Nazi (National Socialist German Worker's Party) (NSDAP) formed 1920 ..... 1934
Fraktur chosen as official German typeface, Kurrent as cursive, banned 1941 as.
Germany (1871) 1919-1939 Weimar Republic 1919-1939, Kaiser flees to Holland. The Allies force Germany to become a democracy against their will. Germans liked having one strong leader, like the Kaiser, and this may have helped lead to Hitler‘s rise.
Kaiser and flag of Holland
Flags of the Weimar Republic Created a republic under a president, chancellor, and the Reichstag (legislature) Signed the unpopular Treaty of Versailles which made the Weimar government even less popular, Allies should have forced Kaiser to sign it instead
German Reichstag, 1926
Spartacists in revolt
Frei Korps Soldier
Spartacist Revolt Berlin, attempted communist takeover Jan. 1919 Communists revolt and declare Soviet Republic of Bavaria April 1919, defeated in May by the Frei Korps (Free Corps) Anti-communist ex-soldiers, socialist ringleaders were killed while ―trying to escape‖ Frei Korps takes over Berlin briefly in March 1920 (Kapp Putsch) Frei Korps disbanded 1921
Nazi party badge featuring the swastika Nazi (National Socialist German Worker‘s Party) (NSDAP) formed 1920 Adopted swastika as symbol of the party (reversed its direction to work black magic)
A copy of the Volkischer Beobachter Purchased Volkischer Beobachter (People‘s Observer) as official party paper in 1920 Led by Adolph Hitler from 1921, sent to spy on them then asked to join (he became member #55)
Brown shirt uniform 1920 SA, Sturm Abteilung, Storm Troopers, Brownshirts, fought communists in the streets
Ernst Roehm
Horst Wessel
SA led by Ernst Roehm The Horst Wessel song, or Die Fahne hoch (Raise High the Flag) was named for its author Horst Wessel, an SA man who was supposedly killed by communists. It became Nazi Germany‘s co-National Anthem. The Horst Wessel Lied Horst Wessel (b. September 9, 1907, Bielefeld, Germany -- d. February 23, 1930, Berlin,
Germany) joined the Nazi party in 1926. He was killed by political enemies in a fight in his rooms in Berlin. Glorified as a martyr to the Nazi cause, his song became the official Nazi anthem. Flag high, ranks closed The S.A. marches with silent solid steps. Comrades shot by the red front and reaction march in spirit with us in our ranks. The street free for the brown battalions, The Street free for the Storm Troopers. Millions, full of hope, look up at the swastika; the day breaks for freedom and for bread. For the last time the call will now be blown; for the struggle now we all stand ready. Soon will fly Hitler-flags over every street; Slavery will last only a short time longer. Flag high, ranks closed The S.A. marches with silent solid steps. Comrades shot by the red front and reaction march in spirit with us in our ranks.
Hitler
Austria’s flag
Adolf Hitler is Austrian born frustrated art student – he was denied entry into an art school in Vienna, enlisted in German Army, served all war, wounded in leg 1916, gassed 1918, awarded Iron Cross by Jewish 1st Lt. for bravery, but never promoted Hitler develops loud oratory style from addressing noisy beer halls
Iron Cross Post WWI Germany – Seeds of Discontent
Der Dolchstoss (Stab in the Back) ―Stab in the Back Theory‖—belief that Germany was winning the war but the army betrayed by traitorous non-Germans (i. e. Jews) at home
A wheelbarrow of inflated currency War reparations (money paid for damages from WWI) totaling 132 billion gold marks were forced on Germany by The Treaty of Versailles 1923 France and Belgium invade the Ruhr when coal reparations not sent Germany prints more money to pay reparations, causes inflation of 300 million % 4 marks = $1 in 1919, 4.2 trillion marks = $1 in early 1923 people hoarded intrinsically valuable coins ran out of paper so printed more 0‘s on old bills, did the same with postage stamps
egg = 1 million marks, cold beer = 3 million marks, newspaper = 100 billion marks, money cheaper to burn than firewood people went shopping with wheelbarrows, paid several times a day to buy merchandise which would hold its value during the work day Nazis blamed inflation on Jewish sabotage US loans improve economy from 1924-1929 (Depression) Beer Hall Putsch November 8-9, 1923 Hitler and Nazis try to overthrow Bavarian government, then want to take Germany Hitler joined by respectable Erich von Ludendorff Plot fails and Hitler jailed, sentenced to 5 years, only served 9 months 16 Martyrs
Some of Hitler's storm troopers mingle outside the beer hall. November 9, 1923
Adolph Hitler at the time of the putsch
Hofbrauhaus the famous beer hall; where Hitler makes his first public speech and became leader of the NAZI Party
Erich Von Ludendorff soldiers in truck to help Hitler during Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler in the crowd (Left) celebrating the outbreak of war in the Odeonsplatz, in front of the Feldherrenhalle war memorial. It was in this same square that the Beer Hall Putsch ended in a bloody melee in November 1923. (Right) Hitler was standing roughly on the circular decoration in the square, in front of the stone lion which forms part of the front of the Feldherrenhalle.
Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch trial. Ludendorff is fifth from the left, with Hitler to the right. Ernst Röhm is to the right
and in front of Hitler. Note that only two of the defendants, Hitler and Frick, were dressed in civilian clothing.
Hitler, in an SA uniform, holding the Blutfahne The Blutfahne (Blood flag) SA flag stained with blood of martyrs used to consecrate subsequent flags, one guy died on top of the flag and bled all over it when shot by Munich police
Nov. 9, 1935: the 16 NSDAP members killed during the Beer Hall Putsch brought from their graves and buried at the Ehrentempel Nazi party outlawed Fellow prisoners tired of Hitler‘s speeches so they convince him to write his memoirs
Hitler in prison following the Beer Hall Putsch, his cell and postcard
Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (My Struggle) July 18, 1925 Hitler‘s book Social Darwinism, survival of the fittest for humans Lebensraum (living space) Hitler wants to expand to east and conquer inferior peoples like US did in West (Concentration camps based on Indian Reservations) Aryans, master race (blond, blue) children taught these characteristics in school, had been corrupted by interbreeding, Hitler wanted to take control of evolution and create master race (Believed there was an underground race of supermen ―The Old Ones‖ who periodically surfaced to interbreed with humans, he wanted his race to be chosen.) Blamed Jews for loss of WWI, reparations, inflation, depression, communism The Big Lie is more believable than a little lie because no one will believe you would try it, Hitler claimed the Jews were using the Big Lie, not him Later required in every household and to get a marriage certificate Wrote an untitled sequel in 1928 which was never published which dealt with the inevitable war with America, predicted final war between Greater Germany and Britain v. the US in 1980 Believed that War should be soon because America was attracting the best, bravest Germans as immigrants, Americans praised for eugenics and racial segregation, but felt we were ruled by Jews which made us dangerous Hitler released from prison 1925, convinced Bavaria to legalize Nazis by saying he would try to get elected instead of overthrowing the government
Bavaria’s flag
Hitler after his release from Landsberg
SS ring
SS logo
Heinrich Himmler
1925 Hitler creates SS, Schutzstaffel, (Protective Squad) personal bodyguard, led by former chicken farmer Heinrich Himmler (ideolized Teutonic rural life), into the occult, runes Based on Teutonic Knights, which used to protect Germany from enemies to the east
Teutonic Knights Arms
Members must prove no Jewish ancestors back to 1750, too difficult so exceptions made for WWI veterans Later ran concentration camps Later divided into 3 branches: Allgemeine SS, general administrative, Waffen SS (armed SS, fought as part of armed forces, elite), Totenkopfverbande (Death‘s Head Organization) Started as concentration camp guards, later made military, replaced by Allgemeine SS
Allgemeine SS
Waffen SS
Totenkopfverbande logo
Joseph Goebbels
1928 Joseph Goebbels is Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 5‘, 100 lbs, club foot or other deformity of his right foot propaganda everywhere, weather reports call good weather ―Hitler Weather‖ Wife Magda‘s stepfather was Jewish, presumably died in concentration camp Nazi torchlight rallies
Hitler offers the Nazi salute Hitler copies many poses and gestures from famous German hypnotist from 1920s Sieg Heil ―Hail Victory‖, ―Heil Hitler‖ becomes standard greeting
"They Salute with Both Hands Now", by David Low, 1934 Archeological evidence sought of Aryans, evidence planted by Ahnenerbe (Ancestor Inheritance) Ahnenerbe also looted 140,000 books on witchcraft from all over Europe
Ahnenerbe-SS
Nazis collected religious artifacts including the Spear of Destiny, reputedly the spear Longinus used to pierce Jesus‘ side, in Museum in Austria, supposedly made owner invincible
Spear of Destiny Hitler used astrology to guide his important decisions
The obese Herman Goering
Luftwaffe decal on a helmet
Herman Goering, WWI flying ace, 22 kills, earned Pour le Merite (Blue Max), in charge of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force)
The Blue Max Wounded in Beer Hall Putsch, becomes addicted to morphine
von Hindenburg and Hitler Rise of the Nazi Party 1929 Stock Market crash ends US loans, German economy tanks, Nazis promise to end Depression woes By 1930 Nazis were second largest party in the Reichstag (2nd to Social Democrats) 25 February 1932 Hitler becomes a German citizen Feb 1932 Hitler lost presidency to WWI hero Paul von Hindenburg, Depression toppled his government January 30, 1933 German politicians made Hitler chancellor thinking they could control him, had power to dismiss him until Hindenburg died
Hindenburg swearing Hitler into Chancellor's office
Ceremony celebrating Hitler as the new Chancellor of Germany in 1933 (Photo credits: USHMM Photo Archives and he History Place) Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring greet the participants in the parade as they pass beneath the window of Hitler's new office. Below -- A view of the parade passing
Adolph Hitler is seen standing in a second-story window and speaking to a large crowd after being appointed Chancellor of Germany.
