occupies a variety of habitats, ranging from the clayey and stony downs soils of .... woodlands, especially low-lying areas in open mulga and ironwood ..... Station in 1990 (WLA 121179-035), at Lake Endeavour in 1978 (WLA 125813-035).
Fauna Survey of
Goobang and Nangar National Parks Autumn 1997
William Faulkner, Mat LeBreton and Murray Ellis
Fauna Survey of
Goobang and Nangar National Parks Autumn 1997
William Faulkner, Mat LeBreton and Murray Ellis
NSWNPWS Sept 1997
Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Methods PATN Analysis Reptiles and Amphibians of Goobang National Park Birds of Goobang National Park Mammals of Goobang National Park Reptiles and Amphibians of Nangar National Park Birds of Nangar National Park Mammals of Nangar National Park Threatened Species of the reserves Biogeographic and conservation significance of the reserves Further work Acknowledgments References
Abstract Goobang and Nangar National Parks, to the northeast and south east of Parkes respectively, were surveyed in autumn 1997 for vertebrate fauna. The fauna in general across the two parks were Bassian species with close similarities to the Blue Mountains. However, a number of Eyrean species reached the eastern limits of their distributions in these two reserves. The two reserves were in an area that is poorly documented and a number of reptile range extensions have been noted. A potential new species of Pseudomine rodent has been found. Many species were found at limited numbers of sites within the reserves but the reserves showed a uniformity throughout their area, particularly in regard to bird species present.
Introduction Goobang and Nangar National Parks lie on the western slopes of New South Wales in the Central Western Slopes botanical division and the NSW South Western Slopes bioregion. As such, they represent the western edge of the Great Dividing Range but are also closely associated with the western plains that they overlook. Floristic surveys have been undertaken in both areas with an aim to producing vegetation maps of the reserves (Anon. 1996, Porteners 1997). The reserves are generally covered with forest and woodlands although there are now areas of open grasslands resulting from past clearing. There are also some areas of naturally occurring heath and rock outcrops. The reserves are gradually becoming isolated from other large areas of natural vegetation, particularly in the west where clearing of the ironbark and box woodlands has been extensive with only 16% of native woody vegetation remaining on the plains around Forbes and Lake Cargelligo (Siversten and Metcalfe 1995). Some continuity of vegetation exists between Goobang and Nangar with state forest, crown land and some private property uncleared. Some major roads run through Goobang and between Goobang and Nangar. For some species this may lead to a degree of isolation. Detailed descriptions of the location, structure and climate of the reserves are provided in the vegetation survey reports (Anon. 1996, Porteners 1997). The results of the fauna survey are presented here and the management implications arising from the presence of Threatened species and species near the edges of their distribution are discussed.
Methods Goobang National Park was surveyed in two time periods: 28th January to the 8th of February 1997 (northern section), and the 24th of February to the 7th of March 1997 (southern section). Nangar National Park was surveyed from the 24th of March to the 4th of April 1997. Site selection The sites selected were a subset of those used in the flora surveys of Nangar and Goobang (Anon. 1996, Porteners 1997). Sites were selected to give a representative sample of vegetation types in both reserves. Site numbers in this study correspond to those in the flora survey allowing vegetation information to be related to fauna survey records. Sites were selected in such a way as to sample as many different habitats as possible while providing reasonably proportionate representation of vegetation types. This was constrained by access as some sites were difficult to get to and by resources. There were few flora sites (20) in Nangar, giving us less choice in our selection and as such we conducted observations at more opportunistic sites. Where possible, within a community sites were selected to provide a variety of habitats. Factors such as understorey development, aspect, elevation, and substrate were considered. Where initial inspection suggested that sites may be species rich or support a particular fauna, a moderate level of preference was given. Opportunistic sites were similarly selected on the basis of interest and sampling diversity. In Goobang National Park, 32 sites were sampled from 8 major vegetation types (Table 1). In Nangar 13 sites were sampled from 6 vegetation types (Table 2).
Community (Porteners, 1997) 1. Tumbledown Red Gum and Dwyer’s Red Gum 2. Inland Scribbly Gum 3a. Ironbark and Black Cypress Pine 3b. Ironbark and Black Cypress Pine
Main Species
No. of Flora Sites
Eucalyptus dealbata, Eucalyptus dwyeri
13
Eucalyptus rossii
14
Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Callitris endlicheri Eucalyptus fibrosa, Callitris endlicheri
16
4a. Red Stringybark Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 4b. Red Stringybark Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, Eucalyptus goniocalyx 5. Red Ironbark and Eucalyptus fibrosa, Red Stringybark Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 6. Red Gum, Yellow Eucalyptus blakelyi, Box and Grey Box Eucalyptus melliodora, Eucalyptus microcarpa 7. White Box 8. Open Heathland
Eucalyptus albens
21
13 15 13 18
6
Fauna Sites Represented GO072, GO107
GO013, GO059, GO099 GO039, GO045*, GO116, GO123* GO036, GO114, GO127, GO129, GO132 GO009, GO045* GO066, GO082 GO014, GO015, GO21 GO031, GO054, GO068, GO075, GO078, GO087, GO097* GO023, GO043, GO097* GO024, GO062
Allocasuarina diminuta 10 subsp. diminuta, Calytrix tetragona 9. White Cypress Callitris glaucophylla, 4 GO123*, GO124 Pine and Bulloak Allocasuarina luehmannii Table 1 - Vegetation communities (Porteners 1997) and site numbers sampled during fauna surveys of Goobang National Park. [*Sites that are a composite of two communities]
Community Main Species No. of Flora Sites Fauna Sites (Anon. 1996) Represented 1. Grey Box Eucalyptus microcarpa 1 NAN01 Woodland 2. White Box Eucalyptus albens 4 NAN05, NAN14, Woodland NAN13, NAN09* 3. Blakely’s Red Eucalyptus blakelyi, 1 NAN03 Gum, White Cypress Callitris glaucophylla Pine Woodland 4. Red Stringybark, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, 6 NAN04*, NAN16, Inland Scribbly Gum Eucalyptus rossii Woodland 5. Red Ironbark, Red Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 7 NAN04*, NAN06, Stringybark Eucalyptus macrorhyncha NAN08, NAN09*, NAN15, NAN19* Woodland 6. Tumbledown Red Eucalyptus dealbata, 1 NAN02 Gum Woodland Acacia doratoxylon Table 2 - Vegetation communities(Anon. 1996) and site numbers sampled during fauna survey of Nangar National Park. [*Sites that are a composite of two communities]
Site sampling Each site was sampled over a three day period and as such not all sites were sampled under the same conditions. Pit Traps Where there was suitable substrate (deep soil), pit traps were installed. Four 50cm deep PVC tubes (15cm in diameter) capped at the lower end were buried to the rim to trap reptiles, amphibians and mammals. A 5m long flyscreen drift fence ran in two directions from the trap. Generally, the four pit traps were installed in an approximate square with 25m sides. All pits were marked with a star picket. Traps were left open for three nights and then closed with a heavy duty lid. Future use of these traps requires only that drift fences be fitted and lids removed. Elliott Traps Twenty five small Elliott traps were set at each site for three nights baited with 30mm x 30mm pieces of peanut butter sandwich. Traps were laid out at 5 m intervals forming a 25m x 25m grid over the area between pit traps. Where pit traps were not used the same layout was used and the location of the first Elliott trap was marked with a star picket. Cage Traps Two cage traps were set at each site for three nights. These were placed near burrows, hollow logs in creeklines or elsewhere within or close to the Elliott grid. They
were baited with fruit and peanut butter sandwiches, however at some opportunistic sites traps were baited with cat food. Diurnal and Nocturnal fauna searches Each site was searched for a 30 minute period during the day and also at night using spot lights. These searches targeted a wide range of fauna: nocturnal and diurnal reptiles and amphibians, terrestrial and arboreal mammals and birds. Rocks and logs were looked under, hollows and rock crevices checked, leaf litter racked and grass tussocks pulled apart to find inactive and sheltering animals. Owl call playback At each site an owl call tape was played and response to calls noted. The tapes consisted of calls of ten bird species: Bush Thick-knee, Spotted Nightjar, Owlet Nightjar, Southern Boobook, Barking Owl, Barn Owl, Masked Owl, Eastern Grass Owl, Tawny Frogmouth, and Kookaburra. Each call lasts for approximately 30 seconds with a two minute interval between calls. A portable tape player and automotive audio amplifier with speakers mounted on a board was placed outside the vehicle and used to play the calls. Harp Trap One harp trap was set at each site for three nights. The trap was generally located in a gap between two trees, adjacent to a single tree in more open areas, or in a suitable ‘flyway’ such as a creekline or track, where such features were available. Hair Tubes Three hair tubes were set at each site for the duration of the survey period. These consisted of a length of PVC tubing approximately 100mm long and 50mm in diameter with a bait placed in the tube. The openings were covered by aluminium fly screen which was secured by two firm fitting PVC flanges. Two lengths of approximately 100mm of doublesided tape was applied to the inside of each of these flanges. Hair tubes were positioned to sample a variety of microhabitats both terrestrial and arboreal. Hair samples collected were sent to B. Triggs for identification. Scats Fox and dog scats collected were also sent to B. Triggs for analysis of hairs or other remains. Other scats were identified were possible using Triggs (198? and 199?). Opportunistic on-site observations Animals observed at trapping sites while laying out, checking and removing traps were recorded.
Opportunistic sampling Techniques used when sampling opportunistic sites included: large and small Elliott traps, cage traps and hair tubes, harp traps, owl call tapes and additional fauna searches. Opportunistic off-site observations Fauna observed while travelling between sites were recorded. Typically two vehicles, each carrying 3-4 people spent approximately 5 hrs per day travelling in or near the Park. Vehicles generally carried a GPS allowing an accurate location to be determined for animal sightings. Handheld spotlights were fitted to the vehicle to spotlight while in transit. At areas of particular interest such as rubbish dumps and areas of increased bird abundance, more intensive observations were made. For a number of species this was the only source of records. Quarters records The living quarters of the survey crew were generally relatively close to the Parks and were sampled in a manner similar to opportunistic sites. Harp traps were placed near dams, woolsheds and other buildings and Elliott traps were used if there was uncleared vegetation. Weather records at the quarters were kept on a daily basis for the survey periods.
Site no.
Period
Pit (trap nights)
Elliott (trap nights)
Cage (trap nights)
Harp (trap nights)
Diurnal Search (hrs)
Noct. Search (hrs)
GO009 GO013 GO014 GO015 GO021 GO022 GO024 GO031 GO036 GO039 GO043 GO045 GO054 GO059 GO062 GO066 GO068 GO072 GO075 GO078 GO082 GO087 GO097 GO099 GO107 GO114 GO116 GO123 GO124 GO127 GO129 GO132 NAN01 NAN02 NAN03 NAN04 NAN05 NAN06 NAN08 NAN09 NAN11 NAN13 NAN14 NAN15 NAN16 NAN19 Total
Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Feb-Mar Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Feb-Mar Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Jan-Feb Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Mar-Apr
0 0 0 0 0 12 12 12 0 12 12 12 12 0 0 0 12 0 12 12 0 12 12 0 0 0 12 12 12 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 12 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 12 240
75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 3450
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 276
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 138
2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.66 1 3 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.25 1 3 2.5 2.25 1.5 1 1.5 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.5 2.25 2 2.66 1 1.5 1 1.5 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 0.66 2 1 1 1.5 1.5 80.48
2 1.5 1.5 1 2 1 1.33 3 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 2 1 1.5 0 1.5 1.5 2 1.5 1 1 1.5 1.5 2.25 2 1.5 1.5 2 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.66 2 1.33 1 1.5 1.5 2 1.5 1.5 1 1.5 2 2 72.07
Hair Tubes (trap nights) 9 9 18 18 18 9 9 9 30 24 30 24 27 12 21 15 21 12 12 12 18 18 24 27 21 30 30 12 12 24 24 27 21 18 18 21 12 27 9 15 24 18 15 15 18 9 846
Table 3 - Site numbers, time sampled and effort for each sampling technique.
