Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low ...

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emerging ceramics & glass technology June/ J uly 2013

Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion Double Issue

Special topics: – Manufacturing – Students

Annual student edition • PCSA writing contest winner • Meetings: Cements Division, ICCPS-12, • UNITECR’13, MS&T’13

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contents June–July 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 5

feature articles Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Robert V. Dennis, Lasantha T. Viyannalage, Anil V. Gaikwad, Tapan K. Rout, and Sarbajit Banerjee A scalable roller-coating approach adapts new materials to solving persistent corrosion problems using existing manufacturing methods.

New uses for carbon steel pipe thanks to corrosion- and wear-resistant claddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Joshua Caris New plasma arc lamp process clads carbon steel pipelines for oil and gas industry.

Annual student section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The annual student-contributed section showcases student activities and research. Articles on laser machining, porous MAX phases, and sea slug research demonstrate the wide—and creative—range of student interests. Chair’s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue . . . . . . 25 –Derek R. Miller Successful 2013 Congressional Visits Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 –Tricia Freshour Demo and lab kits coming soon! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Laser machining of structural ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 –Hitesh D. Vora and Narendra B. Dahotre Simple, inexpensive synthesis of damage-tolerant MAX phase foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 –Liangfa Hu, Ibrahim Karaman, and Miladin Radovic Extreme interdisciplinary study abroad—From sea slugs to gas turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 –Brad Richards

cover story

Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion (Credit: istock)

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International Materials Institute for New Functionality in Glass . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Karl W. Brisseaux Study abroad benefits glass science and students through the International Materials Institute for New Functionality in Glass Research research opportunities.

Annual student section (Credit: Chris McKelvey; AIST)

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meetings 12th International Conference on Ceramic Processing Science (ICCPS-12) . . . 36 Technical program, hotel information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Plenary speakers, schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

UNITECR 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Welcome reception, schedule at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sponsors, conference dinner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poster session, short courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optional tours, hotel information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38 39 39 39

4th Advances in Cement-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling, and Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Della Roy lecture, schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Hotel information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Materials Science & Technology 2013 program preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ACerS lectures and special events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Short courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Student activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org

ceramics in biomedicine Researchers show axial vascularization of Bioglass matrix with animal tests (Credit: Arkudas et al., Tissue Engineering C/Liebert Publications)

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Officers Richard Brow, President David Green, President-elect George Wicks, Past President Ted Day Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director

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contents June-July 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 5

departments News & Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 • TAMU establishes interdisciplinary Department of Materials Science and Engineering • Ceram building first commercial-scale flash sintering kiln? • Schott reports progress in manufacturing ceramics for use in advanced lens systems and LED technology • Business news • UK announces £85 million funding for advanced materials, grid storage, and robotics • Lessons from the ancients—engineered ceramic materials and climate change

ACerS Spotlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 • At PACRIM: Career roundtable event for students • ACerS Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition • Hench receives Toledo Ceramics and Glass Award • Order of the Engineer induction at MS&T’13 • Wiley introduces open access online journals program • Society leadership elections: Candidates statements and ballot • Education Integration Committee • Names in the news • In Memoriam

Ceramics in Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 • Philips claims record for energy-efficient lighting, doubling fluorescents’ lumens/watt • E-glass fiberglass flywheels for low-cost energy storage

Research Briefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 • Rare-earth oxides found to produce superhydrophobic ceramics

Ceramics in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 • Empa claims new ceramic foam approach advances diesel filter structure

Ceramics in Biomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 • Researchers show axial vascularization of Bioglass matrix with animal tests

columns

PCSA writing competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Richard Chinn My salad days in academia, when I was green before sintering

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Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Classified Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Display Advertising Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2013. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July and November, as a “dual-media” magazine in print and electronic format (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, e-mail delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January–November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp 1–48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.

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www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5

news & trends TAMU establishes interdisciplinary Department of Materials Science and Engineering

new department and already are working on a wide range of materials-related interdisciplinary research projects. The new department will include 41 faculty members from several disciplines, including aerospace engineering, biology, biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, chemistry, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, nuclear engineering, and physics. An undergraduate program is under consideration for the future. n

Ceram building first commercial-scale flash sintering kiln? The still-young technique of flash sintering, in theory, could deliver a broad revolution in the preparation of ceramic materials. It appears the theory soon will be put to a significant manufacturing test by a UK-based company, Ceram. The new sintering method could be one of the most profound and disrupting developments in decades. Flash sintering, which was reviewed

(Credit: Marco Cologna & Rishi Raj, University of Colorado.)

The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board has announced the formation of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Texas A&M University. The new department will be operated jointly by the College of Engineering and College of Science. The new department will offer master of science, master of engineering, and PhD degrees. More than 100 graduate students will transfer to the

in a feature story in the May issue of the ACerS Bulletin, is similar to the traditional sintering/kiln process, but with a special twist: The heating takes place in the presence of an electric field. Because of the effects of the electric field, as the ceramic object reaches a critical (and relatively low) temperature, it sinters in a few seconds rather than hours and hours. The cautious enthusiasm for flash sintering among ceramic scientists and engineers has started to spill over into the manufacturing community. That is because the potential energy and CO2 emissions savings from flash sintering in the ceramics and glass sectors is staggering. Indeed, in the ACerS Bulletin story, University of Colorado’s Rishi Raj predicted that a place to start introducing flash sintering into manufacturing might be to develop a new kiln system for making ceramic tile, an industry where energy costs are high and business competition is intense. He mentioned that one challenge would be

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org

developing a noncontact electrode system to provide the electric field. The noncontact electrode challenge must have been solved, because an online newspaper in the United Kingdom, TheBusinessDesk.com, reports that at Ceram, “Work has started on a kiln that is to be the basis for technology that could cut energy costs for ceramics firms by up to 30 percent.” The newspaper says Ceram (a subsidiary of British Ceramics Research and a well-known international company focused on materials testing, analysis, and consultancy) is calling the effort the Low-Energy Firing Project and describes it as an “80-feet-long commercial-scale kiln.” It also reports that construction of the new kiln was supposed to be completed in April, and testing to begin in May, with results available before the end of the year. The story intriguingly quotes David Pearmain, the LEFP project manager, who says, “The potential of this work is really exciting. We think we can reduce 3

firing times as well as temperatures, so there could be very, very significant advantages for the sector.” n

Schott reports progress in manufacturing ceramics for use in advanced lens systems and LED technology There is increasing interest in the use of transparent and translucent ceramics, but much of the work has been to develop proof-of-concept and small-run products. The interest is driven in large part because ceramicbased optical components would have several property and manufacturing advantages over their glass counterparts. Although this use of ceramics has been held back by the lack of largescale production techniques, Schott Research and Development now says in a news release that it has laid important foundations on manufacturing optical ceramics in a reproducible manner. This advance is the result of work by Schott as part of a special joint project funded by Germany’s Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) called

Business news Corning announces increased quarterly dividend and new $2B share repurchase program (www.corning.com)…In a brutal solar market, Sweden’s Midsummer looks to optical disk techniques for solar (www. midsummer.se)…Saint-Gobain wins top Cleantech award (www.saint-gobain. com)…New report: Global cement market to 2017 (www.researchandmarkets. com)…Cemex, Columbia U., and CCNY sign research agreement on alternative fuels research (wwww.cemex.com)… Schott provides optical glasses with the lowest tolerances for refractive index and Abbe number (www.schott.com)…GE Aviation to build new production facility (www.geaviation.com)…Onyx: A brand new colorful source of energy (www. onyxsolar.com)…Chinese ceramics hurt

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“OptokeraMat.” Besides Schott, a partial list of participants in OptokeraMat includes Perkin Elmer, Braunschweig University of Technology, IBUtec, B&M Optik, Ceramtec, and the University of According to Schott, the manufacturing of transparent or transErlangen. OptokeraMat has lucent ceramics is based on a sophisticated process chain. Depending on the application, highly reactive oxide nanopowbeen a three-andders of various compositions are mixed, doped, homogenized in a-half-year effort liquid media, and then dried again. Afterward, they are pressed begun in 2009. The into shapes, such as, optical lenses, and sintered into ceramics basic goals were to inside a special high-temperature furnace up to 2,000°C inside a develop ceramic vacuum or 1,800°C in the open air. The sintered parts are then optical components cut and polished for further processing. that have high IR nearly all optical applications (future and UV transmission, high refractive markets related to lenses, scintillators, indexes, are chemically stable, can be and LEDs are particularly attractive) easily and reliably doped, and can be and launched OptokeraMat to gain a manufactured relatively efficiently. foothold for the nation in this burgeonGerman public and business officials ing R&D field. realized that these ceramic components With the collaboration now comcould have a tremendous potential in ing to an end, Schott says participants have accomplished much of what OptokeraMat set out to do. In the company’s release, Yvonne Menke, materiIndian manufacturers: Assocham study als development manager for Schott (www.thehindubusinessline.com)… R&D, says, “We have now succeeded Morgan increases piezoelectric disk produc- in meeting the long-held wishes of the tion capacity (www.morgantechnical optical industry for a new transparent ceramics.com)…New report: Nanomaterial for use in photography and technology drug delivery market in the other types of imaging devices. And we US 2012–2016 (www.marketresearch. are paving the way for highly efficient com)…Rio Tinto Minerals launches Asia LED systems.” Technology Center to serve growing marWith reproducible optical ceramics, Schott says engineers can now exploit ket (www.riotinto.com)…CSL Capital the superior thermal and mechanical Management announces sale of PyraMax qualities, high optical refractive indexes Ceramics to Imerys S.A. (www.pyramax (some greater than 2), improved disperceramics.com)…Morgan companies unify operations to provide a broader, more com- sion properties, and ability to create gradient materials. “This opens up new prehensive product offering—rebranded as Morgan Advanced Materials (www.morgan areas in the Abbe diagram—a diagram that systematically depicts the properadvancedmaterials.com)…Schott opens ties of optical materials—which glass submissions for 13th Otto Schott Research was never able to address before. In Award (www.us.schott.com) n other words, optic designers now have


(Credit: Schott.)

news & trends

a larger toolbox to work with,” explains Volker Hagemann, senior scientist at Schott. According to the company, one of the applications will be camera lenses that can be made smaller and contain fewer color defects and aberrations. In addition, the lenses will enable new classes of cameras used for geo-observations that could be used on Earth and in space in searches for raw-materials deposits. For energy efficiency and lighting applications, Schott predicts a new era when engineers will use ceramic materials for color conversion use with LEDs. Typically, part of the light from blue LEDs must be converted to white for commercial lighting. Schott says in the release that the current color conversion materials are “not nearly as heat resistant as a fluorescent ceramic manufactured at temperatures in excess of 1,600°C. In combination with highintensity LEDs or laser diodes, the outstanding temperature stability and thermal conductivity of these ceramic converters allow for new light sources to be developed. Their luminance is two to three times higher than that of a typical xenon burner. Areas of application include beamers, next-generation digital projectors, and headlights.” OptokeraMat, itself, was created under a BMBF initiative begun in 2007, “Materials Innovations for Industry and Society” (WING). According to its web page, WING is “[T]he first program to integrate traditional materials research with the basic discipline of chemistry and with nanotechnology. Besides combining basic research and applied materials research with the aim of accelerating the transfer of results, the new program also takes account of technology-driven changes in market conditions. The materials manufacturers have often only a minor share in the eventual high-value creation with the component or system produced although they have covered most of the cost for research and development. Furthermore, the market needs

ever-smaller amounts of ever-morespecialized materials, such as functional or layered materials. The increasing specialization of materials therefore requires increasing cooperation. Only R&D collaborations enable small- and medium-sized companies to occupy profitable market niches.” n

UK announces £85 million funding for advanced materials, grid storage, and robotics The United Kingdom’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) announced that it seeks proposals to fund with a total of

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news & trends

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ing sectors. These include advanced composites, low-energy electronics (including metamaterials), materials for energy, high-performance alloys, and nanomaterials for health.” A total of £73 million eventually is to be targeted for advanced materials. n

Lessons from the ancients— engineered ceramic materials and climate change Although advanced ceramics are currently being developed and used to help solve pollution and climate challenges, could there be more new applications in which ceramic materials become a “revolutionary new strategy” and worthy of investment to meet today’s climate challenges? A new paper from researchers studying ancient ceramic pottery says that appears to have been the situation with our forebears. In ancient times, pottery was the engineered innovation that met the needs of the contemporary people. “Pottery was a hunter–gatherer innovation that first emerged in East Asia between 20,000 and 12,000 calibrated years before present,” write the authors in the abstract of a new letter in Nature (doi: 10.1038/nature 12109). The Nature letter reports on how an ancient society inhabiting the Japanese islands used pottery in the Late Pleistocene era as severe climate changes influenced their lifestyles. The time frame known as the Jo¯mon period spanned from about 14,000 BC to 300 BC and overlapped with the ice age climate change that characterized the Late Pleistocene era. The region’s hunter–gatherer culture was fairly complex

and produced a plethora of pottery for practical and ceremonial uses. Previously, the authors write, it was thought that ceramic pottery provided hunter–gatherers with “attractive new strategies for processing and consuming foodstuffs.” The interdisciplinary team from the UK, Japan, the Netherlands, and Sweden used modern chemical analysis tools to study the char residue in Jo¯mon pottery, and, surprisingly, they found lipids that indicate the pottery was used for the consumption of fish. In a press release, Oliver Craig from the Department of Archaeology at the University of York, UK, describes this use of pottery by a foraging society as a “revolutionary new strategy for the processing of marine and freshwater fish, but perhaps most interesting is that this fundamental adaptation emerged over a period of severe climate change.” He speculates that the relative abundance of food under water “provided the initial impetus for an investment in producing ceramic containers … .” n

(Credit: Wikimedia.)

£85 million (approximately $120 million) aimed at increasing the nation’s research base related to three technologies: • Advanced materials (£30 million) • Grid-scale energy storage (£30 million) • Robotics & autonomous systems (£25 million) An advocate for the funding has been David Willetts, the UK’s minister for universities and science. A report and speech by Willetts in January of this year called for research in “eight great technologies.” Three of the eight are included in this funding announcement. Willetts says in a news release, “This £85 million capital fund will boost our research capability in advanced materials, energy storage, and robotics and autonomous systems. It will keep the UK at the forefront of science and innovation.” David Delpy, the EPSRC’s chief executive, also notes in the release, “The work will help develop new ways of storing power, new materials that can aid manufacturing and other industries, and further developing how autonomous systems communicate, learn and work with humans.” The call for proposals describes the EPSRC’s strategic interest by noting, “Advanced materials are instrumental in the generation of long-term economic growth and jobs for the UK, and reducing the time required to bring discoveries to the market has been recognized by global competitors in being a key driving force behind a more competitive manufacturing sector and economic growth. Focus should be on materials designed for targeted properties and on seeking to address the aims of this initiative, i.e., reducing lead times, tackling sustainability of materials, and discovering new materials types.” The EPSRC acknowledges that there are some “particular priorities offering the greatest potential to lead to new market opportunities or underpin the competitiveness of high-value exist-

Innovative ancient cultures engineered ceramic pots as they adapted to severe climate change. What role will engineered ceramic materials have in addressing today’s climate and pollution challenges?


acers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Member!

Somany Ceramics Limited, Delhi, India www.somanyceramics.com www.ceramics.org/corporate

At PACRIM: Career roundtable event for students We invite students attending PACRIM in San Diego, Calif., to an informal roundtable discussion with industry, national laboratory, and academic professionals to ask questions about work–life balance, career opportunities, and other professionalrelated topics. The event is Monday, June 3, 6:00–7:00 p.m. at the Hotel Del Coronado. Registration is required and limited to 70 students. Contact Tricia Freshour at [email protected] by May 20 to participate. n

Hench receives Toledo Ceramics and Glass Award The ACerS Michigan/Northwest Ohio section awarded ACerS Fellow and Distinguished Life Member, Larry Hench, with its Toledo Ceramics and Glass Award at its annual award dinner in April. Section president Bill Walker and secretary Janet Bailey presented the award. Hench’s talk, “The story of Bioglass: From O–I to OR!” recounted early influences in his career that led him to graduate school, the study of glass, and eventually, the invention of Bioglass. Today, 45S5 Bioglass is used for bone repair and

dental reconstruction. It even is used in toothpaste and is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the tradename NovaMin. It is found in Sensodyne Repair and Protect toothpaste. n

ACerS Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition It’s time to start working on your entry for the Basic Science Division’s Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition at MS&T’13 in October in Montreal, Canada. Find out more about the rules of entry at http://ceramics. org/acers-community/award-winnersresources/roland-b-snow-award. n

Southwest Section plans annual meeting and awards banquet The 2013 Southwest Section Annual Meeting will be June 12–14, 2013, at the Crowne Plaza-Little Rock, in Little Rock, Ark. Contact Fred McMann at [email protected]; tel.: 713254-4366. n


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acers spotlight Order of the Engineer induction at MS&T’13 The American Ceramic Society’s National Institute of Ceramic Engineers proudly participates in the Order of the Engineer. New members will be inducted at MS&T 2013 in Montreal, Canada. The ceremony is open to graduating seniors in engineering, practicing engineers, and professors, but all inductees must be affiliated with an accredited program. Information and an application are online at www.ceramics.org/classes/ national-institute-of-ceramic-engineer. The application deadline is August 31, 2013. Contact: Fred Stover at fstover@ accesstoledo.com. n

Free AACS membership for a year! ACerS’s newly renamed and revitalized division, Art, Archaeology, and Conservation Science (AACS) Division (formerly the Art Division) aims to advance scientific understanding of materials in ceramic and glass art and to provide information regarding its preservation, creation, and interpretation. AACS offers free membership for a year. Contact Marcia Stout at [email protected] or visit www. ceramics.org/divisions/aacs. n

Partial list of ACerS 2013 award winners available Most of the 2013 Society award winners have been selected, although a few remain to be approved at the Board of Directors meeting in June. Visit www.ceramics.org/acers-community/ award-winners-resources. Awardees will receive their awards on October 28, 2013, at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at MS&T’13 in Montreal, Canada. Congratulations to all winners! ■ 8

Wiley introduces open access online journals program ACerS’s publishing partner, Wiley, now offers an open access online option for journal authors who wish to make their article available to nonsubscribers. The program—OnlineOpen—complies fully with open access mandates and meets the requirements of funding agencies and institutions where these apply. More than 1,250 Wiley journals offer the option, and a fee applies. For more information visit www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/onlineopen. n

First call for 2014 Fellows nominations It’s time to submit nominations for the ACerS 2014 Class of Fellows. Nominations submitted by September 1, 2013, will be considered for elevation to Fellow at the ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T’14 in Pittsburgh, Pa. Fellows should be “persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and who have been members of the Society at least five years.” Criteria and forms are available at http://ceramics.org/acers-community/ award-winners-resources. Contact Marcia Stout at [email protected]. n

Division award deadlines approaching Nomination deadlines for several division awards will be here soon. Submit a nomination for your candidate now! July 15th: Engineering Ceramics Division Mueller Award recognizes long-term service to ECD and/or significant work in the area of engineering ceramics. Bridge Building Award recognizes individuals outside of the US who have made contributions to the field of engineering ceramics, including expansion of the knowledge base and commercial use thereof and/or contributions to the visibility of the field and international advocacy. NEW! Global Young Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding young ceramic engineer or scientist whose achievements have been significant to the profession and to the general welfare of the community around the globe. Nominees must be 35 years old or younger at the time of award presentation (January of the award year), and must be members of ACerS. July 31st: Electronics Division Edward C. Henry Award is an annual award for an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the ACerS Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship is a $2,000 scholarship to encourage academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics or materials science and engineering. The 2013 essay topic is “Coupled Properties for Multifunctional Electroceramics.” Contact Marcia Stout at [email protected] or visit www.ceramics.org/ acers-community/award-winners-resources. ECD secretary nominations due July 31st The ECD Nominating Committee invites nominations for Division secretary candidates for 2013–2014. Please send your nominations, with a short description of the candidate’s qualifications, to a nominating committee member by July 31, 2013. Nominating committee: Dileep Singh, chair, at dsingh@ anl.gov; H.T. Lin, at [email protected]; or Greg Morscher, at [email protected]; or visit www.ceramics.org/divisions/engineering-ceramics-division. n www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5

Attention ACerS members: The 2013 ballot to elect Society, Division, and Class officers appears below. Members for whom we have an email address will receive an email in late June asking that they vote online between June 27, 2013, and July 26, 2013. Printed ballots will not be mailed to members in 2013. Any member who prefers to vote by mail or fax should tear out the ballot below, complete it, and mail or fax it back to ACerS.