New York Times the day after Hitler becomes Chancellor
Reichstag Fire Reichstag Fire February 27, 1933 Possibly set by Nazis, blamed on Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe, who was beheaded by guillotine Nazis claimed it was part of communist takeover plot, used as excuse to end civil liberties, 4000 communists arrested, communists expelled from Reichstag, freedoms of speech, press and assembly ended, government can open mail and search homes
After of Reichstag Fire - Plenary Hall
Marinus van der Lubbe
Gates of Dachau, the words read “Work will make you free” Dachau becomes first concentration camp March 20, 1933 Started as political enemies, later Jews, gypsies, habitual criminals, prostitutes, Freemasons (Hitler said this secret fraternal organization served the Jews, said all men are equal, Nazis blamed them for helping lose WWI), Jehovah‘s Witnesses (refused Nazi salute, would not vote or serve in army), homosexuals
”Jew” Each got cloth insignia, Jews-yellow star of David marked ―Jude‖, male homosexuals and pedophiles- pink triangle, Jehovah‘s Witnesses-purple triangle, political prisoners (anarchists, freemasons) -red triangle, asocial (alcoholic, mentally retarded, prostitute, chronically lazy)-black triangle, Gypsie –first black, then brown, repeat offending criminals-green, race defiler – yellow over a black triangle
Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Gestapo and the flag of the Gestapo 26 April 1933 Goering creates Gestapo, secret police under Reinhard Heydrich, later joined to SS, not responsible to law or courts People‘s Court tries political criminals, only appeal of verdict was to Hitler April 1, 1933 Boycott of Jewish goods Enabling Act May 2, 1933 Hitler voted unlimited power to deal with threat, dictatorship
German Labor Front badge and poster May 2, 1933 labor unions replaced by Nazi equivalent, German Labor Front, wages set Vacations given cheaply to workers, Kraft durch freude ―Strength through Joy‖ program, mandatory payroll deductions Public works programs end unemployment, 6 million in 1933, Zero in 1939 18 year-old males required to serve for 6 months, marches to work, lived in barracks, physical labor prepares them for military service Autobahn, military route of invasion, built without machinery, needed more labor
Rearmament declared March 16, 1935, 2 years compulsory service for all young men, full employment by 1937. Confiscation of Jewish property makes economy seem healthier
This poster links the German Labor Front (the DAF) to World War I soldiers. Just as soldiers were comrades regardless of their standing in civil life so too all German workers are comrades in the DAF, regardless of whether they were white or blue collar.
Volkswagen
Ferdinand Porsche
Volkswagen, Ferdinand Porsche, People‘s car, prepaid, money used to rearm, cars not produced until 1946
Ferdinand Porsche aided in the construction of this early VW Beetle prototype.
Factories produced military vehicles instead
The Volksempfaenger, or People’s Radio Hitler orders manufacturing of People’s Radio to insure access to propaganda
The text translates: "All Germany hears the Führer on the People's Receiver." The Nazis, eager to encourage radio listenership, developed an inexpensive radio receiver to make it possible for as many as possible to hear Nazi propaganda. Television was operational in Nazi Germany since before the 1936 Berlin Olympics
Joseph Goebbels, German propaganda minister, speaks on the night of book burning. May 10, 1933 University book burning, Jews -- Einstein, Freud, Marx, Bible; Disabled -Helen Keller; Socialists -- Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, H. G. Wells Only Germans were to be allowed to publish in German, Jews only in Hebrew Erich Maria Remarque‘s sister, Elfriede, was beheaded with an axe for being his sister 1943. He was the author of All Quiet on the Western Front Nazis released rats into theaters when movie based on his book showed in Germany in 1930
Erich Maria Remarque
Elfriede
Nazi students and SA unloading "un-German" books as fuel for a book burning on May 10, 1933 in Berlin, Germany. The SA (Sturmabteilung or "Stormtroopers") was the Nazi paramilitary organization under Ernst Röhm. The banner on the back of the truck states, "German students march against the un-German spirit."