Owl Tape (plays) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45
Reserve/ Property
Site Name
‘Belmore’ Goobang Goobang Goobang Goobang Goobang ‘Castlehill’ Goobang Goobang Goobang Goobang ‘Cleveland’ Nangar Nangar Nangar Nangar Nangar Nangar Nangar Nangar Nangar Nangar Total
Quarters East Bndry. Near 45 Clagger dam Near 132 Power lines Quarters Rossii Rocky Ck Waterfall PPP Creek Quarters Mogong Ck Mt Nangar Allocasuarina ‘D Rock’HS ‘D Rock’dam D Rock Terrara Ck Rat Trig Trail Southern
S Elliott (trap nights) 0 0 72 75 54 50 0 50 200 0 100 75 75 75 75 75 0 0 75 75 0 0 1126
L Elliott (trap nights) 0 0 24 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48
Cage Harp (trap (trap nights) nights) 0 3 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 2 0 5 0 0 8 3 0 6 6 3 6 0 0 3 6 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 32 43
Diurnal Search (hrs) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Noct. Search (hrs) 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 7
Hair Owl (trap Tape nights) (plays) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 21 1
Table 4 - Effort for each sampling technique at opportunistic sites. All records made during the surveys will be made available to the Atlas of NSW Wildlife.
PATN Analysis Data for each site was tabulated to produce a listing of presence/absence of species. The presence\absence data was analysed using PATN (Belpin 1991). Association between sites was determined with the Bray-Curtis association measure and the sites clustered using the flexible UPGMA algorithm. The resulting dendrogram shows the similarity of sites to one another.
GO009 GO087 GO031 GO097 GO054 NAN15 GO075 GO116 GO078 GO043 GO045 GO124 NAN01 NAN04 NAN02 NAN03 NAN13 GO039 GO082 GO099 GO068 GO107 NAN09 GO072 GO013 GO132 NAN11 GO024 GO059 NAN05 GO114 GO022 GO036 GO129 NAN06 GO062 GO127 NAN14 NAN08 NAN16 NAN19 GO014 GO123 GO015 GO021 GO066
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
0.3330 0.4614 0.5898 0.7182 0.8466 0.9750 | | | | | | 1)______________ 22)_____________|__ 8)___________ | 23)__________|____|_____________ 13)___________ | 44)__________|____________ | 19)________ | | 27)_______|_________ | | 20)________________|_____|_____|________ 11)_____________________ | 12)_________________ | | 29)________________|___|_______________|_ 33)______________ | 36)_____________|_____ | 34)______________ | | 35)_____________|____|_____________ | 42)_______________________________|_____|_____ 10)_________________________ | 21)_______________________ | | 24)______________________|_|____ | 17)________________ | | 25)_______________|__________ | | 40)_________________________|__|_________ | 18)_____________________________________|____|__________________ 2)_____________________ | 32)____________________|____ | 41)________________________|_____________ | 7)___________________________ | | 14)____________ | | | 37)___________|______________|__________|______ | 26)___________________________________________|___ | 6)______________________________________ | | 9)__________________________________ | | | 31)_________________ | | | | 38)________________|________________|___|________|___ | 15)___________________________________________ | | 30)________________________ | | | 43)_______________________|___________ | | | 39)____________ | | | | 45)____ | | | | | 46)___|_______|______________________|_______|______|_______ | 3)_____________________________ | | 28)____________________________|___________ | | 4)____________________________________ | | | 5)_ | | | | 16)|__________________________________|___|________________|___| | | | | | | 0.3330 0.4614 0.5898 0.7182 0.8466 0.9750
The resulting dendrogram indicates that there is a gradient of similarity between most of the sites with only a small amount of structure being assignable to the environmental variation of the area. There is a tendency for the upper division in the dendrogram to be sites with a grassy understorey while those on the lower division have a heathy/shrubby
understorey, but his is not a perfect breakdown. This is the result of having a number of species being widespread and many species occurring at only a few sites. The following two way table demonstrates this with the lower half consisting mainly of absences. The sites (columns) are divided into seven groups representing seven high-level divisions within the above dendrogram. The species (rows) are coded with their CAVS code as in the Atlas of NSW Wildlife sudivided into groups based on how similar species are to each other in terms of presence absence at sites.
0001 0705 1510 0269 0273 0645 0329 0424 0313 1349 1326 1514 0030 2526 0445 0625 1532 0034 0369 0260 0930 0288 1265 0415 0634 0619 1261 2375 0242 0317 0322 1335 1810 1113 0558 0694 0638 0364 0529 0361 0565 0976 1334 0392 0401 0555 0614 0408 2429 1242
GGGGGNGGGGGGNNNNN|GGGGGNG|GGNGGN|G|GGGN|GGNNNN|GGGGG OOOOOAOOOOOOAAAAA|OOOOOAO|OOAOOA|O|OOOA|OOAAAA|OOOOO 00000N010001NNNNN|00001N0|01N00N|1|001N|01NNNN|01000 08395171744200001|3896007|131250|1|2320|621011|12126 97174556835414233|9298792|321495|4|2696|274869|43516 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *** ** |* * | | | | | * ***** ** ** | * | | | |* | * ** * *| | *| | | | ***** * * | ** | | | | | ******* **** | * *| *| |* | | ********* * * | * * | |*| | | *** * * |** * *| * |*| | | **** ** * ** | ** | * | | |* | ** * *** * | * |* |*| | | ** ** *** *|* | **| | * | | * * ** * |* | ***| | | | * * * | * | | | | | ** ******| *| | | *| | *** **| * * | | | **| * | * * ** * *| | | |* | | ** * * ******|* | | | * |* | ** ** * *** | | * | | | | * * **** * | * | | |* *| | * *** **** * | | | | | *| * ***** * * ** |* * | * * | | | | * **** **** | **| * | | *| | * * **** **** *| * | *| | | | * **** ** ***|* ** | *| | | | ***** * * **| | | | | | ***** * * *| | | | *| | ** * |* * | | |* **| | *** * * | *| | | | | * * * * | * * | |*| | | ****** * *** ** | |*** **| |* *|* * **| ** *** ****** *| |******|*|****| *****| * ** ********** | * * *| **|*| ***| * | * ** ***** **** **|*******| * *| | * | * |** **** *** ******* | *** |** ***|*|** | | ** *** ** *** ****|*** * *| *| | |*** |* * ***** ** * **|*******| **| | | ***| * * **** *** ** * |** *** | **|*| |** * *| ********* * ** |*** *| | | *|* ***|* **** ********* *|* ** | | |* |* | * *** * ** *** * |*** | * | |* **|* | ** * ******|****** | * *| | ***| *****| * ** ****| *** **| * **| | *| ** *| *** ****| * ** | *| | ** | | * * * * | ** |*** **| | * | * |* * * * **** |* *** | | | **|* * |* * * * **** |*******| * ** | | * | * | **** ***** | ** | | |* **|* * |** ** * ** | *****|* | |** *| | * * * ** **** | * * | * *| |*** | |* * **** * |* ** | *|*| ** | * |** * ** * * ** |* * | ** | | * | |** ** -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+-----
0453 3902 2194 0470 0632 0465 0574 0583 2326 0617 1027 2195 2386 1129 1412 1813 0377 2138 1332 1521 0547 0662 1138 0652 0700 0509 2583 3063 3112 0224 0425 0443 0641 0254 2170 0258 1408 0324 0591 3086 0671 1280 1351 2177 0326 3134 1536 0691 1147 9095 0239 2699 0331 3014 2271 1807 2430 0484 0653 0381 0613 0578 3204 0302 0362 2283 2450
* * ** *
| * * | | | | | | * | | | |* | | * | | | |* | | * | | | * *| | | * | * | | |* | * * * | * ** | *| | | | * | *** | | | | | * * | * * | | |* | | * | | | | | | * * * | **** |*** **| | |* * |*** * * * | *| ***| |** |* ** |* * |** |* ** | | | |***** * * * |* |* ** |*| **| ** |* *** *** * | * | | | |* ****| | * | ** | | | | * * | |* ** | | |* | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* | | | | | | * | | | | | |* * * | | | |* | * | * * * *| | | | | |* * ** ** | | * |*|* | | * |* | |*| | | * * * * |* | | | | | * *** |* | |*| | | * ** | | | | | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----| | | |* | | |* | | | * | | |* | | |* | | |* | | |* | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | ** | | | | | | * | * | | | | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* | | | |* | | * | * | | | | | * | | | | * | | * * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | * | ***| | | | * * | | *| | |* | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* * | | | | | | * * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * *| | | | | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----| | | | | | * | |* | | | | | | | | | *| | | | | | * | | | | | | | * | | | | | |* | | * |*| | |* | *| | | *| | | *| | | | | | | *| | | | *| | *| | | | *| | | | | | *| | | | | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----| * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * * | | | | |
0476 1324 0486 0954 1512 0655 0702 0498 0580 1003 0043 0585 1518 0564 0416 1061 1522 0463 0504 0471 2092 0475 0549 0635 0640 0675 0202 0318 0545 3064 3171 3210 0597 0646 0693 1364 2318 0398 2077 0622 2120 2392 2492 2734 1362 2059
| * | | | | | | * | | | | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* | | *| | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | ** | | | | | | ** ** | | | | | | * | | * | | | | * | | | | | | * * | | | | | *| -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* * | | | | | | * ** | | | | | | * * * | | | | | | * * | | | | | | * | | | |* | | * * | | | | | | * * | | | | | | * | *| | | | * | * | *| | | *| | * * | | * | | **| | *** | *| | | | |* * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | ** | | | | | | ** | | | | | | * | * | | | | | * * | | | | | | * * ** | | | | | | * *** | | | | | | ** | | | | | | -----------------+-------+------+-+----+------+----* | | *| | * | | * | *| | | | | ** * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * | | | | | | * * | | | | | | * | | * | | | |
This internal structure of the fauna community indicates that there are many species that are localised within the reserves but there is also a general population of the commonest species throughout much of the reserve. Since there are no clear communities of fauna corresponding to the flora communities management for fauna will have to be on a species and landscape basis.