Be sure to sign and date the ballot. If you return your ballot by mail or fax, do not vote online. Mail ballots to ACerS Executive Director, 2013 Ballot, 600 N. Cleveland Ave., Ste. 210, Westerville, OH 43082 USA. Fax ballots to 614-794-5881. All ballots must be received on or before July 26, 2013.

THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 2013 OFFICIAL BALLOT To cast your vote, put an “x” in each box, as appropriate.

ACerS PRESIDENT-ELECT

Kathleen Richardson n

(October 31, 2013 – October 16, 2014)

ACerS BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Vote for 3 (October 31, 2013 – October 27, 2016) John W. Halloran n DIVISION AND CLASS OFFICERS

Edgar Lara-Curzio n

Tatsuki Ohji

n

(October 31, 2013 – October 16, 2014, unless noted otherwise)

You may vote for officers in any Division and Class to which you belong.

Art, ArchAeology, conservAtion science Division Marc Walton Glenn Gates Pamela Vandiver Kathryn Logan

Chair: Vice Chair: Secretary: Treasurer:

glAss & opticAl mAteriAls Division

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Chair: Chair-Elect: Vice Chair: Secretary:

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President: Pres.-Elect/Treasurer: Vice President: Secretary:

BAsic science Division Wayne Kaplan Eduardo Saiz Bryan Huey Shen Dillon

Chair: Chair-Elect: Vice Chair: Secretary:

nAtionAl institute

Kyle Riding Jeff Chen Tyler Ley

q q q

Chair: Vice Chair: Secretary:

q q q q

Chair: Vice Chair: Secretary:

cerAmic eDucAtionAl council President: President-Elect: Vice President: Secretary:

Ed Sabolsky Erica Corral Shen Dillon Sumin Zhu Winnie Wong-Ng Steven Tidrow Tim Haugan Haiyan Wang Geoffrey Brennecka Brady Gibbons Tatsuki Ohji Sujanto Widjaja Michael Halbig Soshu Kirihara Andrew Gyekenyesi

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q q q

Ram Devanathan Josef Matyas Raghunath Kanakala (term

Begins

mArch 2014)

Ben Markel Jens Decker Josh Pelletier

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structurAl clAy proDucts Division (term Begins mAy 2013) q q q q q q

engineering cerAmics Division Trustee: Chair: Chair-Elect: V. Chair/Treas: Secretary:

cerAmic engineers

refrActory cerAmics Division

electronics Division Trustee: Chair: Chair-Elect: Vice Chair: Secretary: Secretary-Elect:

of

Kristen Brosnan Kathy Lu Ricardo Castro Chris Dosch

nucleAr & environmentAl technology Division

cements Division Chair: Chair-Elect: Secretary:

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Shibin Jiang Steve Feller Randy Youngman Edgar Zanotto

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Chair: Chair-Elect: Secretary:

Gregory Grabert Bill Daidone John Hewitt

WhiteWAres & mAteriAls Division No Nominations Made

Please sign and date to validate ballot. Signature Date

q q q

acers spotlight Read extended candidate biographies at www.ceramics.org.

Meet the candidates President-Elect candidate Professor of optics and materials science and engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fla.

Candidate statement

Upon earning my BSc in ceramic engineering from the NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred in 1982, I was fortunate to be hired as an engineer at the University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics, where I had the chance to “learn optics,” but more importantly, to see first-hand, the benefits of interdisciplinary research and training. My early career focused on optical materials and involved active participation in the optics and glass science community. My professional “home” was, and has remained, the ceramics and glass community through my numerous activities within ACerS. Kathleen Richardson

My primary affiliation over the past three decades with the Society’s Glass and Optical Materials Division has focused on enhancing membership—leading efforts to attract and retain the next generation of leaders (students and young professionals) and promoting the cross-disciplinary focus of our programs. This focus includes attracting global researchers outside of the ceramics field to GOMD and the Society. To these ends, I led international glass and ceramics activities through my participation in numerous International Symposia in Non-Oxide Glasses conferences, initiation of the first ACerS division meeting outside the US (the EURO-GOMD 2014 conference to be held in Germany and cosponsored with

Director candidates Professor, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Candidate statement I am honored to be John W. Halloran nominated for the Board of Directors, and I hope I have the opportunity to serve The American Ceramic Society on the Board. Ceramics are critical in an ever10

the DGG), and participation in other glass-related conferences. Beyond ACerS, I have tried to extend awareness of the importance of glass and ceramics to the optics community in the Optical Society of America and SPIE. These efforts have two common threads, that have—and will—directly benefit ACerS. • Each provided an opportunity to engage students and young professional researchers early in their careers so they can experience the benefits of professional networks in our glass and ceramic community. • Each broadened and strengthened the image of ACerS and its support of US research and education in ceramic and glass science and engineering among our international peers. This latter point supports the Society’s goal to broaden its international visibility and membership, to become a more diverse entity, and to be the leading ceramic society among our professional society peers. Through these efforts, I have made significant contributions to the efforts of many, in growing ACerS’s visibility—not only in our community, but across disciplines related to ceramics and glass worldwide.

Biography BS, ceramic engineering, New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University, 1982; MS, glass science, New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University, 1988; PhD, ceramics and glass science and broadening range of applications, which provide great opportunities for The American Ceramic Society. However, we are identified not with particular industrial applications, but with a particular class of materials. Many engineers active in our field were not educated as ceramists, and many do not yet think of ACerS as their professional “home.” We need to work diligently to attract new members to our Society, engage their participation in our conferences, and submit papers to our publications. It is a challenging environment,

engineering, New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University, 1992. Richardson is professor of optics and materials science and engineering at the University of Central Florida (Orlando, Fla.). She joined the UCF faculty (for the second time) in August 2012, after serving as professor and director of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University (Clemson, S.C.). She joined the Clemson faculty in January 2005 following 12 years on the UCF faculty of optics, chemistry, and mechanical, materials, and aerospace engineering at the UCF’s, CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics. Richardson has held numerous adjunct or visiting appointments in the US, China, and France. Richardson has authored more than 150 refereed publications, reviews, proceedings, and book chapters; presented more than 200 invited and contributed presentations. She is a leader in the development and manufacturing science of infrared glass and glass-ceramic optical materials. Richardson holds six patents in the ceramics and glass science research fields, and three more are pending approval. Richardson is an ACerS Fellow and served as a Society director (2008–2011), NICE president (2009–2010), GOMD chair (2005–2006), and program chair for several GOMD annual meetings. She is a member of the Association for Women in Science, American Society for Engineering Education, OSA, SPIE, and SGT. She received the Outstanding Educator Award from the ACerS Ceramic Education Council in 2009.

because many other conferences and publications are competing for the same constituency. Our challenge is to keep ACerS relevant to emerging areas, while continuing to provide the best forum for our existing topics. We have to honor our heritage in ceramics, while embracing what is new.

Biography

BS, ceramic engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, 1973; PhD, materials science (ceramics),


Shaker - Mixer Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1977. Halloran has been an active member of The American Ceramic Society since he was a student. He has been on the faculty at The Pennsylvania State University, Case Western Reserve University, and the University of Michigan. He has been involved in a number of start-up companies, including Ceramic Process Systems Corporation, Adaptive Materials Inc. (portable fuel cells), and, currently, DDM Systems, which addresses digital manufacturing of ceramic refractory molds by photopolymerization. He has published more than 235 papers and has 12 patents. Much of his work involves novel processing methods as well as structure, function, and bioceramics. His current work involves ceramic-matrix composites, silica refractories, freeze casting, and additive manufacturing. Halloran was elected a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society in 1995 and has served as an editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society since 2008. Distinguished research staff member and leader of the mechanical properties and mechanics group and director, High Temperature Materials Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

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Candidate statement

Materials, including glasses and ceramics, enable the technologies that shape the way we live today, and they hold the key to addressing formidable challenges that result from population growth, increasing competition for limited resources, and the aspirations of emerging economies to achieve higher standards of living. I envision The American Ceramic Society maximizing its impact nationally and globally. First, at the national level, ACerS can become the forum of choice where industry, universities, and research organizations meet to exchange ideas, knowledge, and information to help strengthen STEM education and to foster the innovation and competitiveness that will enable a strong manufacturing sector and continued development of materials for national missions. Second, at a global level, ACerS must continue to be the information exchange hub for the worldwide ceramics community, where scientists, engineers, and educators converge to address challenges that transcend national boundaries, particularly the development of affordable materials-based solutions to energy, environment, health, and infrastructure challenges. It is an honor to be considered for a position on the ACerS Board of Directors. The Society has provided me with great opportunities to develop my leadership skills, which I pledge to use to help multiply, in a nonlinear fashion, the many contributions of its active members and thus maximize the Society’s impact at the national and global levels. Edgar LaraCurzio

Biography BSc, engineering physics, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico, 1986; PhD, materials engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1992. Lara-Curzio’s research work focuses on the development and characterization of materials for power generation and for the transformation, transmission, storage, and use of energy, and on studying the effects of stress, temperature, and environment on their physical and mechanical properties. Lara-Curzio has edited or coedited 16 books. He authored or coauAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org

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acers spotlight thored four book chapters, more than 210 publications in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings, and is the coinventor of three US patents. Lara-Curzio served as chair of the Engineering Ceramics Division (2006–2007) and received the Richard M. Fulrath Award (2003) and the Frederick Greaves-Walker Award (2009). He currently is an associate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society and chair of the ACerS Meetings Committee. Lara-Curzio was elected a Fellow of the Society in 2008. Prime senior research scientist, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, and designated professor, Meijo University, Japan. Tatsuki Ohji

Candidate statement

It is my great honor to be nominated as a candidate for the ACerS Board of Directors. I have been involved with ACerS over the past two decades, which has given me an excellent opportunity to work with many ceramic professionals from all over the world. I have served in various capacities in the Engineering Ceramic Division, including chair (2010– 2011), counselor, and, currently, trustee. For many years I have been an associate edi-

tor for two of ACerS journals: JACerS and IJACT. I have organized and chaired more than 20 symposia at the annual ACerS ICACC meeting and PACRIM meetings, and have edited 27 conference proceedings volumes. I also have been involved at the society level through the Nominating, Volunteer Structure Project, John Jeppson Award, Rustum Roy Lecture, and Book Publishing Committees. I have gained valuable insights through these involvements. I firmly believe that ACerS should be the global leader in advancing ceramic science and technologies to the next generation because these technologies will play a key role in the sustainable development of society. ACerS should be the primary resource of scientific knowledge, technical information, education, networking, and professional development for the global ceramics community. In terms of membership growth and development, ACerS could attract and serve ceramic professionals, particularly young ceramic researchers and engineers, around the world through innovative programs. It could further promote interaction and collaboration with other international material societies for the advocacy of ceramic materials and technologies. I hope that I can contribute toward these goals during my tenure as a board member.

Biography BS, mechanical engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, 1981; MS, mechanical engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, 1983; PhD, inorganic materials engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 1990. Ohji joined AIST in 1983 and was promoted to laboratory leader in 1997, to principal research scientist in 2001, and to his present position in 2007. He was a visiting scientist at University of California, Berkeley, during 1991–1992. His research interests include microstructural design and mechanical properties of ceramics, ceramic composites, and porous materials as well as green manufacturing of advanced ceramic materials and components. He has authored or coauthored more than 330 peer-reviewed papers and 12 books, edited 30 books, and holds more than 40 patents. He is a Fellow of ACerS, as well as ASM International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and he is an Academician of the World Academy of Ceramics. He received many awards and recognitions including ACerS ECD Bridge Building Award in 2013. Ohji serves on the editorial boards of six international journals in addition to JACerS and IJACT. He is a member of ECD, BSD, and NETD. n

Education Integration Committee President’s Council of Student Advisors integrates with the EIC By Aaron Lichtner, PCSA Programming Committee chair

Immediately following the January PCSA meeting, the newly appointed officers Lichtner participated in a teleconference of the Education Integration Committee (EIC) where cryptic abbreviations such as SAC (Student Activities Committee), NICE (National Institute of Ceramic Engineers), YPN (Young Professionals Network), and CEC (Ceramic Education Council) were casually lobbed back and forth among members Geoff Brennecka, Kristen Brosnan, Kevin Fox, and others. Although overwhelming at first, the members 12

Education Integration Committee Subcommittees

Representatives

CEC reps

EIC Chair

NICE reps

Staff Liaison

Keramos (Pres.) PCSA (Chair) YPN

SAC reps

At-Large (Optional) of the EIC went above and beyond to make sure that I, along with my fellow President’s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) members, achieved firm footing for the new year. We quickly realized that the EIC had big plans concerning educational involvement, and the enthusiastic PCSA members were all too happy to take part.

Under the umbrella of the EIC, the PCSA hopes to foster new interest in ceramic education. As part of this push, the PCSA is moving their annual meeting to MS&T beginning this fall and hopes to increase the impact of the PCSA across the broader community of materials science and engineering students.


In addition, there are a number of events that the PCSA is helping to orchestrate in conjunction with the other members of the EIC. With the assistance of the CEC, the PCSA organized informal round-table discussions at PACRIM10 with representatives from industry, academia, and national labs at each table to answer student questions about the field and what awaits them in the future. Together with the SAC, the PCSA is working with the Material Advantage Committee, Keramos, and other partner societies to coordinate an exciting and diverse group of student activities at MS&T, including technical and professional programming, contests, and industry tours. The CEC and PCSA also are developing a comprehensive list of faculty contacts, which will be useful for distributing information regarding student education opportunities. The PCSA currently is working with the YPN to provide opportunities for students and young professionals to get involved in Society activities of all types and retain these members as they advance in their careers. The members of the PCSA are proud and excited about what we are attempting to accomplish and truly none of it could be happening without the support of the EIC. However, there is always more that could be done. If any of the above events sound intriguing, or if you yourself have an idea of how to better address the future of ceramics education and student participation, I encourage you to get involved. Members of the EIC and PCSA are ready and willing to go that extra mile, a fact that was made clear to me that January afternoon during my first EIC meeting. Contact Aaron Lichtner at azevl@ uw.edu n

Names in the news Miller selected AU ‘Outstanding Senior’

Sam Miller, a materials science and engineering major at Alfred University received one of the Marlin Miller Outstanding Senior Awards at Miller Alfred University at its annual Honors Convocation in April. Miller is a member of Keramos, president of the AU Material Advantage chapter, and captain of the men’s varsity soccer team.

Zinkle named MRS Fellow

Steven Zinkle of the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory was made a Fellow of the Materials Research Society Zinkle at its spring meeting in April. Zinkle is a senior materials researcher and ORNL Corporate

January 22-24

Fellow. He is an ACerS Fellow and affiliated with the Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division. Zinkle has published more than 240 peer-reviewed articles on materials characterization and properties. He and directed ORNL’s Materials Science and Technology Division from 2006 to 2010.

Varner delivers annual Scholes Lecture in Glass Science at AU

James Varner, professor emeritus of ceramic engineering in the Inamori School of Engineering at Alfred University delivered the annual Samuel R. Scholes Sr. Lecture in April at Alfred Varner University, titled, “Fractography—The Key to Reliability (It’s Elementary!).” His research interests include mechanical properties of glasses and ceramics, focusing on contact damage, hardness, fracture toughness, processing effects, and fractography. n

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MATERIALS ELECTRONIC AND APPLICATIONS 2014 Call For Papers

In Memoriam

Abstracts due September 12, 2013

Katherine Failing Merton Van Dreser Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website. www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org

www.ceramics.org/ema2014

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Philips claims record for energy-efficient lighting, doubling fluorescents’ lumens/watt Royal Philips Electronics recently announced it had developed an LED in a tube lighting (TL) form factor—a TLED. The lighting unit can produce 200 lm/W, a level that Philips claims is a record and roughly twice the efficiency of standard fluorescent tubes. Fluorescent tubes already are among the most energy-efficient forms of lighting, achieving 100 lm/W, or more, and are fairly inexpensive. At least one of the downsides of fluorescent tubes is the mercury content and related disposal issues. Philips says one way to think about the company’s innovation is that a 7.5-W version of its TLED will produce the same amount of light as a 100-W incandescent lightbulb. The company, with some justification, also argues that the TLEDs could cut lighting energy use in half. A news release says, “In the US alone, for example, fluorescent lights consume around 200 TW·h of electricity annually. If these lights were all replaced with 200-lm/W TLEDs, the US would use around 100 TW·h less energy (equivalent to 50 mediumsized power plants), saving more than $12 billion and preventing around 60 million metric tons of CO2 from being released into the atmosphere.”

