for the building detection purposes. The digital elevation model generated from the filtered ground was used to detect man-made objects e.g. buildings. The results show that, by using an adaptive window size indicator, the proposed algorithm can effectively classify lidar data at a high accuracy. Keywords: Lidar, Ground Filtering Algorithm, Building Detection, Adaptive Window Size, Mathematical Morphology INTRODUCTION Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) play an important role in many terrain-based applications. Airborne lidar provides measurements for 3-dimensional (3D) coordinates and intensity values of a lidar-scanned surface of the earth. The measurements can form a 3D point cloud with irregular point spacing. A critical step of DEM generation from lidar   data   is   to   separate   lidar   points   into   ‘ground   points’   i.e.   points   representing   bareearth  and  ‘non-ground  points’  i.e.  points  representing  vegetation,  buildings, bridges, etc. Research on lidar data filtering for building detection has been increasing in recent years because of the high demand for 3D data and technological evolution of Geographic Information System (GIS). Over the last decade, many filtering algorithms have been developed to separate ground and non-ground points from lidar data. A filtering method based on linear prediction (also known as an interpolation-based filter) was initially proposed by [1]. Firstly, the filter calculates a robust terrain surface with equal weight for all points. Then it iteratively estimates the surface using weighted linear least squares interpolation. The weight assigned to each point is based on the distance from each point to the initially derived surface. The assumption here is that terrain points usually have negative residuals, while non-terrain points have positive residuals. However, this algorithm is not effective in steep terrain and large variability [2]. Lee and Younan proposed a combined method containing a modified linear

14th SGEM GeoConference on Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing

prediction and an adaptive processing approach. This method requires a priori knowledge of a number of parameters such as a delay factor, an adaptation parameter, and a filter order, which limits the practicality of this method. Vosselman [3] proposed a slope-based filter that separates terrain and non-terrain points by comparing the slope between a point and its neighbours. A point is classified as a non-terrain point if the slope between the point and its neighbours within a given circle exceeds a given threshold, whereas the point will be identified as a terrain point if the slope is less than the threshold. More terrain points will be obtained as the threshold increases, thus the commission error may also increase. However, this filter is based on the assumption that the terrain surface does not have a slope larger than the given threshold, which limits the use of the filter in steep terrain surfaces. To overcome this limitation, Sithole [4] raised a slope adaptive filter of which the threshold can vary with the changing slope of the terrain. It is demonstrated that the modified slope-adaptive filter corrects the problem caused by the original algorithm at the cost of an increased number of predefined parameters. The increased parameters can make the algorithm difficult to operate under various terrain conditions. Kilian [5] utilized a filtering method based on mathematical morphology, which identifies objects in a greyscale image by applying morphological operations such as opening and closing. In case of lidar data, the elevation values are converted to a greyscale image and ground points are identified by buffering the lowest elevation within a given window size. The determination of the window size is a critical issue to this method, since a large window size results in an increased omission error by removing too many non-ground points, while a small window size leads to a significant commission error by identifying nonground points as ground points. To deal with this issue, Zhang [6] proposed a progressive morphological filter that applies the algorithm several times iteratively with gradually increased window sizes. It is demonstrated that this algorithm performs well in both urban and mountainous areas and the filtering process is highly automatic which is acceptable for a large data set. Currently,  most  of  the   filtering   algorithms  require  ‘raw’  lidar  data  to   be   rasterised i.e. interpolated into grid images. However, rasterisation often causes a significant loss of information after data processing. When elevation values are interpolated between ground points and non-ground points, the elevation differences in the interpolated area will be reduced. This will raise the difficulty to correctly classify lidar points [3]. Thus, a filtering algorithm would better work with raw lidar data instead of interpolated grid images [7]. In this study, we developed an adaptive filtering algorithm for building detection based on raw lidar data. This algorithm uses a combination of morphological operations and an adaptive window size indicator to accurately separate ground and non-ground points. The adaptive indicator can determine a rough size of building footprints, and then change the window size accordingly. After ground points are classified, a DEM is created and used to detect buildings. The performance of the proposed algorithm will be evaluated by comparing the results with a reference DEM and independent 3D building models over the study area. AN ADAPTIVE FILTERING ALGORITHM The concept of the proposed algorithm is based on the theory of mathematical morphology. Existing morphological filters employ dilation and erosion to find the