Reptiles and Amphibians of the Goobang National Park Area The following species list is based on the fauna survey of Autumn 1997 and covers the species found in and around the Goobang National Park area. Each species is annotated with its legal status (U for unprotected, P for protected, V for vulnerable and E for endangered) and with the number of records of the species collected during the survey. Additional records were extracted from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (annotated WA), from the original park proposal (annotated PP), or from the State Forests working plan for Bumbury Flora Reserve (annotated SF). Most of the species recorded are associated with the east coast and Great Dividing Range but there are a number of species from the inland that can be found in the park. Amphibians - Class Amphibia Frogs - Order Salientia Tree-frogs - Family Hylidae Litoria caerulea Litoria latopalmata Litoria peronii Litoria rubella
Green Tree Frog Broad-palmed Frog Peron's Tree Frog Desert Tree Frog
Southern Frogs - Family Myobatrachidae Crinia parinsignifera Plains Froglet Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet Limnodynastes dumerelii Eastern Banjo Frog Limnodynastes interioris Giant Banjo Frog Limnodynastes ornatus Ornate Burrowing Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Limnodynastes terraereginae Northern Banjo Frog Neobatrachus sudelli Common Spadefoot Toad Notaden bennettii Crucifix Toad Uperoleia sp. a toadlet
[P, 6] [P, 5] [P, 4] [P, 4]
[P, 2] [P, 5] [P, WA] [P, PP] [P, 8] [P, 4] [P, 3] [P, 2] [P, PP] [P, 1]
Reptiles - Class Reptilia Snakes and Lizards - Order Squamata Dragons - Family Agamidae Amphibolurus muricatus Amphibolurus nobbi Pogona barbata
Jacky Lizard Nobbi Bearded Dragon
[P, 5] [P, 28] [P, 19]
Pythons - Family Bodiae Morelia spilotes
Carpet Python
[P, PP]
Front-fanged Snakes - Family Elapidae Pseudechis guttatus Spotted Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-bellied Black Snake Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Notechis scutatus Eastern Tiger Snake Unechis spectabilis Vermicella annulata Bandy Bandy
[P, 3] [P, 6] [P, 6] [P, PP] [P, 1] [P, 1]
Geckoes - Family Gekkonidae Diplodactylus intermedius Diplodactylus vittatus Gehyra variegata Oedura monilis Underwoodisaurus milii
[P, 1] [P, 4] [P, 5] [P, 1] [P, 1]
Eastern Spiny-tailed Gecko Wood Gecko Tree Dtella Ocellated Velvet Gecko Thick-tailed Gecko
Legless Lizards - Family Pygopodidae Lialis burtonis Burton's Snake-lizard
[P, 1]
Skinks - Family Scincidae Carlia tetradactyla Cryptoblepharus carnabyi Ctenotus allotropis Ctenotus robustus Ctenotus taeniolatus Egernia striolata Egernia whitii Lampropholis delicata Lerista muelleri Morethia boulengeri Tiliqua scincoides Trachydosaurus rugosus
Southern Rainbow Skink Carnaby's Wall Skink a striped skink Striped Skink Copper-tailed Skink Tree Skink White's Skink Grass Skink Mueller’s Skink Boulenger's Skink Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard Shingle-back
[P, 6] [P, 3] [P, 1] [P, 10] [P, 28] [P, 22] [P, 4] [P, 2] [P, 3] [P, 7] [P, 3] [P, 10]
Goannas - Family Varanidae Varanus gouldii Varanus varius
Gould's Goanna Lace Monitor
[P, 1] [P, 13]
Tortoises - Order Testudines Long-necked Tortoises - Family Chelidae Chelodina longicollis Eastern Long-necked Tortoise
[P, 3]
Birds of the Goobang National Park Area The following species list is based on the fauna survey of Autumn 1997 and covers the species found in and around the Goobang National Park area. Each species is annotated with its legal status (U for unprotected, P for protected, V for vulnerable and E for endangered) and with the number of records of the species collected during the survey. Additional records were extracted from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (annotated WA), from the original park proposal (annotated PP), or from the State Forests working plan for Bumbury Flora Reserve (annotated SF). Most of the species recorded are associated with the east coast and Great Dividing Range but there are a number of species from the inland that can be found in the park. Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Anas gracilis Anas superciliosa Chenonetta jubata
Grey Teal Pacific Black Duck Maned Duck
[P, WA] [P, 4] [P, 11]
Fork-tailed Swift White-throated Needletail
[P, PP] [P, 1]
Family Aegothelidae Aegotheles cristatus
Australian Owlet-nightjar
[P, 57]
Family Podargidae Podargus strigoides
Tawny Frogmouth
[P, 32]
Emu
[P, 27]
Family Burhinidae Burhinus grallarius
Bush Stone-curlew
[P, PP]
Family Charadriidae Vanellus miles
Masked Lapwing
[P, 5]
Order Apodiformes Family Apodidae Apus pacificus Hirundapus caudacutus Order Caprimulgiformes
Order Casuariiformes Family Dromaiidae Dromaius novaehollandiae Order Charadriiformes
Order Ciconiiformes Family Ardeidae Ardea novaehollandiae Ardea pacifica
White-faced Heron Pacific Heron
[P, 8] [P, 1]
Family Plataleidae Platalea flavipes Threskiornis aethiopicus Threskiornis spinicollis
Yellow-billed Spoonbill Sacred Ibis Straw-necked Ibis
[P, 2] [P, 1] [P, 7]
Diamond Dove Peaceful Dove Crested Pigeon Common Bronzewing
[P,PP] [P, 19] [P, 13] [P, 32]
Family Alcedinidae Dacelo novaeguineae Halcyon macleayii Halcyon pyrrhopygia Halcyon sancta
Laughing Kookaburra Forest Kingfisher Red-backed Kingfisher Sacred Kingfisher
[P, 40] [P, 4] [P,PP] [P, 6]
Family Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis
Dollarbird
[P, 5]
Family Meropidae Merops ornatus
Rainbow Bee-eater
[P, 46]
Fan-tailed Cuckoo Pallid Cuckoo Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo Black-eared Cuckoo Golden Bronze-Cuckoo
[P,PP] [P,PP] [P,PP] [P,PP] [P,PP]
Collared Sparrowhawk Brown Goshawk Wedge-tailed Eagle Spotted Harrier Black-shouldered Kite
[P, 1] [P, WA] [P, 8] [P, 1] [P,PP]
Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae Geopelia cuneata Geopelia placida Ocyphaps lophotes Phaps chalcoptera Order Coraciiformes
OrderCuculiformes Family Cuculidae Cuculus flabelliformis Cuculus pallidus Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx osculans Chrysococcyx lucidus Order Falconiformes Family Accipitridae Accipiter cirrhocephalus Accipiter fasciatus Aquila audax Circus assimilis Elanus notatus
Whistling Kite Little Eagle
[P, 1] [P, 1]
Brown Falcon Australian Kestrel Australian Hobby Black Falcon
[P, 8] [P, 15] [P, 1] [P, 1]
Family Phasianidae Coturnix australis
Brown Quail
[P, 2]
Family Turnicidae Turnix varia Turnix velox
Painted Button-quail Little Button-quail
[P, 1] [P, 1]
Eurasian Coot
[P, 1]
Family Acanthizidae Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Acanthiza lineata Acanthiza nana Acanthiza pusilla Acanthiza reguloides Acanthiza uropygialis Aphelocephala leucopsis Gerygone fusca Gerygone olivacea Hylacola pyrrhopygia Sericornis sagittatus Smicrornis brevirostris
Inland Thornbill Yellow-rumped Thornbill Striated Thornbill Yellow Thornbill Brown Thornbill Buff-rumped Thornbill Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Southern Whiteface Western Gerygone White-throated Gerygone Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Speckled Warbler Weebill
[P, 2] [P, 9] [P, 2] [P, 2] [P, 1] [P, 2] [P,PP] [P, 1] [P, 1] [P, 4] [P, WA] [P, 2] [P, 7]
Family Artamidae Artamus cyanopterus Artamus superciliosus
Dusky Woodswallow White-browed Woodswallow
[P, 25] [P, 6]
Family Campephagidae Coracina novaehollandiae Coracina papuensis Coracina tenuirostris Coracina maxima Lalage sueurii
Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Cicadabird Ground Cuckoo-shrike White-winged Triller
[P, 39] [P, 2] [P,PP] [P,PP] [P, 2]
Haliastur sphenurus Hieraaetus morphnoides Family Falconidae Falco berigora Falco cenchroides Falco longipennis Falco subniger Order Galliformes
Order Gruiformes Family Rallidae Fulica atra Order Passeriformes
Family Climacteridae Climacteris leucophaea Climacteris picumnus
White-throated Treecreeper Brown Treecreeper
[P, 24] [P, 20]
Family Cinclostomidae Cinclosoma punctatum
Spotted Quail-thrush
[P, WA]
Family Corcoracidae Corcorax melanorhamphos Struthidea cinerea
White-winged Chough Apostlebird
[P, 22] [P, 5]
Family Corvidae Corvus bennetti Corvus coronoides Corvus mellori
Little Crow Australian Raven Little Raven
[P, 1] [P, 13] [P, 1]
Family Cracticidae Cracticus nigrogularis Cracticus torquatus Gymnorhina tibicen Strepera graculina
Pied Butcherbird Grey Butcherbird Australian Magpie Pied Currawong
[P, 11] [P, 2] [P, 26] [P, 35]
Family Dicaeidae Dicaeum hirundinaceum
Mistletoebird
[P, WA]
Family Fringillidae Carduelis carduelis
European Goldfinch
[U, SF]
Family Grallinidae Grallina cyanoleuca
Australian Magpie Lark
[P, 19]
Family Hirundinidae Cecropis nigricans Cheramoeca leucosternus Hirundo ariel Hirundo neoxena
Tree Martin White-backed Swallow Fairy Martin Welcome Swallow
[P, 2] [P,PP] [P,PP] [P, 6]
Family Neosittidae Daphoenositta chrysoptera
Varied Sittella
[P, WA]
Family Maluridae Malurus cyaneus
Superb Blue Wren
[P, 41]
Family Meliphagidae Acanthagenys rufogularis Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Anthochaera carunculata Entomyzon cyanotis Ephthianura tricolor Grantiella picta
Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Eastern Spinebill Red Wattlebird Blue-faced Honeyeater Crimson Chat Painted Honeyeater
[P, 1] [P, 3] [P, 24] [P, 4] [P,PP] [P,PP]
Yellow-faced Honeyeater Fuscous Honeyeater White-eared Honeyeater Yellow-tufted Honeyeater Yellow-plumed Honeyeater White-plumed Honeyeater Brown Honeyeater Yellow-throated Miner Noisy Miner Brown-headed Honeyeater Black-chinned Honeyeater White-naped Honeyeater Little Friarbird Noisy Friarbird Striped Honeyeater Regent Honeyeater
[P, 16] [P, 3] [P, 23] [P, 17] [P, 1] [P, 18] [P, 3] [P,PP] [P, 18] [P, 4] [P, 2] [P, 1] [P, 5] [P, 30] [P, 1] [P,PP]
Family Motacillidae Anthus novaeseelandiae
Richards Pipit
[P, WA]
Family Muscicapidae Colluricincla harmonica Eopsaltria australis Falcunculus frontatus Melanodryas cucullata Microeca leucophaea Myiagra inquieta Myiagra rubecula Pachycephala inornata Pachycephala pectoralis Pachycephala rufiventris Petroica goodenovii Petroica multicolor Petrocia phoenicea Petroica rosea Oreoica gutturalis Rhipidura fuliginosa Rhipidura leucophrys Rhipidura rufifrons
Grey Shrike-thrush Eastern Yellow Robin Crested Shrike-tit Hooded Robin Jacky Winter Restless Flycatcher Leaden Flycatcher Gilberts Whistler Golden Whistler Rufous Whistler Red-capped Robin Scarlet Robin Flame Robin Rose Robin Crested Bellbird Grey Fantail Willie Wagtail Rufous Fantail
[P, 20] [P, 19] [P, 1] [P, WA] [P, 11] [P, 9] [P,PP] [P,PP] [P, 2] [P, 24] [P, WA] [P, 1] [P,PP] [P, WA] [P,PP] [P, 25] [P, 53] [P, 1]
Family Oriolidae Oriolus sagittatus
Olive-backed Oriole
[P, 3]
Family Pardalotidae Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus rubricatus Pardalotus striatus
Spotted Pardalote Red-browed Pardalote Striated Pardalote
[P, 17] [P, 1] [P, 17]
Family Passeridae Passer domesticus
House Sparrow
[U, 2]
Lichenostomus chrysops Lichenostomus fuscus Lichenostomus leucotis Lichenostomus melanops Lichenostomus ornatus Lichenostomus penicillatus Lichmera indistincta Manorina flavigula Manorina melanocephala Melithreptus brevirostris Melithreptus gularis Melithreptus lunatus Philemon citreogularis Philemon corniculatus Plectorhyncha lanceolata Xanthomyza phrygia
Family Ploceidae Emblema guttata Emblema temporalis Poephila bichenovii Poephila guttata
Diamond Firetail Red-browed Firetail Double-barred Finch Zebra Finch
[P, 15] [P, 5] [P, 2] [P, 1]
Family Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris
Common Starling
[U, 7]
Family Sylviidae Cinclorhamphus mathewsi
Rufous Songlark
[P, 2]
Family Timaliidae Pomatostomus superciliosus Pomatostomus temporalis
White-browed Babbler Grey-crowned Babbler
[P, 13] [P, 3]
Family Zosteropidae Zosterops lateralis
Silvereye
[P, 5]
Little Pied Cormorant Pied Cormorant
[P, 2] [P, 1]
Order Pelecaniformes Family Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Phalacrocorax varius Order Podicepediformes Family Podicipedidae Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe
[P, 4]
Order Psittaciformes Family Cacatuidae Cacatua galerita Cacatua roseicapilla Calyptorhynchus lathami
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Galah Glossy Black-Cockatoo
[P, 28] [P, 50] [V, 18]
Family Loriidae Glossopsitta concinna Glossopsitta pusilla Trichoglossus haematodus
Musk Lorikeet Little Lorikeet Rainbow Lorikeet
[P, 2] [P, 20] [P, 1]
Family Platycercidae Melopsittacus undulatus Neophema pulchella Platycercus eximius Psephotus haematonotus
Budgerigar Turquoise Parrot Eastern Rosella Red-rumped Parrot
[P, 6] [V, 9] [P, 35] [P, 9]
Family Polytelitidae Polytelis swainsonii
Superb Parrot
[V, 1]
Family Strigidae Ninox novaeseelandiae
Southern Boobook
[P, 40]
Family Tytonidae Tyto alba
Barn Owl
[P, 2]
Order Strigiformes
Mammals of the Goobang National Park Area The following species list is based on the fauna survey of Autumn 1997 and covers the species found in and around the Goobang National Park area. Each species is annotated with its legal status (U for unprotected, P for protected, V for vulnerable and E for endangered) and with the number of records of the species collected during the survey. Additional records were extracted from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (annotated WA), from the original park proposal (annotated PP), or from the State Forests working plan for Bumbury Flora Reserve (annotated SF). Most of the species recorded are associated with the east coast and Great Dividing Range but there are a number of species from the inland that can be found in the park.