The other side of that coin is that some consumers may nullify some of the theoretical energy savings by increasing their overall level of lighting. Nevertheless, Philips’ work represents a breakthrough. According to a company technical document, the TLED achieves its “high-quality white light” by leveraging the high efficiency of InGaN blue LEDs and carefully combining their output with a red LED. Some of the InGaN blue LED output is converted into green via a phosphor absorption/re-emittance system. The mix of blue, green, and red delivers the desired color, temperature, and colorrendering index. n

E-glass fiberglass flywheels for low-cost energy storage

(Credit: Phillips.)

E-glass—already a workhorse reinforcement for fiberglass composites used for everything from shower doors to printed circuit board platforms to boats to storage tanks, and more—may turn out to be the material of choice for a high-tech energy storage system. Flywheels have to be durable because of the enormous centripetal force that can be generated. Existing designs for power grid-scale flywheels are based on carbon-fiber composites, but a flywheel technology built around E-glass fiberglass is in development, thanks to an infusion of money from the online group-funding website, Kickstarter. Bill Gray, flywheel innovator and founder of Velkess Inc., concedes that carbon-fiber polymer composites are six to eight times stronger than E-glass Rifat Hikmet at Philips Research working on the first prototype TLED, halving the energy use compared with current LED lamps. composites. 14

(Credit: Velkess.)

ceramics in energy

The Velkess energy storage system centers on a low-cost E-glass composite flywheel housed in a vacuum unit, such as the prototype pictured.

However, according to a press release, he says that his company’s E-glass composite is 10–20 times stronger per dollar and that it will store 10–20 times more energy per dollar. The company’s Kickstarter webpost says that the key to reducing the cost of flywheels is to use materials that are flexible. Traditional rigid flywheels, Gray says, require expensive, precision machining. Velkess (VEry Large Kinetic Energy Storage System) turned to an E-glass composite design because, “[The] flexible system embraces the natural dynamics of the rotor, redirecting any stray energies into stabilizing counter forces. By working cooperatively with these natural rotor dynamics, we gain excellent control of the rotor system without having to crush out its irregularities.” A company video shows the company’s prototype 25-lb flywheel, which it says can store 0.5 kW·h of energy for 2 kW of power. The goal is to scale-up to a 15 kW·h energy storage capacity, which will require a flywheel weighing about 750 lb. The flywheel will be contained in a vacuum housing. Where mechanical bearings are used, they are made of silicon nitride. Thermal sensors trigger a shutdown if the internal temperature increases, which could indicate the possibility of an imminent bearing fracture. Gray claims that flywheel systems will cost about the same as lead–acid batteries, but that they will last much longer, with much lower environmental cost. n


research briefs

Comparison of hydrophilic alumina (a) and hydrophobic ceria (b).

ed dropwise condensation, complete water droplet bounce-off, and sustained hydrophobicity after high-temperature exposure and abrasion.” Beyond demonstrating that some ceramics could be intrinsically hydrophobic, the Varanasi group also had a practical goal. They say, for example, that hydrophobic ceramics could play an important role by improving the efficiency of steam-based energy generation. In a separate Nature article about this research, Varanasi says a problem with steam generators is that water condenses on the rotating blades of the turbine and causes energy loss. He says the efficiency loss from this effect could be as great as 30 percent. Likewise, with wind turbines, accumulated water can freeze on turbine blades, again leading to efficiency losses and, perhaps, catastrophic failure. He says that in both

examples, a superhydrophobic surface composed of the REOs could make an enormous difference. As ceramists and other materials scientists and engineers know, there are many reliable methods for applying ceramics surfaces that could be employed to add REO hydrophobic surfaces to substrates, although the researchers caution that the effects of material geometries and thermal expansion mismatches would have to be considered. But, overall, using the REOs to achieve hydrophobic surfaces is not all that difficult, and, not surprisingly, Nature reports, “Varanasi is now working with energy and technology companies partnered with the MIT Energy Initiative, which cofunded his work, to test the ceramics in real-world applications.” n

(Credit: Varanasi Research Group; Nature.)

Several months ago Nature Materials published a remarkable paper by a MIT group (Azimi, et. al; doi:10.1038/ nmat3545) about a relatively simple method to make hydrophobic materials, which, in this case, are made from ceramic materials. The thrust of the paper was that rugged ceramic materials could be made intrinsically hydrophobic through the use of rare-earth oxides. They wondered if they could reverse the hydrophilic tendency of ceramics by interfering with the hydrogen bonding and thereby prevent the ceramic from accepting electrons from water. The investigators’ insight, according to the paper, is that rare-earth oxides have unfilled 4f orbitals, but these orbitals “are shielded from interactions with the surrounding environment by the full octet of electrons in the 5s2p6 outer shell.” The introduction of rare earths into the ceramic composition, then, might prevent the bonding and render the material hydrophobic. Led by Kripa K. Varanasi, a materials scientist, the group tested their idea by making simple ceramic disks from powders composed of pure rare-earth oxides (REOs) of 13 elements in the lanthanide series—from cerium oxide to lutetium oxide. The fourteenth, promethium oxide, was eliminated because it is radioactive. They polished the disks to a mirror finish to minimize roughness and texture effects, and then put them to several successful tests. The authors write, “As hypothesized, all the REOs are hydrophobic: water contact angles range between 100° and 115°. Also, the polar component of the surface free energy for all REOs was found to be negligible. Moreover, there is minimal variance in the wetting properties over the entire series.” Moving closer to application-related properties, the group tested the disks with steam condensation, water droplet impingement, high-temperatures, and abrasion wear. These tests “demonstrat-

(Credit: Varanasi Research Group; Nature.)

Rare-earth oxides found to produce superhydrophobic ceramics

A comparison of filmwise steam condensation on silicon versus the two REO hydrophobic surfaces.


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ceramics in the environment

16

says that besides adding general manufacturing costs, the extra length also uses more of the expensive catalytic material. Empa researchers’ novel idea, which began to emerge a few years ago, was to embrace the turbulence of the exhaust and put it to use to distribute the gasses more evenly. But, a rugged ceramic substrate would still be needed. “Honeycomb” diesel exhaust filter, left, compared The Internal Combustion Engines Lab turned to research- with Empa’s ceramic foam substrate filter, right. ers in Empa’s High-Performance Ceramics Laboratory for assistance. Instead of relying on the straight-through openings of a honeycomb, the ceramics lab began to tinker with a special catalyst-coated ceramic foam, which they subsequently named “Foamcat.” The structure of the foam encourages the turbulence to more evenly distribute the exhaust through the filter. This damaged honeycomb filter gave Empa To filter engineers, the researchers the idea of developing Foamcat. A Empa approach probably raises small area of the monolith has melted, but neighseveral questions, especially boring areas are almost unused, indicating that the in regard to the mechanical exhaust gas flow is uneven. strength of ceramic foam and to filter can match the performance of the negative effects of the turbulence. a honeycomb filter at half the length In response, a news release from the and with one-third of the expensive institute says, “[S]cientists succeeded catalysts. in increasing the mechanical strength Whether vehicle manufacturers of the material many times over. ultimately embrace the ceramic foam Currently, the research team is working design remains to be seen. to optimize the structure of the ceramEmpa says it has been partnering for ic—the foam substrate has a greater more than a year with catalyst-maker air resistance than the monolith that Umicore and diesel engine manufacturresults in a slight comparative increase er Fiat Powertrain Technologies to do in fuel consumption. Using sophistifield tests with Foamcat filters. It also cated computer simulation techniques, says that Swiss electrical utility IWB the Empa team has developed foam has been testing a vehicle fitted with structures that reduce the air resistance the Foamcat filter for 18 months. without affecting the necessary turbuThe stakes are high. According to lence.” a document on the Euro 6 standards Empa says the surface area of the prepared by Cummins, all NOx emisFoamcat substrate is much more effisions will have to be 75 percent less ciently used than a honeycomb monoand particulate matter will have to be lith substrate. It claims that the effi66–95 percent less than current “Euro ciency is so improved that the Foamcat 5” limits. n www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5

(Credit: Empa.)

Soon Europe will be enforcing a tough, new standard on exhaust emissions from trucks and busses. Starting in September 2014, all new passenger vehicles and many lightweight commercial trucks in regions covered by the European Commission’s rules will be required to have “Euro 6”-certified engines. Similar standards will roll in at staggered dates for midweight and heavy-duty trucks. In response, vehicle manufacturers and various research groups have accelerated their filtration R&D. Switzerland’s Empa is one of these groups, and researchers there say they are excited about some unconventional structuring of the main filter components—typically ceramic substrates—that they say will enable manufacturers to meet pollution goals. Heretofore, the standard diesel emissions filter has been an extruded honeycomb-structured ceramic substrate (e.g., cordierite) that has a light coating of a catalytic material, such as platinum or palladium. The substrate– catalyst combination allows the filter to convert NOx and CO in the exhaust and capture particulates (soot). The honeycomb monolith substrate can withstand the stresses of temperature cycling during normal use and during “regenerative” cycles when aggregated soot is removed. The conventional approach to engineering these filters is to allow exhaust gasses to pass through relatively easily while providing maximum exposure to the surfaces bearing the catalyst. Turbulence is something to be avoided. However, the Internal Combustion Engines Laboratory at Empa says there is a downside to the honeycomb monolith: The flow of the exhaust gasses is distributed unevenly. Most of the exhaust gasses pass through the center section of the filter, creating a hightemperature zone and using much less of the outer regions of the honeycomb. To compensate for the unused regions, manufacturers make the honeycomb filters relatively long. The Empa group

(Credit: Empa.)

Empa claims new ceramic foam approach advances diesel filter structure

ceramics in biomedicine

potential of the material in tissue engineering applications. Because other research has shown that Bioglass can have a positive effect on the growth of new bone tissue, this in-vivo study particularly suggests that it should be possible to use the 45S5 for the development of vascularized bone tissue. Axial vascularization is significant because these vessels should allow the microsurgical transfer of the biomaterial independent of local conditions at the recipient site. Moreover, they found that the newly grown microvessels were immature and had consistent, small diameters. This means the microvessels would be prime for continued growth once implantation occurs. Implantation could occur as easily as removing the AVL pedicle from the isolation chamber and transplanting it to another site where, for example, bone or another type of tissue repair is needed. The hope is that this technique, or one similar, could be used to engineer tissue to address large-bone defects and eventually replace the practice of harvesting bone graft material from, for example, a patient’s pelvis, a method that often causes additional and serious medical complications. The robust possibilities for Bioglass were touched on in the May issue of the ACerS Bulletin in an interview with 45S5 inventor Larry Hench. In the article, Hench describes the emergence


(Credit: Aldo Boccaccini.)

Researchers created samples of a vascularized engineered tissue based on Bioglass. They placed an arteriovenous loop in a Teflon isolation chamber that was filled with the sintered 45S5 Bioglass-granulated matrix and fibrin gel. (A) arteriovenous loop placed on the first half of the matrix. (B) Chamber filled with the complex matrix.

SEM of example of Bioglass scaffold.

(Credit: Arkudas et al.; Tissue Engineering C/Liebert Publications.)

One of the holy grails in tissue engineering is developing scaffolds that will support robust vascular growth. With this goal in mind, investigators from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (Germany) and Imperial College London (United Kingdom) recently announced that, for the first time, they can demonstrate that a type of bioactive scaffold based on 45S5 Bioglass just might be able to foster the right type of vascularization that surgeons are looking for in implant design. A paper on their work, titled “Evaluation of angiogenesis of bioactive glass in the arteriovenous loop model,” can be found in Tissue Engineering C (doi:0.1089/ten. tec.2012.0572). In cooperation with two physicians in the Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery in Erlangen, Andreas Arkudas and department head Raymund E. Horch, the researchers tested a Bioglass scaffold and grew tissue using an arteriovenous loop (AVL) model in rats. An AV loop is a commonly used hybrid blood vessel, formed via microsurgery, which joins a small arterial vessel with a vein counterpart. The AVL stays connected to the animal. The researchers made the scaffolds using 45S5 Bioglass powder and a foam replica technique developed by the group of Aldo R. Boccaccini, an ACerS Fellow and head of the Institute of Biomaterials in Erlangen. They then filled this Bioglass-derived granular matrix with fibrin gel. Finally, they placed the scaffold in a small Teflon isolation chamber containing the AVL, which was left in the rats. After about three weeks, they removed the isolation chamber from the rats and examined the resultant combination of scaffold and newly grown tissue using microcomputed tomography and histology. They found extensive axial vascularization of the matrix, confirming the significant

(Credit: Arkudas et al., Tissue Engineering C/Liebert Publications)

Researchers show axial vascularization of Bioglass matrix with animal tests

MicroCT-generated image of network structure of vessels.

of what he call the “third generation” of biomedical glasses and other bioceramics, which are defined by their ability to achieve a controlled release of biological stimuli that triggers the body’s intrinsic repair mechanisms. The composition of Bioglass often appears to have this third-generation ability. n 17

Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion cover story

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Figure 1. Army truck cab assemblies entering massive rust-proofing ovens. The sheet metal is treated with chemicals before applying finishing coats to prevent rust., circa 1945.

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Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting lowalloy steels from corrosion By Robert V. Dennis, Lasantha T. Viyannalage, Anil V. Gaikwad, Tapan K. Rout, and Sarbajit Banerjee

A scalable roller-coating approach adapts new materials to solving persistent corrosion problems using existing manufacturing methods.

18

ceramic engineer or scientist unfortunately must admit that there is an unwelcome member of the family among us—iron oxide, or rust. This unpleasant family member is disruptive at best. More often it is destructive, nearly impossible to control, and a consumer of resources that are devoted to it in an attempt to mitigate its impact or at least slow it down. Metal bars, wires, and sheets require protective coatings to prolong their use on exposure to service environments wherein they inevitably encounter corrodant species and conditions conducive to the initiation of rust formation. Society invests enormous amounts of time and financial resources to rust prevention, repair, and replacement. Indeed, the Department of Defense has a long history of fighting rust (Figure 1), and the Government Accountability Office estimates that today the United States military spends more than $20 billion per year in corrosion-related expenses. As the advanced manufacturing industry in the United States rejuvenates, sustainable processes and materials will be increasingly important.1,2 New materials will offer opportunities for new solutions to old problems. Graphene and carbon nanotubes represent a class of new materials with unique www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5

properties that are just beginning to find applications in emerging and existing industries. This article presents promising results of an active–passive approach to protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion using a nanocomposite coating comprising exfoliated graphene or multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed within a polyetherimide matrix.

Keeping rust at bay

The earliest reports of efforts to prevent fouling of surfaces date back to 412 BC when explorers coated the wooden hulls of ships with tallow and pitch poisoned with arsenic and sulfur to keep barnacles at bay. Today, zinc-based alloys are the “gold standard” sacrificial electroactive corrosion coatings for low-alloy steels. The extent of protection is proportional to the thickness of the coating, with inevitable cost penalties for sensitive components requiring prolonged corrosion protection.3 Zinc coatings are less ductile than the steel substrates they protect. Deformation of the steel can induce flaking or cracking of the galvanic coating and compromise the coating’s corrosion-resistance properties.4 Furthermore, zinc coatings are susceptible to fluctuations in precursor prices, an issue that has increased in importance in recent years. Zinc and tin prices spiked dramatically in 2005–2006, but have stabilized since the discovery of new mines and mitigation of supply chain restrictions. Nevertheless, many steel companies anticipate a severe shortage of zinc in 20 to 25 years resulting in substantial research efforts dedicated to mitigating reliance on this material. Manufacturers used chromium and various chromate coatings to plate carbon steel, zinc, and aluminum substrates for most of the last century because of the ease of plating, excellent corrosion resistance, remarkable wear resistance, Vickers hardness values ranging up to 1000 kg/mm2, and lustrous surface finish.5 However, because of the potent carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium and environmental concerns regarding disposal of electroplating dips, and the harmful effects of the mist created during the

plating process,6 the European Union’s stringent regulations— the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directives—limit chromate use to 0.1 wt% in conversion coatings.7 The growth of chrome electroplating and metal-finishing shops paralleled the boom in the US steel industry between the late 19th century to the middle of the 20th century as railroads linked an integrated supply chain across the Great Lakes region that would become the bedrock of the manufacturing base. Historically, small- and medium-sized customized metal-finishing enterprises dominated this sector, and, not surprisingly, these businesses were buffeted by the upheavals in the steel industry starting from the 1970s. Despite the nation’s increasing reliance on imported steel, metal-finishing shops continue to be important to the manufacturing economy in traditional steel towns across the “Rust Belt.” In the Buffalo–Niagara region that is home to the primary authors of this article, for example, the closing of the Bethlehem Steel plant in Lackawanna, N.Y., devastated the local economy. Even so, the Brookings Institute estimates the region provides more than 14,500 jobs directly related to metal finishing, fabrication, and tool manufacturing and has enjoyed strong job growth during the last two years. Beyond the economics of the steel industry, increasing alarm regarding the environmental impact of heavy metals from the metal finishing industry is reframing the national conversation regarding the environmental consequences of a manufacturing economy. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have issued successively more restrictive regulations regarding disposal of chromium-based effluents. The Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and the Toxic Substances Control Act8 directly address chromium concentrations in air, water, and soil. As the Buffalo–Niagara region, along


with other manufacturing towns, seeks to once again “seize the manufacturing moment,” there is opportunity for a renewed focus on sustainability and sustainable materials, process efficiency, and additive approaches to manufacturing that could potentially bring innovation to metal-finishing, joining, and forming industries that will enable them to once again be important drivers of economic growth.