Held in Berlin on May 10, 1933, 1000’s of titles were burned on a large pyre. These volumes were collected, stacked and lit a fire by the Nationalist German Students Organization.
Site of Nazi Book Burning; May 10, 1933 - Bebelplatz
The book burning memorial, in the center of Bebelplatz (a 'platz' in Berlin is like a Square in NYC). It's in front of Humboldt University, the distinguished school that produced Einstein, whose thousands of books were burned by the Nazis. The memorial is simply an empty bookshelf, underground, with an inscription that warns, approximately, "What starts with burning books always ends with burning people."
Sculpture of books by German writers in the platz today June 1933 suppressed monarchists June-July 1933 outlawed all political parties except Nazis, only remaining opposition to Hitler is within his own party, freedom of the press ended, labor unions illegal October 1933 Germany withdraws from League of Nations
Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath Justifies Germany’s Withdrawal from the League of Nations in Front of the International Press (October 16, 1933) 1933-37 Sterilization of 200,000 young people with genetic diseases, mixed AfricanGermans
"This person suffering from hereditary defects costs the community 60,000 Reichsmark during his lifetime. Fellow German, that is your money, too." Euthanasia (mercy killing) of 90,000 mentally and chronically ill ―useless eaters‖ 30 centers built across Germany, gas chambers disguised as showers for first time, lethal injection, technology later used in concentration camps Bodies of victims cremated and sent home, claimed deaths were due to natural causes Catholic bishop gave a speech against the program in August 1941, Nazis beheaded three priests who distributed the sermon but stopped program three weeks later
June 30, 1934 Night of the Long Knives, purge of SA (represents lower classes), resented Hitler‘s contacts with military and business SA reaches 3 million members, Roehm has been saying he will replace the army, revolution must continue, made the wealthy classes and the army nervous Roehm found in bed with his chauffer by the SS, SA leaders purged to make way for more middle class support for the Nazis Hitler no longer needed the SA after he was in power
"Will the audience kindly keep their seats.”
August 2, 1934 Hindenburg dies, Chancellor and President combined into ―Der Fuehrer‖ the leader
Reich President Paul von Hindenburg lying in state on Schloß Neudeck
State Funeral of Paul von Hindenburg Tannenberg War Memorial; August 7, 1933.
Third Reich proclaimed, Holy Roman 1st, 1870-1918 2nd Hitler wants to create a German nation, supposed to last 1000 years
Nazi Education picture of Hitler in every classroom, non-Nazis removed from teaching positions Education focuses on physical fitness, boxing required for boys rewrote history, Jews and communists blamed for loss of WWI, Jews blamed for inflation, Hitler credited with rebuilding Germany biology taught racism geography taught about land taken from Germany in 1919, need for lebensraum science taught shooting, aviation, bridge building math story problems often used Nazi propaganda about bombing Jews in Warsaw or how much it cost to care for the mentally ill 3 special schools built for ardent Nazi children (Ordensburg) where boys participated in war games with live ammunition (Ordensburg were originally castles build by crusading German knights)
Type of Ordensburg castle
Girls and boys segregated University degrees offered in racial science Religious schools banned 1936, religious courses became optional 1937 1937 Teachers required to defend Nazi doctrine Children‘s literature Der Giftpilz, 1938 (the Poison Mushroom) The Poodle-PugDachshund-Pinscher, anti-mixing of races, Don‘t Trust a Fox in a Green Meadow or the Word of a Jew
Hitler Youth poster
BDM girl and poster
Youth Programs, taught youth to value Nazism, other youth programs cancelled, bred strength Boys taught to be soldiers, Little Fellows ages 6-10, Jungvolk 10-14, Hitler Youth (HJ) 14-18, led by Baldur von Schirach, girlish man, did not meet Nazi ideal Girls taught to have Aryan babies Young Girls 10-14 League of German Girls (BDM) 14-18, Belief and Beauty (17-21) – groomed women for marriage Lots of activities scheduled to interfere with homework, prevent careers for women Required one year of farm work – camping, sports, arts, singing, crafts, theater, fashion design, community service Girls not to wear make-up, large hips, braided hair or bun, no expensive clothes, no smoking
All girls of the League of German Girls wore the Hitler Youth insignia - a lozenge shaped insignia in red and white with a black swastika in the center - on their uniforms.