Order Artiodactyla Family Bovidae Bos taurus Capra hircus Ovis aries
Cattle (feral) Goat (feral) Sheep (feral)
[U, 1] [U, 7] [U, 1]
Family Suidae Sus scrofa
Pig (feral)
[U, 6]
Family Canidae Canis familiaris Vulpes vulpes
Dingo or Dog (feral) Fox
[U, 2] [U, 20]
Family Felidae Felis catus
Cat (feral)
[U, 3]
Family Emballonuridae Saccolaimus flaviventris
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat
[P,PP]
Family Molossidae Mormopterus planiceps Tadarida australis
Little Mastiff-bat White-striped Mastiff-bat
[P, 37] [P, 2]
Family Pteropodidae Pteropus poliocephalus Pteropus scapulatus
Grey-headed Flying-fox Little Red Flying-Fox
[P, 2] [P,PP]
Order Carnivora
Order Chiroptera
Family Vespertilionidae Chalinolobus gouldii Chalinolobus morio Nyctophilus geoffroyi Nyctophilus gouldi Nyctophilus timoriensis Scotorepens balstoni Scotorepens greyii Vespadelus vulturnus
Gould's Wattled Bat Chocolate Wattled Bat Lesser Long-eared Bat Gould's Long-eared Bat Greater Long-eared Bat Western Broad-nosed Bat Little Broad-nosed Bat Little Forest Eptesicus
[P, 47] [P, 21] [P, 44] [P, 25] [V, 5] [P, 33] [P, 19] [P, 137]
Family Acrobatidae Acrobates pygmaeus
Feathertail Glider
[P, 1]
Family Macropodidae Macropus giganteus Macropus robustus Macropus rufogriseus Petrogale penicillata Wallabia bicolor
Eastern Grey Kangaroo Common Wallaroo Red-necked Wallaby Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby Swamp Wallaby
[P, 46] [P, 2] [P, 44] [P, PP] [P, 60]
Family Petauridae Petaurus breviceps Petaurus norfolcensis Pseudocheirus peregrinus
Sugar Glider Squirrel Glider Common Ringtail Possum
[P, 6] [P, PP] [P, 36]
Family Phalangeridae Trichosurus vulpecula
Common Brushtail Possum
[P, 31]
Family Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos cinereus
Koala
[V, PP]
Brown Hare Rabbit
[U, PP] [U, 20]
Short-beaked Echidna
[P, 3]
Order Diprotodonta
Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Lepus capensis Oryctolagus cuniculus Order Monotremata Family Tachyglossidae Tachyglossus aculeatus
Order Polyprotodonta Family Dasyuridae Antechinus flavipes Sminthopsis murina Sminthopsis crassicaudata
Yellow-footed Antechinus Common Dunnart Fat-tailed Dunnart
[P, 12] [P, 2] [P, PP]
House Mouse pseudomys Black Rat
[P, 8] [P, 8] [P, 2]
Order Rodentia Family Muridae Mus musculus Pseudomys sp. Rattus rattus
Reptiles and Amphibians of the Nangar National Park area The following species list is based on the fauna survey of Autumn 1997 and covers the species found in and around the Goobang National Park area. Each species is annotated with its legal status (U for unprotected, P for protected, V for vulnerable and E for endangered) and with the number of records of the species collected during the survey. Additional records were extracted from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (annotated WA) and from the original park proposal (annotated PP). Most of the species recorded are associated with the east coast and Great Dividing Range but there are a number of species from the inland that can be found in the park.
Amphibians - Class Amphibia Frogs - Order Salientia Tree Frogs - Family Hylidae Litoria latopalmata Litoria peronii
(Broad-palmed Frog) (Peron's Tree Frog)
Southern Frogs - Family Myobatrachidae Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Grass Frog Crinia parinsignifera Plains Froglet Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet
[P, 5] [P, 5]
[P, 3] [P, 1] [P, 2]
Reptiles - Class Reptilia Snakes and Lizards - Order Squamata Dragons - Family Agamidae Amphibolurus nobbi Pogona barbata
Nobbi Bearded Dragon
[P, 3] [P, 6]
Front-fanged Snakes - Family Elapidae Pseudechis guttatus Spotted Black Snake Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake
[P, 1] [P, 2]
Geckoes - Family Gekkonidae Diplodactylus intermedius Gehyra variegata Underwoodisaurus milii
[P, WA] [P, 4] [P, 1]
Eastern Spiny-tailed Gecko Tree Dtella Thick-tailed Gecko
Skinks - Family Scincidae Carlia tetradactyla Cryptoblepharus carnabyi Ctenotus robustus Ctenotus taeniolatus Egernia cunninghami Egernia striolata Egernia whitii Lerista bougainvillii Morethia boulengeri Trachydosaurus rugosus
Southern Rainbow Skink Carnaby's Wall Skink Striped Skink Copper-tailed Skink Cunningham's Skink Tree Skink White's Skink Bougainville’s Skink Boulenger's Skink Shingle-back
[P, 1] [P, 4] [P, 11] [P, 6] [P, 1] [P, 9] [P, 3] [P, WA] [P, 14] [P, 1]
Tortoises - Order Testudines Long-necked Tortoises - Family Chelidae Chelodina longicollis Eastern Long-necked Tortoise
[P, 2]
Birds of the Nangar National Park area The following species list is based on the fauna survey of Autumn 1997 and covers the species found in and around the Goobang National Park area. Each species is annotated with its legal status (U for unprotected, P for protected, V for vulnerable and E for endangered) and with the number of records of the species collected during the survey. Additional records were extracted from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (annotated WA) and from the original park proposal (annotated PP). Most of the species recorded are associated with the east coast and Great Dividing Range but there are a number of species from the inland that can be found in the park.
Class Aves Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Chenonetta jubata Cygnus atratus
Maned Duck Black Swan
[P, 5] [P, 1]
White-throated Needletail
[P, PP]
Family Aegothelidae Aegotheles cristatus
Australian Owlet-nightjar
[P, 34]
Family Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus guttatus
Spotted Nightjar
[P, 1]
Family Podargidae Podargus strigoides
Tawny Frogmouth
[P, 10]
Emu
[P, 1]
Order Apodiformes Family Apodidae Hirundapus caudacutus Order Caprimulgiformes
Order Casuariiformes Family Dromaiidae Dromaius novaehollandiae
Order Charadriiformes Family Charadriidae Vanellus miles
Masked Lapwing
[P, 2]
Family Ardeidae Ardea novaehollandiae
White-faced Heron
[P, 5]
Family Plataleidae Threskiornis spinicollis
Straw-necked Ibis
[P, 1]
Diamond Dove Peaceful Dove Crested Pigeon Common Bronzewing
[P, PP] [P, 18] [P, 11] [P, 14]
Family Alcedinidae Dacelo novaeguineae Halcyon pyrrhopygia Halcyon sancta
Laughing Kookaburra Red-backed Kingfisher Sacred Kingfisher
[P, 14] [P, PP] [P, PP]
Family Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis
Dollarbird
[P, PP]
Family Meropidae Merops ornatus
Rainbow Bee-eater
[P, 1]
Pallid Cuckoo Fan-tailed Cuckoo Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo Golden Bronze-Cuckoo
[P, PP] [P, 1] [P, PP] [P, PP]
Collared Sparrowhawk Brown Goshawk Wedge-tailed Eagle Black-shouldered Kite Little Eagle
[P, 1] [P, 1] [P, 13] [P, 1] [P, PP]
Order Ciconiiformes
Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae Geopelia cuneata Geopelia placida Ocyphaps lophotes Phaps chalcoptera Order Coraciiformes
Order Cuculiformes Family Cuculidae Cuculus pallidus Cuculus pyrrhophanus Chrysococcyx basalis Chrysococcyx lucidus Order Falconiformes Family Accipitridae Accipiter cirrhocephalus Accipiter fasciatus Aquila audax Elanus notatus Hieraaetus morphnoides
Black Kite Whistling Kite
[P, 1] [P, PP]
Brown Falcon Australian Kestrel Australian Hobby Peregrine Falcon Black Falcon
[P, 4] [P, 6] [P, 1] [P, 3] [P, PP]
Family Phasianidae Coturnix australis Coturnix pectoralis
Brown Quail Stubble Quail
[P, 1] [P, PP]
Family Turnicidae Turnix varia Turnix velox
Painted Button-quail Little Button-quail
[P, PP] [P, PP]
Purple Swamphen
[P, 1]
Family Acanthizidae Acanthiza apicalis Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Acanthiza lineata Acanthiza nana Acanthiza pusilla Acanthiza reguloides Aphelocephala leucopsis Gerygone fusca Gerygone olivacea Sericornis pyrrhopygius Sericornis sagittatus Smicrornis brevirostris
Inland Thornbill Yellow-rumped Thornbill Striated Thornbill Yellow Thornbill Brown Thornbill Buff-rumped Thornbill Southern Whiteface Western Gerygone White-throated Gerygone Chestnut-rumped Hylacola Speckled Warbler Weebill
[P, PP] [P, 2] [P, 1] [P, 5] [P, 1] [P, 1] [P, 3] [P, 2] [P, 1] [P, 2] [P, 3] [P, 4]
Family Artamidae Artamus cyanopterus Artamus superciliosus
Dusky Woodswallow White-browed Woodswallow
[P, 5] [P, 1]
Family Campephagidae Coracina papuensis Coracina novaehollandiae Coracina maxima Lalage tricolor
White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Ground Cuckoo-shrike White-winged Triller
[P, PP] [P, 5] [P, PP] [P, PP]
Milvus migrans Milvus sphenurus Family Falconidae Falco berigora Falco cenchroides Falco longipennis Falco peregrinus Falco subniger Order Galliformes
Order Gruiformes Family Rallidae Porphyrio porphyrio Order Passeriformes
Family Climacteridae Climacteris leucophaea Climacteris picumnus
White-throated Treecreeper Brown Treecreeper
[P, 18] [P, 12]
Family Corcoracidae Corcorax melanorhamphos Struthidea cinerea
White-winged Chough Apostlebird
[P, 3] [P, 5]
Family Corvidae Corvus coronoides Corvus mellori
Australian Raven Little Raven
[P, 13] [P, 1]
Family Cracticidae Cracticus nigrogularis Cracticus torquatus Gymnorhina tibicen Strepera graculina
Pied Butcherbird Grey Butcherbird Australian Magpie Pied Currawong
[P, 10] [P, 6] [P, 18] [P, 19]
Family Dicaeidae Dicaeum hirundinaceum
Mistletoebird
[P, 6]
Family Ephthianuridae Ephthianura tricolor Ephthianuraalbifrons
Crimson Chat White-fronted Chat
[P, PP] [P, PP]
Family Grallinidae Grallina cyanoleuca
Australian Magpie Lark
[P, 15]
Family Hirundinidae Cheramoeca leucosternum Hirundo neoxena Hirundo nigricans Hirundo ariel
White-backed Swallow Welcome Swallow Tree Martin Fairy Martin
[P, PP] [P, 4] [P, PP] [P, PP]
Family Maluridae Malurus cyaneus
Superb Blue Wren
[P, 7]
Family Meliphagidae Acanthagenys rufogularis Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Anthochaera carunculata Entomyzon cyanotis Lichenostomus chrysops Lichenostomus fuscus Lichenostomus leucotis Lichenostomus melanops Lichenostomus penicillatus Manorina flavigula Manorina melanocephala Melithreptus brevirostris
Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Eastern Spinebill Red Wattlebird Blue-faced Honeyeater Yellow-faced Honeyeater Fuscous Honeyeater White-eared Honeyeater Yellow-tufted Honeyeater White-plumed Honeyeater Yellow-throated Miner Noisy Miner Brown-headed Honeyeater
[P, 2] [P, 1] [P, 21] [P, PP] [P, 7] [P, 3] [P, 9] [P, 3] [P, 8] [P, 1] [P, 17] [P, 3]
Black-chinned Honeyeater White-naped Honeyeater Little Friarbird Noisy Friarbird Striped Honeyeater Regent Honeyeater
[P, 1] [P, 1] [P, 1] [P, 4] [P, 5] [P, PP]
Family Motacillidae Anthus novaeseelandiae
Richard's Pipit
[P, 2]
Family Muscicapidae Colluricincla harmonica Eopsaltria australis Falcunculus frontatus Monarcha melanopsis Melanodryas cucullata Microeca leucophaea Myiagra inquieta Myiagra cyanoleuca Myiagra rubecula Pachycephala inornata Pachycephala olivacea Pachycephala pectoralis Pachycephala rufiventris Petroica goodenovii Petroica multicolor Petroica phoenicea Petroica rosea Rhipidura fuliginosa Rhipidura leucophrys
Grey Shrike-thrush Eastern Yellow Robin Crested Shrike-tit Black-faced Monarch Hooded Robin Jacky Winter Restless Flycatcher Satin Flycatcher Leaden Flycatcher Gilberts Whistler Olive Whistler Golden Whistler Rufous Whistler Red-capped Robin Scarlet Robin Flame Robin Rose Robin Grey Fantail Willie Wagtail
[P, 16] [P, 11] [P, 1] [P, PP] [P, WA] [P, 8] [P, 7] [P, PP] [P, PP] [P, PP] [P, PP] [P, 2] [P, 9] [P, 1] [P, PP] [P, WA] [P, WA] [P, 22] [P, 18]
Family Neosittidae Daphoenositta chrysoptera
Varied Sittella
[P, 1]
Family Oriolidae Oriolus sagittatus
Olive-backed Oriole
[P, PP]
Family Orthonychidae Cinclosoma punctatum
Spotted Quail-thrush
[P, 1]
Family Pardalotidae Pardalotus punctatus Pardalotus striatus
Spotted Pardalote Striated Pardalote
[P, 28] [P, 8]
Family Passeridae Passer domesticus
House Sparrow
[U, 2]
Family Ploceidae Emblema guttata Emblema temporalis
Diamond Firetail Red-browed Firetail
[P, 7] [P, 4]
Melithreptus gularis Melithreptus lunatus Philemon citreogularis Philemon corniculatus Plectorhyncha lanceolata Xanthomyza phrygia
Double-barred Finch Zebra Finch
[P, 14] [P, WA]
Family Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris
Common Starling
[U, 2]
Family Timaliidae Pomatostomus temporalis Pomatostomus superciliosus
Grey-crowned Babbler White-browed Babbler
[P, PP] [P, 7]
Family Zosteropidae Zosterops lateralis
Silvereye
[P, 4]
Little Pied Cormorant
[P, 3]
Poephila bichenovii Taeniopygia guttata
Order Pelecaniformes Family Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Order Podicepediformes Family Podicipedidae Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe
[P, 1]
Order Psittaciformes Family Cacatuidae Cacatua galerita Cacatua roseicapilla
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Galah
[P, 5] [P, 10]
Family Loriidae Glossopsitta pusilla Glossopsitta concinna
Little Lorikeet Musk Lorikeet
[P, 9] [P, PP]
Family Platycercidae Lathamus discolor Melopsittacus undulatus Neophema pulchella Platycercus eximius Psephotus haematonotus
Swift Parrot Budgerigar Turquoise Parrot Eastern Rosella Red-rumped Parrot
[P, PP] [P, 1] [P, PP] [P, 20] [P, 10]
Family Polytelitidae Leptolophus hollandicus
Cockatiel
[P, PP]
Family Sylviidae Cinclorhamphus cruralis Cinclorhamphus mathewsi
Brown Songlark Rufus Songlark
[P, PP] [P, PP]
Order Strigiformes Family Strigidae Ninox connivens Ninox novaeseelandiae
Barking Owl Southern Boobook
[P, WA] [P, 34]
Family Tytonidae Tyto alba
Barn Owl
[P, 1]
Mammals of the Nangar National Park area The following species list is based on the fauna survey of Autumn 1997 and covers the species found in and around the Goobang National Park area. Each species is annotated with its legal status (U for unprotected, P for protected, V for vulnerable and E for endangered) and with the number of records of the species collected during the survey. Additional records were extracted from the Atlas of NSW Wildlife (annotated WA) and from the original park proposal (annotated PP). Most of the species recorded are associated with the east coast and Great Dividing Range but there are a number of species from the inland that can be found in the park.
Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Family Bovidae Bos taurus Capra hircus Ovis aries
Cattle (feral) Goat (feral) Sheep (feral)
[U, 2] [U, 3] [U, 1]
Family Canidae Vulpes vulpes
Fox
[U, 10]
Family Felidae Felis catus
Cat (feral)
[U, 1]
Family Molossidae Mormopterus planiceps
Little Mastiff-bat
[P, 2]
Family Vespertilionidae Chalinolobus gouldii Chalinolobus morio Nyctophilus geoffroyi Nyctophilus gouldi Nyctophilus timoriensis Vespadelus vulternus
Gould's Wattled Bat Chocolate Wattled Bat Lesser Long-eared Bat Gould's Long-eared Bat Greater Long-eared Bat Little Forest Bat
[P, 4] [P, 4] [P, 18] [P, 17] [V, 1] [P, 32]
Order Carnivora
Order Chiroptera
Order Diprotodonta Family Acrobatidae Acrobates pygmaeus
Feathertail Glider
[P, WA]
Family Macropodidae Macropus giganteus Macropus robustus Macropus rufogriseus Wallabia bicolor
Eastern Grey Kangaroo Common Wallaroo Red-necked Wallaby Swamp Wallaby
[P, 28] [P, 8] [P, 10] [P, 21]
Family Petauridae Petaurus breviceps Pseudocheirus peregrinus
Sugar Glider Common Ringtail Possum
[P, 3] [P, 32]
Family Phalangeridae Trichosurus vulpecula
Common Brushtail Possum
[P, 21]
Rabbit
[U, 6]
Short-beaked Echidna
[P, 4]
Horse (feral)
[U, 1]
Yellow-footed Antechinus Common Dunnart
[P, 10] [P, 3]
House Mouse Bush Rat Black Rat
[P, 2] [P, 1] [P, 9]
Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus Order Monotremata Family Tachyglossidae Tachyglossus aculeatus Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae Equus caballus Order Polyprotodonta Family Dasyuridae Antechinus flavipes Sminthopsis murina Order Rodentia Family Muridae Mus musculus Rattus fuscipes Rattus rattus
Threatened Species The following table lists the species predicted to occur in Nangar and Goobang National Parks based on Bioclimatic analysis of records held by the Service (Atlas of NSW Wildlife), the Australian Museum, The RAOU (now Birds Australia), the CSIRO Wildlife Collection and the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife. The predicted statewide distributions for all threatened fauna have been published in Ayers et al. 1996. Species actually recorded during these surveys are highlighted by bold typeface. Nangar
Goobang
AMPHIBIANS Southern Bell Frog (Litoria raniformis)
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes yes yes no no yes no yes no no yes yes
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
no yes
yes yes
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
REPTILES Pink-tailed Worm-lizard (Aprasia parapulchela) MAMMALS Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) Stripe-faced Dunnart (Sminthopsis macura) Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Yellow-bellied Glider (Petaurus australis) Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolkensis) Rufous Bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens) Burrowing Bettong (Bettongia lesueur) Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris) Little Pied Bat (Chalinolobus picatus) Greater Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus timoriensis) BIRDS Australasian Bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus) Black-necked Stork (Xenorhynchus asiaticus) Magpie Goose (Anseranus semipalmata) Freckled Duck (Stictonetta naevosa) Blue-billed Duck (Oxyura australis) Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura) Black-breasted Buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternum) Grey Falcon (Falco hypoleucos) Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) Brolga (Grus rubicundus)
Australian Bustard (Ardeotis australis) Plains-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus) Bush Thick-knee (Curlew) (Burhinus magnirostris) Painted Snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) Glossy Black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) Pink Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri) Purple-crowned Lorikeet (Glossopsitta porphyrocephala) Superb Parrot (Polytelis swainsonii) Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) Gilbert's Whistler (Pachycephala inornata) Regent Honeyeater (Xanthomyza phrygia) Painted Honeyeater (Grantiella picta) Pied Honeyeater (Certhionyx variegatus) Pink Robin (Petroica rodinogaster)
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
The occurrence of these species in Goobang and Nangar National Parks will depend upon a number of factors. Suitable macrohabitat (e.g. forest versus grassland) and microhabitat (e.g. suitable soils for burrowing) need to exist in the area if the species is to survive. This is further complicated by the need for large enough areas to support viable populations, and/or the degree of isolation from larger populations of the species. These populations can act as a reservoir for recolonisation should local populations decline or disappear. The requirements of each species and the suitability of the reserves are discussed in the following paragraphs. Southern Bell Frog (Litoria raniformis) A largely aquatic species found among vegetation (especially bulrushes) within or at the edges of permanent water, including streams, swamps, marshes, lagoons, lakes and farm dams (Robinson 1993). Also found under debris on low, frequently-flooded river flats (Cogger 1994). Neither Nangar nor Goobang contain large areas suitable for this species although the floodouts at the base of the ranges may lead to areas that are. Pink-tailed Worm-lizard (Aprasia parapulchela) A fossorial species found under rocks (or very occasionally logs) in open areas with little or no woody vegetation, a predominantly native grass understorey (particularly of Themeda triandra, Kangaroo Grass), well-drained soil, rock outcrops or an extensive scatter of partially buried rocks and little or no leaf litter (Swan 1990, Osborne et al. 1991). This habitat is essentially confined to small rocky clearings in tall shrubland or woodland, or is in native grassland (Osborne 1994a). There are a scattering of suitable areas in both parks, but given the rarity of this species it is unlikely to be found without extensive targeted searching.
Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) Spotted-tailed Quolls inhabit forests, specifically sclerophyll forests (including open and tall open forests), woodlands and rainforests (Dickman and Read 1992, Edgar and Belcher 1995). Very occasionally they are found in rock outcrops or other treeless areas. They spend most time on the ground but are also agile climbers, using trees as vantage points to detect and pounce on prey (Dickman and Read 1992). Considerable areas of suitable habitat exist in the reserves and there have been two recent records (1992 and 1988) about 55 km south west of Nangar NP (WLA SPXEI0134517 and SPXEI0134519). Discussions with neighbours and further cage trapping and hair tubing may detect this species in or near the reserves. Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) Utilises a variety of habitats including dry open sclerophyll forest, open scrub, heathland and cultivated land. In Tasmania the highest densities of Eastern Quolls occur where eucalypt forests and pastures are interspersed (Godsell 1995). Unfortunately this species has not been confirmed as existing on the mainland for thirty years so hope of finding it is fading. However, the mixture of vegetation in these reserves would be suitable for this species. Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) Inhabits a wide variety of tropical, subtropical and temperate habitats with reliable annual rainfall between 500 and 2000 mm, including rainforest, open sclerophyll forest, woodland and savannah woodland (Kennedy 1992). Preferred habitat of the Brushtailed Phascogale is thought to be open dry sclerophyll forest with little ground cover on ridges up to 600m high; however more recent studies have recorded them in dense riparian forest up to an altitude of 1500m (Cuttle 1983, Dickman and Read 1992). Many of the ironbark forests in these reserves seem ideal for this species. Given its survival in the box ironbark woodlands of inland Victoria these reserves seem likely to contain remnant populations of this species. Nest box surveys (Soderquist et al. 1996) are the most efficient method of detecting this species. Nest boxes are being constructed at Peak Hill workshop and are to be placed in the parks when complete. Stripe-faced Dunnart (Sminthopsis macura) An arid zone species which exhibits flexible habitat preferences. Prefers tussock grassland on a variety of substrates including clay, sandy, loamy or, in more arid regions, stony soils such as gibber (Dickman and Read 1992). Tends to be associated with denser vegetation along drainage lines but also occurs in diverse associations of low chenopod shrublands (saltbush, bluebush, Sclerolaena), mulga, hummock grass and other forbs. Nocturnal and terrestrial, this species shelters during day in cracks in the soil, in tussock grasses, among dense vegetation, or under rocks and logs. The eastern section of this species’ predicted distribution (which includes Goobang) is patchy but would be larger if an isolated collection from the Blue Mountains last century was included. Consequently, it is unlikely that this species still exists on the Western Slopes as there are no recent records.
Bilby (Macrotis lagotis) A fossorial species which previously inhabited a wide range of vegetation types within arid and semi-arid regions, including most inland woodlands and grasslands, on a range of soil types, especially sands or loams with little stone content (Kennedy 1992). It now occupies a variety of habitats, ranging from the clayey and stony downs soils of Queensland with sparse ground cover, to sands with spinifex (Triodia and Plectrachne spp.) and massive red earths with Acacia shrubland. Despite being previously known from near Grenfell (Troughton 1932), little suitable burrowing habitat is present in the reserves. Combined with the species’ apparent extinction in N.S.W. it is unlikely that it warrants consideration in the management of Goobang National Park. Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) A solitary species limited to open forest and woodland areas where acceptable food trees occur on higher nutrient status soils. In western NSW these animals are concentrated in trees fringing watercourses and are thinly dispersed or absent from the intervening woodlands (Lee and Martin 1988). In the west River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camauldulensis) is a principal food species, as is Bimble Box (E. populnea) where close to major watercourses. Other species are also eaten (e.g. White Box, E. albens), however little is known of diets in western NSW. Koalas have been observed to eat the foliage of, and lick sap from Callitris trees (M. Smith pers. comm.). A significant amount of moisture can be obtained from eucalypt leaves, however they may drink when they have access to water bodies given that their optimum habitat is permanent waterholes with River Red Gum (Gordon et al. 1990). Koalas are dependent on good tree coverage, including a high proportion of large trees along rivers and other watercourses, for dispersal and other movements. There was a sighting of a Koala in 1977 in an area now in Goobang NP near Goobang Ck (WLA WD35096) and records around the park in places such as Manildra Ck in 1995 (WLA SDYA9705200J and L. Kingham pers.comm.); Peak Hill in 1992 (WLA 30518-HO); Tomingley in 1986 (WLA KB394); 15 km southwest of Bumberry in 1985 (WLA HO000609); eastern side of Crockers Range in 1976 (WLA 7692-HO) and near Gooloogong in 1972 (WLA WD40482). Despite not being found during this survey past records, the variety of Eucalypts within the reserves and the presence of drainage lines and floodouts make it highly likely that this species exists in the area. Yellow-bellied Glider (Petaurus australis) Occurs primarily in regions of high rainfall within temperate to sub-tropical eastern Australia. Restricted to sclerophyll forests (wet and dry) and woodlands, preferring tall mature forests (Russell 1983). The limited productivity of Goobang and its distance from the main populations of this species means that it is unlikely to survive in the area.
Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolkensis) The Squirrel Glider occurs in a variety of wet and dry sclerophyll forest types including open forests, low open forests and woodlands (Henry and Suckling 1984). In Victoria they are restricted to dry forests and woodlands containing mature or mixed-aged stands of more than one eucalypt species, or riparian open forests of River Red Gum (E.
camaldulensis) (Menkhorst 1995b). Mixed species stands invariably include gumbarked and high nectar-producing species, including some which flower in winter; the riparian open forests typically contain mature Silver Wattle (Acacia dealbata) which may provide important winter carbohydrate sources (Menkhorst et al. 1988, Menkhorst 1995b). Forest Red-gums, Spotted Gums, ironbarks, box and bloodwoods are often present in areas occupied by Squirrel Gliders (Fleay 1954). The mixture of trees in these reserves, especially with the winter flowering species being present, means that this species is likely to be widespread but sparse throughout the area. A recent record, 1995, from Tomanbil SF about 30km west of Nangar NP (WLA 62503-HO) indicates they are in the area and are likely to occur in both reserves. Its ability to traverse woodlands makes movement of the species through and around the reserves possible. Rufous Bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens) A solitary and nocturnal species which appears to prefer areas with a sparse or grassy understorey. West of the Great Dividing Range it inhabits dry open woodland. During the day the Rufous Bettong rests in a cone-shaped nest of grass constructed over a shallow excavation and lined with soft dry grass, usually at the base of a log, tree or grass tussock (Dennis and Johnson 1995). Each individual may maintain up to five nests, and new nests are added as old ones are abandoned on a regular (monthly) basis (Dennis and Johnson 1995). Also thought to occasionally use a ‘form’ similar to that of a hare and shelter in hollow logs when chased (Hyett and Shaw 1981). Feeds at night on grasses, herbs, leaves, roots and tubers, the latter two being dug out with the forelimbs. While a number of areas within the reserves seem appropriate, and the presence of diggings on the forest floor may give some hope, the decline of this species in the southern part of its range means that it is likely to be extinct in the area. Burrowing Bettong (Bettongia lesueur) Inhabited a very broad range of habitats from spinifex deserts to steppe, heaths and woodlands, especially low-lying areas in open mulga and ironwood (Kennedy 1992). Prefers areas of lower rainfall but avoids rocky hills and dense vegetation. Habitat selection by this nocturnal species is also influenced by its burrowing habits (Seebeck et al. 1989). Communal warrens, which may be simple or extremely complex, are constructed wherever the soil is deep enough, especially in firm loamy soils (Deeker 1993, Burbidge 1995a). Alternatively, burrows may be located in outcrops of friable rock or under capping layers of stone. There is a museum specimen from Eugowra, next to Nangar NP (Australian Museum: 52067) collected in 1941 and an unconfirmed sighting of a bettong (possibly of this species) from Nangar Fire Trail near Mt Nangar Trig in the 1980’s (J. Kenna pers.comm.) Although there are some potentially suitable areas in the reserves this species is presumed extinct in N.S.W. The possibility of both species of Bettong still occurring in NSW needs to be investigated with a dedicated regional survey and by following up any sightings in the area. Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) Inhabits a broad range of habitats from rocky gorges with rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest to isolated rocky outcrops in semi-arid woodland country (Short 1982). Often found on rock slopes which receive direct sunlight for much of the day (ie. with a northerly aspect) and which also provide adequate shelter sites in the form of caves,
cracks and rockpiles (Short 1982, Eldridge and Close 1995). Habitat preference studies indicate that occupied sites had twice the number of ledges, three times the number of caves and many more climbable paths from the cliff top onto the face, usually via steep, narrow cracks or chimneys, than adjacent unoccupied sites (Short 1982). Shelter may also be taken in Lantana thickets. Those habitats and microhabitats chosen by the Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby are therefore of a very specific nature. Not only do they provide shelter, they are also important for thermoregulatory and water balance purposes (the caves being of a more constant temperature and a higher humidity than the outside environment). Brush-tailed Rock-wallabies normally live in small colonies, with individuals having overlapping home ranges of approximately 15 ha each (Archer 1985). Feeding sites (areas of native or introduced grasses, frequently in open forest areas) are normally located near to the rocky retreat sites. . This species has been reported from the area although no animals or scats have been found during recent visits to the park or searches by staff from Western Plains Zoo. Scats have been found recently (1995) at ‘The Needles’ east of Canowindra (WLA 1355-BA). The complex of ridges and cliffs in both reserves are likely to harbour small remnant populations of this species, but the decline of the species generally, and in particular in the west, means that it is in grave danger of regional extinction if not already gone. Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris) Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bats occur in most wooded habitats. During the day they roost in large tree hollows and sometimes also the abandoned nests of Sugar Gliders (Richards 1995a). At night they forage for airborne insects (largely beetles and moths) above the canopy, although in open woodlands and mallee country they also feed closer to the ground (Hall and Richards 1979, Richards 1995a). In the southern portion of its range it is thought to undergo a winter migration to warmer areas. During this time it has been recorded from a variety of other habitats, and has been observed resting on the walls of buildings in daylight (Richards 1995a). Most areas of the reserves appear suitable as feeding areas for this mobile species although those with large trees would provide the roosting sites necessary for this species. Little Pied Bat (Chalinolobus picatus) Very little is known about the Little Pied Bat, which is one of the few bats to occur exclusively in the arid and semi-arid areas of eastern Australia. Thought to be a cave and rock-outcrop roosting species but recent captures suggest it also uses tree hollows, mine shafts and tunnels and abandoned buildings (Hall and Richards 1979, Reardon and Flavel 1987, Richards 1995b). Known from Brigalow, riparian and Bimble Box woodlands as well as mallee areas. Forms small breeding colonies (Ride 1970). Eats insects and requires access to free-standing water. Records of subterranean colonies indicated that roosts never included more than ten or fifteen individuals, but the discovery of nearly forty, tightly clustered behind the door of an abandoned house, shows that the species is much more adaptable than first thought. This group sustained day temperatures of over 40 oC proving that the species is capable of dealing with heat and aridity provided that water is obtainable within flight range (Richards 1995b). The cliffs in Goobang and the woolsheds on surrounding properties may provide roosting sites for Little Pied Bats. while the arid woodlands on the western slopes of the park may provide some foraging areas, but it must be considered marginal.
Greater Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus timoriensis) Inhabits dry open woodlands and around River Red Gums that line watercourses and lakes on the inland plains of the semi-arid zone (Parnaby 1995). In South Australia, restricted to mallee regions across the mid-north of the State. Roosts in tree hollows, under loose bark, in the mud nests of Fairy Martins, and in buildings (Hall and Richards 1979). Forages for large moths and beetles over water or in arid habitats; hovers around the foliage of trees and may glean insects from leaves and branches as do other longeared bats; also hovers low to the ground (Hall and Richards 1979, Richards 1983). The dry woodlands of the ridges in these reserves should provide feeding areas while the scattering of large hollow trees provide roosts. This species was recorded in both reserves and is also previously known from Warraderry SF south of Forbes (WLA SPXE96031400). Australasian Bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus) A solitary species which most frequently inhabits dense vegetation surrounding terrestrial wetlands (swamps, lakes, lagoons, pools, sluggish rivers, streams and occasionally estuaries) including reed beds, sedges, rushes, Cumbungi, Canegrass, Cutting Grass and occasionally Lignum (Marchant and Higgins 1990). No suitable habitat seems to be present in the reserves. However, records from Cowra, 1997 (WLA: SDYA9704140A) and Forbes, 1997 suggest that some of the lakes and dams near the reserves may be suitable for this species. Black-necked Stork (Xenorhynchus asiaticus) Inhabits terrestrial wetlands along coasts or inland in tropical and temperate areas, including swamps associated with river systems, large permanent pools, lagoons, estuarine mudflats and mangrove swamps (Serventy 1985, Marchant and Higgins 1990). A wary species, the Black-necked Stork apparently prefers large open habitats, aquatic or terrestrial (Serventy 1985). There are no suitable wetlands for the long-term presence of this species. Magpie Goose (Anseranus semipalmata) Restricted to terrestrial wetlands, predominantly in monsoonal regions, with the presence of surface water and food being the principal determinants of the species’ distribution. Frequently present in large flocks in shallow water (less than 1 m deep) such as large swamps and dams, especially those with dense growths of rushes (Spikerush) or sometimes sedges, and with permanent lagoons and grasslands nearby. Such habitat does not occur within these reserves. Freckled Duck (Stictonetta naevosa) The Freckled Duck utilises a variety of plankton-rich wetland types, including swamps heavily vegetated with Cumbungi, Lignum, Canegrass or Ti-tree (in coastal areas), large open lakes and their shores, rivers, creeks, farm dams, sewage ponds and floodwaters (Pizzey 1980, Marchant and Higgins 1990). No suitable wetlands exist in these reserves, however they do occur in the area. There are records from Parkes sewerage farm (1978, WLA 123723-035) and from Cowra (1989, WLA 95010-035)
Blue-billed Duck (Oxyura australis) An almost wholly aquatic species which is seldom seen on land and is inconspicuous both by habits and the nature of its habitat (Pizzey 1980, Kingsford 1991). Nonbreeding flocks, often totalling several hundred individuals, congregate on large, deep, open fresh-water dams and lakes during autumn and winter (Pizzey 1980). Sewage ponds, large rivers and saline water bodies are also used by the Blue-billed Duck during non-breeding periods (Marchant and Higgins 1990). No suitable areas exist in these reserves for this species. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Predominantly a coastal species which inhabits a variety of marine and littoral habitats including inlets, bays, estuaries, mangroves, beaches, dunes, cliffs, offshore islands, coral/rock reefs, swamps and along rivers (Simpson and Day 1993, Marchant and Higgins 1993). Occasional birds venture far inland along large rivers, particularly in northern Australia, and also utilise large dams (Pizzey 1980, Slater et al. 1986, Marchant and Higgins 1993). Recorded from Burrendong Dam near Wellington in 1982 (106646-035) however no suitable rivers occur within these reserves. Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia isura) Predominantly a predator of open forests, woodlands, scrubs and heathlands, especially those on fertile soils, from the coast to the inland slopes of the Great Dividing Range (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Rocky hills and gorges are also used by the Square-tailed Kite (Slater et al. 1986). Goobang and Nangar are suitable for this species and there is a record from Cowra, 1990 (93526-035), but the low density of the species means that it may take some time before it is recorded in the reserves. Black-breasted Buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternum) Black-breasted Buzzards use a variety of open habitats from riverine and tropical eucalypt woodlands to shrub steppes, arid scrubs (Hakea) with a grass understorey (Plectrachne), grassy plains and sandy deserts (Simpson and Day 1993). Prefers treelined watercourses, billabongs and ephemeral lakes and the open woodlands of associated floodplains (Marchant and Higgins 1993). The margins of these reserves would form feeding areas for this wide ranging species, particularly during its summer southerly migration. Grey Falcon (Falco hypoleucos) Inhabits flat and mainly treeless or lightly timbered plains with open, drier vegetation types; acacia shrubland, spinifex (Triodia) and tussock grassland (Astrebla), low shrubland (e.g. bluebush); or along the timbered inland drainage systems, occasionally pastoral lands (Olsen and Olsen 1986, Ley 1991, Marchant and Higgins 1993). Also seen near or over swamps, waterholes or bores where the surface water attracts prey. Stronghold for the Grey Falcon is in the arid and semi-arid zones, largely excluding ‘waterless deserts’ (Marchant and Higgins 1993). These birds require large (eucalypt) trees near or overhanging water or a dry watercourse for nesting sites. The tallest tree in
an area is often used, with the nest usually located in a slender sloping or vertical fork in the topmost branches, 6-25 m high (Olsen and Olsen 1986, Marchant and Higgins 1993). The clearing within and around these reserves has provided a range of feeding areas for this species, with the large isolated trees providing nesting locations. With records from Parkes, 1992 (WLA 106688-035) and Cowra, 1996 (SBJL97012104) and habitat in and around the reserves this species can be expected to occur in the area. Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) Malleefowl predominantly inhabit mallee communities, preferring the tall, dense and floristically-rich mallee found in higher rainfall (300-450 mm mean annual rainfall) areas (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Light sandy to sandy loam (well-drained) soils are an important feature of the preferred habitats and, in NSW, a dense but discontinuous canopy (for leaf litter), a dense and variable shrub and herb layers (of food plants) and some open ground (allowing easier movement) are also preferred (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Less frequently found in other eucalypt woodlands (mixed Western Grey Box and Yellow Gum or Bimble Box), Cypress Pine Callitris woodlands, Mulga Acacia aneura woodlands and Gidgee A. cambagei scrub (Marchant and Higgins 1993). Large sections of the western part of Goobang appear suitable for this species. There is a record from near ‘Balimo’ on the western side of Goobang NP in the foothills of the Hervey Range from the late 1970’s (23999-035), but with the decline across much of its range isolated populations are likely to become extinct. Brolga (Grus rubicundus) The Brolga occurs on extensive open wetlands, including shallow swamps, their margins and floodplains; also on grasslands, paddocks, ploughed fields, irrigated pastures, stubble crops and salt flats (Pizzey 1980, Serventy 1985). This species roosts beside swamps, waterholes and lakes. Pairs form bonds for life, vigorously defending a substantial breeding territory of up to 2.5 km2, which may include several marshes (Arnol et al. 1984). The pair may remain in the same area for years and are stimulated to breed by flooding (Briggs 1990). The lack of such habitats make it unlikely for these reserves to be important for Brolgas although they may occassionally use cleared areas as rest points when migrating. Australian Bustard (Ardeotis australis) The stronghold of the Australian Bustard is open woodland, low shrubland or grassland in northern Australia and is an occasional visitor to western NSW (Ayers et al.1996). Although this species can utilise pastoral and cropping country, it appears to be confined to areas where the upper canopy cover is less than 10% or is under 2 m high, and occurs in highest concentrations in or adjacent to areas where grasses are dominant (Grice et al. 1986). With an Australian Bustard sighted at Greenethorpe, ca 55 km south of Nangar in 1985 (Cooper 1989) it can be assumed that the cleared areas within and surrounding the reserves may provide suitable habitat for this species should it continue to return to N.S.W.