Hybrid nanocomposites: Putting graphene to work in coatings

The vast array of materials that have been tested as alternatives to zinc and chromate coatings includes engineered polymers, conductive polymers, polysiloxanes, metal oxides, thermally sprayed cermets, self-assembled monolayers, active corrosion inhibitor technologies, encapsulated monomers, and bioactive or biomimetic materials.5,9–11 Polymeric coatings have shown potential as corrosion inhibitors, but adhere poorly to metal substrates.12,13 Nanostructured coatings show promise, but suffer from inherent porosity, which creates channels for water and ions to permeate the coating and corrode the metal surface.14 There is growing interest in designing hybrid nanocomposites comprising multiple components, where the individual components act in concert to deliver corrosion resistance, formability, and adhesion to steel substrates.15,16 Herein, we present a hybrid nanocomposite coating system that combines the electroactivity of carbon nanomaterials, such as multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and exfoliated graphene, with the water impermeability and excellent adhesion properties of a specialty polymer, polyetherimide (PEI). The nanocomposite protects low-alloy steel substrates through an “active–passive” approach, serving as a physical barrier to water permeation, preventing formation of ion channels at the metal surface, and passivating the metal/metal oxide surface through electron depletion at the interface, likely through establishment of a Schottky barrier.3,9,17,18 Two coating systems were studied: a graphene/PEI composite with 19

Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion

(Credit: Banerjee, U. Buffalo)

phene’s remarkable properties.19 We denote exfoliated graphene derived from ultrasonication of graphite in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as unfunctionalized graphene (UFG). Several approaches exist for dispersing graphene and MWCNTs in polymer matrices, although composites with PEI have not been reported to the best of our knowledge.20,21 PEI is an optimal candidate for the polymer host matrix because of its flexibility, high glass transition temperature (155°C), excellent thermal stability, and radiation resistance, while also serving as a perfect host for carbon nanofillers through π–π Figure 2. Synthesis and coating of nanomaterial–PEI stacking.3,17,20,22,23 The latcomposite coatings. SEM image of graphene platelets, ter noncovalent stacking chemical structure of polyamic acid, photograph of the graphene/PAA dispersions, photographs of two coating mode describes the attractive interactions between methods (wire-bar coating and spray coating) and an oven used for curing, and, lastly, photographs of the aromatic ring systems coatings on steel. derived primarily from the alignment of positive and negative high loading of the nanomaterial filler; electrostatic potentials on adjacent aroand a combined graphene/MWCNT/ matic rings. Using in-situ polymerizaPEI system with a much lower loading tion, the carbon nanomaterials disperse of each filler to study synergistic effects in the PEI precursor (poly(amic acid), between the two types of carbon nanoPAA) prior to polymerization, results materials. (A MWCNT/PEI system also in improved dispersion of the nanowas tested, but it showed no enhanced structured carbon fillers in the eventual corrosion-resistance properties.) polymer matrix. The uniform disperGraphene, a single-atom-thick layer 2 sion of nanomaterial in the matrix, of sp -hybridized carbon atoms, has remarkable electronic, mechanical, and along with the remarkable adhesion of the tailored PEI to the steel substrate, thermal properties. Since their discovfacilitates improved corrosion resistance ery in 1991, carbon nanotubes have under accelerated corrosion testing been researched extensively. However, conditions (Figure 2).3,17 their exceedingly high costs and environmental concerns have slowed large-scale commercial implementation. A manufacturing perspective Applying coatings in a continuous Many methods for producing graphene process to low-alloy steel must be fully have been developed, but the facile scalable, allow for high-throughput non-oxidative solution-phase exfoliaintegration with rolling or casting protion of graphite is particularly interestcesses, enable precise control of coating ing, because it is scalable and avoids the thickness, and not require expensive oxidative functionalization that tends capital equipment. We have develto disrupt the π-conjugated structure oped coating formulations that can be (pristine aromatic ring system), which applied through standard wire-bar and is critically important to many of gra20

spray-coating processes. The former translates readily to roller-coating (gravure, reverse roll, and knife-over-roll) methods, which tend to be preferred by many metal-finishing shops and steel mills, thereby requiring little retooling. In past work, we also demonstrated electroplating of graphene onto metal substrates from an aqueous solution using a process similar to chrome electroplating.24 Although the results reported here correspond to NMP dispersions, research proceeds on aqueous analogs of these formulations. Graphene is a potential sustainable replacement for metals, such as zinc and chromium, especially if graphite byproducts from the steel industry can be transformed to high-quality graphene. The cost of sustainable coatings can represent a major impediment to their widespread adoption. As with any new material and the absence of economies of scale, reliable financial projections are yet to be conclusively established for the graphene production. Nevertheless, some industry leaders suggest that a price goal of $20 per pound for graphene is attainable in the short term and that costs of production could soon be as low as $5 per pound. Given the low graphene loadings in our formulations and the high efficacy of much thinner coatings (an order of magnitude thinner than sacrificial metallic coatings), the price proposition of the materials presented here is quite attractive. Related to sustainable manufacturing, previous work demonstrated the use of blast furnace gases to grow directly well-adhered layers of carbon nanotubes, multilayered graphene, and carbon nanofibers onto low-alloy steel substrates.25 After deposition of PEI, the carbon-nanomaterial/PEI composite coatings provide excellent corrosion resistance.17 This method represents an attractive route for designing a closedloop process that reduces the carbon footprint of steel plants while adding value to steel substrates.

Corrosion rate drops two orders of magnitude We synthesized UFG from natural flake graphite through ultrasonic


(a)


(b)

Figure 3. Schematic depictions of (a) UFG/PEI and (b) UFG/MWCNT/PEI nanocomposite coatings on steel. The wavy lines represent PEI polymer, the web-like sheets represent graphene, and the tubes are MWCNTs.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f) (Credit: Banerjee, U. Buffalo)

(a)

Figure 4. (a) and (b) SEM images of UFG, (c) and (d) TEM images of UFG, (e) SEM image of MWCNTs, and (f) TEM image of MWCNTs.


exfoliation of graphite powder in NMP. The MWCNTs used in this study are more than 99 percent pure by weight and have outer diameters 13–18 nm with lengths 3–30 µm. Figure 3 depicts the overall process for depositing of PEI nanocomposite coatings. Briefly, PAA is synthesized by copolymerization of an anhydride and diamines in the presence of UFG and UFG/ MWCNTs. The desired concentration of UFG or MWCNTs is added to the NMP and ultrasonicated to create a visually nonscattering solution prior to polymerization. The nanomaterial filler disperses well in the viscous UFG/PAA (or UFG/MWCNT/PAA) (Figure 2) allowing it to be roller coated onto freshly cleaned and degreased low-alloy steel substrates (Figure 3). PEI is synthesized in-situ on the steel surface through an imidization reaction. Although the mechanism details have not yet been fully investigated, results show that the in-situ imidization protocol yields coatings with substantially improved adhesion of the polymer to steel, fashioning a robust composite with a dry coating thickness of 15–20 µm.3,17,26 The m-phenylendiamine component prevents crystallization of the polymer and improves flexibility and formability as the coating adopts the contours of the lowalloy steel surface.3

The nanocomposite coatings were deposited by wire-bar coating (chemical coating) onto a clean cold-rolled steel surface using either an automatic film applicator or a spray coating method (Figure 2). The PAA was cured at 150°C for 5 min, followed by a 250°C curing step for 5 min to complete the imidization of the PEI (Figure 3) and to remove residual NMP. We characterized the UFG synthesized for use in the PEI nanocomposites by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy as shown in Figure 4. UFG tends to agglomerate into large fragments on drying as shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b). However, Figures 4(c) and 4(d) show that the UFG morphology is sheet like, adding to the flexibility of the coating and the formability of coated pieces. Notably, the agglomeration and phase segregation of UFG in nanocomposites is substantially mitigated by the in-situ polymerization approach. MWCNTs and graphene interact strongly with polyimides via strong π–π stacking interactions. Because of the structural similarity of these materials, good wettability and chemical compatibility between the matrix and the filler are expected.20,27 The PAA envelopes the UFG platelets, and PAA chains interacting with UFG likely impart steric stabilization to the UFG colloids in NMP. Figure 2 shows the highly concentrated, stable UFG/PAA dispersions without phase segregation or flocculation of the UFG filler after several months. Figures 4(e) and 4(f) show high purity of the MWCNTs with outer diameters of 13–18 nm and lengths of 3–30 µm. Analogous to UFG, bundling of MWCNTs is mitigated by ultrasonic treatment in NMP. Photographs of the coatings are depicted in Figure 2. A top-view inspection of coatings in the SEM reveals a fairly smooth surface finish with no cracks or visible pinholes. Furthermore, we observed no phase segregation of UFG or MWCNT fillers at the surface. MWCNT and UFG sheets are dispersed in the PEI matrix, as the SEM images of cross-sections of cryo21

Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion matrix. The images further suggest the presence of an amorphous polymer coating around the UFG sheets and individual MWCNTs. The excellent dispersion of the carbon nanomateri(c) als in the PEI matrix is (d) likely a result of the π–π interactions between the π-conjugated graphene basal planes and the aromatic moieties on the polymer backbone.17,20,23,27,28 (e) (f) Such excellent dispersion of the conductive fillers helps prevent delamination of the composite coating from the metal and appears to aid formation of a pasFigure 5. Cryo-fractured SEM images of (a) and (b) PEI sivation layer at the metal (without filler), (c) and (d) 2 wt% UFG/MWCNT/PEI, and (e) and (f) 20 wt% UFG/PEI. surface. Potentiodynamic electrochemifractured surfaces of the free-standing cal tests (following the ASTM-G59 composite samples show (Figure 5). standard) measured corrosion behavior Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the PEI is of coated samples, bare steel, and galrelatively featureless. In contrast, clearvanized steel in saline environments. ly visible UFG and MWCNTs protruFigure 6 plots current density versus sions appear in the fractured composite potential for samples tested in 3.5% surfaces (Figures 5(c)–5(f)). Figures 5(c) and 5(e) show that the MWCNTs NaCl solution. The current density for nanocomposite-coated samples was sevand UFG sheets are well dispersed, eral orders of magnitude less (down to and, again, there is no visible phase about 10–9 A/cm2) than bare low-alloy segregation of the fillers from the PEI (b)


(a)

steel and galvanized steel (which have current densities on the order of about 10–5 A/cm2). This correlates directly to diminished corrosion of the steel surface and demonstrates the efficacy of the coatings as barrier materials. The potentiodynamic measurements provide further evidence of the formation of a passivation band from –0.243 V to 0.576 V for the 20 wt% UFG/PEI nanocomposite coating and from 0.010 V to 0.576 V for the 2 wt% UFG/MWCNT/PEI coating. The formation of a passivation band for the nanocomposite coatings—but not for PEI alone—suggests that the conductive carbon nanomaterials are important in forming the passivation layer at the metal surface.9,17,26 Furthermore, incorporating UFG and MWCNTs in the coatings shifts the potentiodynamic plots to more positive potentials, suggesting more “noble” behavior for these systems. Although the precise nature of the passivation layer remains unclear, a Schottky barrier often is seen at metal/nanotube and metal/graphene junctions and requires more bias to facilitate electron transfer.29,30 This type of potential barrier at the interface likely impedes the corrosion reaction by restricting the flow of electrons to the steel surface, which is required for oxidation. Also,

New uses for carbon steel pipe thanks to corrosion- and wear-resistant claddings By Joshua Caris MesoCoat Inc. (Euclid, Ohio) has developed a high-density infrared (HDIR) process for applying a uniform, metallurgically bonded metal layer— or clad—to carbon-steel surfaces for corrosionand wear-resistance applications. Clad materials include the nickel-based superalloy, Alloy 625, and stainless steels as well as composites containing tungsten and chrome carbides. This new technology has the potential to be a “game changer,” especially in the emerging oil sands and shale gas industries. The advantages of this technology are • Fast application rate (coverage of 75–280 ft2/h with a single system); • Low potential heat input to the substrate (small heat-affected zone); • True metallurgical bond (bond strength greater than 75,000 psi); • Lower initial cost, lowest life cycle cost (50 percent reduction); and 22

• Better cladding (smooth, pinhole free, low dilution, and no decarburization).

(A slurry loaded with cladding powders is deposited on the surface to be clad.)

HDIR processing is a heating and coating application technology that developed concurrently with lamp design improvements using broad frequency thermal emitters, such as plasma arc lamps and tungsten filament bulbs. Coupling these irradiation sources with reflectors of various geometries achieves the required irradiance (W/cm2) for surface processing.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed the plasma arc lamp technology for cladding surfaces in the early 2000s. Recently, MesoCoat purchased exclusive rights to the technology and has since commercialized it.

Tungsten filament lamps typically operate at temperatures between 2000 K and 4000 K. The Planck blackbody distribution peaks in the IR range. However, there is a broad distribution through the visible range, and the light appears white. Plasma arc lamps electrically induce a noble gas plasma within a water-cooled, fused quartz tube. These ceramic components are critical, because they are transparent within the IR, permitting containment of the plasma and transmission of the light required to melt and fuse the cladding.

These lamps operate at a much higher temperature, approximately 10,000 K. At this temperature, the constrained plasma acts as a blackbody emitter with a peak primarily in the ultraviolet range. However, there are distinct IR peaks characteristic of the noble gas, argon in this case, superimposed on the blackbody background radiation. This high-intensity spectrum is collected and carefully reflected and directed to melt the slurry of corrosion- or wear-resistant alloy or composite to the surface of a component in what MesoCoat calls the CermaClad process. The focused plasma arc lamp emission has measured heat irradiances of 500–2000 W/ cm2, which encompass the irradiance regime


Figure 1(a) shows the interior pipe surface arc lamp just after ignition. To clad the pipe interior, the 10-inch-diameter pipe translates over a lance onto which the lamp is mounted. Once the pipe is extended fully over the lance, the lamp is brought to operating power, and the rotating pipe translates over the lamp (Figure 1(b)). Figure 2(a) shows a wear-resistant cermet cladding on a white-cast-iron substrate (20 mm × 35 mm × 150 mm). The cladding is composed of angular tungsten carbide particles in a

(a)

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. Plasma arc lamp during (a) ignition sequence and (b) processing of a 10-inch-diameter carbon steel pipe. Ni-Cr-B-Si alloy matrix and was applied in two stages with an overlap region (designated by the yellow box in Figure 2(a)). Optical micrographs reveal uniform distribution of WC particles at the surface (Figure 2(a)) and at the interface (Figure 2(b)). Figure 2(b) also shows an absence of microcracking in the white cast iron despite multiple thermal cycles. Current plans for wearresistant claddings such as these are to combine


(c) (Credit: MesoCoat)

(b) (Credit: MesoCoat)

of continuous-wave lasers, but with several unique differences. Laser-processing light has a relatively small beam diameter from a monochromatic light source. HDIR processing takes advantage of a broad spectrum of irradiation with a focus area that corresponds to the diameter and length of the quartz tube containing the plasma. Because the irradiances are similar, a qualitative comparison is that laser processing is like a brush used to paint a portrait, while HDIR focused plasma processing is like a roller for painting a wall.

apparent for all samples, except for the two coated with 20 wt% UFG/ PEI and 2 wt% UFG/MWCNT/ PEI. Some specks of corrosion are apparent for the latter two samples, especially under microscopic examination, but they are clearly superior Potential vs. SCE (V) to PEI alone or galvanized steel Figure 6. Potentiodynamic plots showing the relatively enhanced for protecting the corrosion resistance provided by the composite coatings as low-alloy steel compared with the behavior of the PEI coating (without fillers), uncoated steel, and galvanized steel. A scan rate of 1.67 mV/s substrates from corrosion. (Despite was used with a platinum strip and standard calomel electrode as the counter and reference electrodes, respectively. the differences in appearance in the photographs, the two CR = 87.6(W/DAt) (1), samples corroded approximately the where 87.6 is a constant, W the weight same amount.) loss in milligrams, D the density of Weight-loss measurements prothe metal in g/cm3, A the surface area vide a more quantitative perspective exposed to the NaCl solution in cm2, of the inhibitory properties of the and t the duration of exposure to the nanocomposite coatings. The weightNaCl solution in hours. The calculated loss measurements of the samples CR values for the samples are listed shown in Figure 7 were conducted per ASTM-G1. According to this protocol, in Table 1. The 20 wt% UFG/PEI nanocomposite coating corrodes almost the corrosion rate (CR) in millimeters three orders of magnitude slower than per year is

Figure 2. A white-cast-iron sample (a) clad with WC composite and microstructures of the (b) surface and (c) interface between cladding and substrate. a flat-plate cladding technology with the processing understanding of interior pipe clad with Alloy 625 and apply wear-resistant claddings on large-area pipe interior surfaces for use in oil sand fields in Alberta, Canada. Joshua Caris is a metallurgist at MesoCoat Inc. Contact: Joshua Caris at [email protected]. n

23


Current density (A/cm2)

the hybridization of graphene with metal surfaces can open a bandgap in the semimetallic graphene, resulting in semiconducting behavior for the metal/ UFG interfaces.31,32 Charge depletion from the passivating semiconducting layer also could suppress corrosion. The photographs in Figure 7 provide a qualitative measure of the relative corrosion rates of the various test substrates of samples immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution for various durations: 0 h; 234.5 h; 1,752 h; and 3,144 h (the end of the immersion test). After 234.5 h exposure, extensive red rust formed on the low-alloy steel surface. Similarly, white powdery deposits on the galvanized sample suggest sacrificial corrosion of the zinc layer. The nanocomposite coatings and the filler-free PEI coating show no visible signs of corrosion. After 1,752 h of exposure to 3.5% NaCl solution, red rust formation on the galvanized steel sample indicates complete oxidation of the galvanic coating. The coating of the PEI-coated steel has partially delaminated, allowing for corrosion to begin. In contrast, the UFG/PEI and UFG/MWCNT/PEI nanocomposite systems appear to have avoided such a fate. Finally, after completion of this test at 3,144 h, extensive corrosion across the test substrates is

Graphene nanocomposite coatings for protecting low-alloy steels from corrosion PEI and UFG/MWCNT/PEI coatings on steel. The nanocomposite coatings combine the water impermeability and excellent formability of the polymer with the electroactivity of the carbon nanomaterial fillers. Potentiodynamic testing and saltwater immersion tests indicate more than three orders of enhancement in efficacy of corrosion protection as compared with bare steel. The developed nanocomposites represent a scalable solution for replacement of hexavalent chromium in anticorrosive coatings.

Acknowledgments

Table 1. Corrosion rate of samples Sample

President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, “Report to the president on capturing domestic competitive advantage in advanced manufacturing,” Washington, D.C.