Section Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

maximum or minimum measurement in greyscale images. In our algorithm, this concept is extended to the analysis of lidar points. A detailed workflow of the proposed algorithm is illustrated in Figure 1. The erosion ew and the dilation dw of a set of points p(x, y, z) within a given window w , are defined as ew = min p w pz and dw = max p w pz , respectively. The default window size is defined as m n which intends to be a onedimensional line, where the width n should be between the average point spacing L and 2L to avoid an empty window, and the length m should be as small as possible to obtain the details of the steep area but still large enough to remove small objects such as cars, bushes and fences. Firstly, the points with the lowest and highest elevation within the window wd are detected using erosion and dilation respectively. Every point in wd that fall within a threshold ht and above the lowest point is classified as a ground point. Then the window shifts by a small distance I m along the length direction and repeats the operation till the whole data set is scanned. In order to solve the window size issue, an adaptive window size indicator is applied to detect large building rooftop and change the applied window size. The hypothesis of this indicator is that points around a building usually contains both significant elevation rise and fall; thus a rough size of the building can be detected by measuring the elevation rise and fall, and therefore the window size can be changed accordingly. Adaptive indicator Default window size

(m / I m + f )

Change window size

times iteration

Yes No

Morphological operations

Check if

he < hb

Yes No

Check if

Yes

hd > hb

Apply forward operation

No Yes

Check if

hf

hb

No he < hb or lb > max(Lb )

Figure 1. Workflow of the proposed algorithm

The adaptive window size indicator is implemented by the following operations. The height difference hd within wd is first calculated. If hd is larger than a predefined threshold hb , a part the points within the window is assumed to belong to a building. Then points ahead of wd are checked by using a forward operation. The forward operation uses a small moving window w f which is ahead of wd to detect elevation fall. If the operation does not meet the given criteria, it will be terminated. Otherwise, the operation will repeat until a rough building size is obtained or a maximum building length is exceeded. Several parameters are calculated during the process, including

14th SGEM GeoConference on Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing

ew0 = dwd , h f = ew f 1 ew f for f =1, 2,3,... , he = ew f ewd , lb = f I m , hs = lb tan , where h f is the lowest height difference between each neighbour window w f , he is the height difference between the initial ground points and the lowest point within the current window, lb is the detected building length, indicates the maximum slope of the terrain surface and hs is the largest elevation rise that ground surface may have. If he < hb or lb > max(Lb ) , the operation will be forced to stop, otherwise the operation will continue until the criteria are met, where max(Lb ) is the predefined largest size that a building could exist in the area. Criteria for successful detection of a building are h f hb and he < hb . If the criteria are met, it is considered that a building is detected and the window size will be increased to m + Lb . The window size will decrease to the default value after (m / I m + f ) times of iteration. The algorithm will run a dualdirectional process including an east-west process and a west-east process. Then an intersection of the classified ground points from both processes is obtained in order to reduce the errors caused by large multi-rooftop buildings and complicated steep surfaces. Parameters used in this research can be classified into two categories in terms of their flexibility. The first category contains parameters that are determined by the data itself, including n , L , and ht . The average point spacing L of the point cloud is usually available in the metadata. The width of the default window n should be between L and 2L to make the window a 1-dimensional line. In this research, we used 2L as the width in order to increase the processing efficiency. The threshold ht is determined by the vertical accuracy of the data, which is usually 10 cm to 30 cm. The other category contains parameters that are flexible about the data, including hb , m , , I m and max(Lb ) . Some of them can be obtained using a priori knowledge, while others can be derived according to the requirement. The maximum building size is set as 150 m using a priori knowledge about the test area. In order to detect small buildings in a residential area, hb is determined as 4 m. As the given hypothesis is that buildings have larger elevation changes than slopes, it can be derived that hb > mtan . As mentioned before, m should be as small as possible to obtain the details of the steep area but still large enough to remove small objects such as cars, bushes and fences. Therefore, a length of 5 m is assigned to m . In this case, the maximum slope of terrain surface, , that can be correctly identified by this algorithm is 38 degrees, which is a reasonable slope constraint for urban areas. The moving interval I m should be between n and m , and can be defined in terms of the requirement for details. A small interval will generate smooth and continuously distributed ground points, while a large one will produce discretely distributed ground points. In our research, an I m equal to m / 2 is used to balance the details and efficiency; thus, the minimum detectable slope of the building walls is approximate 52 degrees, which suits for most types of buildings. APPROACHES FOR BUILDING DETECTION The proposed method for building detection is based on the assumption that every point that falls a band above the ground surface belongs to a feature. Such a feature is mainly