Plains-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus) The Plains-wanderer requires extensive areas of sparse grassland containing a variety of grasses and herbs, particularly unimproved pastures. Its preferred habitats consist of approximately 50% bare ground, 10% fallen litter, and the remainder covered with low (< 5 cm) vegetation with a small amount of taller vegetation (important for concealment), but not trees (Baker-Gabb 1992). It will tolerate some forms of agriculture, including broad-acre grazing on unimproved pasture and cropping on a long rotation (has been found in regenerating cereal stubble, Pizzey 1980). The bulk of the lands covered by the reserves is unsuitable for this species and its ability to survive in the high intensity agricultural areas surrounding the reserves is low. Bush Thick-knee (Curlew) (Burhinus magnirostris) A ground-dwelling bird which prefers grassy open woodlands where the grass is short and patchy and where fallen branches and leaf litter are present (Pizzey 1980). In inland Australia the Bush Thick-knee favours riverine woodlands. Rare in the cleared and settled parts of their former range, these birds still persist in areas where sufficient habitat remains (Pizzey 1980). They roost on open ground during day, difficult to see because of their excellent camouflage, and are therefore most commonly recognised by their distinctive mournful call at night (Reader’s Digest 1986). Many of the woodlands within these reserves seem suitable for this species, however calls of this species played through loudspeakers failed to elicit a response. Despite not being detected Thick-knees may occur in the reserves. They are known from the area through a record from Burrendong Dam in 1985 (WLA 108702-035). Painted Snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) The Painted Snipe inhabits the fringes of swamps and other marshy areas, generally where there is a cover of samphire, grasses, Lignum, low scrub and open timber. Most often seen in freshly flooded areas or shallow fresh water swamps with rushes (Slater et al. 1986). Suitable areas are not present within these reserves. Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) A wading bird that breeds in the Palaearctic (Mongolia and Siberia) and visits Australia during summer, arriving in August and leaving in March (Kingsford 1991, Higgins and Davies 1996). Although primarily found along the coast on sand spits, lagoons and mudflats, this species also occurs inland on mudflats and in those portions of large muddy lakes and swamps (freshwater or brackish) where the water is less than 10 cm deep during suitable conditions (i.e. receding water) (Pizzey 1980, Reader’s Digest 1986). The Black-tailed Godwit also uses wet meadows and sewerage treatment works (Kingsford 1991). While they are known from Parkes (WLA 47600-035), Goobang and Nangar are not suitable for this species due to the lack of suitable lakes. Glossy Black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) This cockatoo normally occurs in coastal woodlands and forests, open inland woodlands or timbered watercourses where casuarinas are common (Pizzey 1980, Reader’s Digest 1986). Within inland NSW and Queensland it inhabits brigalow scrub, or hilly rocky
ridge country where casuarinas occur. Hollows in mature or dead trees, usually on the flatter ground at the base of hills, are used by these birds for nesting. These reserves seem ideal for this species. They were recorded in Goobang during the surveys and there are older records including one from Gulf Creek Fire Trail (WLA: 2-BA) and from Bumberry Range (WLA: 121101-035). There are no recorded sightings for this species for Nangar, however discussions with neighbours indicates they are occasionally in the area. Pink Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri) The Pink Cockatoo utilises a variety of habitats, notably Mulga, mallee, Cypress Pine and sheoak woodlands, as well as grasslands near tree-lined watercourses (Slater et al. 1986). More commonly seen on red than grey soil country. Dependent on access to fresh surface water (they drink late in the afternoon, early in the morning and also during the day in very hot, dry conditions) and on large hollow limbs or holes in trees, the bottom of which they line with decayed wood dust and bark strips, for nesting (Reader’s Digest 1986). In particular they require old growth mallee and Belah for nesting in the south, Bimble Box and other eucalypts in the north, or any tree that provides hollows such as native pine, Black Box or River Red Gum (Pizzey 1980). This species is readily observable and any populations in the area of these reserves would only be transient since they are not consistently reported in the area. The closest records are of two birds from near Borenore (WLA 45275-HO) in 1995. The western areas of Goobang provide some suitable habitat, but the birds were not detected during these surveys or by previous observers. Purple-crowned Lorikeet (Glossopsitta porphyrocephala) A scarce inhabitant of eucalypt woodlands and drier open sclerophyll forests on the foothills and fringes of plains, the Purple-crowned Lorikeet has a strong preference for mallee associations (Pizzey 1980). Spouts or hollows 30-40 m high up in large eucalypt trees (e.g. River Red Gums) located near water, are used by this species as nesting sites. Several pairs often nest in neighbouring hollows within the one tree (Pizzey 1980). Roosting occurs at set camps and the birds often fly long distances in search of food trees (Reader’s Digest 1986). The Purple-crowned Lorikeet feeds on pollen, nectar and blossoms from eucalypts, Callistemon and Banksia, berries and other fruits (including cultivated species such as apples and pears, to which they can cause considerable damage), insects and their larvae (Reader’s Digest 1986, Barker and Vestjens undated a). This nomadic species usually moves in small flocks, following the flowering of eucalypt trees, but occasionally forms congregations of several hundred birds (Reader’s Digest 1986). Recent records (the first since 1980 in N.S.W.) may extend the bioclimatic range of this species, but its preference for mallee areas restricts the area of prime habitat for this species in these reserves. However, it is still likely to occur infrequently in the other flowering woodlands in these reserves. Superb Parrot (Polytelis swainsonii) A locally common inhabitant of the open woodland and riverine forests in inland NSW (Slater et al. 1986). The Superb Parrot appears to have two distinct breeding populations within NSW, the degree of overlap between them being unknown. In both cases the presence of natural woodland links between nesting and feeding areas appear
to provide an important flight path for breeding birds (Webster 1986). The Superb Parrot nests in a variety of eucalypt species, including River Red Gum and several box species (particularly in remnant patches of box woodland on red loams). Nesting occurs more frequently in dead trees, and at a greater distance from water than in the MurrayRiverina. The largest trees available are usually used, although these are often the only ones available (Webster 1988). Foraging sites used by the parrots during the breeding season are associated with either box woodland (especially important are all stages of White Box flowers and fruits and young buds from Bimble Box), riparian red gum forest (in the canopy on flowers, fruits etc., and on the riverbank) or cereal crops (wheat and oat which is not fully ripe) (Webster 1988). These reserves and the wooded ranges they are on should provide an important corridor for this species, feeding areas and potential breeding locations. This species has been recorded in Alectown in 1978 (WLA 123144-035) and 1996 (WLA SDMP9610140J), Parkes in 1986 (WLA 122131-035), Gooloogong (near Nangar) in 1987 (WLA 36686-035) and 3 km west of Canowindra in 1987 (WLA 97922-035). Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) Swift Parrots migrate to south-eastern mainland Australia in February-April to feed on winter blossoms and return to breed in Tasmania between September and November. On the mainland they occur in a wide variety of habitats, depending on where there are flowering blossoms. Drier sclerophyll forests and woodlands, other timbered countries, plantations, parks, gardens or city streets and occasionally green grasslands are all used by these birds (Pizzey 1980, Simpson and Day 1993). This species has been recorded in the area at Bumberry Dam in 1978 (WLA 126121-035), at Peak Hill Gold Mine in 1990 (Goldney 1990 - WLA SMVE9704150Y) and at Back Yamma SF a number of times, most recently in 1992 (WLA 47397-035). These reserves will provide important resources for this species during winter. Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) Turquoise Parrots live on the edge of eucalypt woodlands, thus remaining close to both breeding sites (hollows in eucalypt spouts or stumps) and feeding areas (grasslands or areas of weeds, heaths or clearings) (Pizzey 1980). This species particularly likes sheltered valleys amongst rocky hills and is usually seen in pairs or small flocks, typically on the ground or in feeding areas. Turquoise Parrots were recorded in Goobang NP from grassy clearings in woodland and forest and where often seen near the edge of the reserve. There are also records from outside the park at Eugowra in 1990 (WLA 121177-035), at Bumberry Dam in 1978 (WLA 123689-035), at ‘Bumberry’ Station in 1990 (WLA 121179-035), at Lake Endeavour in 1978 (WLA 125813-035) and at Back Yamma SF over a number of years, most recently in 1992 (WLA 47398035). The mosaic of clearing within and around these reserves is ideal for this species. Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) The Powerful Owl inhabits tall open sclerophyll forests, dense mountain gullies, coastal forests and woodland areas (Simpson and Day 1993). Also recorded in coastal scrubs and pine plantations, although unlikely to be able to survive solely within the latter due to the lack of prey species (Pizzey 1980). A sedentary species which lives singly or in pairs within permanent territories containing several roost sites. These territories are
well separated (pairs at intervals of 5-20 km) and range in size depending on the abundance of prey species. With our present knowledge these reserves are beyond the western limits for permanent inhabitation by this species but the abundance of Ringtail Possums present suggests that this species may occur as a an occasional short-term resident. Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) The Masked Owl appears to require a diversity of habitat, including eucalypt forests for roosting and nesting, and forest edges and open woodlands for hunting. It has a large home range of 500-1000 ha per pair in coastal forested areas (Debus and Rose 1994). These birds nest in hollows in trees, crevices in cliffs or within caves (Debus and Rose 1994). Tree nest sites are generally located 10-30m above ground within vertical hollows 40-500 cm deep, lined with decayed debris and the discarded remains of prey items (Reader’s Digest 1986, Debus and Rose 1994). The same nest may be used in successive years as pairs mate permanently and hold the same territory all year round (Reader’s Digest 1986). Masked Owls eat a variety of small terrestrial mammals up to the size of a rabbit, varied with the occasional possum, medium-sized birds such as magpies and kookaburras, and some insects such as beetles and moths (Reader’s Digest 1986, Barker and Vestjens undated a). The diversity of habitats in these reserves should support this species, at least for some periods of time. Gilbert's Whistler (Pachycephala inornata) The Gilbert’s Whistler’s preferred habitat appears to be mallee, often in association with spinifex, although it also utilises shrubby mulga or taller eucalypt woodlands, Belah, riverine Black Box and Lignum, or partly cleared country (Pizzey 1980). Within these habitats this species occurs patchily where mixed shrubs (especially Melaleuca) occur in dense stands (Reader’s Digest 1986). Bimblebox/pine and ironbark/pine woodlands also support this species, again when in association with a shrubby understorey (J. Brickhill pers. comm.). With records from Back Yamma SF most recently in 1992 (WLA 47399-035) and with several suitable vegetation communities occuring within these reserves it is likely to be present but only in small populations. Regent Honeyeater (Xanthomyza phrygia) Occurs in a wide variety of habitat types. The Regent Honeyeater is most commonly found in box-ironbark woodlands. Other important habitat includes Swamp Mahogany forests and riverine She-oak (Allocasuarina) woodlands. Remnant stands of timber, roadside reserves, travelling stock routes and street trees also provide important habitat for Regent Honeyeaters at certain times (Pizzey 1980, N. Schedvin pers. comm.). This species was recorded from Bumberry Dam in 1992 (WLA 26412-035) and Back Yamma SF in 1986 (WLA 122052-HO). Both reserves are likely to support populations of this species at various times of the year. Targeted searches when Ironbark (Eucalyptus fibrosa and E. crebra) are flowering profusely should detect this species. Painted Honeyeater (Grantiella picta) This honeyeater inhabits open eucalypt forests and woodlands, areas of Belah and other casuarina, Mulga and other Acacia (including Boree woodlands in the Riverina), and
mallee, usually associated with heavy mistletoe, Amyema, infestations (Pizzey 1980). Recorded adjacent to Goobang NP at the Peak Hill Gold Mine in 1990 (WLA SMVE970415P). The wide scattering of mistletoe throughout these reserves would makes them suitable for this species. Pied Honeyeater (Certhionyx variegatus) Pied Honeyeaters inhabit acacia shrub (primarily Mulga), mallee, spinifex and eucalypt woodlands, usually when shrubs are flowering (e.g. following rain, Pizzey 1980). These birds feed on nectar, predominantly from various species of Eremophila; also from mistletoe and various Brachysema and Grevillea shrubs (Reader’s Digest 1986). Both reserves, but particularly Goobang, contain areas that would provide food for this highly nomadic species at various times. A record from nearby Back Yamma SF in 1990 (WLA: 69799-035) confirms their presence in the region. Pink Robin (Petroica rodinogaster) Dense fern-filled gullies and areas of shady undergrowth within temperate rainforests and tall wet sclerophyll forests are occupied by Pink Robins during their breeding season (Reader’s Digest 1986). In autumn and winter many birds (especially the young of that year) tend to disperse northwards to more open forests, woodlands (including Belah and native pine woodlands), scrublands, areas of coastal Ti-tree shrubs, even gardens and plantations around homesteads within coastal and lowland areas, shrubby areas on golf courses or rarely treeless areas (Pizzey 1980, Reader’s Digest 1986). It is during these times that this species is likely to make use of these reserves.
Biogeographic and conservation significance Both reserves are located towards the western edge of the central west slopes and are surrounded by highly modified landscapes. The reserves have already been demonstrated to be at the eastern or western limits for many flora species (Porteners 1997) and it is therefore not surprising that the fauna follows a similar pattern. Many of the most common species in the reserves are typical of the Great Divide. Some species at their southern limits are also encountered along with a number of species outside areas they were previously known from. Most species found outside their known range were lizards, suggesting that this group has not been well examined in the area while the birds and mammals are better known. Of the two birds found outside their known range (RAOU, 1984) only the Brown Honeyeater is likely to be resident while the Rainbow Lorikeet is probably an aviary escape. Species at the edge of their range need particular conservation management consideration. For example, the reserves contain large numbers of Ring-tailed Possums, however there are few records of this species further west and may be under threat of becoming isolated from the eastern populations. Additionally, some species may be restricted to Goobang and Nangar as they require undisturbed or steep and rocky habitats and most of the surrounding areas are modified grassy flats. Although there are timbered ridges running north and south of the reserves, they are bisected by roads and farms. Where migration into the reserves is not possible, recovery from local extinction can not occur. Ensuring species do not decline in the parks and allowing for movement to and from the reserves is required for conserving the present fauna long term. Species at the western edge of their range The following lists species at the western edge (in terms of distance from the coast) of their known range. Some species may be found further west but the records are sparse or unconfirmed (e.g. Crinia signifera, Eastern Froglet). Others may be found further west in the southern part of their range (e.g. Ctenotus taeniolatus, Copper-tailed Skink which is found on the south western slopes) but this area represents the inland-most parts of their range. These species are marked with an asterisk. Frogs Crinia signifera
Eastern Froglet
Reptiles Amphibolurus muricatus Notechis scutatus Carlia tetradactyla Ctenotus taeniolatus Egernia cunninghamii
Jacky Lizard Eastern Tiger Snake * Southern Rainbow Skink Copper-tailed Skink Cunningham’s Skink
Egernia whitii Lampropholis delicata Lerista bouganvillii
White’s Skink Garden Skink
Birds Halcyon macleayii Coturnix australis Acanthiza lineata Acanthiza reguloides Gerygone olivacea Sericornis pyrrhopygius Coracina tenuirostris Coracina papuensis Climacteris leucophaea Strepera graculina Malurus cyaneus Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Lichenostomus chrysops Lichenostomus fuscus Lichenostomus melanops Melithreptus gularis Melithreptus lunatus Xanthomyza phrygia Myiagra rubecula Petroica multicolor Petrocia phoenicea Rhipidura rufifrons Carduelis carduelis Emblema temporalis Cinclosoma punctatum Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossopsitta concinna Glossopsitta pusilla Trichoglossus haematodus
Forest Kingfisher Brown Quail Striated Thornbill Buff-rumped Thornbill White-throated Gerygone Chestnut-rumped Hylacola Cicadabird White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike White-throated Treecreeper Pied Currawong Superb Blue Wren Eastern Spinebill Yellow-faced Honeyeater Fuscous Honeyeater Yellow-tufted Honeyeater Black-chinned Honeyeater White-naped Honeyeater Regent Honeyeater Leaden Flycatcher Scarlet Robin Flame Robin Rufous Fantail European Goldfinch (introduced) * Red-browed Firetail Spotted Quail-thrush Glossy Black-Cockatoo Musk Lorikeet Little Lorikeet Rainbow Lorikeet
Mammals Pteropus poliocephalus Acrobates pygmaeus Macropus rufogriseus Wallabia bicolor Petaurus breviceps Petaurus norfolcensis Pseudocheirus peregrinus
Grey-headed Flying-fox Feathertail Glider Red-necked Wallaby* Swamp Wallaby Sugar Glider Squirrel Glider Common Ringtail Possum
Species at the eastern limits of their range The following lists species at the eastern edge of their range. Some of these species are found further east but there is a significant gap in their distribution, usually the Great Dividing Range, between the Goobang/Nangar area and the coast. Frogs
Litoria rubella Crinia sloanei Notaden bennettii Reptiles Diplodactylus intermedius Gehyra variegata Cryptobelpharus carnabyi Ctenotus allotropis Lerista meulleri
Desert Tree Frog Sloane’s Frog Crucifix Toad
Eastern Spiny-tailed Gecko Tree Dtella Fence Skink
Birds Burhinus grallarius Caprimulgus guttatus Acanthiza apicalis Corvus bennetti Lichenostomus ornatus Manorina flavigula Pachycephala inornata Oreoica gutturalis Pomatostomus superciliosus Pomatostomus temporalis Melopsittacus undulatus
Bush Stone-curlew Spotted Nightjar Inland Thornbill Little Crow Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Yellow-throated Miner Gilberts Whistler Crested Bellbird White-browed Babbler Grey-crowned Babbler Budgerigar
Mammals Sminthopsis crassicaudata Scotorepens greyii Scotorepens balstoni Nyctophilus timoriensis
Fat-tailed Dunnart Little Broad-nosed Bat Western Broad-nosed Bat Greater Long-eared Bat
Species at the southern limits of their range The following lists species at the eastern edge of their range. Some of these species are likely to occur slightly further south but this is unknown since the reptile fauna of the south west slopes is so poorly documented. Frogs Limnodynastes terraereginae Litoria latopalmata
Northern Banjo Frog Broad-palmed Frog
Reptiles Oedura monilis Pseudechis guttatus
Ocellated Velvet Gecko Spotted Black Snake
Species outside their known range The following species were found to be outside their known ranges. Some such as the Pseudomys may be isolated populations, but most are likely to be nearing their distributional limits. If any of these are isolated then careful managment of the populations will be required to maintain these species within the reserves. Frogs Limnodynastes terraereginae
Northern Banjo Frog
Reptiles Oedura monilis Ctenotus allotropis Ctenotus taeniolatus Egernia cunninghamii Egernia whitii Lampropholis delicata Amphibolurus muricatus
Copper-tailed Skink Cunningham’s Skink White’s Skink Garden Skink Jacky Lizard
Birds Lichmera indistincta Trichoglossus haematodus
Brown Honeyeater Rainbow Lorikeet
Mammals Pseudomys sp.
Ocellated Velvet Gecko
Further studies Now that a baseline of information of the fauna of the two reserves is available are series of more targeted studies need to be undertaken to manage the reserves. Ecological studies The Pseudomys captured in Goobang is likely to be a new species, but at the least is an isolated population if it is part of a described species. Some basic expectations can be extrapolated from studies on the New Holland Mouse P. novaehollandiae and the Pilliga Mouse P. pilligaensis but would only be educated guesswork. Population dynamics in relation to fire need to be investigated, and the precise distribution of the species needs defining. Trapping in heaths in the northern end of Goobang need to be undertaken soon to follow the population changes following the 1994 fires in that area. If this work was undertaken by a student then either Dr Barry Fox of the University of NSW (experience with Pseudomys) or Dr Chris Dickman of Sydney University (experience with arid zone rodents) would make suitable supervisors. This would obviously depend on their work loads and whether there was an interested student available. Additional sites Several areas of unsampled habitat types could be investigated with the standard site methods. The western flats of Goobang may support additional Eyerian species on the limit of their range. Such species will need careful consideration in their management since they are now likely to be isolated from the main population of the species. Specific rare species searches Koala need to be searched for along all the drainage lines by checking trees for scratch marks and looking for their characteristic droppings at the base of trees. Spotlighting in these areas of an evening may reveal Koalas but would also be useful for looking for Squirrel Gliders. Squirrel Gliders can also be searched for by arboreal hair tubes and tree traps using sweet baits, and possibly fermenting smells. Trapping would be preferable since hair identification would be difficult with its conspecific, the Sugar Glider, occurring in the reserves. Brush-tailed Phascogale nest boxes need to be built and installed throughout the box and ironbark woodlands. These would need to be checked twice annually to determine if the species was still present in the reserves. Brushtail Rock Wallabies need to be searched for along the various cliff lines. During cooler weather they may be seen sunning themselves early in the morning or late in the evening on protected ledges. Distinctive scats are left on the rock ledges by this species and could be searched for.
Results of hair tubes around the possible bettong sightings in Nangar proved negative. Additional sampling should be undertaken to determine if a bettong is still extant in the reserve. Eastern Pygmy Possums can be caught by pit traps, particularly in the spring. Sites with a heathy or proteaceous understorey would need to be targeted. Swift Parrots would need to be searched for in winter. Areas with large numbers of flowering gum trees, possibly White Box, would act as foci for the population of these birds that moves into NSW each year. When these foci are determined then planning for fire management so as not to disrupt Eucalypt flowering, and hence the winter food supply for this species, can occur. Additional bat determinations are needed for the higher flying species. This can be done during the spring, summer and autumn. Any caves that are found during rock-wallaby searches need to be investigated for roosting bats, particularly since many of the threatened ones are dependant on caves. Frog searches need to be carried out after periods of rain and along gullies in the ranges where pools of water collect.
Acknowledgements The following people volunteered for the Goobang surveys: JoHanna Adam, Mark Vaarwerk, Owen Pahl, Jenny Koenig, Terri-Ann Richardson, Tom Leske, Marie Yee, Rita Enke, Aimee Hutchinson, Michael Firmage, Serena Blyth Lee, Ross Vickers, Jennifer Kenna, Brady Schmidt, Anne Gordon, and Aaron Kingham. The following people volunteered for the Nangar surveys: Onka Sharma, JoHanna Adam, Leanne Ellis, Jenny Kenna, Alison Parr, Paul McGuiness, Jenny Koenig, Kevin Joyce, Sari Galapo, Aimee Hutchinson, Peter Ewin, Josie Hall, Peter Wilson, Fiona Carrol, Danny Wotherspoon, David Girlac, and Karen Sutcliffe. The NPWS staff of Bathurst District and Western Zone attend for many days of these trips. Without the assistance of all of these people the surveys could not have proceeded as far as they did.
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