Galvanized steel

3.87 × 10

1.22 × 10–1

PEI coating

9.24 × 10

2 wt% UFG/MWCNT/PEI coating

5.52 × 10–4

20 wt% UFG/PEI coating

8.46 × 10–4

24

G.H. Koch, M.P.H. Brongers, N.G. Thompson, Y.P. Virmani, and J.H. Payer, “Corrosion costs and preventive strategies in the United States,” FHWA, Washington, D.C., 2002.

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T.K. Rout, A.V. Gaikwad, and T.A. Dingemans, “A method of preparing a polyetherimide coating on a metallic substrate,” World Intellectual Property Organization, patent number WO 2011035920 A1(2011).

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14 A. Toppo, P. Shankar, H. Shaikh, and A.K. Tyagi, “Corrosion behaviour of nanostructured surfaces”; pp. 398–415 in Corrosion Science and Technology, CRC Press, 2009. 15 A.J. Crosby and J. Lee, “Polymer nanocomposites: The ‘nano’ effect on mechanical properties,” Polym. Rev., 47, 217–29 (2007). 16 A.K. Noor and S.L. Venneri, Flight-vehicle materials, structures, and dynamics: Advanced metallics, metal-matrix, and polymer-matrix composites. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1994.

19 Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F.M. Blighe, Z. Sun, S. De, I.T. McGovern, B. Holland, M. Byrne, Y.K. Gun’Ko, J.J. Boland, P. Niraj, G. Duesberg, S. Krishnamurthy, R. Goodhue, J. Hutchison, V. Scardaci, A.C. Ferrari, and J.N. Coleman, “High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite,” Nat. Nanotechnol., 3, 563–68 (2008). 20 S. Kumar, L.L. Sun, S. Caceres, B. Li, W. Wood, A. Perugini, R.G. Maguire, and W.H. Zhong, “Dynamic synergy of graphitic nanoplatelets and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in polyetherimide nanocomposites,” Nanotechnology, 21, 105702 (2010). 21 C.-H. Chang, T.-C. Huang, C.-W. Peng, T.-C. Yeh, H.-I. Lu, W.-I. Hung, C.-J. Weng, T.-I. Yang, and J.-M. Yeh, “Novel anticorrosion coatings prepared from polyaniline/graphene composites,” Carbon, 50, 5044–51 (2012). 22 D. Wilson, H.D. Stenzenberger, and P.M. Hergenrother, Polyimides. Chapman and Hall: London, 1990. 23 S. Kumar, B. Li, S. Caceres, R.G. Maguire, and W.-H. Zhong, “Dramatic property enhancement in polyetherimide using lowcost commercially functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes via a facile solution processing method” Nanotechnology, 20, 465708 (2009). 24 V. Lee, L. Whittaker, C. Jaye, K.M. Baroudi, D.A. Fischer, and S. Banerjee, “Large-area chemically modified graphene films: Electrophoretic deposition and characterization by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy,” Chem. Mater., 21, 3905–16 (2009). 25 A.V. Gaikwad, T.K. Rout, D. Van der Plas, R.V. Dennis, S. Banerjee, S. Pacheco Benito, and L. Lefferts, “Carbon nanotube/ carbon nanofiber growth from industrial by-product gases on lowand high-alloy steels,” Carbon, 50, 4722–31 (2012). 26 A.V. Gaikwad and T.K. Rout, “In-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles in polyetherimide matrix and its application in coatings,” J. Mater. Chem., 21, 1234 (2011).

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27 K.E. Wise, C. Park, E.J. Siochi, and J.S. Harrison, “Stable dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes in polyimide: The role of noncovalent interactions,” Chem. Phys. Lett., 391, 207–11 (2004)

F.Presuel-Moreno, M.A. Jakab, N. Tailleart, M. Goldman, and J.R. Scully, “Corrosion-resistant metallic coatings,” Mater. Today, 11, 14–23 (2008).

28 Z. Yang, X. Chen, C. Chen, W. Li, H. Zhang, L. Xu, and B. Yi, “Noncovalent-wrapped sidewall functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with polyimide,” Polymer Compos., 28, 36–41 (2007).

A.R. Marder, “The metallurgy of zinc-coated steel,” Prog. Mater. Sci., 45, 191–271 (2000).

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Edited by Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Ga., 1998.

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A. Baral and R.D. Engelken, “Chromiumbased regulations and greening in metal finishing industries in the USA,” Environ. Sci. Policy, 5, 121–33 (2002).

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Uncoated low-alloy steel

13 D. Roy, G.P. Simon, M. Forsyth, and J. Mardel, “Towards a better understanding of the cathodic disbondment performance of polyethylene coatings on steel,” Adv. Polym. Technol., 21, 44–58 (2002).

About the authors

References

Corrosion rate (mm/year) –2

12 F. Bellucci, L. Nicodemo, T. Monetta, M.J. Kloppers, and R.M. Latanision, “A study of corrosion initiation on polyimide coatings,” Corros. Sci., 33, 1203–26 (1992).

18 B. Wessling, “Passivation of metals by coating with polyaniline: Corrosion potential shift and morphological changes,” Adv. Mater., 6, 226–28 (1994).


In summary, tests show that two novel nonmetallic nanocomposite systems protect low alloy steels from corrosion. The in-situ copolymerization of an anhydride and a diamine is used to prepare PAA in the presence of UFG and MWCNTs. PAA disperses and stabilizes the carbon nanomaterials in NMP through π–π interactions. Roller coating and subsequent imidization of the nanocomposite blends yields well-adhered UFG/

11 M.L. Zheludkevich, I.M. Salvado, and M.G.S. Ferreira, “Sol–gel coatings for corrosion protection of metals,” J. Mater. Chem., 15, 5099–111 (2005).

17 G.K. Rout, A.V. Gaikwad, V. Lee, and S. Banerjee, “Hybrid nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection of low carbon steel: A substrate-integrated and scalable active–passive approach,” J. Mater. Res., 26, 837–44 (2011).

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Conclusions

K.L. Choy, “Chemical vapour deposition of coatings,” Prog. Mater. Sci., 48, 57–170 (2003)

This work was supported by Tata Steel and the New York State Pollution Prevention Institute.

Robert V. Dennis is a graduate student and Lasantha T. Viyannalage is a postdocotal researcher at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, N.Y. Sarbajit Banerjee is an associate professor Figure 7. Saltwater (3.5% NaCl) immersion meain the Department of Chemistry, surements on (a) galvanized steel, (b) uncoated also at University at Buffalo. low-alloy steel, (c) low-alloy steel with PEI coating, Anil V. Gaikwad and Tapan K. (d) low-alloy steel with 2 wt% UFG/MWCNT/PEI Rout are research associates with coating, and (e) low-alloy steel with 20 wt% UFG/ the Research & Development PEI coating. Sample exposure diameter 3.5 cm. Department, Tata Steel Ltd., Jamshedpur, India. Contact: bare low-alloy steel. The inclusion of Sarbajit Banerjee at [email protected]. UFG or MWCNTs also reduces corro-

sion by an order of magnitude over the pure polymeric coating.

16–24 (2003). 10

“Chromium compounds hazard summary,” Edited by Environmental Protection Agency, 2000.

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T.K. Rout, G. Jha, A.K. Singh, N. Bandyopadhyay, and O.N. Mohanty, “Development of conducting polyaniline coating: A novel approach to superior corrosion resistance,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 167,

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29 S. Heinze, J. Tersoff, R. Martel, V. Derycke, J. Appenzeller, and P. Avouris, “Carbon nanotubes as Schottky barrier transistors,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 106801 (2002). 30 V. Vitale, A. Curioni, and W. Andreoni, “Metal−carbon nanotube contacts: The link between Schottky barrier and chemical bonding,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 5848–49 (2008). 31 V. Lee, C. Park, C. Jaye, D.A. Fischer, Q. Yu, W. Wu, Z. Liu, J. Bao, S.-S. Pei, C. Smith, P. Lysaght, and S. Banerjee, “Substrate hybridization and rippling of graphene evidenced by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 1, 1247–53 (2010). 32 B.J. Schultz, C. Jaye, P.S. Lysaght, D.A. Fischer, D. Prendergast, and S. Banerjee, “On chemical bonding and electronic structure of graphene–metal contacts,” Chem. Sci., 19–26 (2013). n


(Credit: ACerS)

2013 PCSA Delegates – The PCSA delegation is comprised of 31 undergraduate and graduate students from universities around the world.

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annual student section

Chair’s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue

By Derek R. Miller PCSA chair

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s the 2013 chair of the President’s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA), I am pleased to introduce this annual student-contributed section of the ACerS Bulletin, showcasing several aspects the amazing work that students in the ceramics community are generating. The content presented here is technical and nontechnical, representing the multifaceted aptitude demanded of successful students at today’s universities.

You will have the chance to read the unique winning entry in our first-ever “Ceramics-in-Writing” competition (see page 33), which encourages those of us overwhelmed by technical education to stay in touch with our natural creativity. The technical articles showcase some of the hard work ceramics students are doing to solve engineering problems and develop the experience needed after graduation. Another article provides an example of the value of interdisciplinary excursions outside the engineering comfort zone. Also, make sure to read the sidebar about the PCSA’s Materials Science Demonstration and Lab kits, which will be available this fall. The work that the 31 delegates have put in so far, in just five months, continues to exceed expectations. I encourage you to contribute to the PCSA in any of several ways to allow the delegates to achieve and exceed their goals. If you know anyone who would be interested in a demo or lab kit, if you are a student interested in directly helping the PCSA, or if you would like to help fund one of the PCSA’s many activities, please visit our website at www.ceramics.org/pcsa or email us at [email protected]. I hope you enjoy our student-contributed content! ■ Derek Miller is a PhD candidate at Ohio State University and is chair of the ACerS President's Council of Student Advisors.


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Graduate Engineering Alfred University is dedicated to student centered education, where our students’ personal and professional development is our #1 priority. Our research groups are small, meaning that you’ll be part of a close-knit, supportive community where your ideas and aspirations are valued. We have outstanding, state-of-the art facilities and strong, world-wide connections to enhance your educational experience.

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R toAstudy D UmyAPh.D. T Edegree here AN D I D AT “I chose because Alfred University has one of the top ceramic engineering programs and finest research labs. I get the opportunity to work with great professors here; experiment on quite a variety of scientific fields; collaborate with national labs and perceive additional viewpoints from art school brains, what could be more exciting than these?”

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Jiawanjun Shi, PhD Graduate Student, Ceramics

MS PROGRAMS

Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Electrical Engineering Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering

PHD PROGRAMS

Ceramics Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering

“Having completed my Bachelor’s studies at Alfred, I enjoyed the community-like cooperation between faculty and research groups, coupled with the extensive hands on experience which I knew would be gained during my own research.” Michael Alberga, PhD Graduate Student, Materials Science and Engineering

ALFRED UNIVERSITY

Ofﬁce of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 Email: [email protected] Website: www.engineering.alfred.edu

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Ceramics, Glass & Biomaterials F O R E N E R G Y , E N V I R O N M E N T & H E A LT H C A R E “My research group focuses on processing of nanostructured materials and their application as electrochemical energy storage devices and biosensor electrodes. In addition, I’m also interested in mechanical property studies of oxide thin film as Li-ion battery electrodes and fuel cell electrolyte. Solution-based methods like hydrothermal growth are the main routes in nanostructured materials processing. My lab is fully equipped with all the necessary instruments for battery testing at both room temperature and elevated temperatures.” Dr. Dawei Liu, Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering

“The Sundaram group is focused on fundamental scientific research and technology development, which involve photon-matter interplay that covers a broad range (visible to THz) of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. This includes research, development, design, and demonstration of passive as well as active optical materials, components, devices, and technologies exploiting advanced materials, particular glass, glass-ceramics, and ceramics. We use time-domain THz spectroscopy imaging, pump-probe femtosecond pulsed laser system, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to characterize, understand, and control photons in materials and structures. It is interdisciplinary research cutting across physics, optics, chemistry, biology, and materials science and engineering. Target ares of applications are advanced energy materials, environmental sustainability, and rapid screening of materials for biology and medicine.” Dr. S. K. Sundaram, Inamori Professor of Materials Science and Engineering

“My research group focuses on developing glass based biomaterials for medical applications. The materials used range from glass/polymer composite cements for stabilizing orthopaedic implants in vivo, bioactive glasses for filling cavities in bone which result due to trauma or disease. Additional materials include resorbable glass-ceramic scaffolds for cell transplantation and bone regenerations. Dextran based hydrogels are also been investigated as carriers for therapeutics to aid in removing residual cancer cells post surgical resection. The biomaterials lab focuses on material characterization and processing, mechanical and rheological testing, solubility and ion release of materials and the resulting in vitro microbiology effects including species such as pathogenic yeast and bacteria in addition to cytocompatability studies of the synthesized materials.” Dr. Anthony W. Wren, Assistant Professor of Biomaterials

“My group is interested in fundamental research and development of transparent ceramics and other materials for applications in optics, bioengineering, and energy devices using novel ceramic processing and electrohydrodynamic techniques. Our expertise also extends to aerosol-assisted deposition for the development of functional films and coatings, and laser-assisted processing of materials.” Dr. Yiquan Wu, Assistant Professor of Ceramics and Materials Science

Alfred University

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Annual student section Successful 2013 Congressional Visits Day By Tricia L. Freshour

communication, the representation is lost.”—Sean Fackler, University of Maryland College Park; • “It was a wonderful experience for me to actually get a close-up view of how things work on the Hill and tell my stories of materials science education/research to members of Congress and their staffers.”—Qing Yang, Michigan State University; and • “I got to meet with and try to persuade people who influence policy that what I, and thousands of other engineers and scientists, do is worth continuing to support”—Alison M. Gatons, Purdue University. • The Material Advantage Student Program partner societies are The American Ceramic Society, Association for Iron and Steel Technology, ASM International, and The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society. Material Advantage would like to extend a special thank you to Dave Bahr of Purdue University and Iver Anderson of Iowa State University and Ames National Laboratory for their continued support and dedication to Congressional Visits Day. ■ Tricia Freshour is the ACerS liaison to the Material Advantage Student Program.

(Credit: Chris McKelvey; AIST)

Congressional Visits Day (CVD), organized each year by the Material Advantage Student Program, was held on April 10 and 11, 2013, in Washington, D.C. CVD is a unique opportunity for materials science and engineering students to advocate for long-term funding for science, engineering, and technology through meetings with Congressional decision makers. Thirty-seven students and faculty from 13 universities attended this year’s event. Security was tight because of sequestration. The students witnessed thousands of people rallying for immigration legislation on the Capitol lawn, which made getting around D.C. very busy and hectic. However, the weather was great, and the cherry blossoms were in full bloom. The CVD began with an opening reception on Wednesday, April 10. Three guest speakers presented the following talks to help prepare the students for the next day. • “Effective Communication with Hill Staff,” by Deborah Koolbeck, vice president, Council on Competitiveness; • “Materials Genome Initiative

and How Various Programs are Responding,” by Ashley White, Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Division of Materials Research, National Science Foundation; and • “Life in an Office on the Hill,” by Andrew Steigerwald, 2012–2013 MRS/TMS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellow, Office of Senator Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio). • Most of the students’ appointments with legislators were scheduled for Thursday, April 11. Students had contacted the offices of their representatives and senators in advance to arrange these visits. Universities new to CVD as well as some veteran institutions were represented at CVD. Here is what some students said about their experience: • “This conference is a great opportunity for students to experience the government role in academia and to see where much of their undergraduate research is funded.”—Kassi Smith, Washington State University; • “[Taking] a more active role in policy and legislation made me realize that as much as our representatives are helping us, they also need our help. … They represent us, but without active

Congressional Visits Day students and faculty at the opening reception held at the Reserve Officers Association Minuteman Memorial Building in Washington, D.C. 28


Demo and lab kits coming soon! The PCSA materials science demonstration and lab kits will introduce precollege students to the basic categories of materials—ceramics, metals, polymers, and composites—with 10 fun and interactive lessons. Each kit includes most of the essential materials needed to perform the experiments as well as a comprehensive set of lesson plans consisting of instructions, discussion questions, and sample data sheets. PCSA is developing two kits—one has experiments for small groups of students to perform themselves and the other has demonstrations for teachers to perform for their classes. Lessons include: • “Chocolate strength—How strong is your chocolate?” that looks at the effect of microstructure on material strength; and • “Hot or not?” that examines the behavior of a ceramic space tile as it moves through Earth’s atmosphere. For more information about the demo and lab kits, visit www.ceramics.org/pcsa. n

By Hitesh D. Vora and Narendra B. Dahotre

Structural ceramics, such as alumina, zirconia, magnesia, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride, are one of the most versatile groups of materials. These Vora materials resist deformation at elevated temperature, exhibit excellent wear and thermal shock resistance, can be chemically inert, have superior electrical properties, Dahotre and can be formed with low densities. These unique properties make them amenable to several applications in electronic, automotive, aerospace, textile, and medical sectors.1 However, structural ceramics are extremely difficult to shape, fabricate, or machine because of their high hardness (about 1200–2200 Knoop hardness) and low fracture toughness (about 3–5 MPa·m1/2). These forming challenges have

prevented these materials from making inroads into these applications. Furthermore, excessive tool wear, insufficient accuracy, and mechanical or thermal damage of the workpiece are limiting factors that prevent manufacturing of ceramic components using conventional machining techniques. Grinding remains the most often used conventional machining technique to

(Credit: Dahotre; UNT)

Laser machining of structural ceramics

machine or fabricate structural ceramics to good dimensional accuracy and surface finish.2 Prohibitively longer machining times and higher operating costs (possibly higher than the actual material costs) are the major drawbacks. Because of the severe need for a reliable and cost-effective machining technique for ceramics, the laser-assisted machining process holds tremendous promise. As a noncontact process, it overcomes many of the drawbacks associated with conventional machining techniques. Furthermore, it is an innovative process of bulk material removal for efficient and rapid fabrication of complex structural ceramic components. Narendra B. Dahotre, professor of materials science and engineering, established the Laboratory of Laser Materials Processing and Synthesis (LLMPS) at the University of North Texas (Denton, Texas). The state-ofthe-art research facility houses multiple high-power infrared laser systems (Figure 1). These lasers are specifically designed and configured for efficient, reliable, cost-effective, precise, and efficient machining and fabrication of advanced materials, including structural ceramics.