Section Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

a building, a tree, or a small object. Small objects can be removed by increasing the value of the band, while trees can be removed based on the concept of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). When building points are left, an alpha-shape algorithm can generate the boundaries of each building. A post-process is then applied to remove small residuals with an area less than a given threshold. NDVI is a simple indicator that can be used to analyse remote sensing measurements and detect vegetation. The fundamental concept of NDVI is to use the reflectance difference between red and near-infrared spectrums, since live green plants absorb solar radiation in the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) spectral region, where trees use it as a source of energy in the process of photosynthesis and leaves also scatter solar radiation in the near-infrared spectral region. In this experiment, lidar intensity values and an optical image of Red-Green-Blue (RGB) spectrums are used to compute NDVI. The wavelength of the laser beam used in a typical lidar system is around 1,064 nm which is in the range of the near-infrared spectral region. The intensity values also indicate the reflectance of emitted laser beams. Thus, the lidar intensity values are capable of being used as a near-infrared band when calculating NDVI. Each feature point is associated with an NDVI value by combining red band in the RGB image and the lidar intensity. However, the NDVI does not have a high discriminating power to remove all tree points without affecting building points. As a result, many points that fall on tree-edges will be preserved. A similar problem was reported by [8] who investigated a minimum building length threshold to remove residual tree points. Therefore, we apply a post-process to remove residuals using a minimum building footprint area after the boundary of each point cluster is extracted. The alpha-shape algorithm applied in the boundary extraction is based on the 2D Delaunay Triangulation. The boundary derived by this algorithm is always a subset of the Delaunay Triangulation of the point set [9]. For a set of points S , the alpha-shape algorithm draws and moves circles of a radius towards the point set S , and assigns two points as boundary points if the two points touch the edge of a circle at the same time and no other point lies within the circle. If the radius is close to 0, every point would be a boundary of itself. On the other hand, if is approaching to the infinity, the boundary will be the convex hull of S . Thus, if a suitable is chosen, a detailed inner and outer boundary will be extracted properly. Generally, an larger than the average point spacing L and less than 2L is preferred [10]. In this research, an that matches this criterion is chosen. EXPERIMENT AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT The study area includes the University of New South Wales campus and the surrounding  residential  area,  covering  about  700  m  ×  1,400  m.  It  is  a  steep  urban  area   that contains small residential buildings, high-rise buildings, steep roads as well as tall trees and large green areas. The elevation of the terrain varies from 43 m to 116 m above mean sea level. Lidar data was acquired over the study area between 13th and 14th of April in 2005 by AAM, and provided in ASCII format with easting, northing, height and intensity information for the first and last returns (Figure 2(a)). The vertical accuracy of this data is 10 cm, while the average point spacing is 1.15 m. The RGB image was captured over the study area in 2002 in TIFF format, with a ground sample distance of 12.5 cm (see a greyscale image in Figure 2(b) which is converted from the

14th SGEM GeoConference on Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing

RGB image). The adaptive filtering algorithm was applied to the lidar data to examine the filtering performance. The default window size was 5 m in length and 2 m in width, moving with an interval of 2.5 m. The minimum building height hb was set to 4 m, while the buffer threshold ht was set to 20 cm. The window size of the indicator was defined as 2 m ×  2.5  m.

(a)

(b) Figure 2. Study area: (a) lidar intensity, (b) a greyscale optical image.

(a) (b) Figure 3. Classification results in a steep residential area: (a) unfiltered, (b) filtered.

Figure 4. Extracted buildings

A total number of 793,741 points were filtered, while 17% of them were identified as ground points. Figure 3 shows the filtered and unfiltered lidar data for a steep residential area. As can be seen in Figure 3, buildings and trees were successfully removed and the steep terrain was effectively preserved. The filtered ground points were then