Mother’s Cross Motherhood should be the goal of all women according to the Third Reich Mutterkreuz (Mother’s Cross) Bronze 5 kids, Silver 7+, Gold 9+, awarded on Hitler‘s Mother‘s birthday in August and on Mothering Sunday in May Married couples get interest free loans, ¼ paid off for each kid, payments triple if woman takes a job
A Lebensborn home (Lebensborn), 1935, later spread to occupied territories, homes available to mothers of racially fit children, run by SS Abortion illegal among Aryans Infertile wives can be divorced, women with infertile husbands can have other‘s children
Hanna Reitsch, note the pilot’s wings Hanna Reitsch, fanatical Nazi test pilot, an exception to the rule
Hitler during the session of the Reichstag, when the “Nuremberg Laws” were adopted Nuremberg Laws – anti-Semitic laws first issued September 15, 1935 and amended from time to time ―Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor‖ Jews excluded from public office, citizenship revoked, cannot attend German schools, no marriage or procreation with Aryans, Jews had to register with the state, If names are not on list of approved Jewish names -- Jewish men must add ―Israel‖ to names; Woman add ―Sara‖, Jews had to sell their businesses, Jews had to wear Yellow stars of David marked ―Jude‖(German for Jew) Jews cannot have phones, ride public transportation, employ German servants, wear medals or other decorations, or fly the German flag (but can fly the Jewish flag)
Jews banned from public schools, theaters, cinemas, resorts and other public places (seats reserved for Jews painted yellow) The next steps were to send Jews to live in ghettos, then to the concentration camps
Der Völkische Beobachter heralds the Nuremberg Laws, September 1935
"I am the greatest pig in town - I have affairs with Jews only." This scene, organized for the press in Hamburg in 1935, appeared in all German newspapers. The man's sign says: "I only take German girls to my room." The Nuremberg laws of 1935 criminalized sexual relations between Jews and "Aryans."
Berlin Memorial Laws:
Jewish judges placed on permanent "leave". 3/13/33
Jewish lawyers/notaries can no longer practice in Berlin. 3/18/33
Jewish doctors not to be reimbursed for treating patients. 3/31/33
Jewish teachers to be discharged. 4/1/33
Jewish civil servants discharged from their jobs. 4/7/33
Jews expelled from sports clubs. 4/25/33
A film is German only if made by citizens of German heritage. 6/28/33
Jews expelled from German Chess Union. 7/19/33
Jews expelled from choir clubs. 8/16/33
Jews not allowed to use the beach in Wannsee (Wannsee: lake in Berlin suburb). 8/22/33
All schools to teach racial science. 9/13/33
Jews cannot belong to German Automobile Club. 10/1/33
Jewish actors and actresses prohibited from performing. 3/5/34
Jewish art dealers must close shop. 1935
Jewish writers no longer allowed to write. March 1935
Jewish musicians prohibited from performing. 3/31/35
Hiking of Jewish youth groups consisting of more than twenty persons prohibited. 7/10/35
Marriages between citizens of German blood and Jews punished with prison. Marriages contracted despite this are void. 9/15/35
Anti-Jewish signs removed in Berlin during Olympics. 1936
To prevent creating a bad impression on foreign visitors, signs with extreme antiJewish contents are to be removed. Signs with "Jews not wanted here" are sufficient. 1/29/36
The conversion from Judaism to Christianity has no bearing on race--based on birth one was still considered a Jew. 4/10/36
Journalists to prove Aryan ancestry going back to 1800. 4/15/36
Jews were not allowed to graduate. 4/15/37
Postal clerks married to Jewish women must leave job. 6/18/37
Aryan and non-Aryan children can't play together. 1938
Jews can no longer be members of German Red Cross. 1/1/38
Night of Shattered Glass" (Kristallnacht). Thousands of Jews in concentration camps. 1938
Only racial comrades may engage in gardening. 3/22/38
Jews to declare all assets. 4/26/38
Jewish doctors can no longer practice. 7/25/38
Streets with Jewish names to be renamed. 7/27/38
Jews to add middle name of "Sarah" or "Israel". 8/17/38
Passports of Jews to be stamped with a "J". 10/5/38
Jews cannot be self employed in any trade. 11/12/38
Jews not allowed to be tradesmen. 11/12/38
Jews not allowed to go to movies, operas and concerts. 11/12/38
Jewish employees may be discharged without notice or benefits. 11/12/38
Jewish children no longer allowed to attend public schools. 11/15/38
Jews not allowed to use swimming pools. 12/3/38
Jews to hand in drivers licenses. 12/3/38
Jewish women cannot become midwives. 12/21/38
Certain parts of Berlin off-limits to Jews. 12/31/38
Jewish publishers and Jewish book dealers to close by end of 1938.
In Bavarian Square Jews only allowed to sit on benches marked with yellow color. 1939
Jews not allowed to take jewelry or other valuables when emigrating. 1/16/39
Dentists, dental technicians, pharmacists, nurses can no longer practice their professions. 1/17/39
Jewish veterinarians prohibited from practicing. 1/17/39
Jews to turn in gold, silver, platinum, pearls. 2/21/39
Jewish organizations responsible for cleaning debris of synagogues. They are not to be rebuilt. 3/24/39
Jews can be thrown out of their homes without notice and without compensation and placed in appointed "Jew homes". 4/30/39
Jew's last will and testaments are no longer valid. 7/27/39
Jews not allowed to leave their home after 8:00 pm; 9:00 pm in summer. 9/1/39
Jews to turn in radios. 9/23/39
Jews not eligible for clothing rations. January 1940
Jews allowed to shop for food between 4 pm and 5 pm only. 7/4/40
Jews no longer allowed to request telephone hookup. 7/29/40
All Jews to perform forced labor. 3/4/41
Jews not to obtain soap or shaving cream with ration cards. 6/26/41
Jews not allowed to use public libraries. 8/2/41
Jews over six years of age to wear yellow star with word "Jew". 9/1/41
Jews may use public transport only to go to work. 9/13/41
Jews need police approval to leave the neighborhoods in which they reside. 9/18/41
Jews not allowed to use public transportation, if crowded. They are only permitted to sit down when none of the other passengers are standing. 9/18/41
First mass deportation of Berlin Jews. 10/18/41
Jews no longer allowed emigrating. 10/23/41
Jews not allowed to use public telephone. 12/21/41
Compelled to turn in wool and furs. January 1942
Bakeries and candy stores off-limits to Jews. 2/14/42
Jews not allowed to purchase newspapers or magazines. 2/17/42
Jewish children to make use of public transportation only where school is more than 5 km from home. 3/24/42
Jews allowed to use public transportation only when job is more than 7 km from home. 3/24/42
Jewish home must display "Jewish Star". 3/26/42
Jews not allowed to have pets. 5/15/42
Jews not allowed to use ration cards to obtain cigarettes or cigars. 6/11/42
Jews have to turn in electrical appliances, bicycles, typewriters, and records. 6/12/42
Jews not allowed to go to school. 6/20/42
Jews not to obtain eggs with their ration cards. 6/22/42
Jews not allowed to make use of ticket dispensers for public transportation. 6/26/42
No milk. 7/10/42
First direct deportation to Auschwitz. 7/11/42
Jews cannot testify in court against Germans. 8/7/42
Supplying Jews with meat, meat products prohibited. 9/18/42
Jews not allowed to buy books. 10/9/42
Organized arrests of Jews in workplaces for deportation. 3/26/43
Official acts documenting anti-Jewish actions are to be destroyed. 2/16/45
1936 Berlin Olympics (Soviets do not attend) Reich Sports Office applies Nazi policy to athletics, Jews excluded from professional and amateur sports Reich Sports Office organizes Berlin Olympics Hindenburg zeppelin painted with swastikas on tail, and Olympic Rings
Architect’s impression of Germania; the dome is so large it would create its own weather and could rain indoors. Nazi Art Reich Culture Chambers (7) Press, Fine Arts, Music, Theater, Film, Literature, Radio Bauhaus architecture school closed 1933 (modernist, utilitarian), many artists fled to US Albert Speer, Hitler‘s architect, built on huge scale, wanted to replace Berlin with ‗Germania‘, the capital of the world
Albert Speer
Exhibition of Degenerate Art opened 19 July 1937 (Bolshevik or Jewish Art)
Top – an example of National Socialist Realism Bottom – an example from the Nazi Degenerate art show superimposing modern art and photos of handicapped people Modern art = Jewish plot to demoralize Gentiles Art work displayed next to pictures of deformed and retarded persons Last show before destruction or sale for Reich Similar show held for Degenerate Music 1938 Works of Jewish composer Mendelssohn banned Nationalsocialist realism is accepted art Backlash against excesses in Berlin, homosexuality, drug use, jazz (Duke Ellington‘s‖ Chocolate Kiddies‖ musical), nude stage shows like Josephine Baker, Novembergruppe (radicals who wanted to use art to cause revolution), Dadaism, anti-capitalist modern art Literature controlled, All Quiet on the Western Front banned 1934 Fraktur chosen as official German typeface, Kurrent as cursive, banned 1941 as being of Jewish origin
Leni Riefenstahl, Hitler’s film maker Propaganda Films Triumph of the Will, directed by Leni Riefenstahl Triumph of the Will was commissioned by Hitler in 1934 and directed by Leni Riefenstahl, and covers the events of the Sixth Nuremberg Party Congress. The original intention was to document the early days of the NSDAP, so future generations could look back and see how the Third Reich began. In reality, Triumph of the Will shows historians how the Nazi state drew in the masses through propaganda and also how Adolf Hitler had a unique and terrifying ability to entice crowds to his beliefs by the very power of his words.
Scenes from the film
1934 Nuremburg Rally and scene from film
Poster for The Eternal Jew Der Ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew), 1940 portrayed Jews as rats Nazis set up a service to distribute films in rural areas where no theaters existed
1937 Nazi agents tried to pressure Marlene Dietrich to return to Germany, she refuses
1937 film: Angel Der Grosse Konig, 1942 about Frederick the Great who defeated 3 world powers (Austria, Russia, and France)
Kolberg, 1945, city sacrifices itself to avoid being taken by invaders February 1938 Hitler purges military of those opposed to invasion of Czechoslovakia, Werner von Blomberg unknowingly married to ex-prostitute and nude model, Werner von Fritsch falsely accused of homosexuality, control is complete Goering engineers coup hoping to take over
Austria is shown as Ostmark after the Anschluss Anschluss March 14, 1938 Austria joined to Germany
1938 Hitler parades in Vienna
The Sudetenland is shown in white Czech Partition October 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (which contained 3 million ethnic Germans) Czechs allied to USSR and France, war seemed imminent
Chamberlain arrives back in England and claims “Peace in Our Time” British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, negotiates with Hitler in Munich September
Chamberlain arrives for conference
Lunch with Hitler
Mussolini, Hitler and Goering at the Munich Conference
Neurath, Premier Daladier, Prime Minister Chamberlain, Ambassador François-Poncet and Weizsäcker at the Munich Conference
Group Photo of the Participants in the Munich Conference (September 29, 1938) The photograph shows (front, from left to right) the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano. Appeasement = give a bully what he wants so he will leave you alone Chamberlain went home and declared ―Peace in Our Time‖ Czechs and their allies the Soviets were not consulted as British agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland Hitler pledges he will be satisfied with this, pledges he will never ask for anything else
Hitler Signs the Munich Agreement (September 30, 1938) and then shakes on it
Hitler during a triumphal tour of the Sudetenland following the Munich agreement of September 1938. The agreement ceded the largely German-speaking Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. Eger, Czechoslovakia, October 3, 1938.
Hitler enters the Sudetenland
September 1938 1st of 17 assassination attempts planned against Hitler, foiled when Chamberlain handed over Czechoslovakia Assassination plotters feared British and French would not stand for it and go to war with Germany, but they were wrong 11 November 1938 Weapons law excludes Jews, Gypsies, and Nazi opponents from owning guns, later extended the ban to knives and clubs. The Weimar government had made all gun owners register their weapons with the government. The Nazis used the list to disarm their opponents. Once their opponents were defenseless, the serious violence against the Jews was under way.
The windows of a Jewish owned shop are destroyed during the Night of Broken Glass. Kristallnacht Night of Broken Glass November 10, 1938, Reinhard Heydrich organized pogram (riot against Jews) Vandalism of almost 1000 synagogues and Jewish businesses, Jews harassed, beaten and 91 killed Broken glass from windows looks like crystal; Jews do not get money from insurance German Jews required to pay $1 billion marks to repair the damages
Germans pass by the broken shop window of a Jewish-owned business that was destroyed during Kristallnacht.
Storefronts of Jewish-owned
businesses damaged during the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass")
During Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass, a synagogue burns in Siegen, Germany. November 10, 1938.
Stamp Commemorating Kristallnacht (1988)
A Jewish cemetery that was destroyed by the Nazis 1938 Hitler named Time Magazine Man of the Year
1938 Time Man of the Year, Adolf Hitler
Invasion of Czechoslovakia March 1939 Mountainous Sudetenland was only natural defense, people there are slavs, and Hitler was looking for lebensraum (living space)
German occupation troops march through the streets of Prague. Czechoslovakia, March 15, 1939. Non-Aggression Pact August 23, 1939 Germany and USSR agree not to go to war for ten years, decide to split Poland
Vyacheslav Molotov signs the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union while Joachim von Ribbentrop and Joseph Stalin look on.
Molotov and Hitler
Stalin and Ribbentrop
German and Soviet soldiers during the official transfer of Brest to Soviet control in front of picture of Stalin
Soviet and German generals waving at parade during the official transfer of Brest to Soviet control, September 23, 1939
German and Soviet soldiers at the "Border of Peace" established by the pact
In this file photo taken in Sept. 1939, Nazi Germany, foreground left, and Soviet Red Army, foreground right, officers salute the Nazi swastika flag during their joint parade in Brest-Litovsk celebrating a border demarcation in Poland following Hitler's invasion of Poland. Poland September 1, 1939 WWII begins
German soldiers break down the road barrier. The march into Poland began.
German tanks cross into Poland
The German capture of Warsaw, Poland, seen here with its buildings burning on the horizon
German forces in the outskirts of Warsaw. In the background of the photograph, the city burns as a result of the German military assault. Warsaw, Poland, September 1939.
Junkers Ju-87 (Stukas) vital to success of Blitzkrieg
The Stuka dive bomber was the symbol of the Blitzkrieg in Poland in 1939. This terrifying aircraft swept all before it in the first year of the war
Messerschmitt fighter bombers crucial to Blitzkrieg
German attack leaves Warsaw in ruins
Nazi soldiers round up Polish Jews
Nazis force Jews to dig their own graves
The victory parade in Warsaw
Hitler views the victory parade in Warsaw after the German invasion of Poland Germany demands highway to connect Germany to East Prussia, Poland refuses Germans blow up their own radio station, blame on Poles Germany invades Poland from three directions, USSR follows
GB and France declare war September 3, 1939
For the first and only time the Gazette (London) published on a Sunday to bring the news Religion, Holy Days, and the Occult Positive Christianity was Nazis version of Christianity in 1920, thought traditional Christianity was too passive Nazis suspicious of Christianity, too Jewish 1939 Christian symbols banned, ―Christ‖, angels, shepherds banned in kids‘ books, replaced by ―emissaries of nature‖, ―power of the sun‖ New holy day was the winter and summer solstice; on June 21-22 (Spring and Fall Equinoxes were to be added after destruction of Christianity) 30 January Day Hitler seized power, celebrated as beginning of the Third Reich 20 April Hitler‘s birthday 1 May, May Day or Beltane, a fertility festival Second Sunday in May, Muttertag (Mother‘s Day) 9 November Blutzeuge (Blood Witness of Nazi Movement, anniversary of Beer Hall Putsch) – martyrs, like a Nazi Good Friday where the savior is rejected, then raised to power
Hitler‘s Half Birthday, 6 months from his birthday Christmas replaced by ―Festival of Lights‖ Some Nazis believed in the hollow earth theory, which the interior of the earth was heated by a sun and we were on the inside Astrologist Karl Krafft twists Nostradamus‘ predictions to describe a Nazi victory, became popular when he apparently predicted the November 1939 assassination attempt on Hitler, later died in a concentration camp after he predicted Goebbels‘ propaganda offices in Berlin would soon be bombed (they were), Weird Hitler facts Hitler had only one testicle – apparently lost one at the battle of the Somme Hitler had an enormous collection of pornography Hitler idolized Henry Ford, also an anti-Semite (Ford wrote book The International Jew: The World‘s Foremost Problem), and gave him Germany‘s highest award for foreigners, Grand Cross of the Supreme Order of the German Eagle, they had photos of each other on their desks Hitler‘s Girlfriends Winifred Wagner, widow of Richard Wagner‘s son, English father
Adolf Hitler with Winifred Wagner
Winfred 1933 Winfred passed away in 1980
Winfred 1977
1926 Maria ―Mitzi‖ Reiter, 16, (he was 37) attempted to hang herself when Hitler began seeing Geli, she was discovered after losing consciousness
Hitler and Maria Reiter
Adolf Hitler with his niece Geli Raubal; Hitler drew pictures of her nude.
Geli Raubal
Hitler apparently had a sexual relationship with his 17-year-old half niece Geli Raubal who apparently shot herself through the heart in his apartment in September 1931, Hitler gave up eating meat after her death, and claimed meat reminded him of Geli‘s corpse Hitler apparently enjoyed having Geli defecate and urinate on his face
Hitler lived here together with his niece Geli Raubal. She commited suïcide in this apartment. The appartment of Hitler is on the second floor.
Unity Mitford Unity Mitford, English art student, shot herself in the head when Britain declared war on Germany. She survived.
Adolf Hitler and Unity
The Mitford Sisters, Unity and Diana: "So Very Nice, and So Very Nazi" Unity Mitford (left) and Lady Diana Mosley (nee Mitford, right), with SS troops at the September 1937 Nuremberg Nazi Party rally Adolf Hitler called the tall beautiful enthusiastic fascist blond Diana "the perfect Aryan woman".
Eva Braun Eva Braun, began dating her at age 19 Unsuccessfully attempted suicide twice (shot herself in the neck 1932, took sleeping pills 1935) before succeeding with Hitler in Bunker in 1945
Less than a minute after this picture was taken, Eva went off to read in her room
Braun and Hitler at the Eagle’s Nest After dinner and discussion of Gestapo torture techniques, Actress Renate Mueller and Hitler undresses and lay on the floor, he asked her to hit and kick him, verbally abuse him, and hit him with his own dog whip Committed suicide October 1937 either jumped from window or was pushed after being accused of having a Jewish lover.