Figure 1 A diode-pumped ytterbium (IPG YLS–3000) fiber laser system configured with (a) fixed laser processing head and (b) scan head.


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(Credit: Dahotre; UNT)

Annual student section

Figure 2 Schematic of (a) temperature as function of time and (b) associated sequential surface effects during laser–material interaction.

Development of a successful laser machining process requires understanding of the fundamentals of interactions between lasers and materials at multiple scales. The Dahotre group uses an integrated experimental and computational approach to understand material removal mechanisms and the resulting surface finish. For example, when a high-energy laser beam (about 106 J/ m2) strikes the material surface during laser machining, the surface undergoes a sudden temperature increase caused by absorption of the laser energy. A temperature decrease follows, caused by self-quenching by the bulk material as well as heat losses from radiation and convective cooling, which, in turn, results in several physical phenomena, including heating, melting, vaporization, and plume formation (Figure 2).3 With sufficient laser energy density (about 106 J/m2) and laser–material interaction time, the surface experiences localized melting and vaporization. Surface evaporation involves the emission of neutral atoms or molecules of the material that shields the laser– material interaction zone. The vapor particles evaporated from the melt pool are significantly cooler and denser than the vapor-surrounding laser–material interaction zone. The evaporated particles condense back to the surface, causing a recoil pressure on the liquid 30

melt pool underneath. For the higher-intensity laser beams (greater than 106 J/m2) and shorter interaction duration (0.1 to 10 ms), the magnitude of the resulting recoil pressure is very high and induces shock waves sufficient enough to generate a hydrodynamic melt motion in the liquid melt pool.3 As a consequence, the liquid metal is ejected out from the crater and creates a liquid pile-up or crown around it. At the end of the laser–material interaction (or end of laser pulse or interaction time), the liquid material tends to return to its place under the force of gravity. However, because of the self-quenching effects and higher cooling rates (about 105 K/s), the liquid material solidifies instantaneously and the tangential stress exerted by the surface tension of the material gives shape to the solidified material. As a result, a significant amount of material is removed and typical surface topography is generated during laser machining (Figure 2).4,5 Because these physical phenomena occur in a very small laser–material interaction zone and within a short interaction time, the in-situ measurement of corresponding signals is extremely difficult. In addition, the rapid processing speed and high level of heat generated during laser machining make it virtually impossible to conduct any real-time experimental analysis.

Thus, the LLMPS group developed integrated experimental and multiphysics computational methods to effectively investigate the influence of laser processing parameters (laser energy, processing speed, pulse rate, etc.) on material removal rate and the corresponding surface finish. The study results show that the material removal rate and surface roughness increased with increased pulse rate (1 to 50 Hz) or with increased average laser energy density.4, 5 Thus, optimized processing parameters allow effective control of the physical processes (melting, vaporization, etc.) to achieve various physical effects and to generate required attributes (material removal rate and surface finish) during laser machining of structural ceramics.

Acknowledgement

The work presented in this article is possible through support from the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF-CMMI 1010494

References A.N. Samant, “Laser machining of structural ceramics: Computational and experimental analysis”; PhD Dissertation, University of Tennessee, 2009.

1

N.B. Dahotre and A.N. Samant, Laser machining of advanced materials. CRC Press/Balkema, London, UK, and Boca Raton, Fla., 2011.

2

V. Semak and A. Matsunawa, “The role of recoil pressure in energy balance during laser materials processing,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30, 2541–52 (1997).

3

H.D. Vora, S. Santhanakrishnan, S.P. Harimkar, S.K.S. Boetcher, and N.B. Dahotre, “Evolution of surface topography in one-dimensional laser machining of structural alumina,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32, 4205–18 (2012).

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H.D. Vora, S. Santhanakrishnan, S.P. Harimkar, S.K.S. Boetcher, and N.B. Dahotre,” Onedimensional multipulse laser machining of structural alumina: Evolution of surface topography,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 1–15 (2013). n

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Authors the authors

Hitesh D. Vora is a PhD candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. His PhD dissertation is “Laser machining of structural ceramics.” Narendra B. Dahotre is chairman and professor of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas.


Simple, inexpensive synthesis of damage-tolerant MAX phase foams By Liangfa Hu, Ibrahim Karaman, and Miladin Radovic

More than 70 ternary carbides and nitrides belong to the family of ceramics known as the MAX phases, where M is an early transition metal, Hu A is an A-group element, and X stands for carbon and/or nitrogen.1–3 The growing interest in the MAX phases over the past 15 years is driven by their unusual, Karaman sometimes unique, combination of properties typical of ceramics and metals. Similar to their corresponding binary carbide and nitride ceramics, they have high Radovic elastic moduli, high thermal and electrical conductivities, high chemical resistances, and low thermal expansion coefficients. On the other hand, they also possess metal-like properties. For example, they are relatively soft, and most are readily machinable, thermal shock resistant, and damage tolerant. Moreover, they can be compressed to stresses as high as 1 GPa and fully recover their original shapes on removal of the stress, while dissipating 25 percent of the mechanical energy.2,3 They also have better creep resistance than most high-temperature metallic alloys.2,3 Although research on the MAX phases in the compact, fully dense state has exploded since the 1990s, very few studies have focused on these materials in the porous state. Porous MAX phases deserve systematic study for a variety of reasons. First, controlling porosity and pore size allows tailoring of their

Figure 1. (a) Variation of normalized compressive strength of Ti2AlC with overall porosity. Also included are the corresponding data for Al2O3 [16] and Si3N4 [17]. Inset shows a postcompression, porous Ti2AlC sample that has a volume fraction porosity of 0.33. (b) Field emission scanning electron microscopy images reveal the fracture surface of a postcompression, porous Ti2AlC sample. Inset shows kinking and delamination of Ti2AlC.

mechanical and functional properties.2 Second, using porous MAX phases as melt infiltration preforms creates an alternative for fabricating novel cermet systems. Example applications include magnesium melt infiltration into porous MAX phase preforms to make a new class of high-strength MAX phase/magnesium composites with exceptional mechanical damping characteristics.4 Another application of porous MAX phases is for catalytic coatings in gas exhaust devices.5 Porous MAX phases are prepared by either incomplete densification during sintering of powders4 or by a replica method using a polyurethane sponge template.5 Although it is simple and straightforward, incomplete densification does not allow good control over morphology, porosity, and pore size. The replica method, on the other hand, allows good control of the pore size and morphology, but it is complex, time consuming, and not desired for fabricating samples with low porosity. More recently, investigators adapted the use of a NaCl pore former by Polonsky et al.6 during the 1960s to fabricate aluminum foams as a simple and inexpensive way of synthesizing porous Ti2AlC. This three-step method involves cold pressing a NaCl–Ti2AlC powder mixture, dissolving the NaCl in water, and pressureless sintering of the porous green body. The process yielded


samples with a large range of porosity from about 10 to about 71 vol% as well as a wide range of pore sizes, for example, 42–83 μm, 77–276 μm, and 167–545 μm.3 NaCl is inexpensive and commercially available in a broad range of particle sizes. Organic pore formers can react with MAX phase powders during sintering and form binary carbides if they are not burned out completely at lower temperatures.7 However, NaCl can be removed easily and completely after cold-pressing but before sintering, and it eliminates the potential for reaction between pore former and MAX phase. Experimental investigations show that porous MAX phases tolerate damage well. Specifically, the compressive strength of Ti2AlC decreases almost linearly with increasing porosity (Figure 1(a)), but less rapidly when compared with common ceramics, including Al2O3, Si3N4, and ZrO2,8 whose compressive strengths decrease dramatically with increasing porosity. This strength/porosity relation is caused partially by the kinking and delamination mechanism that is typical of deformation in Ti2AlC and, to a further extent, in all MAX phases. The SEM images of the fracture surfaces in Figure 1b reveal intensive kinking and delamination of porous Ti2AlC that dissipate a large amount of mechanical 31

Annual student section

References 1 M.W. Barsoum, ‘‘The M(N+1)AX(N) phases: A new class of solids: Thermodynamically stable nanolaminates,” Prog. Solid State Chem., 28, 201 (2000).

M.W. Barsoum and M. Radovic, ‘‘Elastic and mechanical properties of the MAX phase;” p. 195 in Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 41. Edited by D.R. Clarke and P. Fratzl. 2011.

2

M. Radovic and M.W. Barsoum, ‘‘MAX phases: Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 92, 20 (2013).

3

S. Amini, C.Y. Ni, and M.W. Barsoum, ‘‘Processing, microstructural characterization, and mechanical properties of a Ti2AlC/nanocrystalline Mg-matrix composite,” Compos. Sci. Technol., 69, 414 (2009). 4

S. Ziqi, L. Ying, L. Meishuan, and Z. Yanchun, “Preparation of reticulated MAX-phase support with morphology-controllable nanostructured ceria coating for gas exhaust catalyst devices,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93, 2591 (2010).

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L. Polonsky and H. Markus, Modern Casting, 39 (1961).

6

L.F. Hu, R. Benitez, S. Basu, I. Karaman, and M. Radovic, “Processing and characterization of porous Ti2AlC with controlled porosity and pore size,” Acta Mater., 60, 6266 (2012). 7

L.F. Hu and C.A. Wang, “Effect of sintering temperature on compressive strength of porous yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics,” Ceram. Int., 36, 1697 (2010). n

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About the authors

Liangfa Hu is a third-year PhD student at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, in materials science and engineering, president of the Material Advantage chapter at Texas A&M, and PCSA Communications Committee chair. Ibrahim Karaman is a professor in mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering, and the chair of materials science and engineering interdisciplinary graduate program at Texas A&M University. Miladin Radovic is an associate professor in mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering at Texas A&M University. 32

Extreme interdisciplinary study abroad—From sea slugs to gas turbines By Brad Richards

stream when it was 104°C outside and 100 percent humidity, while lugging a massive backpack. Not typical aerospace or materials science work! Still, I cannot deny that it was one of the most enjoyable experiences in my whole education. I can, however, assure you that it also was one of the most valuable. I gained something intangible that just cannot be picked up in a classroom. When I went to Puerto Rico, I had already committed to the PhD program in materials science at Intelligent Processing of Materials Lab at the University of Virginia. This trip did not change my desire to work on gas turbines or to pursue my PhD. It did, however, change my outlook on my work. I started thinking about to whom my work was important, what other disciplines should or could be involved in my research, and how to communicate the value of the work to someone who does not have a PhD in materials science. And, at the risk of sounding cliché, reducing the environmental impact of gas turbines is now one of my primary interests in my research. Most importantly, I learned that we all are capable of far more diverse exercises than we believe. So, when you get the chance, do not pass up the opportunity to step far outside the box. You may find you are far more capable than you think. ■

Travel abroad for coursework is a dream of almost all undergraduate students. At Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), that dream is realized by almost half of the student body. For me, that meant nine weeks in Puerto Rico in the spring of 2010. However, this was not a trip to study island culture or become fluent in the Spanish language. Rather, I worked as a field ecologist sampling macroinvertebrate populations. At this point you may suspect I am trained in biology and am an avid outdoorsman. I am quite the opposite. The primary purpose of the trip was to experience a side of science and engineering that one would not normally encounter in their career path. The goal was to learn management skills, how to interact with others, and how to work outside of my comfort zone. My fourperson team included a chemical engineer, a biologist, a biomedical engineer, and an aerospace engineer (yours truly). Indeed, our project was outside everyone’s comfort zone. The project changed how I look at my discipline and how I look at others’ as well. I gained perspective on my work generally reserved only for one outside of my field. After all, for this Brad Richards is a PhD candidate at the project, I was very much an outsider in University of Virginia. terms of discipline and culture. I felt similarly an outsider (at least briefly) on my transition to materials science. The feeling is mellowing, but the island experience taught me to think about my work with a mindset far different from the typical engineer or scientist. I learned to share the passion of others and to support my team in all endeavors of our proj- Brad Richards (left) and Michael Ford, also a WPI student, ect. This occasionally inspect a sea slug during an undergraduate research experimeant wearing water- ence in Puerto Rico. Richards is now a graduate student at proof high-waders in a UVA, where he studies gas turbines.

(Credit: Brad Richards.)

energy during crack propagation. Also, the relatively low standard deviations (from 3.9 to 16.0 percent) for compressive strengths provide additional evidence of the exceptional damage tolerance of Ti2AlC. Because of the wide range of porosity and pore size, even more interesting mechanical responses may be possible.


Richard Chinn

pcsa writing competition

Guest columnist

First writing contest draws out students’ muses

(Credit: University of Washington.)

This year the PCSA introduced a new contest for students—the “Ceramics-in-Writing” competition. Students submitted original works of creative writing, prose, or poetry up to 250 words inspired by the image shown. The PCSA Programming Committee evaluated entries based on originality, style, creativity, and execution as well as relevance to the micrograph. Aaron Lichtner, PCSA Programming Committee chair says, “The idea behind the contest was to raise awareness of the PCSA. We received entries from across the country, including some from universities not currently represented in the PCSA, so we feel we achieved our goal. The contest raised awareness of ceramics in the field of materials science, as well, so the contest was a great success. There were some really creative ideas submitted!” Here we present the winning entry by Richard Chinn. The runner-up entry—“A Particulate’s Perspective,” by Madie Melcer—will be published in the August ACerS Bulletin. Congratulations to our winners!

Inspiration image—Scanning electron micrograph of a partially agglomerated suspension of alumina particles that have been directionally freeze-cast, resulting in large alumina agglomerates laced with a fine freeze-cast structure.

Winner Richard Chinn is a research materials engineer at the National Energy Technology Laboratory in Albany, Ore., and a PhD candidate in materials science at Oregon State University in Sundar V. Atre’s group. His PhD research is on injection molding and green machining of silicon carbide for mechanical applications. At NETL he develops high-performance materials for fossil energy applications. n


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International Materials Institute for New Functionality in Glass

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(Credit: Seth Berbano)

t has been a few years, but Seth Berbano still vividly recalls his first journey to Japan in the summer of 2009.

Seth Berbano (left) at Gyeongsang National University.

International Materials Institute for New Functionality in Glass

(Credit: Jaime Neilson)

By Karl W. Brisseaux

Jaime Neilson, IMI-NFG's first International REU student, at University of Cambridge. 34

The native Iowan had been outside of the United States before, but this was different. This time he spent 10 weeks in Japan, where he studied and conducted research at Osaka Prefecture University. “I flew to Tokyo before arriving in Osaka, and on the way over the sun was setting. I looked down from the plane and I could see Mt. Fuji,” says Berbano. “It was a honeymoon-like experience of Japan, an introduction to what was a mystical country to me.” During the past eight years, the International Materials Institute for New Functionality in Glass (IMI-NFG) has offered Berbano and other students the opportunity to earn valuable experience through its Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program. The REU program offers domestic and international experiences: Participants have the opportunity to partake in glass research at Lehigh University and Pennsylvania State University, or at various research universities around the world. In total, the IMINFG has offered 15 individualized international experiences to undergraduate students in nine different countries. Berbano enjoyed his experience so much that he participated in another REU program in 2010 that sent him to Gyeonsang National University in South Korea. The experience helped prepare him for the rigors of earning a PhD in materials science and engineering at Penn State. Professors Himanshu Jain (Lehigh) and Carlo Pantano (Penn State) serve as the directors of the IMI-NFG. Bill Heffner, also of Lehigh, serves as associate director. Established in August 2004 through a National Science Foundation initiative, the IMI-NFG’s global network of glass researchers spans 35 countries and is based at Lehigh in the Sinclair Laboratory. “Our program is special in that it exposes the REU students to hands-on interdisciplinary research—they all work on glass, learn how to use it, and then approach specific problem with the aid of perspectives from professors of physics, electrical engineering, biology, or materials science,” says Jain. James Neilson, one of the first alumni of the international REU program, echoes Jain’s sentiments. He had the opportunity to travel to the University of Cambridge (UK) to interpret experimental data. “I learned how to teach myself something entirely unfamiliar. As an undergraduate engineering student, we are taught how to solve problems,” recalls Neilson. “This required an extensive amount of reading and independent self-education, a valuable skill that has gotten me to where I am today.” Neilson, who graduated from Lehigh in 2006, will join the faculty at Colorado State University as an assistant professor of chemistry this fall. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5

really shine in this kind of environment.” Heffner believes that the program has proved especially valuable to students like Mia Korngruen, a senior at Rowan University, who was intrigued by the opportunity to conduct materialsspecific research. Mia Korngruen accepting first prize at the 2012 GOMD poster “REUs are pretty heavily advertised competition with John Balatto (left) and Morton Smedskjaer (right). to sophomores and juniors at Rowan,” says Korngruen, and collaborating with them in the open, social atmosphere of the prowho is studying chemical engineering. gram helped her come out of her shell. “I chose this one in particular because “There were about 30 of us in a sororglass has always been fascinating to ity house and it was awesome,” says me.” Korngruen. Under the guidance of Heffner and Berbano says that the experience Andriy Kovalysky of Lehigh, Korngruen opened his eyes to the benefits of participated in the summer of 2011 international collaborative research in a project that she says taught her and broadened his cultural horizons. about background and literature-based “Travelling abroad really impacted how research, experimental design, sample I feel about race and diversity issues,” preparation, and data analysis. Starting with a model developed by Heffner, she says Berbano. Neilson adds that his REU expericreated a conductivity meter and amplience taught him “to think deeply about fier to study the effect of temperature the root of problems and unknowns and and light on the conductivity of As2S3, how to go about solving them.” a chalcogenide glass. Korngruen, who will work as a civilHer project represented an innoian engineer for the Navy after graduavative form of low-cost design for research. “We used thermal evaporation tion, says that the experience gave her a unique insight into what graduate to attach a thin film of the glass onto a study and a career in academia would substrate and then sputtered gold onto entail. And while she made the decithe thin film to create electrodes. sion to pursue work in industry after “Dr. Heffner explained that there would be an opportunity to do academ- completing her undergraduate studies, Korngruen enjoyed her research experiic research, but it was structured for an ence. underclassman that had no background Korngruen is not alone in gaining in the subject. It was perfect for me,” career insights via IMI-NFG’s REU. “In she adds. our exit interviews, we have found that “Mia is an example of a student who students really appreciate the opportudidn’t have much lab experience, but nity to interact with other like-minded, ended up knocking it out of the park,” says Heffner. Korngruen was so success- technical people,” says Heffner. “The students get to learn about where peers ful, that she won first place in a poster are applying to graduate school and competition at the 2012 ACerS’s Glass what research really is like, and it helps & Optical Materials meeting. them decide whether graduate school Beyond her research, Korngruen or industry is right for them.”■ n recalls that living with other students


35

(Credit: ACerS)

“We also have educational outreach modules that facilitate interaction with historically minority colleges and universities,” says Heffner. “Besides international research opportunities, we also provide the opportunity for crossdisciplinary research for REU faculty advisers to work on glass.” He notes IMI-NFG has successfully attracted faculty members who otherwise would have little opportunity to work with glass and allows them to propose exciting interdisciplinary undergraduate summer projects. Faculty from physics, electrical engineering, biomechanics, environmental engineering, and material science have participated. Since 2005, the program has offered more than 60 summer-term and 20 regular-term REU opportunities to students from more than 35 American universities in 17 states. The quality of research of most students is high. “Many students have done outstanding work and gone on to publishing in top-class peer-reviewed journals,” says Jain. For the domestic program, IMI-NFG selects eight to 10 students for work at Lehigh or Penn State each summer. International opportunities occur when a professor can make a connection with a colleague elsewhere in the world. In Berbano’s case, his advisor, Steve Martin of Iowa State, helped him connect with Jain. “Professor Martin thought that his connections could help me advance my research project and also advance my personal development by traveling abroad,” says Berbano. The domestic REU also offers the opportunity for students from various research programs to interact and share experiences. For example, IMI-NFG joins with the REU program run by Lehigh’s physics department for seminars, meals, social outings, and housing. IMI-NFG works to recruit students from various backgrounds and educational experiences. “We find a great deal of value in bringing all these students from around the country, and putting them in an environment where they have to work together,” says Heffner. “We’ve found that students

August 4–7, 2013 | Hilton Portland & Executive Towers | Portland, Ore.

12

th International Conference on Ceramic

Processing Science (ICCPS-12)

www.ceramics.org/iccps12 ICCPS-12 has evolved from a focus on particle-based processes to including now thin-film processes, precursor approaches, and all facets of the science underlying the basic themes of control and tailoring of ceramic-based materials with specific microstructure– property goals.

Monday, Aug. 5

Gary L. Messing

Jennifer A. Lewis

Plenary Session I – Ludwig Gauckler 8:10 – 8:55 a.m. Microfluidic Assembly and Novel Particle 9:00 a.m. – Noon Fabrication Processing of Porous Ceramics 9:00 a.m. – Noon Synthesis and Processing of Thin Films and 9:00 a.m. – Noon Coatings Plenary Session II – David Pine 12:55 – 1:40 p.m. Anisotropic Particles and 3D Assemblies 1:45 – 3:30 p.m. Novel Characterization Tools for Ceramic 1:45 – 3:30 p.m. Microstructures Microstructure Tailoring of Ceramics 1:45 – 3:45 p.m. Additive Fabrication of Mesoscale Ceramic 3:45 – 5:15 p.m. Components Nonaqueous Ceramic Dispersions 3:45 – 5:15 p.m. Synthesis and Processing of Electrical 3:45 – 5:15 p.m. Ceramics

Pennsylvania State Univ.

Harvard Univ.

Tuesday, Aug. 6

ICCPS-12 marks the 27th anniversary of the ceramic processing science series. Since 1986, the discipline has made significant progress in colloid and surface chemistry, powder synthesis, precursor-derived systems, and sintering. However, much needs to be done to advance the scientific underpinnings of these processes as well as the emergent areas of nanotechnology and its associated challenges, particle assembly, patterning, additive manufacturing, rapid sintering, and densification of complex shapes and multimaterial combinations.

Register by June 28th to save $150. Cochairs Cochair

Cochair

Prof. Kunihito Koumoto

Lennart Bergström

Nagoya Univ.

Stockholm Univ.

Intl. Cochair

Intl. Cochair

Hotel information To reserve your room, visit www.ceramics.org/iccps12. Make your reservation by June 26, 2013, to ensure the discounted rate.

Hilton Portland & Executive Towers

921 SW Sixth Ave. | Portland, OR 97204 | 503-226-1611

Rate: $169 Cutoff Date: June 26, 2013 Portland is known as the City of Roses and is one of the top tourist destinations in the USA. 36

Technical Program

Plenary Session III – Hiroaki Imai Bioinspired Ceramic and Composite Architectures Synthesis and Processing of Biomaterials Processing and Characterization of Optical Materials Assembly of Ceramic Membranes Processing and Characterization of Structural Ceramics

Wednesday, Aug. 7

Plenary Session IV – James J. Watkins Flexible Electronics Densification of Ceramics Flow and Assembly of Dense Suspensions Plenary Session V – Christophe Martin Synthesis and Processing of Functional Ceramics Field Assisted Densification of Ceramics Shaping/Assembly of Ceramics

8:10 – 8:55 a.m. 9:00 – 10:00 a.m. 9:00 – 10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. – Noon 10:15 a.m. – Noon 10:15 a.m. – Noon

8:10 – 8:55 a.m. 9:00 – 11:45 a.m. 9:00 a.m. – Noon 9:00 a.m. – Noon 12:55 – 1:40 p.m. 1:45 – 4:15 p.m. 1:45 – 4:30 p.m. 1:45 – 4:30 p.m.


Register by June 28th to save! Plenary Speakers Ludwig Gauckler

Professor, ETH, Switzerland Title: Innovations Through Processing of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites Biography: Gauckler earned his degree in physics at the University of Stuttgart (Germany) and his PhD in materials science in 1977. As senior scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Metals and Materials Research in Stuttgart he conducted research in the area of high-performance structural and functional ceramics. He was a research associate at the University of Michigan from 1979 to 1988. He was responsible for the inorganic nonmetallic materials development in the central laboratories of AlusuisseLonza AG. Since 1988 he has been Professor for Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials in the Department of Material Science at ETH-Zurich. Gauckler and his coworkers received several awards for their work on colloid chemistry for ceramic processing and high-temperature SOFCs. He is an ACerS Fellow and served as president of the scientific advisory board of the Swiss Academy of Technical Sciences. He has published more than 180 papers and holds 15 patents.

David Pine

Professor of Physics, Mathematics and Director of the Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University Title: Colloids with Directional Interaction Biography: Pine earned his BS in physics and mathematics from Wheaton College in 1975, and his MS and PhD in physics from Cornell University in 1979 and 1982, respectively. Prior to NYU, he was a professor of chemical engineering and materials at University of California, Santa Barbara, for 10 years. He chaired the Chemical Engineering Department from 2001 to 2004. Pine was also a staff physicist at Exxon Research & Engineering. He has held several appointments in the American Physical Society’s Division of Condensed Matter Physics. Pine also is an adjunct professor of chemical engineering at KAIST (Korea). He was coeditor, The European Physical Journal E (Soft Matter). He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Physical Society.

Hiroaki Imai

Professor, Keio University, Japan Title: Bioinspired Techniques and Mesoscale and Microscale Hierarchical Assembly Biography: Imai earned his BS and PhD in applied chemistry at Keio University in 1983 and 1990, respectively. After working at Nippon Sanso Corp., he joined the Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, as a research associate in 1993 and was promoted to professor in 1999. He was a visiting scientist at Princeton University, from 1996 to 1997. His research interests are bioinspired and biomimetic processing for hierarchically structured functional materials using self-organization and selfassembly.


James J. Watkins

Director, Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing, University of Massachusetts Title: Roll-to-Roll Processing of Functional Materials and Devices Biography: Watkins earned his BS and MS in chemical engineering from Johns Hopkins University in 1987 and 1988, respectively, and he earned his PhD in polymer science and engineering from University of Massachusetts in 1997. His research interests include macromolecular templates for functional device structures, materials synthesis and processing in supercritical fluids, phase behavior and transport in multicomponent polymer systems, and scalable fabrication of nanostructure materials. Watkins has earned numerous honors and distinctions, including the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship for Science and Engineering, and the National Science Foundation CAREER Award.

Christophe Martin

Grenoble INP, France Title: Simulations of Particle Packing Effects on Sintering Defects and Deformation Biography: Martin earned his MS in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1992, his PhD in materials science from Grenoble INP in 1995, and his HDR in materials science from Grenoble INP. He was a visiting scientist at Kyoto University, Japan, from 2000 to 2001 and a visiting scientist at University of Washington. Martin’s research activities are focused on particulate materials for materials science applications. The research spans from shaping to the behavior of materials elaborated from powders. Materials for energy applications (porous electrodes, nuclear pellets, MLCCs, thermoelectricity) represent typical applications. Discrete element simulations offer a natural and powerful tool for this research. He has been developing a numerical tool, dp3D, specifically oriented toward materials science applications, since 2001. Simulations are compared to experimental observations, such as X-ray tomography.

Schedule

Sunday, August 4 Registration

3:00 – 5:00 p.m.

Monday, August 5 Registration Welcome & Plenary I Concurrent Sessions Plenary II Concurrent Sessions Welcome Reception & Poster Session 1

7:00 a.m. – 7:00 p.m. 8:00 – 8:55 a.m. 9:00 a.m. – Noon 12:55 – 1:40 p.m. 1:45 – 5:15 p.m. 5:00 – 7:30 p.m.

Tuesday, August 6 Registration Plenary III Concurrent Sessions Poster Session 2 Banquet

7:30 a.m. – Noon 8:10 – 8:55 a.m. 9:00 a.m. – Noon 5:00 – 7:00 p.m. 7:00 – 9:30 p.m.

Wednesday, August 7 Registration Plenary IV Concurrent Sessions Plenary V Concurrent Sessions

7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. 8:10 – 8:55 a.m. 9:00 a.m. – Noon 12:55 – 1:40 p.m. 1:45 – 4:30 p.m. 37

The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre | Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

13th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories

Unitecr 2013 The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories

Sept. 10–13, 2013

Register now to save! www.unitecr2013.org

2013 officers

Louis J. Trostel Jr., President Rob Crolius, Treasurer

T

he Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories is a biennial international conference that advances the progress and exchange of industrial knowledge and technologies concerning refractories. UNITECR’13 is designed for manufacturers, scientists, engineers, and industry professionals interested in the science, production, and application of refractory materials. Attendees are involved in materials development, formulation, production, and engineering of refractories for ferrous and nonferrous metals industries as well as the minerals-processing, glass, cement, and petrochemical industries. Visit the web for the most up-to-date technical session schedule. Sign up at www.unitecr2013.org today!

Dana Goski, Technical Program Chair Nancy Bunt, Social Program Chair

Schedule at a glance Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013 FIRE Corrosion Short Course FIRE Castable Short Course Young Professionals Reception Welcome Reception at British Columbia Museum Wednesday, Sept. 11, 2013 Opening Session and Keynote Speaker, Remco De Jong Exhibits Concurrent Technical Sessions Poster Session

8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. 5:00 – 6:00 p.m. 7:00 – 10:00 p.m.

8:40 – 10:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. 10:40 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. 5:30 – 7:00 p.m.

Thursday, Sept.12, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Tom Vert Concurrent Technical Sessions Exhibits Concurrent Technical Sessions Conference Dinner

8:10 – 9:00 a.m. 9:10 a.m. – 12:40 p.m. 9:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. 2:20 – 6:10 p.m. 7:00 – 10:00 p.m.

Friday, Sept. 13, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Charles Semler Concurrent Technical Sessions Lunch and Closing Ceremony

8:00 – 9:00 a.m. 9:20 a.m. – 12:40 p.m. 1:00 – 2:00 p.m.

Breaks and lunches take place in the Exhibit Hall. 38

Welcome reception UNITECR welcome receptions are events to be remembered. With hundreds of artifacts, specimens, and dramatic displays of British Columbia’s natural and human history, the Royal BC Museum is sure to capture your attention. Add in food, beverages, and your fellow UNITECR attendees, and you have the making of a truly memorable event. Museum docents will be on hand to share their knowledge and answer questions. Totem Hall is the central exhibit in the First Peoples gallery, and the perimeter of the hall is surrounded by examples of masks, regalia, and modern works. The display unites old and new works, which is appropriate in an exhibit that emphasizes the continuing artistic traditions of the Northwest Coast First Nations. The reception includes food and beverage stations highlighting local cuisine. Thank you to Kerneos for sponsoring this event.


Sponsors

Conference dinner

Closing ceremony

The UNITECR’13 conference dinner is your opportunity to celebrate the refractory industry in the company of nearly 800 of your closest UNITECR friends. The 2013 conference dinner is hosted in the iconic Crystal Gardens, which was Victoria’s first convention center. The facility also has been an arboretum, restaurant, art gallery, and swimming pool. This unique structure is the ideal setting for a lively evening of good food, good drink, good friends, and live entertainment. A highlight will be the induction of the 2013 class of UNITECR Distinguished Life Members, in addition to other award presentations. Thank you to The Refractories Institute for sponsoring the conference dinner.

Friday’s lunch and closing ceremony take place in the Palm Court/ Crystal Ballroom from 1:00 to 2:00 p.m. UNITECR organizers will be raffling off prizes, but you must be present to win.

Poster session UNITECR’13 plays host to the inaugural poster session, hosted Wednesday, Sept. 11, from 5:30 – 7 p.m. in the Palm Court room. This session will feature 41 presentations. Meet with authors to discuss their research over light refreshments. Please attend and cast your vote for Attendee’s Choice Best Poster winner. Thank you to The Technical Association of Refractories, Japan, for sponsoring the poster session.

Short courses Sponsored by ANH Refractories

Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Early-Bird Rate: $595 | Regular Rate: $745

Dispersion and Packing of Ceramics Particles for Advanced Refractory Castables Instructors: Ana Paula Luz, Mariana A. Braulio, and Victor C. Pandolfelli, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil

Optional tour Take advantage of optional tours during UNITECR’13, and experience afternoon tea at The Empress. Visit www.unitecr2013.org to sign up. Victoria City Tour and Butchart Gardens Monday, Sept. 9, 9:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. | $81 CAD Whale Watching Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. | $95 CAD Goldstream Park Excursion and Cowichan Valley Winery Wednesday, Sept. 11, 10:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. | $96 CAD Afternoon Tea at The Empress 12:00 p.m. daily | $59.95 CAD, $50 CAD for hotel guests

Hotel information The Fairmont Empress 721 Government Street, Victoria, BC, Canada Phone: +1 250-384-8111 Rates Single/Double: $259 CAD, plus tax Deluxe Single/Double: $279 CAD, plus tax Cutoff Date Aug. 12, 2013

Fundamentals on Corrosion Behavior of Refractories

Instructors: Christos Aneziris, Technical University Freiberg, Germany, and Jacques Poirier, University of Orleans, France A limited number of student scholarships are available. Apply at www.unitecr2013.org.


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Register Now! 4th Advances in Cement-Based Materials:

Characterization, Processing, Modeling, and Sensing July 8–10, 2013 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | Urbana, Ill. Cements 2013 is coorganized by the Cements Division of ACerS and the Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials. By colocating with ACBM, the Cements Division will build upon its core audience, offer strong student activities, and bring in new members. Cements 2013 activities take place in the M.T. Geoffrey Yeh Student Center.

Cements Division Leadership Division Chair: Benjamin Mohr, Tennessee Technological University Chair-Elect: Kyle Riding, Kansas State University Secretary: Jeff Chen, Lafarge Centre de Recherche Trustee: Joseph J. Biernacki, Tennessee Technological University

Program cochairs

SCHEDULE

Paramita Mondal

Monday, July 8, 2013

Assistant Professor, University of Illinois, [email protected]

David Lange

Professor, University of Illinois, [email protected]

Tyler Ley

Associate Professor, Oklahoma State University, [email protected]

DELLA ROY LECTURE Leslie J. Struble Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois Calcium in geopolymers Struble has been a University of Illinois faculty member since 1989. She conducts research and consulting activities involving various aspects of concrete performance. She has authored or coauthored more than 140 cement and concrete publications.

Hotel Illini Union 1401 W. Green St., MC-384, Urbana, IL 61801

Reserve your room online or at 217-333-1241. Mention ACerS Conference to secure the conference rate.

Rates, plus tax: Double $99 | Queen $104 | King $109 Cutoff Date: June 8, 2013

Hampton Inn

Registration Tutorial: Probing the Structure of Hydration Products Poster Session and Opening Reception Cements Division Executive Meeting

Noon – 7:00 p.m. 12:00 – 4:40 p.m. 5:00 – 7:00 p.m. 7:00 – 8:00 p.m.

Tuesday, July 9, 2013 Registration Open Program/Welcome Technical Session I Coffee Break Technical Session II Lunch Technical Session III Coffee Break Cements Division Meeting Della Roy Lecture and Reception, Sponsored by Elsevier

7:30 a.m. – 6:30 p.m. 8:30 – 8:35 a.m. 8:35 – 10:05 a.m. 10:05 – 10:30 a.m. 10:30 a.m. – Noon Noon – 2:00 p.m. 2:00 – 3:15 p.m. 3:15 – 3:30 p.m. 3:30 – 4:30 p.m. 4:30 – 6:30 p.m.

Wednesday, July 10, 2013 Registration Technical Session IV Coffee Break Technical Session V Lunch Technical Session VI

7:30 a.m. – Noon 8:30 – 10:00 a.m. 10:00 – 10:30 a.m. 10:30 – Noon Noon – 2:00 p.m. 2:00 – 3:00 p.m.

1200 W. University Ave., Urbana, IL 61801

Reserve your room online or at 217-333-1100. Mention ACerS Conference to secure the conference rate.

Rates, plus tax: Double $119 | King $119 Cutoff Date: June 8, 2013

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www.ceramics.org/cements2013 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 5

program preview

october 27-31, 2013 Palais des congrès de Montréal

Materials Science & Technology 2013 Conference & Exhibition

| Montréal, Québec, Canada

The leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community.

www.matscitech.org

(Credit: ©Stéphan Poulin)

Join us for the ACerS 115th Annual Meeting! Lectures Sunday, October 27

5:00 – 6:00 p.m. Frontiers of Science and Society: Rustum Roy Lecture

Larry Hench, Florida Institute of Technology, “Affordable Healthcare? Role of Bio-Ceramic Technology, Socio-Economic, and Ethical Issues”

Monday, October 28

8:00 – 10:20 a.m. MS&T’13 Opening Plenary Session

1:00 – 2:00 p.m. Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture

Sheldon Wiederhorn, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Wednesday, October 30

1:00 – 2:00 p.m. Robert B. Sosman Lecture

Nava Setter, EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland

Kevin G. Bowcutt, Senior Technical Fellow, Chief Scientist of Hypersonics, The Boeing Co. Tresa M. Pollock, Alcoa Professor at the College of Engineering, Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara John Sarrao, Associate Director for Theory, Simulation, and Computation, Los Alamos National Laboratory

Special events

2:00 – 4:40 p.m. Richard M. Fulrath Award Session

Network with your colleagues, meet new people, and learn about the exciting membership offerings of the organizing societies.

2:00–2:40 p.m. Japanese Academic: Yuji Noguchi, University of Tokyo 2:40–3:00 p.m. Japanese Industrial 1: Yuji Kintaka, Murata Manufacturing Co. 3:00–3:20 p.m. American Industrial: Michael Halbig, NASA Glenn Research Center 3:40–4:00 p.m. Japanese Industrial 2: Jun Tsutsumi, Taiyo Yuden Co. 4:00–4:40 p.m. American Academic: Pelagia-Irene (Perena) Gouma, SUNY Stony Brook

2:00 – 5:10 p.m. Cooper Session 4:40 – 5:00 p.m. Cooper Distinguished Lecturer

Alexandra Navrotsky, University of California, Davis, “New Frontiers in the Thermochemistry of Glassy, Amorphous, and Nanoscale Materials”

Tuesday, October 29

8:00 – 9:00 a.m. Arthur L. Friedberg Memorial Lecture

Greg Hilmas, Missouri University of Science and Technology


Sunday, Oct. 27, 2013 Welcome Reception | 6:00 – 7:30 p.m.

Monday, Oct. 28, 2013 ACerS 115th Annual Meeting | 1:00 – 2:00 p.m.

Newly elected officers take their positions and the Annual Membership Meeting is held. All ACerS members and guests are encouraged to attend.

Women in Materials Science and Engineering Reception | 5:30 – 6:30 p.m.

Enjoy the chance to network with professionals and peers in a relaxed environment.

ACerS Annual Honors and Awards Banquet | 7:30 – 10:00 p.m.

Enjoy dinner, conversation, and presentation of Society awards. Purchase tickets via the registration form.

Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 Happy Hour in the Exhibit Hall | 4:00 – 6:00 p.m.

Network with colleagues and build relationships with qualified attendees, buyers, and prospects!

MS&T Young Professionals Reception | 4:30 – 6:30 p.m.

Attend this reception to meet and network with fellow young professionals.

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october 27-31, 2013 | Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada

www.matscitech.org

Materials Science & Technology 2013 Conference & Exhibition

ACerS short courses Saturday, October 26 Sunday, October 27

8:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. | 8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology

Instructor: Arun K. Varshneya, Saxon Glass Technologies, Alfred University Description: The course covers basic glass science and technology in order to broaden or improve one’s foundation in the understanding of glass as a material of choice. Topics include glass science (commercial glass families, glassy state, nucleation and crystallization, phase separation, glass structure); glass technology; batch calculations; glassmelting and glass forming; glass properties and engineering principles; and elementary fracture analysis. At the end of the course, the attendee should • Know the various commercial oxide glass families, their nominal chemical composition, and their key properties that are important for applications; • Understand the physical relationship of glass to liquids and solids; • Have a general idea of key physical and chemical properties that lead to common applications; and • Know the basics of glassmelting and glass forming, including annealing of the more common commercial glass products.

Thursday, October 31

8:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. Electroceramics Basics: Applications and Devices

Thursday, October 31 Friday, November 1

8:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. | 8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. Sintering of Ceramics

Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology Description: The course reviews sintering basics: characterization of sintering (methods used to measure/monitor the progress of sintering); driving forces; diffusion and defect chemistry; solid-state and viscous sintering; microstructure development and control; liquid-phase sintering; special topics; effect of homogeneities on sintering; constrained sintering of composites, adherent thin films, and multilayers; solid solution additives (dopants); reaction sintering; viscous sintering with crystallization; sintering practice; “how to do” sintering; effect of various materials and processing parameters on sintering; and case studies. The attendee will develop sufficient background in the principles and practice of sintering to be able to • Sinter to achieve specified target microstructures; • Understand the difficulties encountered in practical sintering; and • Take practical steps to rectify the problems encountered in producing required target microstructures.

Exhibits Contact Pat Janeway to reserve your booth space at MS&T’13. [email protected] or 614-794-5826

(Credit: ACerS)

Instructor: R.K. Pandey, Texas State University Description: Electroceramics have become an integral part of modern microelectronics because of advancements made in the past decade and the advent of multifunctional oxides, multiferroics, spintronics, radhard electronics, bioelectronics, detectors and sensors, etc. The objective is to review the current state of knowledge in this field and emphasize practical applications, potentials for inventions as well as prospects for commercialization. Key topics include • Introduction to electroceramics suitable for microelectronic applications; • Introduction to the interacting forces giving rise to some unique phenomena found in electroceramics; • Processing and characterization of materials for low-cost R&D;

• Physical basis for multifunctional materials and multiferroic, and their applications; • Nonlinear dielectrics magnetics and their applications; • Oxide-based hybrid structures for novel microelectronic devices; and • Detectors and sensors.

42


Student activities (Information subject to change) Material Advantage Student Chapter Travel Grants

The Material Advantage Student Program offers $500 travel grants to student chapters to support attending AISTech, the TMS annual meeting, or the ACerS and ASM annual meetings held at MS&T. The student chapter may determine how the grant is spent, either to cover students’ hotel costs, or to cover one or two students traveling from afar. The grants are restricted to one grant per chapter per academic year. All grants are issued in check form to the chapter advisor and will be sent after the event upon verification that the chapter was in attendance. If a chapter has special circumstances that require the checks to be issued prior to the meeting, exceptions can be made on a case-by-case basis. Travel grants will be awarded on a first come, first served basis, so act early! Chapters must be active and in good standing to be eligible for a travel grant. For more information, contact Candace Cunningham at students@ asminternational.org, or by phone at 800-336-5152 ext. 5527.

Student Monitors

Students may partially defray expenses by serving as session monitors. Monitors assist session chairs, record session attendance statistics, assist with audio/visual equipment, etc. Monitor positions are limited and are assigned on a first come, first served basis. Interested students should contact Patricia Warren at [email protected].

Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display

Stop by the convention center to view all the submissions to the 2013 undergraduate poster contest. The posters will be displayed from Sunday, Oct. 27, to Wednesday, Oct. 30. All students attending MS&T are eligible to enter the poster contest. Any undergraduate student interested in submitting a poster abstract for this poster contest should email Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ ceramics.org.

Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion

Stop by the Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion in the Exhibit Hall on Tuesday and Wednesday during regular hours. Visit booths, talk with company reps and view job postings in the Career Pavilion while you explore the Exhibit Hall. This is your chance to make valuable contacts with potential employers. Admission to the Career Pavilion is included in your conference registration fee.

Sunday, Oct. 27, 2013 Chapter Leadership Workshop – FOR MATERIAL ADVANTAGE CHAPTER OFFICERS ONLY

Network and share best practices. This workshop provides a detailed introduction to the Material Advantage Student Program for chapter officers. Separate registration is required for this workshop, besides the MS&T conference registration. This workshop is for Material Advantage Chapter Officers only. Contact Candace Cunningham for more information at students@asminternational. org, or by phone at 800-336-5152 ext. 5527.


Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest MS&T hosts the national semifinal and final rounds of the Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest. The purpose of the contest is to encourage undergraduate students to present technical papers and to improve their presentation skills. The presentation subject must be technical but can relate to any aspect of materials science and engineering. Only one contestant per university may compete in this contest, and each entrant must be the winner of a local speaking contest. Participants receive a travel grant awarded at the end of the semifinal/final rounds. Winners of the finals receive cash prizes. For contest rules, contact Tricia Freshour at [email protected].

Student Networking Mixer

Join in this relaxed, casual, and fun atmosphere designed for students, faculty advisors, and society volunteer leaders. Students are encouraged to wear their school colors. Music will be provided.

Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 Mug Drop Contest

Mugs fabricated by students from ceramic raw materials are judged on aesthetics and breaking thresholds. Mugs are dropped from varying levels until the breaking threshold is reached. The mug with the highest successful drop distance wins!

NEW…Ceramic Disk Golf Contest

This new student-initiated contest is sure to draw a crowd! Students create disks from ceramic or glass materials to meet certain specifications, and the disks are then thrown into a regulation disk golf basket. Each disk will be judged in the categories of farthest distance achieved and artistic merit (aesthetics). The disk that is successfully thrown into the disk golf basket from the farthest distance in the fewest number of shots will be named winner of the Ceramic Disk Golf Contest, and the most aesthetically pleasing/ creative disk will be recorded as the “Best Looking” disk.

Student Awards Ceremony

Congratulate the winners of this year’s contests: Material Advantage Chapters of Excellence, Student Speaking Contest, Graduate and Undergraduate Poster Contests, Ceramic Mug Drop Contest, Ceramic Disk Golf Contest, TMS Superalloys Awards, ASM Materials Design Competition, AIST/AISI Scholarships, and Keramos National Awards.

Hotel ACerS headquarter hotel is the Hyatt Regency. Visit www.matscitech.org for details.

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resources Calendar of events June 2013 1–7 Sintering Short Course (organized

by ACerS and held in conjunction with PACRIM 10, see below); www.bit.ly/ VvyzMX

2–7 PACRIM 10: The 10th Pacific

Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology, including the Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting – Hotel Del Coronado, San Diego, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/pacrim10

4–5 Materials 2013 Trade Fair and

Conference – NH Conference Centre Koningshof, Veldhoven, Netherlands; www.materialenbeurs.nl

5–6 Fundamentals of Glass Science

and Technology Short Course (organized by ACerS and held in conjunction with PACRIM 10, see above); www.bit. ly/XimnBK

7–12 NCM12: 12th Int’l Conference on the Structure of Non-Crytalline Materials – Riva del Garda, Trento, Italy; http:// events.unitn.it/en/ncm12 12–14 ACerS Southwest Section 2013

Annual Meeting – Crowne Plaza-Little Rock, Little Rock, Ark.; contact Fred McMann, [email protected]

17–20 Mir Stekla/World of Glass Int’l Exhibition – Expocentre Fairgrounds, Moscow, Russia; www.mirstekla-expo.ru 19–20 2013 ACerS–NSF Ceramic

Materials Principal Investigator Workshop – NSF Headquarters, Arlington, Va.; www.bit.ly/Y3Dfsg

19–22 ECerS Summer School:

Ceramic Science and Technology for the 21st Century – Ester Technopole, Limoges, France; www.ecers2013.fr

23–27 Summer School of Calorimetry

2013: “Calorimetry and Thermal Methods in Catalysis” – CNRS, Fourvière Hill, Lyon, France; http://calo.catalyse.cnrs.fr

23–27 ECerS XII: 13th Conference of

the European Ceramic Society – Ester Technopole, Limoges, France; www. ecers2013.fr

26

Porous Ceramics for Concentrated Solar Power Applications – SUPSI, Lugano, Switzerland; www. supsi.ch/go/CMC4CSP

44

July 2013 1–5 Int’l Commission on Glass

XXIII Int’l Congress – Prague, Czech Republic; www.icglass.org

8–10 ACerS Cements Division Annual Meeting – University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Ill.; www.bit.ly/TwvbRd 8–11

MC11: 11th Int’l Conference on Materials Chemistry – University of Warwick, Warwick, UK; www.rsc.org/ mc11

Empress and Victoria Conference Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; www. unitecr2013.org

22–26

HTCMC-8: 8th Int’l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites – Qujiang Int’l Exhibition Center, Xi’an, China; www.htcmc8.org

25–27 Int’l Ceramic Exhibition – Tokyo Big Sight East Hall, Tokyo, Japan; www. ceramic-expo.jp 29–Oct. 2

Fractography of Advanced Ceramics – Smolenice Castle, Smolenice, Slovakia; www.imr.saske.sk

8–12 ICG Summer School: 5th Workshop for New Researchers in Glass Science and Technology – University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; www. bit.ly/ZrJSU1

29–Oct. 3 ATPC 2013: 10th Asian

10–12 Cermodel2013: Modeling and Simulation Meet Innovation in Ceramics Technology – Trento, Italy; http://events.unitn.it/en/cermodel2013

October 2013 1–4 Nanoscale Multilayers ’13 —

11–12 SOFC-PPP: Solid Oxide Fuel

Cell Promise, Progress, and Priorities – Westin Arlington Gateway Hotel, Alexandria, Va.; www.sofcwg.org

28–Aug. 1 MCARE 2013: Materials

Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy 2013 – Silk Road Dunhuang Hotel, Dunhauang, Gansu, China; http:// mcare2013-dunhuang.dconference.cn

Thermophysical Properties Conference – Ramada Plaza Jeju Hotel, Jeju, Korea; www.atpc2013.org

IMDEA Materials Institute, Madrid, Spain; www.tms.org/meetings/2013/ nanoscalemultilayers13

5–9 TACT 2013: Int’l Thin Films

Conference —The Grand Hotel, Taipei, Taiwan; www.tact.org.tw

6–11

SOFC-XIII: 13th Int’l Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – Okinawa Convention Center, in Okinawa, Japan; www.sofc-xiii.com

August 2013 4–7 ICCPS-12: Int’l Conference on

7–11 IC-RMM1: 1st Int’l Conference

25–28 MMM2013: 15

8–11 MiMe: Materials in Medicine— Ceramics Cells and Tissues – City Hall, Faenza, Italy; http://mime.centuriaagenzia.it

Ceramic Processing Science – Hilton Portland & Executive Tower Portland, Portland, Ore.; www.bit.ly/Wn7mNJ

IFAC Symposium on Control, Optimization, and Automation in Mining, Mineral, and Metal Processing – Hyatt Regency Mission Bay Spa & Marina, San Diego, Calif.; www.flogen.org/mmm2013 th

September 2013 2–5 DCM 2013: Int’l Conference on

on Rheology and Modeling of Materials – Hunguest Hotel Palota, MiskolcLillafüred, Hungary; www.ic-rmm1.eu

14–17 74th Conference on Glass Problems – Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue.

Diamond and Carbon Materials – Riva del Garda, Italy; www.diamond-conference.elsevier.com

11–12 GlassBuild America 2013— Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, Ga.; www.glassbuildamerica.com 10–13 UNITECR 2013 – The Fairmont

Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events.

denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses or otherwise cooperates in organizing.


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President’s Council of Student Advisors

Support ACerS PCSA today and do something great for the future of our profession! ACerS President’s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) is a student-led group whose mission is to engage students as active and long-term leaders in the ceramics community and to increase participation in ACerS at the local, national and international levels. The PCSA has put together ambitious goals for the coming year but needs your financial support to make these goals a reality.

Why Sponsor?

AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

June-July 2013

bulletin

advertiser index

Advertiser

Page No.

‡ ACCCO Inc./Burley Clay Products 800-828-7539 [email protected] • www.accco-inc.com

46

45 ‡ AdValue Technology 502-514-1100 [email protected] • www.advaluetech.com

Advanced Ceramic Technology 714-538-2524 [email protected] www.advancedceramictech.com

46

Alfred University [email protected] www.engineering.alfred.edu

26, 27

American Ceramic Society, The Inside front cover, www.ceramics.org 13, 48, Inside back cover ‡ American Elements Outside back cover www.americanelements.com

Page No.

‡ Netzsch Instruments NA, LLC 781- 272-5353 [email protected] www.netzsch-thermal-analysis.com

47

‡ Powder Processing & Technology 219-462-4141 x224 [email protected] www.pptechnology.com

46

‡ PremaTech Advanced Ceramics 46 508-791-9549 [email protected] • www.prematechac.com 45 Quality Executive Search Inc. 440-899-5070 [email protected] • www.qualityexec.com ‡ Sem-Com Co. 419-537-8813 [email protected] • www.sem-com.com

46

45

‡ Sonic Mill 505-839-3535 • www.sonicmill.com

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‡ Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc. 800-962-8631 [email protected] • www.centorr.com/cb

48

‡ Specialty Glass Inc. 813-855-5779 [email protected] • www.sgiglass.com

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‡ Ceradyne Inc./Viox 206-763-2170 [email protected] • www.viox.com

46

‡ Tape Casting Consultants 215-493-7900 [email protected]

45

‡ Delkic & Associates 904-285-0200

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‡ West Penn Testing Group 724-334-4140 www.westpenntesting.com

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‡ Detroit Process Machinery 586-469-0323 [email protected] www.detroitprocessmachinery.com

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‡ Emhart Glass SA 573-437-2132 • www.emhartglass.com

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‡ Geller Microanalytical Laboratory 978-887-7000 [email protected] • www.gellermicro.com

47

‡ Glen Mills 973-777-0777 [email protected] • www.glenmills.com

11

Case Western Reserve University [email protected]

‡ Harper International Corp. 716-684-7400 [email protected] • www.harperintl.com

7, 47

Your tax-deductible sponsorship will help the PCSA accomplish its outreach agenda, help student delegates to attend technical meetings, and enable the PCSA to develop ceramic-related programming. Thank you.

‡ Harrop Industries Inc. 5, 46, 47 614-231-3621 [email protected] • www.harropusa.com JTF Microscopy Services LLC 607-292-6808 [email protected] www.jtfmicroscopy.com

47

Visit www.ceramics.org/supportpcsa to find out more about sponsoring PCSA.

‡ Mohr Corp. 810-225-9494 [email protected] • www.mohrcorp.com

47

48

Advertiser

‡ Zircar Zirconia Inc. 46 845-651-3040 [email protected] • www.zircarzirconia.com ‡ Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2013 Buyers

Guide and e-directory, www.ceramicsource.org Advertising Sales Pat Janeway, Associate Publisher [email protected] ph: 614-794-5826 | fx: 614-794-5822

Europe Richard Rozelaar [email protected] ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076

Classified Advertising/Services Pat Janeway [email protected] ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5822 600 N. Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082


Call for Papers Abstracts Due July 17, 2013

38TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON

ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES January 26–31, 2014 Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center Daytona Beach, Florida, USA

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014 cc2 Organized by The American Ceramic Society and ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division