Section Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

interpolated to a DEM, which was used to detect above-ground features. Points with elevation of 4 m above the DEM were assumed to be non-ground points, mainly buildings and trees. Then trees were removed using NDVI and the post-process (Figure 4). Most of the tree points were removed by examining NDVI, while residual points that fall on the tree-edges were effectively removed using the minimum building area-based post-process. The quality of the proposed algorithm was assessed by two approaches. Firstly, the DEM derived from the filtered ground points was compared with a reference DEM using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The commission error of filtered ground points was also calculated to examine the accuracy at the individual point level. Secondly, the extracted buildings were compared with independent building models using an object-based evaluation method in order to assess the performance of this algorithm for building detection. The study area was divided into 4 sample areas with different terrain types for the evaluation approach. Sample Area 1 is a steep residential area, and Sample Area 2 is a flat area with varying building sizes. Sample Area 3 contains a large amount of vegetation overlaps, while Sample Area 4 contains dense buildings. The accuracy assessment is conducted throughout the entire study area and the 4 individual sample areas as well. The RMSE between the filtered ground and reference DEM was calculated. Then points with elevation difference larger than the total RMSE were considered as commission errors. As can be seen in Table 1, the accuracy of filtered ground points is about 0.36 m. The performance of the algorithm for building detection was examined by counting the amount of correctly detected buildings. There are 9 omission errors and 2 commission errors among 167 detected buildings. The total error is 6.6%, indicating the filter works well for building detection.

Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Total

Table 1. Accuracy assessment of filtered ground points Total points Ground points Commission error 108,245 25,066 906 (3.6%) 224,622 63,477 4,374 (6.9%) 265,877 45,805 2,681 (5.9%) 194,997 28,791 1,480 (5.1%) 793,741 163,139 9,441 (5.8%)

RMSE (m) 0.34 0.25 0.50 0.28 0.36

CONCLUDING REMARKS The proposed algorithm is mainly developed for the purpose of building detection. The algorithm is suitable for steep urban areas with varying building sizes. The results show that the proposed algorithm effectively detects the buildings with different shapes and structures. As for multi-rooftop buildings, it is difficult to determine the actual size of the building; however, this problem can be solved by the proposed dual-direction process. Another problem is that it may not have the same performance for large cities with complicated multi-level stack interchanges, since interchanges could possibly be classified as either part of a ground surface or buildings, depending on the designed shapes and distribution, which may cause notable errors. Future work is needed to deal with such complicated urban features. In this paper, the process of removing vegetation is based on the lidar intensity and the given RGB image. This is due to the lack of multispectral images. Although multispectral images are more suitable for such a process, they are not always available for every lidar data. Considering the large amount of lidar data, approaches without

14th SGEM GeoConference on Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing

using multispectral images are sometimes practical. The RGB image and lidar data used in this research were acquired in different years, which may lead to errors in the results of building detection. Although the vegetation might have changed, the majority of it can still be removed using NDVI and the post-processing. It is demonstrated that the impact of this multi-temporal situation is minor for an object-based evaluation as long as new buildings were not constructed during the data capture period. In summary, an adaptive filtering algorithm was developed to separate ground and nonground measurements to generate a DEM of bare-earth followed by building edge detection. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm is able to classify ground points with a vertical accuracy of about 0.36 m and a commission error less than 6%. The algorithm is suitable for steep urban areas with varying building sizes and the parameters of the proposed algorithm are easy to obtain. REFERENCES [1] Kraus, K. and N. Pfeifer, Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1998. 53(4): p. 193-203. [2] Lee, H.S. and N.H. Younan, DTM extraction of lidar returns via adaptive processing. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 2003. 41(9): p. 2063-2069. [3] Vosselman, G. Slope Based Filtering of Laser Altimetry Data. in {XIXth} congress of {ISPRS} International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 2000. [4] Sithole, G., Filtering of Laser Altimetry Data using a Slope Adaptive Filter. International Archives of the Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2001. XXXIV3/W4 Annapolis. [5] J. Kilian, N.H., M. Englich, Capture and Evaluation of Airborne Laser Scanner Data. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 1996. XXXI-B3: p. 383-388. [6] Zhang, K., et al., A progressive morphological filter for removing nonground measurements from airborne LIDAR data. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 2003. 41(4): p. 872-882. [7] Sithole, G. and G. Vosselman, Filtering of airborne laser scanner data based on segmented point clouds. International Archives of the Photogrammetry , Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2005. XXXVI(3/W19): p. 66-71. [8] Awrangjeb, M., M. Ravanbakhsh, and C.S. Fraser, Automatic detection of residential buildings using LIDAR data and multispectral imagery. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2010. 65(5): p. 457-467. [9] Edelsbrunner, H. and E.P. Mucke, Three-dimensional alpha shapes. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1994. 13(1): p. 43-72. [10] Wei, S., Z. Jin, and Y. Feng. A new algorithm of building boundary extraction based on LIDAR data. in 2011 19th International Conference on Geoinformatics, 24-26 June 2011. 2011. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE.